An Analysis of Tourism Culture Differences between China and Thailand---Island, Temple, Palace
HUANG CHUNYAN ID: 5917190025
SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS SIAM UNIVERSITY, BANGKOK, THAILAND
2018
Tourism culture is influenced by the geographical region, traditional culture, historical culture, and social environment. The cultural features in tourism of Hainan Island, Phuket, Baima Temple,Wat Mangkon ,Forbidden City and Grand Palace are the product of cultural differences.To promote the further development of China-Thailand tourism, it is necessary to focus on culture and develop characteristic cultural tourism. Key words: Sino-Thai Tourism Tourism Culture Cultural Differences ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who gave me a lot of help to complete this thesis.
Firstly,I will express my gratitude to Dr. Sajeerat Metheesuwapab advisor and Dr. Jomphong Mongkhonvanit, Dean, Graduate School of Business, Siam University, Bangkok, Thailand for them thoughtful and caring supervision by menas of their educational excellence. I am most grateful to them especially for them deep understanding of the Independent Study and their good commumication skills. I also express my great thanks to all professors of Graduate School of Business, from whose coursesandlecturesI havebenefited alot. Iwouldliketothankthemsincerely fortheir academic guidance and support.
Toallofyou,thankyou!
C CONTENTS Pages Abstract A Acknowledgement C Table Contents D List of Tables E List of Figures F CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1Background ofthe study 1 1.1.1. Cross-cultural tourism trends 1 1.1.2.TheStatusQuoofChinaOutboundTourismDevelopment 2 1.1.3. Thailand Tourism 3 1.1.4. Sino-Thai tourism contact frequently 5 1.2. Scope of study 10 1.3.The objectives and significance of the study 10 1.3.1. Objectives of the study 10 1.3.2. Significance of the study 12 1.4. Limitation ofthe study 12
CHAPTER 2 Literature Review 2.1. Related concepts of tourism culture 14 2.1.1. Definition of Tourism 14 2.1.3. Definition of Culture 15 2.2. Overview of Tourism Culture Concept 16 2.3. Cross-cultural tourism 21
D CHAPTER-3 Tourism Culture Differences in Island, temple, palace of Sino-Thai 3.1. Hainan Island Tourism Culture Resources 24 3.1.2 Phuket Tourism Culture Resources 29 3.2 Analysis the Different Tourism Culture between Baima Temple and Wat Mangkon 33 3.2.1. Chinese Buddhist Culture and Baima Temple 33 3.2.2TheCreationand Influence ofthe Baima Temple 35 3.2.3 Tourism Culture ofthe Baima Temple 37 3.2.4 Wat Mangkon and Chinese Buddhism 39 3.2.5TheCreationand Influence ofthe WatMangkon 40 3.2.6Tourism Culture ofthe WatMangkon 41 3.3The Historyof ChinaForbidden City 42 3.3.1 TheHistory of Thailand RoyalGrand Palace 43 3.3.2 TheConcept Design of China Forbidden City 44 3.3.3 TheConcept Design of Thailand Grand Palace 46 3.4Comparative analysis of Concept Design between China Forbidden City and Thailand Grand Palace 47 3.4.1 Comparative Analysis of Method and Technology of Construction 48 3.4.2MethodandTechnologyofConstructingtheBuildingFloor 50 3.4.3MethodandTechnologyofConstructingtheBuildingRoof 51
CHAPTER 4 Analysis the causes and effective Ways in Dealing with tourism culture Differences between China and Thailand 4.1.TheCausesofdifferenttourismculturebetweenChinaandThailand 53 4.1.1Geographicaldifferencescreateuniquenaturalscenery 53
E 4.1.2Traditionalculturecreatesdistinctivetourismculture 53 4.1.3 Historical background and social culture lead to differences in tourism culture 54 4.1.4Thepoliticalenvironmentleadstoculturaldifferencesintourism 55 4.2EffectiveWaytoPromoteSino-ThaiTourismDevelopment 56 4.2.1Objectiveunderstandingthedifferencesintourismculture 56 4.2.2 Create quality products and promote diversification 57 4.2.3Promotemarketingintegrationandestablishatourismbrand 57 4.2.4Consolidateculturaltourismandhighlightculturalcharm 58 4.3Analyzing and comparing different culture between Hainan Island and Phuket Island 59 4.4Analyzing and comparing different between cultures of Baima Temple and Wat Mangkon Temple 62 4.5Analyzing and comparing between China Forbidden Palace and Thailand Royal Grand Palace 64
CHAPTER-5 Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion 68 5.2. Research innovation point 69 5.3 Recommendation 70 5.4 Suggestion of further research 71 References 72
LIST OF TALBLES Table Table:1AnalyzingandcomparingdifferentculturetwoofIslands 58 Table2:AnalyzingandcomparingdifferentcultureoftwoTemples 61 Table3:AnalyzingandcomparingdifferentculturesoftwoofPalaces 63
F LIST OF FIGURES Figure: 1 Tourism arrivals of Thailand 4 Figure: 2 Top 10 arrivalsby nationality 5
G Chapter-1
Introduction
1.1Background of the study
1.1.1. Cross-cultural tourism trends
As human society enters the 21st century, tourism has become one of the indispensable ways of life for mankind. Recently, the data released by the World Tourism Organization show that From January to October 2017, the number of tourists from all over the world reached 1.1 billion, up 7%overthe same period of2016. (Finance China,2018).
The authoritative forecast of the World Tourism Organization shows that the international tourists worldwide will reach 1.6 billion by 2020.This shows that residents who make up 25% of the global population will achieve cross-cultural international tourism activities. With the rapid growth of international tourists, the depth and breadth of cross-cultural exchanges are gradually expanding, which will have a huge impact on countries in different cultures and systems in the world. China will also become the largest tourist host nation in the world after 2020, and will receive nearly 150 million international tourists each year. The tourist source country will further expand in scope and the cultural background of tourists will be increasingly diversified.
From the background of Cross-cultural tourism, the relationship between tourists and hosts must be further deepened. As scholar Valene L Smith once pointed out, In the process of tourism intercultural communication, "tourism activities are a link that is conducive to the relevance of different cultures as well as to mutual understanding among different nations. However, it is also a repetitive and boring act for host hosts to cater to tourists during their reception, though tourists from different cultural backgrounds may have different cultural exchange questions. (Valene L. Smith,1989).There are differences in terms of language, space, gestures, time and cultural spheres under different cultural backgrounds. In order to better realize cross-cultural travel, provide more valuable travel for travelers, promote the development of tourism industry, to further study tourism Cultural differences are especially important.
1.1.2. The Status Quo of China Outbound Tourism Development
On August 3, 2017, China Tourism Research Institute (CTS), a research institute directly under China's National Tourism Administration, and Ctrip, China's largest outbound tourist service, jointly issued the Report on Outbound Chinese Travelers in the First Half of 2017. Based on tourism statistics and combined with 300 million members of Ctrip and the largest free-to-order travel data in the industry, the team of experts from both sides conducted a comprehensive monitoring of outbound travel and visitor behavior.
Dai Bin, dean of China National Tourism Research Institute, said that after more than a decade of rapid growth, the outbound travel market is entering a new normal of steady growth at moderate and low speeds. As a middle class supported by the outbound tourism market, its overseas consumption behavior is shifting from "buy and buy" in the early stage to "slowly and slowly". Whether it is for accommodation, dining, shopping or cultural consumption, overseas tourists are more willing to experience the lifestyle of their destinations in a one-stop and free way. With the advent of the era of rational consumption, shopping budgets that account for more than half of tourists' overseas spending will further decline, and will effectively reduce the growth of outbound travel expenditures in China.
Ctrip outbound tourism experts said that China's outbound tourism has entered a "consumption upgrade" stage, tourists are willing to increase spending to buy better tourism products, the purpose of going abroad also travel from sightseeing to enjoy high-quality overseas living environment and services, including Climate, Air, Price, Commodity, Medical, Education, etc. Travelingabroadatleastonceayearwillbecomethe newstandardforthe middleclassinChina.
In 2017, China continued to be the world champion in outbound travel. According to the tourism statistics released by China National Tourism Administration recently, in the first half of 2017, the number of Chinese citizens traveling abroad reached 62.03 million, an increase of 5.1% over the 5.903 million people in the same period of last year. In the same period, China received 69.5 million inbound tourists and the number of inbound tourists exceeded that of outbound tourists by 7.47 million. International tourism revenue and expenditure continued to maintain a surplus.(China Tourism Academy2017).
1.1.3. Thailand Tourism
Tourism is a major economic contributor to the Kingdom of Thailand. Estimates of tourism receipts directly contributing to the Thai GDP of 12 trillion baht range from 9 percent (one trillion baht) (2013) to 17.7 percent (2.53 trillion baht) in 2016.( Bangkok Post,2015). The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) claims that the tourist industry earned 2.52 trillion baht (US$71.4 billion) in 2016, up 11 percent from 2015.TAT officials said their revenue estimates, for foreign and domestic tourists combined, show that tourism revenue for all of 2017 have surpassed earlier forecasts of 2.77 trillion baht (US$78.5 billion).(Voice of America 2017).
Tourist Arrivals in Thailand increased to 3535590 in Decemberfrom 3020860 in Novemberof 2017. Tourist Arrivals in Thailand averaged 1392286.83 from 1997until 2017, reaching an all timehighof3535590inDecemberof2017andarecordlowof399600inMayof2003.
