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TOURISM in PARIS Studies at the Microscale

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TOURISM in PARIS Studies at the Microscale Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 77Ð97, 1999 Þ 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Pergamon Printed in Great Britain \ 0160-7383/98 $19.00+0.00 PII: S0160-7383(98)00051-6 TOURISM IN PARIS Studies at the Microscale Douglas G. Pearce University of Canterbury, New Zealand Abstract: Selected examples of such attractions in Paris as churches, grands magasins and the sewers are examined systematically in the light of the literature on tourist spaces and tourist attractions to illustrate issues which arise in urban tourism at the microscale. Particular attention is focused on issues of place identity and spatial management such as the display of specialized markers and the setting aside of areas for specific functions. Combinations of these measures are used, both as a reaction to visitor pressure and to foster tourist patronage and use. The study concludes that tourists make identifiable and distinctive demands on places and merit greater attention as users of space. Keywords: urban tourism, Paris, spatial management, attractions, markers, churches, shops, sewers. Þ 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Resume: Le tourisme aÁ Paris: etudes aÁ la micro-echelle. On examine divers endroits touristiques de Paris*les eglises, les grands magasins et les egouts*d|une manieÁre systematique et avec reference aux etudes conceptuelles des attraits et des espaces touristiques, ce afin d|illustrer certains probleÁmes qui se presentent aÁ la micro-echelle dans le tourisme urbain. On se concentre sur la question de l|identite des lieux et sur celle de la gestion des espaces en examinant les diverses mesures mises en place comme reaction aÁ la pression touristique ou pour encourager les visites. On conclut que les touristes ont des besoins clairs et particuliers et que leur usage de l|espace merite une plus grande attention. Mots-cles: tourisme urbain, Paris, gestion de l|espace, attraits, signaux, magasins, eglises, egouts. Þ 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION Geographical studies of the spatial structure of tourism have essen- tially ignored processes and phenomena at very localized scales. Much of the research so far undertaken has concerned analyses of dis- tributions and flows at the international, national and regional levels (Pearce 1995). Certainly there is a plethora of local case studies but these frequently focus on patterns of demand, processes of devel- opment and varied impacts rather than on the way in which tourism is arranged in space. The spatial studies carried out at the local scale have tended to examine the morphologies of specialized resorts, especially coastal resorts, and the distribution of facilities in urban areas, particularly hotels. A few have attempted to analyze intra- urban tourist movements. Studies of tourism in urban areas, the subject of this article, recognize and demonstrate that various forms of zones exist (accommodation, historic sites, entertainment, attrac- Douglas Pearce is Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Canterbury (PB 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand. Email ð[email protected]Ł). He has published widely on many aspects of tourism, including three books entitled Tourist Development, Tourism Today: A Geographical Analysis, and Tourist Organizations and two co-edited volumes entitled Tourism Research: Critiques and Challenges and Change in Tourism: People, Places, Processes. 77 78 TOURISM IN PARIS tions, etc.) in which different services and features used and visited by tourists are located, often in a linear or clustered fashion (Burtenshaw, Bateman and Ashworth 1981; Jansen-Verbeke 1986; Chazaud 1994; Judd 1995; Pearce 1995; van den Berg, van der Borg and van der Meer 1995). There is rarely any attempt to go beneath this level and to look at the structure and functioning of individual components of any of these zones. Yet these individual features constitute the basic building blocks on which urban tourism is founded and understanding what happens at this scale (the site-specific or microscale) is surely essential for a fuller comprehension of tourism in the city as a whole. More than two decades ago, sociologist McCannell drew attention to some of the key elements of small scale tourism features when he wrote: The current structural development of industrial society is marked by the appearance everywhere of touristic space. This space can be called a stage set, a tourist setting, or simply a set depending on how purposely worked up for tourists the display is. (1973:597). Despite being widely cited in the subsequent literature on tourism, MacCannell|s concepts have scarcely been elaborated on nor tested empirically. Indeed