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New Evidence on the Korean War
176 COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 11 New Evidence on the Korean War Editor’s note: The documents featured in this section of the Bulletin present new evidence on the allegations that the United States used bacteriological weapons during the Korean War. In the accompanying commentaries, historian Kathryn Weathersby and scientist Milton Leitenberg (University of Maryland) provide analysis, context and interpretation of these documents. Unlike other documents published in the Bulletin, these documents, first obtained and published (in Japanese) by the Japanese newspaper Sankei Shimbun, have not been authenticated by access to the archival originals (or even photocopies thereof). The documents were copied by hand in the Russian Presidential Archive in Moscow, then typed. Though both commentators believe them to be genuine based on textual analysis, questions about the authenticity of the documents, as the commentators note, will remain until the original documents become available in the archives. Copies of the typed transcription (in Russian) have been deposited at the National Security Archive, a non-governmental research institute and repository of declassified documents based at George Washington University (Gelman Library, Suite 701; 2130 H St., NW; Washington, DC 20037; tel: 202/994-7000; fax: 202/ 994-7005) and are accessible to researchers. CWIHP welcomes the discussion of these new findings and encourages the release of the originals and additional materials on the issue from Russian, Chinese, Korean and U.S. archives. Deceiving the Deceivers: Moscow, Beijing, Pyongyang, and the Allegations of Bacteriological Weapons Use in Korea By Kathryn Weathersby n January 1998 the Japanese newspaper Sankei raised by their irregular provenance? Their style and form Shimbun published excerpts from a collection of do not raise suspicion. -
5. Historical Documents of Disputes
5 Historical documents of disputes 5. Historical documents of disputes 5.a Working Party 7 on the Cuban Schedule, membership and terms of reference 381 Source: Document GATT/CP.2/WP.7/1 of 11 September 1948. GATT disputes: 1948-1995 – Volume 2 5.b Working Party 7 on Brazilian Internal Taxes, membership and terms of reference 382 Source: Document GATT/CP.3/WP.7/1 of 29 April 1949. 5. Historical documents of disputes 5.c Working Party on Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulphate, terms of reference and composition. Summary Record of the Fifteenth Meeting of the CONTRACTING PARTIES held on 14 March 1950 383 GATT disputes: 1948-1995 – Volume 2 5.c Working Party on Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulphate, terms of reference and composition. Summary Record of the Fifteenth Meeting of the CONTRACTING PARTIES held on 14 March 1950 (continued) 384 5. Historical documents of disputes 5.c Working Party on Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulphate, terms of reference and composition. Summary Record of the Fifteenth Meeting of the CONTRACTING PARTIES held on 14 March 1950 (continued) 385 GATT disputes: 1948-1995 – Volume 2 5.c Working Party on Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulphate, terms of reference and composition. Summary Record of the Fifteenth Meeting of the CONTRACTING PARTIES held on 14 March 1950 (continued) 386 5. Historical documents of disputes 5.c Working Party on Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulphate, terms of reference and composition. Summary Record of the Fifteenth Meeting of the CONTRACTING PARTIES held on 14 March 1950 (continued) 387 GATT disputes: 1948-1995 – Volume 2 5.c Working Party on Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulphate, terms of reference and composition. -
See Also the Text of the Declarations and Reservations in Respect of the Unamended Convention
4. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE TRAFFIC IN WOMEN OF FULL AGE, CONCLUDED AT GENEVA ON 11 OCTOBER 1933, AS AMENDED BY THE PROTOCOL SIGNED AT LAKE SUCCESS, NEW YORK, ON 12 NOVEMBER 1947 Lake Success, 12 November 1947 ENTRY. INTO FORCE: 24 April 1950, the date on which the amendments set forth in the annex to the Protocol of 12 November 1947 entered into force, in accordance with paragraph 2 of article V of the Protocol. REGISTRATION: 24 April 1950, No. 772. STATUS: Parties: 31. TEXT: United Nations, Treaty Series , vol. 53, p. 49. Note: The Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, concluded at Lake Success, New York of 21 March 1950 consolidates the Protocols, Conventions and Agreements listed in the present chapter under Nos. 1 to 10. Furthermore, the Convention of 21 March 1950 supercedes the provisions of the above-referenced instruments in the relations between the Parties thereto and shall terminate such instruments when all the Parties thereto shall have become Parties to the Convention of 21 March 1950, in accordance with its article 28. Definitive Definitive signature of the signature of the Protocol, Protocol, Acceptance of Accession to the Acceptance of Accession to the the Protocol, Convention as the Protocol, Convention as Succession to the amended by the Succession to the amended by the Participant1 Protocol Protocol(a) Participant1 Protocol Protocol(a) Afghanistan..................................................12 Nov 1947 Mali.............................................................. 2 Feb 1973 a Algeria .........................................................31 Oct 1963 a Mexico.........................................................12 Nov 1947 Australia.......................................................13 Nov 1947 Netherlands................................................. -
Dollar Shortage and Oil Surplus in 1949-1950
ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE No. II, November 1950 DOLLAR SHORTAGE AND OIL SURPLUS IN 1949-1950 HORST MENDERSHAUSEN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION - DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey The present essay is the eleventh in the series ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE published by the International Finance Section of the Department of Economics and Social Institutions in Princeton Uni- versity. The author, Dr. Horst Mendershausen, has been associated with the National Bureau of Economic Research, Bennington College, and the United States Military Government for Germany. He is now an economist with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Nothing in this study should be considered an expression of the views of that institution. While the Section sponsors the essays of this series, it takes no further responsibility for the opinions therein expressed. The writers are free to develop their topics as they will and their ideas may or may not be shared by the editorial committee of the Section or the members of the Department. • GARDNER PATTERSON, Director International Finance Section DOLLAR SHORTAGE AND OIL SURPLUS IN 1949-1950 BY HORST MENDERSHAUSEN* , I. SURVEY OF ISSUES ECOVERY from the effects of World War II led the Western European countries on to a broad issue: Should they seek eco- nomic viability in a progressive integration of the non-Soviet world or in narrower frameworks implying some discrimination against United States commerce? Since their dollar needs showed a persistent tendency to exceed dollar availabilities during the recovery period and their dollar reserves proved either too small or too volatile, many coun- tries, in particular Britain, found it necessary to make preparations for the latter alternative. -
Country Term # of Terms Total Years on the Council Presidencies # Of
Country Term # of Total Presidencies # of terms years on Presidencies the Council Elected Members Algeria 3 6 4 2004 - 2005 December 2004 1 1988 - 1989 May 1988, August 1989 2 1968 - 1969 July 1968 1 Angola 2 4 2 2015 – 2016 March 2016 1 2003 - 2004 November 2003 1 Argentina 9 18 15 2013 - 2014 August 2013, October 2014 2 2005 - 2006 January 2005, March 2006 2 1999 - 2000 February 2000 1 1994 - 1995 January 1995 1 1987 - 1988 March 1987, June 1988 2 1971 - 1972 March 1971, July 1972 2 1966 - 1967 January 1967 1 1959 - 1960 May 1959, April 1960 2 1948 - 1949 November 1948, November 1949 2 Australia 5 10 10 2013 - 2014 September 2013, November 2014 2 1985 - 1986 November 1985 1 1973 - 1974 October 1973, December 1974 2 1956 - 1957 June 1956, June 1957 2 1946 - 1947 February 1946, January 1947, December 1947 3 Austria 3 6 4 2009 - 2010 November 2009 1 1991 - 1992 March 1991, May 1992 2 1973 - 1974 November 1973 1 Azerbaijan 1 2 2 2012 - 2013 May 2012, October 2013 2 Bahrain 1 2 1 1998 - 1999 December 1998 1 Bangladesh 2 4 3 2000 - 2001 March 2000, June 2001 2 Country Term # of Total Presidencies # of terms years on Presidencies the Council 1979 - 1980 October 1979 1 Belarus1 1 2 1 1974 - 1975 January 1975 1 Belgium 5 10 11 2007 - 2008 June 2007, August 2008 2 1991 - 1992 April 1991, June 1992 2 1971 - 1972 April 1971, August 1972 2 1955 - 1956 July 1955, July 1956 2 1947 - 1948 February 1947, January 1948, December 1948 3 Benin 2 4 3 2004 - 2005 February 2005 1 1976 - 1977 March 1976, May 1977 2 Bolivia 3 6 7 2017 - 2018 June 2017, October -