Figure:1 Tourism arrivals of Thailand
Thailand is the leading tourist destination in Southeast Asia with its tourism industry spanning close to 70 years of history. Tourism contributes about 9 to 10% to the total GDP. The number of tourists visiting Thailand has been on a steady rise throughout the years reaching up to 30 million visitors annually, although the numbers sometimes decline due to unrests and security threats. However, Thailand’s tourism industry remains an all-time high, especially during the December-January peak festive season. Thailand is a unique place to visit for its natural, cultural and historical heritage and the warm tropical climate which is favored by tourists escaping the cold winters found in their countries. The rising medical tourism industry has attracted tourists who come for holidays while getting medical care.
Figure: 2 Top 10 arrivals by nationality
Source:Department of Tourism Thailand (in Thai)
1.1.4. Sino-Thai tourism contact frequently
Thailand was one of the earliest countries to become a destination for Chinese citizens to travel abroad. China and Thailand are important tourism source countries and destinations. Tourism cooperation between China and Thailand not only brought good opportunities to both countries, but also promoted the economic development of the two countries. Tourism has brought huge foreign exchange earnings to both countries and has increased the employment rate.
In 1990, the Tourism Bureau of Thailand cooperated with the National Tourism Administration of China. The main contents are: (1) The two countries exchange their statistical data on tourist statistics each year. (2) China will set up the China Tourism Administration in Bangkok. (3)In education and tourism, the Tourism Bureau of Thailand and the China National Tourism Administration agree to exchange domestic tourism experts for training each other. (4) In order to allow tourists to use Kunming-Bangkok flights and Beijing-Bangkok flights more easily than before, the Thailand Tourism Bureau and the China National Tourism Administration will promote together. Development of tourism between the two countries (4) The two countries will call ontourists from other countriesto visit China andThailand.
In 1993, in order to promote tourism cooperation between China and Thailand, the Chinese government and the Thai government signed the Sino-Thai Tourism Cooperation Agreement. This cooperation is two-way. The Chinese government encourages its outbound tourists to choose Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia.
In 2002, Thailand hosted the "Thai Conference, Business and Incentive Tourism Promotion Conference" in Beijing. The Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand stated that Thailand values Chinese tourists and promises to provide Chinese tourists with better services and more travel options. Thailand will continue to develop and promote new tourism routes and new tourism markets, such as the combination of short-distance and long-distance travel routes, various international conference and exhibition projects, incentive programs for enterprises, golf tourism projects, diving tourism projects, Sports package tours, honeymoon packages, and more. In addition, in order to meet the requirements of Chinese tourists, the Thai government also set up research institutions. In addition, in order to organize tourism promotion activities in China and conduct business exchanges and cooperation with Chinese tourism agencies, the Thai Tourism Bureauhasalso establishedanoffice in Beijing.
In 2003, the Thai National Tourism Administration held a Sino-Thai Tourism Cooperation Seminar in Kunming, which had a useful discussion on how to strengthen the market promotion of the “China-Tailand Link” tourism project between the two countries. During the meeting, the National Tourism Administration of Thailand also cooperated with Yunnan Province and Sichuan Provincial Tourism Bureau signed a "plan to jointly promote tourism products."
In 2006, there was a problem of “zero fare” in tourism between China and Thailand. To solve this problem, the National Tourism Administration of Thailand decided to choose “high-quality tourism” travel agencies, and the first batch of 32 travel agencies in China to promote “high-quality tourism”.
In 2007, the National Tourism Administration of Thailand held a "Thai Tourism New Look" exchange meeting in Guangzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Shanghai. A total of 54 delegations from a number of tourism agencies, tourist hotels and amusement company leaders were sent to China to work in China. Promote tourism activities. In 2008, Thailand’s National Tourism Administration invited 61 Chinese companies operating Thai tourism and 30 journalists from the media to Thailand to attend the Sino-Thai Tourism Seminar to conduct tour route inspections, which has effectively promoted Thailand’s high-quality tourism and improved the image of Thai tourism in China. In 2013, the National Tourism Administration of Thailand and the Tourism Bureaus of Yunnan Province and Sichuan Province jointly signed the “Plan for Joint Promotion of Tourism Products”. The main content of the plan is to jointly develop natural tourism resources and cultural landscapes of China and Thailand. The tourism products that are combined into multi-links are planned to be "Chinese and Thai, exquisite combination" as the main style. In the international tourism market, the two countries have also done many advertisements to attract tourists from the H country to cross-border regional tourism in China and Thailand. In addition, this year, the two countries' tourists exchanged visas for visa exemption, and Thai Prime Minister Yingluck hopes toattract 5millionChinese tourists to travel toThailand eachyear.
In 2014, Thailand established a gold route for tourism through the China-Thailand railway cooperation project. The railway starts from Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, and ends in Bangkok, Thailand. The total length is approximately 1400 kilometers. In Thailand, about 873 kilometers (route from Nongkhai, a key port in the northeast of Thailand, to the capital city of Bangkok and the eastern industrial city of Rayong), Laos has a length of approximately 471 kilometers. The construction of the railway not only brought more tourists to the two countries, but also developed the economies of the two countries. In 2014, Chinese tourists traveled to Thailand for a total of 4.64 million trips, which is 18.69% of Thailand's inbound tourists. In 2014, Chinese tourists were the most inbound tourists in Thailand. In addition, Thai tourists traveled to China for a total of 631,100 passenger trips, ranking 14th in inbound tourism in China and 8.4% morethan in 2013.
In 2015, the Thai Railway Bureau and the Chinese government both agreed to build a railway in Thailand and plans to start construction in 2015. It is expected to be completed in 2021. This route is conducive to the development of logistics and tourism in the two countries. In particular, it promotes cross-border tourism between China and Thailand. Yunnan, China, will become the transit point for Sino-Thai tourism. In addition, the two countries are now striving to become visa-free countries, and the tourism cooperation between the two countries has brought many benefitsto thedevelopment ofthe peopleandthe country.
In 2016, China’soutbound tourism continued to grow ata moderate rate, while Thailand, South Korea and Japan, the hottest touristdestinations, still maintained high-speed growth of over 10%. Outside Thailand, China has maintained positive growth in Southeast Asian countries, with most countries exceeding 10%.In September 2016, Thailand rectified the “zero negative tour fee” and thedeathoftheThaiking,allofwhichhadbroughtaboutacertaindegreeofimpactonChina’s travelmarketinThailand.Thisledtoapartialshiftinmarketdemand,butthemarketbasein ChinaandThailand remains huge.FromJanuary toNovember 2016,Chinavisited more than8 million person trips in Thailand, an increase of 12.67% year-on-year. Thailand remains the largest outbound destination for Chinese tourists.(Fenghuang iMarkets 2017).
With the increase of airline flights, Sino-Thai cooperation has become more and more close, direct flights have become more and more, tourism has developed rapidly, and more and more Chinese tourists have traveled to Phuket, Pattaya and Samui island . In 2017, Nok Air opened a flight to Yinchuan, the capital of China's Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, to fly to Pattaya. The flight distance was reduced to less than 5 hours. Thailand's other low-cost carrier, Thai Smile Airlines, has launched a direct flight from Bangkok to Datong. Nok Air is planning to open direct flights to more cities in China such as Baotou, Linyi, Yichang and Nanchang. Patee Sarasin, The CEO of Nok Airlines, stated that “increasing routes to the Chinese market will allow the company to benefit from the tourism and economic development between China and Thailand.” According to the China National Tourism Administration, during the Chinese National Day Golden Week in 2017, Thailand It is the second largest destination for Chinese tourists after Russia.
On June 14, 2017, the Chinese Tourism Office in Bangkok was formally established. This is the 22nd overseas tourism office set up by the China National Tourism Administration overseas. It is responsible for resident Thailand and 4 concurrent countries (Vietnam , Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar) to promote China's national tourism image. The official establishment of the Chinese Tourism Office in Bangkok will promote the cooperation of the tourism departments of the two governments, promote the exchanges between the tourism industry of the two countries, and play a role of bridge and coordination for improving the quality of tourism services between the two countries.
1.2. Scope of study
A study on the characteristics of tourism resources, tourist source markets, tourism products, historical development, folk customs in Hainan Island and Phuket.
Study on history ofthe Baima Temple and the WatMangkon, Architectural Characteristics, Buddhist culture.
History of the Forbidden City and the Grand Palace, architectural design concepts, architectural methods and techniques, architectural styles and decorative elements. 1.3.The objectives and significance of the study
1.3.1. Objectives of the study
The destination culture is an important part of the destination tourism. It is precisely because of the differences in the destination local culture that the tourists are often forced to leave their places of residence to carry out travel activities. The world has entered a culturally sensitive era. The uniqueness of destination culture has played an increasingly important role in attracting tourists to visit. The destination culture is actually an important factor that affects the attractiveness of the destination. With people’s constant pursuit of deep tourism, those cultural destinations with deep cultural connotations are increasingly favored, which also reflects the great influence of destination culture on tourists’ destination selection behavior. In addition to enjoying the beautiful scenery and relaxing, the most important purpose of tourists traveling abroad is to experience the unique culture of the destination. In general, tourism activities require a certain difference in the destination culture compared to the local culture of the tourists, so as to produce greater attraction, but this does not mean that the destination culture is more alien to the better, because the difference is too great. It is highly likely that tourists can hardly cope with it. But in general, a unique destination culture has become an integral part of destination tourism resources and has become an important label for destinations.
