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Re-Categorizing Great Britain's Medieval Architecture: a Lesson In Re-Categorizing Great Britain’s Medieval Architecture: A Lesson in Nineteenth-Century Visual Taxonomy by Courtney Skipton Long A.B., Mount Holyoke College, 2007 M.A., University of Pittsburgh, 2009 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH The Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences This dissertation was presented by Courtney Skipton Long It was defended on April 14, 2016 and approved by Ryan McDermott, Assistant Professor, Department of English Josh Ellenbogen, Associate Professor, Department of History of Art and Architecture Kirk Savage, Professor, Department of History of Art and Architecture Dissertation Advisor: Christopher Drew Armstrong, Associate Professor, Department of History of Art and Architecture ii Copyright © by Courtney Skipton Long 2016 iii Re-Categorizing Great Britain’s Medieval Architecture: A Lesson in Nineteenth-Century Visual Taxonomy Courtney Skipton Long, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This dissertation explores the intersections of architectural history and natural science in the first half of the nineteenth century in Great Britain. Examining a set of seven British architectural historians between 1800 and 1850, an alternate approach to our contemporary understanding of Nineteenth Century architectural history writing is offered through an analysis of visual representations showing change over time. Each chapter confronts shifting notions about the developmental progress of biological and architectural species presented by some of the renowned theorists of natural science and architectural history from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The theories about change over time from Carl Linnaeus, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Charles Lyell, and Charles Darwin, to name a few, are offered in order to contextualize pictorial arrangements of visual knowledge showing change over time in architectural histories of medieval British ecclesiastical buildings. The visual examples from works by Thomas Warton, James Storer, John Britton, Thomas Rickman, Robert Willis, Edmund Sharpe, and John Ruskin present their own narrative of progress and change over time as each new author arranged a different set of building examples for illustration that, when examined together, highlight the synchronic and diachronic relationships between space and time, text and image, and art and science. Nineteenth-century notions about vision, objectivity, and Truth to Nature are included in order to situate these often-overlooked images in the context of contemporary art historical thinking. Since its mid-nineteenth century formation as an academic discipline, the iv teaching of art history has been influenced by the history of science and scientific research. The correlation between natural science and architectural history, however, has been largely ignored. What is missing from recent British architectural historiographies is an investigation of theoretical and artistic production pertaining to ideas of change over time in the nineteenth century. This dissertation situates medieval British ecclesiastical architectural history within the broader framework of natural history through an analysis of nineteenth-century taxonomic systems. Examining pictures and diagrams, the following chapters investigate how natural historians and architectural historians present, in pictorial form, evolutionary descent, the typical in species, and their synchronic relations among different types and forms. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................................................................ x 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Visual Knowledge and the Presentation of History ..................................................... 10 2.1 British Books and Visual Taxonomies ....................................................................... 15 2.2 Progress in Architecture and Natural History ........................................................ 18 2.3 Imaging Practice in Natural and Architectural History ....................................... 23 2.4 The Scientification of Architecture ............................................................................. 27 2.5 Twentieth-Century Historiography: State of the Field ........................................ 32 2.6 Current Methods and Approaches .............................................................................. 38 3.0 Visual Practice and the Science of Naming .................................................................. 45 3.1 Classifying Architecture .................................................................................................. 49 3.2 Graphic Histories: “Circular” vs. “Pointed” Architecture .................................... 54 3.3 Historical Transition in Essays on Gothic Architecture ........................................ 56 3.4 History vs. Progress .......................................................................................................... 61 3.5 Categorical Change: Circular vs. Pointed .................................................................. 65 3.6 Architectural Specimens and Working Objects ...................................................... 69 3.7 J. Storer’s Description of the Cathedrals of Great Britain ..................................... 74 3.8 History and the Process of Time .................................................................................. 77 vi 3.9 John Britton’s Chronological History .......................................................................... 85 3.10 Grouping Specimens ........................................................................................................ 89 3.11 Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 94 4.0 Visual Science and the Mutability of Species ............................................................... 97 4.1 Discrimination of Styles ................................................................................................ 105 4.2 An Attempt at Classification and Chronology ........................................................ 109 4.3 Variety and Complexity ................................................................................................. 118 4.4 Remarks on Archiecture ............................................................................................... 125 4.5 Transitional Specimens ................................................................................................ 131 4.6 Development of Window Tracery ............................................................................. 136 4.7 A Systematic Undivided Class ..................................................................................... 142 4.8 Progress of the Decorated Window .......................................................................... 144 4.9 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 151 5.0 Visual History and Architectural Development ......................................................... 154 5.1 Ruskin, The Architectural Society, and the Gothic Revival .............................. 156 5.2 “Development” in Architectural Thought and Theory ....................................... 166 5.3 Ruskin and Natural Theology ..................................................................................... 169 5.4 The Seven Lamps of Architecture .............................................................................. 175 5.5 Development and the Lamp of truth ........................................................................ 181 5.6 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 187 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 191 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Lamarck, “Tableau” in Philosophie Zoologique, Paris: 1809. ...................................... 26 Figure 2: Darwin, “Tree Diagram” in On the Origin of Species, London: 1859. ......................... 26 Figure 3: Linnaeus, “Table I: Classis I - Folia Simplica” in Hortus Cliffortianus, 1737. ............ 47 Figure 4: Linnaeus, “Table II: Classis II - Folia Composita” in Hortus Cliffortianus, 1737. ...... 48 Figure 5: Warton, et al., “Plate 11: Durham Cathedral.” London: 1802. ..................................... 66 Figure 6: Warton, et al., “Plate 12: Westminster Abbey.” London: 1802. ................................... 68 Figure 7: Warton, et al., “Plate 8: Rise and Progress of the Pointed Arch.” London: 1802. ........ 71 Figure 8: Storer, “A Door in the Cloister, Canterbury Cathedral.” London: 1812-19. ............... 78 Figure 9: Storer, “West door, Ely Cathedral.” London: 1812-19. ................................................ 81 Figure 10: Storer, “West door, Lichfield Cathedral.” London: 1812-19. ..................................... 82 Figure 11: Storer, “Entrance to the Chapter House, York Cathedral.” London: 1812-19. .......... 83 Figure 12: Britton, “Specimens of Circular Windows, &c.” London: 1827................................
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