Inventory Dep.288 BBC Scottish
Inventory Dep.288 BBC Scottish National Library of Scotland Manuscripts Division George IV Bridge Edinburgh EH1 1EW Tel: 0131-466 2812 Fax: 0131-466 2811 E-mail: [email protected] © Trustees of the National Library of Scotland Typescript records of programmes, 1935-54, broadcast by the BBC Scottish Region (later Scottish Home Service). 1. February-March, 1935. 2. May-August, 1935. 3. September-December, 1935. 4. January-April, 1936. 5. May-August, 1936. 6. September-December, 1936. 7. January-February, 1937. 8. March-April, 1937. 9. May-June, 1937. 10. July-August, 1937. 11. September-October, 1937. 12. November-December, 1937. 13. January-February, 1938. 14. March-April, 1938. 15. May-June, 1938. 16. July-August, 1938. 17. September-October, 1938. 18. November-December, 1938. 19. January, 1939. 20. February, 1939. 21. March, 1939. 22. April, 1939. 23. May, 1939. 24. June, 1939. 25. July, 1939. 26. August, 1939. 27. January, 1940. 28. February, 1940. 29. March, 1940. 30. April, 1940. 31. May, 1940. 32. June, 1940. 33. July, 1940. 34. August, 1940. 35. September, 1940. 36. October, 1940. 37. November, 1940. 38. December, 1940. 39. January, 1941. 40. February, 1941. 41. March, 1941. 42. April, 1941. 43. May, 1941. 44. June, 1941. 45. July, 1941. 46. August, 1941. 47. September, 1941. 48. October, 1941. 49. November, 1941. 50. December, 1941. 51. January, 1942. 52. February, 1942. 53. March, 1942. 54. April, 1942. 55. May, 1942. 56. June, 1942. 57. July, 1942. 58. August, 1942. 59. September, 1942. 60. October, 1942. 61. November, 1942. 62. December, 1942. 63. January, 1943. -
Participation in the Security Council by Country 1946-2010
Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council http://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/ Participation in the Security Council by Country 1946-2010 Country Term # of terms Total Presidencies # of Presidencies years on the Council Algeria 3 6 4 2004-2005 December 2004 1 1988-1989 May 1988,August 1989 2 1968-1969 July 1968 1 Angola 1 2 1 2003-2004 November 2003 1 Argentina 8 16 13 2005-2006 January 2005,March 2006 2 1999-2000 February 2000 1 1994-1995 January 1995 1 1987-1988 March 1987,June 1988 2 1971-1972 March 1971,July 1972 2 1966-1967 January 1967 1 1959-1960 May 1959,April 1960 2 1948-1949 November 1948,November 1949 2 Australia 4 8 8 1985-1986 November 1985 1 1973-1974 October 1973,December 1974 2 1956-1957 June 1956,June 1957 2 1946-1947 February 1946,January 1947,December 3 1947 Austria 3 6 3 2009-2010 ---no presidencies this term (yet)--- 0 1991-1992 March 1991,May 1992 2 1973-1974 November 1973 1 Bahrain 1 2 1 1998-1999 December 1998 1 Bangladesh 2 4 3 2000-2001 March 2000,June 2001 2 1 Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council http://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/ 1979-1980 October 1979 1 Belgium 5 10 11 2007-2008 June 2007,August 2008 2 1991-1992 April 1991,June 1992 2 1971-1972 April 1971,August 1972 2 1955-1956 July 1955,July 1956 2 1947-1948 February 1947,January 1948,December 3 1948 Benin 2 4 3 2004-2005 February 2005 1 1976-1977 March 1976,May 1977 2 Bolivia 2 4 5 1978-1979 June 1978,November 1979 2 1964-1965 January 1964,December 1964,November 3 1965 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 2 0 2010-2011 ---no presidencies this -
Folio No: HSL.066 Folio Title: International Tin Conference And