This article analyzes the island culture of China and Thailand, the culture of temples, and the culture of palaces. It analyzes the characteristics of Sino-Thai tourism culture and explores the impact of this characteristic. It concludes that it is possible to increase the cross-cultural The active strategies of tourism activities will enhance the quality of cross-cultural tourism in China and Thailand, thereby enhancing tourism satisfaction, enhancing the image of tourism destinations, and promoting the long-term development of Sino-Thai tourism cooperation.
1.3.2. Significance of the study
As a special cultural exchange activity, cross-border tourism has become one of the most important ways for world culture communication and exchange. However, in the process of cross-cultural communication of tourism, cultural conflicts and cultural collisions are mostly caused by cultural differences. Due to differences in regional environment, political system, religious culture and other aspects, social members in different countries have different values, thinking patterns, customs, and lifestyle habits. Different geographical environments and beliefs have created a unique tourism culture between China and Thailand. This paper takes the islands, temples, and palaces of China and Thailand as the research objects, and uses the same type of tourism resources to analyze the differences in tourism culture, which is beneficial to understanding the differences in tourism culture between China and Thailand. It is conducive to guiding the Chinese and Thai tourists to actively engage in cross-cultural exchanges, to reduce misunderstandings, barriers, and communication difficulties caused by cultural differences, and to avoid tourists' negative impressions on tourism destinations and to help them obtain higher quality. Cross-cultural experience activities; Provide intellectual support for cross-cultural tourism practitioners and enterprises to reduce tourism accidents and improve the quality of tourism services; to improve the outbound tourism supervision mechanism for the bilateral countries of cross-cultural tourism, and to formulate effective strategies for image promotion and marketing of outbound tourism.
1.4. Limitation of the study
Tosumup,this studymainly hasthefollowing deficiencies:
First, the limitations of the study sample: The study is based on the islands, temples, and palaces of China and Thailand. Through the different characteristics of representative islands, temples, and palaces to shows the different tourism cultural of China and Thailand. However, the tourism culture is diverse. A single sample cannot provide a comprehensive display of the tourism culture of the two countries.
Second, the researcher's limitations: the researcher's experience, the researcher's knowledge background, the researcher's methods and methods, the adequacy of the acquired data, the method ofdata analysis,the model, etc.Which willmake acertain limitationfor thestudy result. Chapter-2
Literature review
2.1. Related concepts of tourism culture
2.1.1. Definition of Tourism
With regard to tourism, there are different views at different times, different people, and different angles. In 1980, the World Tourism Organization defined tourism as: "Tourism" refers to the purpose of non-immigration and peace for people, or to the realization personal development in economic, social, cultural, spiritual, etc. and promotion of interpersonal Understand travel activities for purposes such as cooperation. ”(Li Tianyuan.2003).The definition in 1991 was: “Tourism is a trip to a place outside the customary environment, the duration of the stay is within a certain period of time, and the main purpose of travel is not the activity of the person who receives payment from the place of the visit through an activity.” The definition in 1995 is: “Tourism is an activity where people leave their habitualplace of residence, travel to some places, and have no more than one year of leisure, business, or other purposes.”(Han Chunxian.2006) .In more than ten years, the World Tourism Organization has redefined the concept of tourism three times, stating that with the development of tourism, the definition of tourism also needs continuous improvement. Today, the concept of tourism is defined in many ways and classified from different perspectives, but overall, it is defined from the perspectives of tourists, tourism supply and demand, and comprehensive tourism.In addition to the official definition of tourism by the World Tourism Organization, the definition of tourism by scholars from various countries is also very noticeable. Austrian economist Herman •V• S believes that: “Tourism is the entry of people from foreign or non-residential areas into and the sum of economic activities caused by stay and movement." American scholars R• McIntosh and C•G• Brent are defined in the book
2.1.3. Definition of Culture
There have been many opinions about the definition of culture. The Modern Tourism Culture by Ma Bo (1998)The "Introduction to Tourism Culture," written by Shen Zuxiang (1999), all mentioned that the definition of foreign culture has already been no less than 150 species or even 200 species.The famous British cultural materialist Raymond Williams (1983) even included the word “culture” as one of the three most complicated vocabulary in English.For Williams, culture can be understood from three perspectives: First, culture can be used to refer to "a general development process of wisdom, spirit, and aesthetics." Second, culture is "a specific lifestyle. Whether it is a nation, or a period, or a group; Third, culture refers to "the wisdom, especially the achievements and practices of artistic activities. "Williams' method of distinguishing cultural semantics from historical perspective naturally leads to the problem of the relationship between culture and civilization. In this regard, the Chinese historian Zhu Huan opinion is: “(Culture and Civilization) are both from ancient Rome, Latin cultio, cultura, the original meaning is cultivation and cultivation, extension is intended to explore, education, training , Practice; Latin sivis, meaning the citizen,; sivitas means the city; civilize means enlightenment. From this we can see that the word culture originates from agricultural production, emphasizing man's inner cultivation and emphasizing spiritual taste; civilization originates from urban life and is related to urbanization, and it focuses on external material quality (Zhu Huan, 2000).However, looking at all cultural definitions, whether it is the British anthropologist Taylor or not, “culture is human
The overall perspective contained in the all-encompassing complex created in its own historical experience, or Ruth Benedict said that "culture is a mode of thinking and behavior expressed through the activities of a certain nation, a model that distinguishes this nation from other peoples" (Viker El, 1988) Emphasis on ethnic differences, or that Freud clearly defined culture through consciousness and unconsciousness, and cultural ethos underlined by Canadian literary theorist Frye (1993) as a product of ethnic self-identification. The high, medium, and low levels, and even the German scholar Ernst Casile (1985) proposes a symbolic view from the cultural instrumental characteristics. In all of these most influential inductions, it is not difficult to find that the core regulative nature of culture is always inseparable from these three points: the inheritance ofhistory, the sharing ofgroups, and the diversity ofregions.
2.2. Overview of Tourism Culture Concept
Culture is a very broad category. Through the above analysis, it can be concluded that the tourism culture is by no means a simple combination of tourism and culture, nor is it a substitute for tourism cultural resources. It is a culture that exists extensively in tourism activities. It should be said that it is an extremely complicated cultural phenomenon. At present, the definition of the concept of tourism culture by Chinese scholars can be seen as a matter of wisdom, but it can be roughly divided into the following categories:
1.The tourist object (tourism resources) is defined as the main element, such as: Chinese famous travel scholar Yan Yachu believes: “Tourism culture is based on the development of tourism planning and tourism base construction, with natural landscapes (famous mountains, famous waters, famous cities, famed scenery ) Relying on cultural facilities, including history, culture, revolutionary culture, and socialist spiritual civilization, and using literature, arts, amusement, exhibitions, scientific research, and other forms of activities as a specific comprehensive business to serve a wide range of tourists at home and abroad. "(Yan Yachu,1987). Feng Nai Kang also pointed out: “In the interpretation of tourism culture, it is generally assumed that tourism culture mainly refers to tourism objects, ie, human resources in tourism resources.”(Feng Naikang,1991).
2.The tourismsubjects (tourists) is defined as the main element, forexample, ShenZuxiang believesthat: “Tourism cultureisasystemoflifestyleformedbycivilizations.Itisasumof tourist culture phenomenon that iscaused bycollisions betweentourists whoare thesubject of tourism and other external conditions such as tourism media through active activities of tourist objects. "(Shen Zuxiang,1999). According to Li Xuejiang, “Tourism culture is a series of cultural phenomenacaused bytourists traveland pleasure. Itisageneraltermforaseriesofmaterials, systems, spirits, behaviors and cultural achievements generated by tourists who leave the place of travel and travel.”(Li Xuejiang,2004).
3.The tourism activity is defined as the main element,There are many people who hold this type of viewpoint, but there are differences in the understanding of the main elements of the tourism activity itself, so the understanding of the concept oftourism culture is not the same. Forexample, Yu Xuecai believes: “The so-called tourism culture refers to the sum of all kinds of relationships between the tourism subject and the tourism object.”(Yu Xuecai,2004).This view is to regard tourism subjects and objects as the main elements of tourism activities. Ma Bo believes: "Tourism culture is the sum of the conceptual forms and external performances created by tourists and tour operators in the process of tourism consumption or services.(Ma Bo,1998).This is actually the main body of tourism activities and tourism media as the main elements of tourism activities. Yu Hanghang believes that: “Tourism culture is the sum of ever-changing material wealth and spiritual wealth created by tourists, tourism practitioners and local residents in the course of tourism activities.” (Yu Hanghang,2005).This is considers the residents of tourism, mediators, and tourism destinations as the main factors of tourist activities. Xie Guian believes: “Tourism culture is the universal manifestation of human culture in tourism.” “From the whole process of tourism culture, tourism culture includes tourism subjects (tourists), tourism agencies (tourism systems and enterprises), and tourism objects. (tourism objects) and tourism social environment.(Xie Guian,1999). This view regards tourism subjects, objects, mediators, and social environments as the main elements of tourism activities. Of course, there is also a direct understanding of tourism activities as a whole. For example, Yu Longyu believes: “Tourism culture refers to spiritual civilization and material literature that are closely related to human tourism activities.” Wang Degang thinks: “Tourism culture is the sum of cultural phenomena and cultural relations formed by tourism activities at the core.”(Yu Long Yu,1989).
