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A SOCIAL HISTORY of ROMAN SAGALASSOS* the Most

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A SOCIAL HISTORY of ROMAN SAGALASSOS* the Most LOCAL ELITE, EQUESTRIANS AND SENATORS: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF ROMAN SAGALASSOS* Piae memoriae magistri Edmundi Van ’t Dack The most remarkable feature of the social structure of the Principate was the gradual and progressive integration of the local peripheral elites into the military command and the administration of the immense Roman Empire. Was it this integration, this ‘new blood’, that enabled the Empire to survive for so many centuries? Or was this phenomenon rather also responsible for the desintegration and breakup of the Imperium Romanum? It is beyond the scope of the present inquiry to give a definitive answer to this complex question. But fact is that the Roman social order attained its peak during the first and second centuries AD. The social strata as well as the elevators, the channels, of social promotion were quite strictly defined. Formal legal criteria concerning assets and the attendant social position were rather firmly fixed in the proportions 1:4:12. The decurions and the * Note the following abbreviations: H. DEVIJVER, Neon-Library: The Inscriptions of the Neon-Library of Roman Sagalassos, in M. WAELKENS – J. POBLOME (eds.), Sagalassos II (Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae 6), Leuven 1993, p. 107-123. H. DEVIJVER, Relations sociales: Les relations sociales des chevaliers romains, in S. DEMOUGIN – H. DEVIJVER – M.-Th. RAEPSAET-CHARLIER (eds.), L’ordre équestre. Histoire d’une aristocratie. Actes du colloque international Bruxelles–Leuven, 5-7 oct. 1995 (Collection de l’École Française de Rome), forthcoming. PME: H. DEVIJVER, Prosopographia Militiarum Equestrium quae fuerunt ab Augusto ad Gallienum (Symbolae Facultatis Litterarum et Philosophiae Lovaniensis, Series A/3), Leuven, I 1976, II 1977, III 1980, IV (Suppl. I) 1987, IV (Suppl. II) 1993. H. HALFMANN, Senatoren: Die Senatoren aus den Kleinasiatischen Provinzen des römi- schen Reiches vom 1. bis 3. Jahrhundert (Asia, Pontus-Bithynia, Lycia-Pamphylia, Galatia, Cappadocia, Cilicia), in S. PANCIERA (ed.), Epigrafia e ordine senatorio, II (Tituli 5, 1982), p. 603-650. C. LANCKORONSKI, Villes: Les villes de la Pamphylie et de la Pisidie. II. La Pisidie, Paris 1893. Sagalassos IV: H. DEVIJVER – M. WAELKENS, Roman Inscriptions from the Fifth Cam- paign at Sagalassos, in M. WAELKENS – J. POBLOME (eds.), Sagalassos IV (Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae 9), Leuven 1997, forthcoming. Sagalassos V: H. DEVIJVER – M. WAELKENS, Roman Inscriptions from the Sixth and Sev- enth Campaigns at Sagalassos, in M. WAELKENS — J. POBLOME (eds.), Sagalassos V (Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae 10), forthcoming. 106 H. DEVIJVER bouleutai in the larger settlements required a census of 100,000 sester- ces. The minimal census for equites Romani was 400,000, for senators 1,200,000 sesterces. This did not mean cash holdings, but rather landed property to match that census. This minimal worth however did not imply automatic entry in the ordines involved. Admission to the ordo senatorius, ordo equester, ordines decurionum / bouleutarum had to be applied for. After the probatio the candidate’s name could be registered in the album, which could at all times be checked by the emperor. The Romans, with their sense of precision and hierarchy, developed the pyramidal concept of a social order. At the top of the pyramid stood the emperor and the domus imperatoria; the senators were the emperor’s immediate collaborators and managed the empire. These senators formed, together with the equestrian order, the second social order, the imperial aristocracy. Just as many senators has ascended from equestrian rank, so too the majority of the knights came from the local municipal elite or citizenry. This local municipal elite obtained the civitas Romana and often provided equites Romani already from the second generation, and even senators in a following generation. Rome thus took a gradual path with these loyal elements, at least during the first two centuries of the Principate1. It is the intention of the present paper to track down these three social strata in Sagalassos and to set them in the overall context of the Roman social structure. Successively we will deal with the local elite, the eques- trians, and the senators. A. THE LOCAL ELITE Loyalty to the new Roman order is nicely illustrated at Sagalassos by the fact that the demos honoured the conqueror and first governor of Galatia, Marcus Lollius, as its patronus (tòn ëautoÕ pátrwna — Pl. 1)2. This loyalty is further confirmed by the numerous honorific inscrip- tions and statues for the emperors of the Principate. These tokens of hon- 1 G. ALFÖLDY, Römische Sozialgeschichte, Wiesbaden 19843, p. 83-138; H. DEVIJVER, The Equestrian Officers of the Roman Imperial Army I (Mavors. Roman Army Researches, 6), Amsterdam 1989, p. 396-411. 