Folio No: HSL.066 Folio Title: International Tin Conference and Tin Study Group 1947-49 Content Description: Papers and notes of meetings of the International Tin Conference in Brussels, 1947; International Tin Study Group 2nd meeting in Washington from 19/04/1948 to 23/04/1948; Study Group 3rd meeting at The Hague from 25/10/1948 to 30/10/1948; 4th meeting in London from 14/06/1949 to 22/06/1949; and minutes and reports of the Working party and various committees - Consultative, Steering and Statistical, management. ITEM DOCUMENT DIGITIZATION ACCESS DOCUMENT CONTENT NO DATE STATUS STATUS Tin Consultative Committee preliminary notes on Tin HSL.66.001 10/4/1947 Digitized Open Study Group meeting in Brussels. (66.1/1 - 3). Statements of claims for reimbursement, re: travelling expenses for International Tin Conference in Brussels; letter from JD Mead, re: tin conference; and notes by JD HSL.66.002 8/5/1947 Digitized Open Mead, summarising discussion on supply of Malayan ores to Texas Smelter in Brussels on 18/04/1947. (66.2/ 1 - 8) Reports and notes of the Steering committee. HSL.66.003 15/4/1947 Digitized Open (66.3/1 - 16) Notes and reports of the Statistical sub-committee, including world tin consumption - future; estimated HSL.66.004 16/4/1947 Digitized Open world - mine production of tin and estimated stock position 1947 - 1949; and U S tin stock. (66.4/1 - 8) Reports and notes of the plenary session; statements by the various delegation heads; report on the conference; HSL.66.005 15/4/1947 Digitized Open memo on tin by the UK delegation; resolution and press release. -
Joseph Mccarthy: Democrats and Communists (1950)
Joseph McCarthy: Democrats and Communists (1950) As suggested by the following speech delivered to a Republican women's club in Wheeling, West Virginia, Senator Joseph McCarthy from Wisconsin became a master at making outlandish charges about domestic subversion – and getting away with it. He declared that the United States was losing the cold war because the Truman administration was infested with scores of known communists; moreover, he claimed to have the names of205 of them. Those who questioned his methods found themselves the subject of vicious attacks and smear campaigns. In July 1950 a Senate subcommittee chaired by Maryland Democrat Millard Tydings dismissed McCarthy's charges as "a fraud and a hoax." McCarthy thereupon turned on Tydings and helped undermine his reelection campaign. From Congressional Record, 31st Cong., 2nd sess., 12 February 1950, pp. 1954-1957. Today we are engaged in a final all-out battle between communistic atheism and Christianity. The modern champions of communism have selected this as the time, and ladies and gentlemen, the chips are down-they are truly down.... Five years after a world war has been won, men's hearts should anticipate a long peace, and men's minds should be free from the heavy weight that comes with war. But this is not such a period – for this is not a period of peace. This is a time of the "cold war." This is a time when all the world is split into two vast, increasingly hostile camps – a time of a great armaments race.... At war's end we were physically the strongest nation on earth-and at least potentially the most powerful intellectually and morally. -
Cleveland Bird Calendar Vol046
46th Year December 1949-January-February 1950 Number 1 THE CLEVELAND BIRD CALENDAR Founded by Francis H. Herrick of Western Reserve University in 1905 Published and Edited by THE KIRTLAND BIRD CLUB In Co-operation With The Cleveland Bird Club Inc. THE CLEVELAND REGION (For Bird Calendar Records) (The circle has a thirty mile radius) At The Cleveland Museum of Natural History 2717 Euclid Avenue Cleveland 15, Ohio 46th Year, No. 1 December 1949-January-February 1950 Page 1 CLEVELAND BIRD CALENDAR Winter Bird Population Number Issued March 23, 1950 Edited by Arthur B. Williams CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT The tenth annual Christmas Bird Count, conducted by the Kirtland Bird Club, was held December 26, 1949. The same 15-mile diameter area east of Cleveland which has been used in previous years was covered this year. Twenty-two people participated, putting in a total of 91 hours in the field, traveling 293 miles by car and 52½ miles on foot. They recorded 59 species of birds, totaling 6336 individuals. The list is as follows. Horned grebe 7, gannet 1, double-crested cormorant 2, great blue heron 1, mallard 91, black duck 188, canvasback 1, lesser scaup 700, baldpate 2, American goldeneye 6, bufflehead 3, oldsquaw 1, white-winged scoter 1, American merganser 11, red-breasted merganser 41, sharp-shinned hawk 1, Cooper's hawk 2, red-tailed hawk 2, red-shouldered hawk 4, rough-legged