4. Define tourism culture as a tourism product,Guo Weidong believes that: “Tourism culture is a concept rather than a reality. It is a form of thinking that developed in the past and is closely related to the political culture of the tourist destination.As a concept, tourism culture is constantly embodying a kind of contradiction. On the one hand, it absorbs a homogenous political agenda, implying that people living in a specific tourist destination (place) behave in the same general manner, and Identify a group of (tourist destinations) to determine the identity of the group. On the other hand, if you look closely at the behavioral patterns of the described people, youwill find that these patterns do not really allow you to draw boundaries.” (Guo Yidong&Fu Jixin,2006). The scholars' arguments about the concept of tourism culture are essentially a matter of understanding. For example, Sha Xiangjun thought: “The whole meaning of tourism culture lies in cultural exchanges. Any endogenous and externalized form that embodies the ultimate and most core phenomenon and value of communication is the tourism culture.”(Sha Xiangjun,1997). From the perspective of cultural exchanges, the scholar not only excluded the culture of “national culture, religious culture, living culture, and various forms of landscape and culture” from the tourism culture, but also did not even recognize “tourism resource culture” and “tourism corporate culture”. It belongs to the research category of tourism culture. However, if the study of tourism culture abandons these studies, it will lose the substantive and completeness of the tourism culture.
At the same time, the study of the definition of tourism culture by Western tourism academic circles is also noticeable. The earliest definition of tourism culture came from Robert McIntosh, who believed that tourism cultural included various activities in tourism. Travelers can use this activity to understand each other’s thoughts and living conditions. (Robert McIntosh,1985). Judging from the basic research on tourism culture, Jafari, the founder of the Tourism Research Chronicle, is a trailblazer.His Tourism Models: The Sociocultural Aspects has the ambition of constructing a tourism knowledge system, and clearly points out that local people, tourists and destination cultures will merge to create a new culture.(Jafari J•,1987).In response, Boniface, a British scholar, commented that, according to Jaafari, the entire tourism industry seems to be filled with tourism culture. This highlights the integrity of tourism, but Jaafari designed the tourism culture. There is no consideration of the relevant community as a entity . Therefore, Boniface suggested that tourism cultural studies should consider the following questions: whether tourism culture exists as a whole; whether the function of tourism culture is changeable or stable; and whether the status of tourism culture is beneficial or harmful to tourism development.(Boniface P•,1998).Cohen also made attempts in this regard. He named some types of tourism culture as “tourism art” and considered it a “confused field” mixed with ethnic art, commercial art, souvenirs and fine arts. . These different types and hybrid forms of tourism art are four commercialized objects: 1) complementary commercialization; 2) alternative commercialization; 3) commercialization of encroachment; 4) commercialization of rehabilitation.(Cohen E•,1992).Cohen's interpretation of commercialization shows that tourism art is dynamic and adaptable. It involves: Adaptation of theme and design to better cater to tourist attractions and expectations; Standardization of tourism products; Simplification of works of art; Miniaturization and magnification of tourist objects ,Machine product alternatives to traditional materials; Real articles become decorations and so on.(Cohen E•,1993). Undoubtedly, these are the contents of tourism culture, but the replacement of tourism culture with tourism art is obviously partial. There are also doubts about the existence of tourism culture. Frohlich wrote: "Is there such a thing as tourism culture?" He has counted the various physical, environmental, and cultural effects that tourism has brought to historical relics, completely negating the value of tourism. , not knowingthat what heiscomplaining aboutis thecontent of tourism culture.(Frohlich M•,1993).
Thispointof viewreminds the academic community tobealertto thenegative emotionsof the tourismculture.Forthe study,itismuch more sensibletorecognize atourismculture thanto criticize it.In 1985, the World Tourism Organization made a narrow definition and a broad definition of the tourism culture. The broad definition refers to “all activities to satisfy people’s various needs, increase their own culture and improve their experience, knowledge, and opportunities”.The narrow definition isRefers to activitiesthat are carried outto meet the basic cultural needs of people, including festival tourism, folk customs, heritage tourism, performing arts tourism, study tours, and pilgrimage tourism. (Thorburn A•,1996).In 1999, the International Cultural Tourism Charter passed by the International Council ofMonuments and Sites held in Mexico also definedthe tourism culture.Itisbelieved thatthetourism cultureis focused onthe cultural environment and cultural tourism itself. cultural environment, as the name implies, includes traditional customs of tourist destinations, lifestyles, industry, attractions, values and
Leisure and entertainment. (Wang Xiangjie,2008).
2.3. Cross-cultural tourism The concept of intercultural tourism comes from cross-cultural communication related theories and the combination of tourism. In a broad sense, human tourism activities are the contact of different groups through travel and socializing. Tourism communication is an important method of communication in human society. It is a temporary informal parallel exchanges between people (Xie Yanjun, 1999).Tourism exchanges are exchanges and interactions between tourists and host country residents and tourism practitioners, but in essence they are cultural exchanges between the two groups. Intercultural tourism refers to the sum of imagination and relationships caused by tourist activities that carry a cultural tourist to tourist destinations with different cultural backgrounds (Liang Wangbing et al., 2012).Many cross-cultural researchers think Cultural differences are the basic motivation for international tourism, and tourism provides a platform for cultural exchanges between countries.(Yuan Zhimin,2011). In general, the main purpose of cross-cultural tourism for tourists is to experience different cultures. Tourism behavioralist according to different cultural divisions, conducting research on the behavioral characteristics of cultural exchanges between tourists and hosts in a tourist destination. In addition, many scholars use nationality as the basis for the variables, and they are used in various cross-cultural tourism activities, Conducting comparative study of cultural interactions. Yvette Reisinger and Lindsay W. Turner studied the phenomenon of cultural differences between Australian hosts and tourists from China and showed that there are obvious differences in self-fulfillment needs, etiquette, travel needs, interpersonal communication, emotional transmission, and social responsibility.(Wu Xiaoyi,2008). According to Auberge (Cultural anthropologist) research, tourism activities act as cross-cultural communication. When tourists come to host countries, due to different cultural environments, they will forget their familiar cultural characteristics in the short term, At the same time, they are not familiar with the host cultural symbols and then produce psychological anxiety, that is, Cultural Shock, this "cultural shock" changes according to the size of the cultural differences.Tourism researchers believe that the study of cross-cultural behavior of tourism focuses on the exchanges between different nationalities and races. Individuals are deeply influenced by various cultural circles in different cultural circles. Therefore, we must focus on the performance of various cultural backgrounds. Out of the mainstream part. Although overall, the decision-making of individual decision-making and perception has the shadow of cultural attributes, the cultural differences among various ethnic groups, nationalities, and international countries deserve more attention.( Sun Hongbo,2006). Chapter 3
3.1. Hainan Island Tourism Culture Resources
Coastal landscape- In the 1,528-kilometre coastline of Hainan, the sand bank accounts for about 50-60%, and the beach is several hundred meters to several kilometers wide. The slope of the sea surface is generally 5 degrees, extending slowly; most places are calm and clear, and the sea is clear and white. Such as scum, clean and soft; shore trees, fresh air;The temperature of seawater is generally 18-30 degrees Celsius, and the sun is bright and sunny. Most of the year, sea bath, solarium, sand bath and wind bath can be carried out. Today, the five elements of sunlight, seawater, sand, green, and air that are loved by international tourists are both on the coast of Hainan Island.
From Qiongshan to the east coast of Sanya there are more than 60 places that can be turned into a bathing beach. There are different types of scenic spots on the coast of the sea around the island. On the eastern coastline, there is a special tropical coastal forest landscape - mangroves and a tropical coastal landscape - coral reefs, all of which have high ornamental value. At present, four mangrove reserves have been established in Dongzhai Port of Qiongshan City and Qinglan Port of Wenchang City.
Mountain, tropical forest- There are 81 peaks above 1,000 meters above sea level in Hainan Island, which are undulating, with unique Yamagata and magnificent momentum. The most famous are the Wuzhi Mountain, which is jagged on the top of the mountain and looks like five fingers. In addition, there are magnificent Yinggeling and Dongshanling, Taipingshan Waterfall, and Qixianling, Leifengling and Diaoluoshan. , Bawangling, etc.Which are places for mountaineering and summer resorts.The most distinctive features of Hainan’s mountains are the densely vegetated tropical forests. The most famous are the four tropical forest areas of Jianfengling in Ledong County, Bawangling in Changjiang County, Diaoluo Mountain in Lingshui County and Wuzhishan in Qiongzhong County. Jianfengling is the most typical.
Wuzhishan Jianfengling
Volcanoes, caves, hot springs- Historical volcanic eruptions left many dead craters on Hainan Island. The most typical one is the Shuangling Mountain, which is more than 200 meters above sea level in Shishan, Qiongshan City. There are two craters on the ridge, with a concave ridge in the middle, which resembles a saddle, also known as Ma'anling. The Leihuling crater near the ridge, the Luojing disk crater is also preserved very complete and wonderful. There are also many karst caves in different styles, such as Luobi Cave in Sanya City, Qianlong Cave in Baoting County, and Emperor Cave in Changjiang County.The hot springs on the island are widely distributed.