MacCannell himself does not illustrate his ideas with in-depth treatment of specific examples. What is needed now is both a more precise conceptualization of microscale tourism and empirical research using more innovative field work than that com- monly found in citywide studies. It is in this context that this article seeks to make a contribution to the geography of urban tourism through a systematic analysis of the structure and functioning of selected microscale tourism spaces in Paris. As a leading international destination, attracting some 20 million visitors a year, Paris provides scholars with many stimulating research opportunities, the scale and scope of which cannot be readily captured in a single journal length article, for as Jules-Rosette observes: Paris, an international city with multiple guises layered under its complex history, offers a variety of touristic experiences. Everyone feels that Paris is theirs. This characteristic of Paris as a city of plural cultures, neigh- bourhoods, and networks makes it an especially interesting subject for research on tourism. (1994:679). Jules-Rosette|s concern was with the sights and experiences which constitute Black Paris, with understanding {{how a tourist attraction is created within a community in the absence of an obvious sight or spectacle|| (1994:680). Other writers, especially geographers, have adopted various spatial perspectives on tourism in Paris, notably through citywide unidimensional analyses, particularly of hotels (APUR 1995; Chemla 1990; Pearce 1995) but also occasionally of such other sectors as restaurants (Ortoli-Denoix 1990) and red-light districts (Ashworth, White and Winchester 1988). A more general conceptual overview is offered by Lozato-Giotart (1990) who proposes the notion of a polarized geographic model of tourism in Paris, but the multipolarity briefly outlined links the city with outlying regional nodes such as Versailles and Chartres rather than focusing on any DOUGLAS PEARCE 79 internal differentiation. The structure of tourism in France|s capital has also been the focus of planners| attention, both at the citywide scale, as in Paris| first tourism plan (Paris Promotion, Pauchant and BarreÁre 1992), and in district plans and redevelopments, such as of Montmartre (Mairie de Paris 1996) and of the Champs Elysees (Pogn- ant 1993). Planning and architectural studies have also been prepared for individual projects or sites experiencing heavy visitor pressure, for example the Grand Louvre (Pei and Biasini 1989), Notre Dame (CAFE/Argos 1991), and the Conciergerie Sainte-Chapelle (Atelier de l|Ile, Brard and Frenak 1995). These studies, however, are solely concerned with the individual site in question, concentrating on resolving practical problems of the particular building or complex. There is no attempt to identify broader issues nor to situate individual cases in any wider context, especially the structure and functioning of tourism at the microscale. It is this gap that this article seeks to fill by systematically drawing on selected examples to arrive at a more general understanding of this phenomenon. As such, it complements related research which adopted a similar approach at a larger scale to examine three tourism districts in Paris: the Ile de la Cite, Montmartre, and the Opera quarter (Pearce 1998). This article is based on research undertaken in the city in 1995 and 1996, research which is characterized by the use of multiple sources and approaches: observation (including participant observation), interviews with key personnel, recording and reading of diverse signs, analysis of docu- ments, secondary data sources, and reference to previous studies. Before outlining and examining the empirical examples in detail, however, consideration needs to be given to the broader conceptual basis of tourist spaces and attractions. Tourist Spaces and Attractions As with many other areas of tourism research, the study of urban tourism spaces is not underpinned by an extensive theoretical base (Pearce 1995) and it is also necessary to draw from other areas, notably the conceptualization of attractions. A limited amount of work in the urban literature has been concerned with a fairly descriptive citywide examination or basic modeling of the distribution of tourism services and facilities (Ashworth and Tunbridge 1990; Cazes and Poitier 1996; Getz 1994; Page 1995; Pearce 1995). Jansen-Verbeke portrayed the inner-city environment as a product in which {{The leisure function in general, and the touristic function especially, are based on a spatial concentration of a wide variety of facilities as well as characteristic features of the environment. The attraction is thus both as an {activity place| and a {leisure setting|||(1986:85). Judd also emphasizes the agglomerative nature of the components {{making up a tourist
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