hawk 2, marsh hawk 1, sparrow hawk 1, bobwhite 64 (3 coveys), coot 2, herring gull 2083, ring-billed gull 731, Bonaparte's gull 1075, rock dove 1, mourning dove 3, great horned owl 2, snowy owl 1, barred owl 1, kingfisher 3, flicker 1, pileated woodpecker 3, hairy woodpecker 10, downy woodpecker 39, blue jay 67, crow 5, black-capped chickadee 84, tufted titmouse 33, white-breasted nuthatch 34, red-breasted nut hatch 3, brown creeper 7, robin 27, golden-crowned kinglet 5, cedar waxwing 203, starling 295, English sparrow 486, cardinal 35, purple finch 3, redpoll 2, pine siskin 30, goldfinch 14, slate-colored junco 228, tree sparrow 57, white-throated sparrow 1, song sparrow 17. -
The Scholarship Program of the General Education Board from 1950 to 1954
The Scholarship Program of the General Education Board from 1950 to 1954 By Thomas Adam Professor of German and Transnational History The University of Texas at Arlington [email protected] © 2013 by Thomas Adam From the 1820s onwards, wealthy individuals, enterprises, and religious congregations across the United States provided funding for scholarship and student loan funds entrusted to colleges and universities. These funds often relied on an endowment to produce the funds necessary to support students in need of financial support. Furthermore, while most donors entrusted a university of their choice with their scholarship fund, there were also some scholarship funds such as the La Verne Noyes Scholarship Endowment Fund and the General Board of Education (GEB) that were created outside of the university. Prior to 1945, such funds were extremely rare, but they did exist. The La Verne Noyes Scholarship Endowment Fund, created as a trust in Chicago in 1919, was one of the earliest examples. Noyes had made a fortune developing, producing, and marketing steel windmills that provided the power to pump water on farms across the Midwest. Noyes’ Aermotor Windmill Company became one of the leading producers and innovators in the production of windmills at the end of the nineteenth century. He was a man who valued not only wealth but also education. He had received his bachelor degree from Iowa State College in Ames in 1872. After the passing of his wife in December 1912, Noyes donated half a million dollars to the University of Chicago in honor of his wife’s lifelong accomplishments. The money was used to construct the Ida Noyes Hall “as a social center and gymnasium for the women of the University.”1 In his last will and testament, Noyes donated the rest of his wealth ($3.5 million) to a trust that provided 1 scholarships for undergraduate students across the United States who had served in World War I or to those who were descendents of soldiers in the war. -
00377295.Pdf
.- -. &A~5647-MS h- Informal Report -SpeciakDi8tribtition I Issued: July 1974 A Short Account of / Los Alamos Theoretical Work on Thermonuclear Weapons, 1946-1950 J Prepared by J. Carson Mark* ●LASL Consultant 1 $ slam DO NOT CIRCULATE 10s@ scientific iabora of the University of Calif~ LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO 87 PERMANENT RETENTION UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION CONTRACT W-740B-ENG. 36 . #- . t-. .. , . ... This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Atomic Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, nor eny of their contrac- tors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or im- plied, or assumes any iagal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com- pleteness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process dis- closed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned ri@s. In the interest of prompt distribution, this LAMS re- port was not edited by the Technical Information staff. -.. -- . I ‘1 FOREWORD This report is an unclassified—and consequently, somewhat abridged-vereion of a document prepared during the summer of 1954. Except ae required to remove claeeified references, and to restore con- tinuity, it follows the original. The earlier document (iesued on October 1, 1954) waE the first draft of a chapter for a proposed hietory of the technical work at Los Alamca from the end of the war up to 1954. This particular chapter wae to cover the Los Alarnos work on thermonuclear weapona from 1946 to January 1950-the time of President Truman’s decision concerning U.S.