Most hot springs have low mineralization, high temperatures, large amounts of water and good water quality. Most of them are therapeutic hot springs, and there are pleasant scenery in the hot spring areas. Xinglong Hot Springs, Nanping Hot Springs, Lanyang Hot Springs, Qixianling Hot Springs, Guantang Hot Springs, and Semi-Mining Mineral Springs are all suitable for the development of tourism including tourism, convalescence, and scientific research.
Northern Song Dynasty poet Su Dongpo Site ---- Dongpo Academy is located in Zhonghe Town, the ancient city of Danzhou. It was built in 1098 (the Northern Song Dynasty period). There are wine kiosks, wine halls, and other antique buildings in the academy. The wine hall was once a place where Su Dongpo lived and read .Now there are many ink paintings of Su Dongpo's manuscripts, historic materials of historical relics, and the famous <
Dongpo lectured on the color sculpture display in the middle of the hall, and the characters are vivid.In front of the museum, the bronze statue of Dongpo stands among the colorful flowers. In the ancient time, Zhonghe Town was the seat of the state of Danzhou. The Song Dynasty poet Su Dongpo once lived here for three years. Due to the influence of Su Dongpo on local culture, Zhonghe Town people have loved poetry for hundreds of years, Therefore Zhonghe Town is known as the “hometown of poetry”.In addition to the Dongpo Academy, the town also have DongpoWell andKuixing Tower.And theSuGong Temple built to commemorateSuDongpo.
Thetomb of Qiu Yu (famous minister of the Ming Dynasty) and the tomb of Hairui (an official of the Ming Dynasty), as well as the ancient city of Yazhou, the Weishi Temple, the Wenchang Pavilion, and so on.The Revolutionary Memorial Site includes the former site of the Qiongya Column Headquarters, the Jiaji Town Red Army Memorial Statue, the Jinniuling Martyrs’ Cemetery, the Baisha Uprising Memorial Hall, the Song Family Residence, and the Soong Ching Ling Exhibition Hall.
Dongpo Academy Su Gong Temple Nanshan Cultural Tourism Area- Located in Sanya Nanshan, 40 kilometers away from the urban area, there is a 255 national highway and Hainan roundabout highway in the north. Nanshan Culture and Tourism Zone is divided into three major theme parks: Nanshan Buddhist Culture Park is a park that displays traditional Chinese Buddhist culture, is full of profound philosophical implications, and can enlighten minds and enlighten people.Its main buildings include Nanshan Temple, Nanhai Guanyin Buddha Statue, Guanyin Culture Court, Tianzhu Temple, Buddhist Cultural Communication Center, and a vegetarian shopping street.
China Fushou Culture Park is a park that focuses on the essence of Chinese national culture and highlights the atmosphere of peace, tranquility, well-being, and harmony;The Nanhai Folk Culture Park is a cultural scene that highlights the natural scenery of the South China Sea and the Miao Village of Li Village. It is also compatible with some Western modern civilization parks. The main buildings are the Li and Miao Nationality Court, the mythical roaming world, and the Huang Daopo Memorial Hall. Ocean Park, Underwater World, Bird and Flower Paradise, etc.The Nanshan Golden Jade Goddess of Mercy is 3. 8 meters high, consuming more than 100 kilograms of gold, more than 120 carats of South African diamonds, thousands of red sapphires, emeralds, corals, turquoises, pearls and more than 100 kilograms of jade and other rare treasures, using Chinese traditions. Handicraft manufacturing. Kuan Yin Golden Body is made of 200 pieces of gold sheet with an average thickness of 1.2 mm. Due to using different processing methods, the gold image produces different colors and textures.
Mazu Temple- During the Qing dynasty years, Hainan had a tourman named Wu Huacun who traveled around the islands of Hainan to search for a place of self-cultivation in Dhamma. Eventually he chose Wuzhizhou Island as a place of cultivation. The matter was known by the then Yazhou officials, Zhuan Yuanli. Then he also arrived at Wuzhizhou. After seeing such a beautiful island and excellent feng shui, he believed that this treasure land should not be used by individuals and should benefit the people.So he stopped the behavior ofWu Huacun.
The state government raised funds to build an ancestral temple on the island to worship Cang Jie. He was the creator of Chinese characters , ancestral temple was built in 1893 AD and the history was more than 100 years. After the fall of the Qing government, the ancestral hall was left unattended and the fishermen were ignorant of what God had to worship. Then they crushed the statues and changed their own nautical sacred protectors Mazu.
3.1.2 Phuket Tourism Culture Resources
Phuketis the largest islandin Thailand, and most tourists gather onPatong Beach or Phuket Town, which is the two centers of Phuket. One wins in the scenery of the island, one wins in the old building, but it is favored by tourists because of the perfect services. With its wide and beautiful beaches, soft white sand and turquoise waters, Phuket is impeccable as a "pearl" of the Andaman SeaontheIndian Ocean. Goodtolerance
Make Phuket become the most representative island tourism resort in Southeast Asia.Tourism in Phuket began to rise from 1970. Phuket is a representative tourist resort in Southeast Asia. The west coast of the island is directly opposite the Andaman Sea, where pristine white sand beaches are dotted. Each beach has its own unique charm. White beaches, bizarre limestone reefs, and jungle-clad hills attract a large number of travelers every year. It is spread over beaches and bays. It is known for its clean Kamala Beach, private style Surin Beach, coral islands where there are often sea sports, There is also a rich nightlife such as Patong Beach.There are also many mountains on the island. Visitorscan takeataxi ormotorbikeexpedition. Theyalso candiveand take ayacht to thesea. As Phuket continues to develop in the direction of high-end resorts, the number of residents engaged in tourism on the island has also gradually increased. In the north, there are pineapple fields and rubber gardens open to tourists. Visitors can also see European-style residential buildings in the city.
Coral Island- Coral Island is named for its rich coral ecology and is surrounded by colourful coral reefs. This is the best place for a variety of water sports.Now it is increasingly popular and lively place. There are many diving enthusiasts and water parachute enthusiasts everywhere, more peoplewho comehere toenjoy thesun bathing.
Ton Sai Waterfall- Tongsai Waterfall belongs to Khao Phra Thaeo National Park. National Park. The last intact pristine rainforest of Phuket is preserved here. You can experience outdoor life camping in the pristine rainforest. The most unique plant in the area is a palm tree named “Palm Lang Khao”. Its characteristic feature is that the back of the leaves is white. This unique palm tree is said to be unique in this area. The scenery here is pleasant, the environment is beautiful, and there are plenty of wild animals. There is a Phuket Gibbon Raising Center near the waterfall. http://www.bjsoyo.com/pjd/ts/391365.shtml
Vegetarian Festival- Almost 200 years ago in 1825, The Phuket Vegetarian Festival, known locally as Jia Chai, was born. What was once the main town on the island (Ta Reua in Talang District) was moved to accommodate the influx of Chinese tin miners in Get-Hoe of Kathu District. Kathu was still a jungle at the time of the move and was harsh environment for travelers. Fever was rampant among the population and it was during this time when a traveling opera company from China visited.
It wasn’t long before the whole company was stricken with fever and their response was to combat it with a vegetarian diet in an attempt to honor two of the emperor gods, Yok Ong Sone Teh and Kiew Ong Tai Teh. The opera troupe returned to health soon after adopting this vegetarian diet. This discovery was of great interest to the people of Kathu, but they wanted to know why? The one thing they could point to with confidence was the ritual vegetarianism along with its attendant ceremonies. It didn’t take long for the people to adopted this faith heart and soul. Thus began what we call today the Phuket Vegetarian Festival. Today it starts on the first evening of the ninth lunar monthand continues through theninth evening aimingto bring goodluck to all inattendance.
As time passed one of the witnesses of the festival returned home to Kansai, China. This person invited two scared men to Kathu, Hiao Ho-le and Lian Tui to participate in the ceremonies. These two men had the status of gods. On the seventh night of the ninth month he returned to Phuket. When the people heard of his return, they gathered and in procession headed to Bang Niao Pier, where they were to greetand provide safe return ofthe gods known as Kathu and Hiao Ho-le. This iswhere the processionsoriginated andwhy theyfactor in sogreatly intodays festival.
One day before the vegetarian festival begins, each temple raises a great pole and these poles known as Go Teng poles. The gods are invited to descend from the heavens through these great poles. Come midnight each pole is adorned with nine lanterns, inviting the gods to descend and two of which are asked to preside over the ceremonies; Yok Ong Hong Tae and Kiew Ong Tai Tae.Thisis theevent that signals the openingof thevegetarian festival.
Ceremonies are a plenty during the nine days and nights of the vegetarian festival. One of the highlights is the invocation of two gods, Lam Tao (representing the living) and Pak Tao (represents the dead). During these processions expect to see images of the gods; and witness feats of the Ma Song (also known as middlemen) such as bathing in hot oil, fire-walking and bladed ladder climbing. On the last day of the vegetarian festival, each temple will take part in merit making ceremonies, this is known as sadoh kroh. Here, is where the gods are released and free to return to the heavens, followed by a fireworks display closing the Phuket Vegetarian Festival. Throughout the vegetarian festival the Ma Song act as vessels for the gods to enter. The Ma Song powers of a supernatural nature and inflict self-tortures to shift evil from the individual onto themselves and doing so this brings the community good luck. The Ma Song can be divided into two distinct groups; one is of those who have had an intimation of impending doom and want to extend their lives; and the second are of those who have been specially chosen by the gods for their impeccable moral qualities.