2 Sagalassos V, no. 1. LOCAL ELITE, EQUESTRIANS AND SENATORS 107 our to the emperor emanated from the polis, the boule, the demos, but also from individual members of the local elite. On the other hand, it must be said that the Romanization and social promotion of the local elites in the municipalities of the Imperium Romanum was a conscious and deliberate policy of the Roman emper- ors of the first two centuries. In the Greek-speaking part of the empire, it was necessary first to be Hellenized before becoming Romanized3. Paideia was indeed one of the basic prerequisites of membership in the local elite and certainly in the imperial aristocracy of knights and senators. For these elites there were three preconditions: wealth (facul- tates), participation in the rhetorical–juridical culture (paideia), the munificence within the framework of the polis (euergesia, munificen- tia). The possession of wealth, especially landed property, enabling one to declare the minimum census, was the primordial criterion, for with- out that one could not fulfil the other two requirements. Whoever pos- sessed facultates had the money, and the time (otium), to free himself (schola) from the worries of daily life and enjoy the education and schooling of the best paid teachers: paideia. In addition, this elite, thanks to its economic surplus, was able to meet the ethos of its social status, namely the holding of public office (honores), which imposed enormous financial obligations. The local elite had to exercise euerge- sia, munificentia. In the tradition of the Greek liturgies affluent citizens had to make expenses for the relief of the polis. Such euergetai person- ally (êk t¬n îdíwn) financed building programmes, religious festivals, imperial cults (archiereus), games (agones, agonothetes). They distrib- uted grain, olive oil, even money among the populace. The only com- pensation they could expect for their financial efforts was the recogni- tion of their euergesia by the local boule and demos, who honoured them with statues and honorific inscriptions (which the honorands usu- ally had to pay for as well) so that they would live on in the memoria of posterity4. These mechanisms of Romanization and of the integration of the local elite in the Roman social order can be concretized for Sagalassos. The first prerequisite was of course the possession of the civitas Romana. For Sagalassos we know the first cives Romani of a number of families. 3 H. DEVIJVER, Neon-Library, p. 115. 4 H. DEVIJVER, Neon-Library, p. 115. 108 H. DEVIJVER 1. Tiberii Claudii – Tib. Claudius Quirina Neon filius Eilagoou: (1) R. PARIBENI — P. ROMANELLI, MonAL 23 (1914), p. 260 no. 173; Sagalassos IV, no. 2.2: Tibérion | Klaúdion | Eîlagóou | uïòn | Kureína | Néwna,| Tibériov | Klaúdiov | Krátwn | tòn ëau|toÕ pá|trwna. (2) Sagalassos V, no. 7: OABRE……..MA | Tibérion Klaúdion | ˆIlagóou uïòn Néwna | âret±v ∏neka kaì eû|noíav t±v eîv aûtoúv. (3) Sagalassos IV, no. 2.1; CIG III 4373: Tibérion Klaú|dion Klaudío[u]|Néwnov uïòn | Kureína ˆAkú|lan âret±v | ∏neken. (4) Sagalassos V, no. 8: ö d±mov | ˆIlagóan | Kallikléouv. Ilagoas (4), son of Kallikles, is honoured by the demos of Sagalassos and was a member of the native local elite. The archaeological context of the inscription’s setting makes it clear that Ilagoas was a brother of Krateros5 and that they were sons of Kallikles dis6. Ilagoas’ son, Tib. Claudius Neon Quirina (1; 2) was the first of the family to acquire Roman citizenship and indeed, to my knowledge, the first known civis Romanus from Sagalassos. He took the praenomen, nomen gentilicium and tribus of the emperor: Tib. Claudius Quirina (presumably the emperor Tiberius Claudius). The cognomen Neon is autochtonous. The relationship to Tib. Claudius Ilagoas from Sagalassos and the homonyms from Termessus cannot be determined precisely7. The grandson of Ilagoas, and son of Tib. Claudius Neon, was Tib. Claudius Akulas (Aquila) Quirina (3). This Tib. Claudius Aquila is probably identical with the person mentioned on the honorific monu- ment for the emperor Trajan by Claudia Severa8. – Tib. Claudius Ilagoas: This family ascended to the ordo equester: Tib. Claudius Piso, son of Tib. Claudius Ilagoas, held all three ranks of the Roman equestrian offi- cers, the classical tres militiae. Therefore this family will be dealt with under section B «Equestrians» (see stemma). 5 C. LANCKORONSKI, Villes, nos. 211, 218. 6 See Sagalassos V, no. 8; cf. stemma. 7 Cf. stemma; Sagalassos IV, no. 2.2; Sagalassos V, no. 7. 8 Cf. stemma; C. LANCKORONSKI, Villes, no. 222; Sagalassos IV, nos. 2.1, 3.2. LOCAL ELITE, EQUESTRIANS AND SENATORS 109 – Tib. Claudius Dareius (1) C. LANCKORONSKI, Villes, no. 221; IGR III 345; AE 1893, 55: Néwi ¨Jlíwi Nérwni Tiberíwi Klaudíwi | Kaísari Ger- manik¬i [Ti. K]l. Dare⁄ov kaì oï | uïoì aûtoÕ [â]néqjkan. (2) C. LANCKORONSKI, Villes, no. 205; IGR III 343: (a) … K]laudíou Dareíou uïòv Kallik±v (sic) to|………piou êk t¬n îdíwn ânéqjken. (b) Qeo⁄v Sebasto⁄v kaì patríoiv kaì t¬i dßmwi Tibé[riov Klaúdiov Klaudíou Dareíou uïòv K]allik±v (sic) to…. |……….[piou êk t¬n îdíwn]… ânéqjken.
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