Noise is a key element of every ceremony from the festivals beginning to end as it is the driving force to rid the town of evil spirits. Fireworks and drums the preferred noise makers and they are trulyloud.Evil spirits begone!
Adhering to a strict vegetarian diet varies from participant to participant but for not less than three days. This practice is to exhibit willpower which shows strength of mind and body. Participants must also refrain from all vice, including the slaughter and consumption of animal flesh. Good hygiene, brightness and inner peace are values indicative of this festival.
The vegetarian festival is about purifying the people as well as the spaces they inhabit together, this is the principal theme behind the whole belief system at this time of year.The wearing of white garments and fasting to a strict form of vegetarianism (Je or Je Chai or Chai) is symbolic of self-purification. http://www.festivalsofthailand.com/home/thailand-festivals/vegetarian-festival/
Patong Carnival- Patong Carnival is an annual celebration marking the beginning of the high season in Phuket. Usually held right at the beginning of November, when the weather is starting to get sunnier, the three-day celebration sees Patong’s Beach Road crowded with displays, stalls and activities, as well as the flamboyant costumes and lively atmosphere that the word “carnival” usually conjures. In recent years, the long-running Patong Carnival has been doubled up with the Patong Seafood Festival, making street food stalls selling the 'fruits of the sea' a common sight right along the beach. Alongside traditional Thaiand Phuketian dishes, you can get a taste of other Asian cuisines, including Japanese, Indian, Vietnamese, Korean and Chinese.
The main events of the carnival are separated into different zones around the city, with the main areas being along the famous Bangla Road, as well as Soi Post Office and Soi Dr Wattana. Attractions include live music, cultural performances, street art and an exhibition showing the historical and cultural heritage of Patong. http://www.phuket.com/festival/phuket-carnival.htm
3.2 Analysis the Different Tourism Culture between Baima Temple and Wat Mangkon
3.2.1. Chinese Buddhist Culture and Baima Temple
There are many temples named as "white horse temple in China but the Baima temple in Luoyang is the most famous one which is the first government-established temple since the Buddhism introduced to China. It's located 12 km east of Luoyang city, founded in 68 A.D. in the Eastern Han dynasty with history more than 1900 years and known as "the first Chinese temple" and the birth place of Chinese Buddhism". The existing temple site was built in Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties,whichpreserveda lotof image ofBuddhahatandHeavenlyKings.
According to historical records, one night in the Eastern Han dynasty (AD 67), Emperor Liuzhuang had a dream of with golden light surrounding the body, flying softly and landed in front of Royal palace. The next morning, he told his dream to the ministers and asked who knows anything about the fairy. One of the minister told Emperor Liuzhuang: I heard that in the west world (ndia) there was enlightenment god, known as the Buddha, who can fly and whose body emits light, Just like what you've dreamed Emperor Liuzhuang was very happy. He sent a delegation of his men to study Buddhism in the western world. After three years two eminent Indianmonks, sheMoteng andZhuFalan, cameback withthedelegation.
They brought with them a white horse carrying Buddhist sutras and Buddhist figures on its back. This was the first time that Buddhism appeared in China. To express his thanks to the two monks and their white horse, the emperor ordered the building of a monastery which he named the White Horse Temple during the following year. During this time, the two monks were busy translating sutras in the temple until they completed the Chinese sutra 'Forty-two Chapter hich attracted many monks and meant that the temple became a centre for Buddhist activity in C It is for this reason thatthetempleis honored asthe 'Founder'sHome' andthe 'CradleofBuddhismin China.
Baima Temple 3.2.2 The Creation and Influence of the Baima Temple
In the eleventh year of the Yongping of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 68), the Baima Temple was established in China. At the same time, not far from the southeast of the Baima Temple, a stupa was built. The rigorous structure and unique style of this tower is the earliest ancient tower in China,andit facesthe Baima Temple.
They are also known as the two pearls in the history of national Buddhism and architecture. Before Buddhism spread in China,Temple is not a religious building. In the Qin Dynasty, the temple represented the official residence. In the Han Dynasty, it was the name of the government office of the imperial court. "Where the imperial court is located, it is called the temple." The nine official offices of the central government agencies in the Han Dynasty are collectively known as the "Nine Temples." The "Honglu Temple" in the Nine Temples is a place to receive high-ranking Indian monks, similar to modern state-owned hotels. After the introduction of Buddhism into China, the first Buddhist building, Biama Temple was built. Since then, the Chinese have started to refer to this type of building as a"temple."Duan Yuming. Chinese temple culture[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1994.
Through this approach, two problems are illustrated: First, the form of the “Temple”, a new type of building, is based on traditional Chinese architectural forms. They have many similarities. For example, the Baima Temple adopts the form of Chinese traditional palace architecture. These palace buildings embody the style and characteristics of traditional Chinese architecture. Second, during the period of feudal society in China, the buildings were of a relatively strict hierarchy. Therefore, the title of the high office of the court can be used to name Buddhist architecture, indicating that the hierarchy of temples is very high. For example, many architectural materials, construction techniques, and decorative techniques used in the Baima Temple are based on relatively high-level processing techniques. From this it can be seen that at the beginning of the creation of the Baima Temple, from the perspective of urban planning, the builder hopes that it can become the economic and cultural center of the region and play a role in stimulating regional religious, cultural and economic development.Development also shows that it does playsucharole.
From the perspective of the development of Buddhism, the establishment of the BaimaTemple at the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty marked the official status of the Chinese rulers in the feudal period as acknowledging the legal status of Buddhism, indicating that the ruling class at that time allowed and even encouraged the spread of Buddhism in China. It shows that China was an open and civilized country at that time and was willing to actively absorb foreign cultures. The introduction of Buddhism.
On the one hand, it strengthened the links between China and foreign friends and promoted the cultural exchanges between the two peoples. On the other hand, it also enriched the cultural material life of the Chinese people and enabled the people to have more faithful choices.Since then, this foreign religion has begun its journey of development and growth in China, which has affected the history of China’s civilization for thousands of years.
3.2.3 Tourism Culture of the Baima Temple
The unique historical and Buddhist origins have created the own tourism culture of the Baima Temple. Among them, the architectural culture of the Baima Temple is even more compelling. Baima Temple is a product of a combination of foreign religious culture and Chinese traditional culture. During the development of thousands of years, it has gradually established its own unique architectural style. Hall of Heavenly Kings- This hall was originally built in the Yuan Dynasty. In the middle of the hall sits a laughing Buddha - Maitreya. It is said that the Buddha was once incarnated as a beggar monk with a purse, which actually contained all the treasures of the world. The shrine is made of wood with over 50vivid dragons carved into it andis truly a remarkable example of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) culture. On either side of Maitreya stand the four majestic 'Celestial Kings'. Each holdsa differentweapon andall four areclay sculptures moulded duringthe Qing Dynasty.
Hall of the Great Buddha- This hall boasts the most spectacular architecture in the whole temple. The roof is covered with exquisite pantiles; the upturned eaves and the bracket system reflect the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). A statue of the Buddhist patriarch Sakyamuni stands in the middle of the hall for people to make offerings to. He is flanked by two of his disciples - Kasyapa and Ananda. The one with sutra in his hands is the Bodhisattva of Wisdom - Manjusri. The other is the Bodhisattva of Universal Benevolence - Samantabhadra. All of these statues provide vivid portraits with smooth lines and demonstrate a high level of craftsmanship of the Ming Dynasty.
Hall of Guidance - This hall is where the Amitabha Buddha is worshipped and is the smallest in the White Horse Temple. This Buddha is in charge of the Western Paradise. On his right and left are the Bodhisattva of Moonlight and the Goddess of Mercy respectively. Both sculptures are captured in clay and were produced during the Qing Dynasty. It is said that at the words of 'Amitabha Buddha', one will be led to the Paradise after death. Amitabha is therefore known as the Buddhaof Guidance, hencethe nameofthe hall.
Hall of Mahavira- This is the most magnificently decorated hall in the temple. The roof is carved with colorful lotus patterns and the walls are hung with thousands of the wooden statues of Buddhist figures. In the centre of the hall stands a two-storey Buddhist shrine exquisitely carved with birds in flight and giant winding dragons which lend the shrine its awesome appearance. The three saints Sakyamuni, Amitabha and the Buddha of Medicine look jovial with the eighteen arhats standing around and all are made from silk and hemp. Each one weighs only three to five kilograms (about seven to eleven pounds). The colors on these statues are still as fresh today as when they were first produced during the YuanDynasty. They are priceless treasuresof the nation.
Qingliang Terrace - Qingliang Terrace, literally translates into “Cool and Clear Terrace”, is a structure extending 42m (140ft) in length, 32m (106ft) in width and 6m (20ft) in height. It is built with greenish bricks and surrounded by substantial clusters of bamboo, therefore it was the place where Emperor Ming study during summertime but later given to the two respected Indian monks for translating scriptures. Now the terrace is enshrining the Vairocana, Manjusri, Samantabhadra and other 500 statues.
3.2.4 Wat Mangkon and Chinese Buddhism
Wat Mangkon Kamalawat is also known as Wat Leng Noei Yi or Dragon LotusTemple. It is considered to be the most important and largest Chinese Buddhist temple in Bangkok. It was first established as a Mahayana Buddhist temple around 1871. In modern China, some monks of immigrants brought Chinese Mahayana Buddhism to Thailand and made it known. The king of Thailand at that time was Rama V (1868-1910). He was moved by the enthusiasm of the Chinese monks and was willing to donate land to build the monastery. The ancestor of the Long Lian Temple came from the Chaozhou County of Guangdong Province in China. He was ordained as a monk when he was a teenager. He studied Buddhist scriptures. He moved to Thailand to promote Buddhism in 1862. 3.2.5 The Creation and Influence of the Wat Mangkon
Religion helps people understand the world. And its own existence and value in the world. Although we can't see the existence and power of supernatural gods, but people always believe in, for example, prayers, odes, chanting, dancing, offerings, and sacrifices. Wat Mangkon is the most important holy place where believers express their beliefs and perform ceremonies. Although located in Thailand, it has extensive and profound social impacts on Thai people, including Chinese ethnic groups and non-Chinese ethnic Thai groups, and it has functions that other social organizations do not have. The existence of Wat Mangkon represents the forces and symbols of religion, and maintains the calm and sacredness of the religious region for the Chinese community. Chinese temples are not only the core symbol of their cultural identity for Chinese living in Thailand. It is also the cultural source of their spiritual world. Therefore, it has irreplaceable significance. 3.2.6 Tourism Culture of the Wat Mangkon
Wat Mangkon was established in 1871. It was the first Buddhist temple established by Chinese immigrants in Bangkok. As the Chinese who migrated to Thailand at that time mainly came from the coastal areas of Southeast China such as Chaoshan, Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan, The Chinese Temple in Thailand shows the rich characteristics of the Lingnan culture in China.Therefore, Wat Mangkon was built exactly in accordance with the style of its temple. “The glazed roof tiles and the decorative paintings of dragons, winds, and huabens are completely taken from the architectural art of temples in the area of Guangdong.” and its craftsmen and building materials are from China. The entire monastery has a vast area, with wood and stone building structures and triple courtyard styles. In order to show respect to the founder of the founder, the " 龙莲寺" on the mountain gate is a work of the Qing dynasty (1879). In addition, there are Chinese couplets on both sides of the gate of the monastery: “龙势飞腾地，莲灯照 耀天.” On the ridge, there are two dragons playing bead sculptures, which retains the Buddhist scriptures and the vegetarian system of Chinese characters.
Stepping into the gate of the monastery is an aisle with "Qingfutan" on the left and "Doumu Gong" gods in the center. On the right is an "album of overseas Chinese virtues." In front of the temple, Maitreya Buddha is worshipped, and the left and right sides are majestic statues of the four heavenly kings. After the heavenly palace, it is the Great Hall. On both sides of the courtyard ofthe hall, there is a "chan temple" on the left and a "guest room" on the right. On the left side of the hall is the “Hua Tuohall”.Thereason why Wat Mangkon is full of incense is that the believers believed thatGoddoctor Hua Tuowillbless themforpeaceandhealth. 3.3 The History of China Forbidden City
China Forbidden City is a large scale palace situated in the center of Beijing , the Current Capital of the People’s Republic of China which had become the Royal Palace since the middle of Ming Dynasty until the Xing Dynasty, covering the area of 720,000 square meters, 800 building , 9,999 rooms, 75 royal residential buildings, the royal library, the royal writing room as well as gardens, wide yard, walkway connecting one ,another throughout with the wall as high as 11 meters.The site location of this ancient place originally was the royal palace of Yuan Dynasty of Mongol with the construction objects as the administrative center of the kingdom and royal personal residence. Afterwhen theYuan Dynastytumbled downthe Ming Dynastyroseup.
The first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Hongwu relocated the Capital from Peking to Nan Jing and thought of removing the palace out.But later when his son Emperor Yongle accessed the throne he relocated the Capital back to original Peking and ordered the construction of the new palace in the year 1406 (the 4th year of accessation to the throne of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty).Thepalace was finishedinthe yearA.D. 1420.
[108].Por .Rattanapanya. Forbidden City [M].)Bangkok: Odean Store ,1998: 3
Subsequent in the year 1644 a riot took place and caused the Ming Dynasty palace to damage a certain number. After when the Xing Dynasty became powerful the Xing Dynasty had constructed the a new building to replace the damaged one on the original base. This palace, therefore, became the Center of Power of China continuously until the tumble down of the Xing Dynasty and the transitioninto therepublic system in theyear A.D. 1911.
The physical appearance of the site location of the Forbidden City is situated on a plain, the palace plan is a rectangular shape laying on North-South Core. The front of the palace faced to South. Behind the North there was a medium sized hill. The palace is surround by formed brick of 10 meterstall.A water wayandearth ditch were dugtosurround the palace. The significant reasons for setting up the royal palace here were because it’s the site location which there existed the construction of the previous dynasties, repeatedly for many dynasties because it’s a good site location in accordance with the principle of Book of War Strategy and the site location was an auspices according to the Chinese Feng Shui Principle and Yin-Yang Principle as well.
[109].Wang Zilin. Imperial City Feng Shui [M]. Beijing: Forbidden City Press, 2009
3.3.1 The History of Thailand Royal Grand Palace
Thailand Royal Grand Palace is situated in the old city area of Ratthanakosin currently under administrative area of Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok Metropolis, and the Capital of Thailand. Currently the Royal Grand Palace is with a rectangular shape appearance. The main entrance is situated on the North, having a bricked form wall surrounding the area of 152 Rais, 2 Ngans 244,000 square meters, smaller to ofapproximately 1/3 (one/third) of the Forbidden City (established by King Puttha Yod Fa Chulalok, the First King of Old Bangkok or Ratthanakosin in the year A.D.with the objects of establishing the same of the Administrative Center of the Kingdom and royal personal residence).
The physical appearance of the site location on the initial construction was the East is braced by the Chao Phraya River in a round circle. The East is a clear field, on the first relocation to build the new grand palace this is only dug as additional city ditch (the West had already braced with the Chao Phraya River). The reasons for establishing the Royal Grand Palace here are for two key reasons of
1) The site location is in a good strategic site location (i.e. there is the Chao Phraya River as natural fortress surrounded on the West)., considered a good site location for settling a town according to the army formation called “Nag Nam (Name of Naga)” in the Thai Book of War Strategy
2) The ability to use the River as main communicative routing to go out to the Sea on the South andgoingupNorth toavarietyof Provincial Townsconveniently and
3) Due East of the two is an open clear field in the time of war the hostile enemy army could be seen and could be used for the town expansion currently the said open clear field became the site location of important venues of Bangkok Metropolis.
3.3.2 The Concept Design of China Forbidden City
Forbidden City with the Chinese belief culture that the King have the important role as the person who makes the sky, land, and human connected to one another as can be seen from the design of the Chinese Character of the “King”(王) of the designer in the past who designed 3 horizontal lines to represent the sky, the land, and human and used astraight vertical line connecting the three horizontal lines together, the King,with status of being the Manager of the Sky Heaven [110]Chamnong Thongprasert. Sources of Chinese Tradition[M]. Bangkok :Mahachulalonkorn Rajavidhayalai ,1994: 225-228.
The King has the status of Heavenly Son (天子) who is mandated by the Heaven(天命) to rule the human world for creation of peace and happiness and pleasure or in another meaning the ChineseKinghasthe statusofDevaRaja.
With the said King’s status the relevant architectural designs all were created under the Kingship Concept Principle, the construction of architectural buildings in the palace, therefore, was in particular design as though modeling of Vimana of the God in Heaven to the human world at the the Chinese Universe. [111]David Ping-Yee Lung. Heaven, Earth and Man: Concepts ann Processes of Chinese
Architecture and City Planning[D]. Oregon,USA 1978: 42..
Such a construction included many buildings overlapping one another in tiers in many steps or the carved stone of the dragon going amongst the clouds which is the symbol of the sky which is between the human world and the God’s Vimana in the heaven for instances, whereby the concept or theory concerning the Chinese Cosmology which was applied for the design of the throne hall and the palace plans all had been mentioned in both Taoism and Confucious, previous Ideology Faiths before the dissemination of Buddhism from Chompu Taweep (the area of India and her Surrounding Perimeters in the past) to China. The content concerning the universe in the Book of the said Ideology Faith had mentioned about the heaven in various forms, the appearances of the world, the circulation of seasons.
[112]Chamnong Thongprasert. Sources of Chinese Tradition[M]. Bangkok :Mahachulalonkorn Rajavidhayalai ,1994: ,254-255.
There was an application of Feng Sui Science, furthermore, there was an application of Yin-Yang Principle to use for the design of architectural work for security and auspices. And meanwhile, there was an application of the principles of the design in accordance with the Book of War Strategy together as well for prevention an enemy from the danger of war e.g. there was a forming of tall, big bricked wall and battling fortresses from post to post with town ditch and large scale ditch surrounding the palace plan.
3.3.3 The Concept Design of Thailand Grand Palace
Thailand Royal Grand Palace, all architectural designs dealing with the King were created under the concept dealing with the King, which was expressed through the Cosmology influenced by Ancient Cultures as origination the same as other countries in Southeast Asia, i.e. the belief that the King is the Great God of the Heaven who reincarnated to the Human World to relieve sufferings and nourishing happiness to Thailand and the people. Such Gods including Gods in Buddhism and Hinduism such as Indra (Chief of the Gods in the Heaven, one of the lives of the Lord Buddha prior to entertainment in the next life) and Vishnu or also known in another name of Narayana. (One of the great Gods in Hinduism). Additionally, the King also holds the status as “The Emperor” (The Emperor who is the Greatest amongst all the Emperors) i.e. the greatest in the Universe following Kingship principle. With the King’s status following the said belief then the architectural compositions and the throne hall built up must be expressed with “Prasada Type” Architecture, which, according to the meaning of the word in Hinduism means Vimana as dwellingplace or residentialbuildingin thepalace of aGod, andbuildings builtin tiersorsteps.
As for in Thailand the Prasada Type in the Ideology is expressed with the Thai Tradition Architecture in the Royal Court with Unique Identities which are different from a general common man’s house, the most important features are the gable roof overlapping one another in steps, the decoration of the gable end feature of the so called “Thai decorative extension of the apex of the gable’and making the roof covering with color coated tilesfor instances.
Due to the social conditions in the past which must deal with wars and battles to compete for the power, therefore, the design of the physical condition of the town and the royal grand palace had to use the conceptual design following Ancient Book of Ware Strategy, (i.e. having brick-formed wall and battle fortress from post to pot and surrounding the royal grand palace for prevention against hostile armies, and the construction of the palaces belongint to high ranking bureaucrats surrounding the Royal Grand Palace as fortresses against hostile armies). The next right after a town wall lining with battling towers or fortresses, observatory tower from post to post around the area. Furthermore, there was digging of the canal outside the two wall lining area as another perimeter as fortress to prevent hostile armies. 3.4 Comparative analysis of Concept Design between China Forbidden City and Thailand Grand Palace
Comparative Analysis on the Conceptual Design. Whereas Chinese and Thai administrative systems in the past were with monarchy administrative system and the King was with the status as though Deva Raja, following the belief,, the creation of the architectural work of the palace as residential building or administering the office of the King was a specially unique design which was inspired by the conceptual design from Vimana, residential place of the God in the Heaven in particular form according to the culture of each country.
In respect of documentary literatures used to study the designs of the palaces and throne halls, it’s found that all perceived the beliefs or custom from the Textbooks or documents dealing with ideology faith or religions which each such country believed in as main consideration, whereby China received the conceptual design from a combination of the beliefs in both Confucious and Taoism principally.
But in Thailand, the conceptual design was focused on the importance of a combination of beliefs both Buddhism and Hinduism side by side especially on the Kingship principle and Cosmology principle. Although the palaces of the two countries each was with the designing principles which were different according to the beliefs but the results of the study were with finding that the concept concerning the construction of the royal palaces to be as if the residential building of the GodattheCenteroftheUniversewasalsothesame.
3.4.1 Comparative Analysis of Method and Technology of Construction Method and Technology of Constructing the Building Foundation Thailand Royal Grand Palace. The foundation of Amarin Winitchai Throne Hall currently has not undergone any archaeological digging; therefore, it has not been known of the foundation system clearly. Whereas is early Ancient Thai Traditional Architecture, this could be assumed of the foundation design through archaeological diggings of contemporary Ancient Thai Traditional Architecture or before the throne hall foundation should have been compacted and pressured with a mixture of the soil with gravel, broken brick or sand firmly to create the property of good weight loading prior to forming brick and poured lime as a floor on the said foundation, or it could be made by the method of “Khlong Rak-Rooted Canal”( i.e. digging a deep hole as layout plan around the building foundation under the building or between the column/post span, and afterward to form the bricks and poured lime repetitively to fill in up to the ground level, or digging the building site location asa deep hole, compact and pressure the soil firmly and then make brick forming, pour lime to fill in the hole up to the ground level for taking the loading weight of the whole building of the so called international term of“The Ancient Structure System of Spread Footings”
[113]Chamnong Thongprasert Sources of Chinese Tradition[M]. Bangkok :Mahachulalonkorn Rajavidhayalai ,1994: ,81.
China Forbidden City. The foundation system was with complex construction process. It was formed with stone as the secured foundation without pouring concrete or pile driving work, and reinforce concrete. This ancient footing structure is classed in “Spread Footings” type.
Comparative Analysis of the Building Foundation. The building footing systems of the Chinese Palace and Thai Royal Grand Palace are of the same nature. It’s Ancient Footing Structure of the so called Spread Footings System, i.e. digging pits to make the building plan, compact and pressure the soil at the base to become firm, afterwards form bricks or stone to shape as root canal of Khlong Rak, and then form it up with bricks until it’s thick to the extent almost reaching the floor within the building as the building footings. They said footing system is considered one of the oldest footing systems in the world prior to the invention of reinforced concrete system or pile driving system up.
3.4.2 Method and Technology of Constructing the Building Floor
Thailand Royal Grand Palace-The building floor was partially spread footings which were made by brick forming, using lime cement for connection forming up to the floor level in the building prior to plastering, paved with earthenware tiles or small-sized, multi-colored stone sheets as the top surface.
Forbidden City -The building floor structural system was the same system as the Thai Throne Hall but the top surface was usually paved with large sized smooth color marble with surface polished to shine as appeared in the Royal Qianqing Residential building/Hall which is one of the keyThroneHalls inForbidden City .
Comparative Analysis of the Construction of the Building Floor. The building floor system of the palaces of both Thai and Chinese was the system which was related with the footing system (i.e. the floor taking the workload within the building is partial of the footing which is formed high up above the ground level) This was to be followed with furnishing of the surface which was always paved with stone sheet polished to shine likewise.
Thereason it had to be the said structural system due to then the emergence of the beam structural system, reinforced concrete has not yet taken place then. And the reason the palace was always paved with stone sheets was probably that stone sheet was the floor material which was more durable than other floor (pavement materials then) and stone was a natural resource in the area especially in China. Stone, therefore, was usually taken to pave the floor both internal and external ofthebuildings ina large amount. Another important reason was that it’s the design to show the architectural prestige of the building owner which both Thai and Chinese were of the belief of the nature that the pavement of the floor internal the building with stone sheets were always the buildings relating to the institution of the king or royalties mostly.
In case of a common man’s house is usually soil floor compacted or pressured firmly or wooden floor. In respect of the floor pavement external the building other than stone sheets brick is also used to pave the floor as can be seen from the floor external the building of Forbidden City which was consisted of paving with stone and brick in a huge number. But for the Thai Royal Grand Palace, as evidences, was always paved external the building with stone sheets surrounding the area.
3.4.3 Method and Technology of Constructing the Building Roof
China Forbidden City- The throne hall roof structure is made of wood structure in Chinese architectures with particular names. Taking the construction struction into consideration it’s found with similar natures to Thai architecture with the only different with details of compositions details on structural and decorations particulars which were made more. The throne hall roof was covered with coated Chinese color, in Thai this kind of tile is called “Banana Sheel Tile” due to its appearance similar to the banana stem cylindrical sectional shell and taken for prone and supine overlapped.
Thailand Royal Grand Palace- The roof structure of the throne hall is made of wood in unique Thai Ancient Traditional Architecture of the so called “Pradu With Rafter Roof Framing( i.e. a frame made of beveled wood pieces shaped into the roof structure with important components of such as Straining Sill, Straining Piece, Hammer Post, overlapping one another into stages with Rafter for coupling as span between the Straining Sill and Straining Piece). On the top part of the Straining Piece is raised up with King-Post to receive the Ridge Beam under the Gable Roof structure frame. The roof is covered with earn then ware tiles of the so-called “Krabueng Hang Mon-Round-Tailed Tile” with appearance similar to fish scale, in small sheet tiles, overlapping one another. Chapter-4
4.1. The Causes of different tourism culture between China and Thailand
Comprehensively speaking, it is not difficult to discover the native conditions and social environment of China and Thailand. (Kongmee et al. 2012) It is an important factor in the differentiation of its tourism culture, and each factor influences and interacts with each other, and finally forms the status of differentiation. (Green et al. 1991, Rattanarithikul et al. 2006, Suwonkerd etal. 2013)
4.1.1 Geographical differences create unique natural scenery
The narrow coastline brings wide beaches, baths, and mangroves to Hainan Island. Hainan is a hilly terrain with mountains and rivers. In addition, Hainan Island is also full of volcanoes, caves, and hot springs. Phuket is located at the southern tip of Thailand. Since it is not affected by industrial development, the islands of Phuket are much clearer than Hainan Island. (Hill, A. M., 1998)Thebluesky andbluesea havecreated theprosperity of Phukettourism industry.
4.1.2 Traditional culture creates distinctive tourism culture
Thailand is a country with distinctive ethnic characteristics. Traditional culture has unique charm. Visitors in Phuket can watch Thai dance and drama performances, watch wonderful Muay Thai performances, participate in the lively Songkran Festival, participate in shocking vegetarian festivals, and experience a comfortable classical Thai massage; experience Thailand's exciting nightlife at Patong Beach and watch the shemale show. (Coughlin, R. J. 1960). There are many famous celebrity memorial halls on Hainan Island, such as Dongpo Academy, Jinniuling Martyrs’ Cemetery, Baisha Uprising Memorial Hall, Song Family Residence, and Soong Ching Ling Exhibition Hall. (Hill, A. M, 2001). Among them, the Nanshan Cultural Tourism area is also including the unique Chinese Buddhist culture and the ethnic customs of the Li nationality. (Skinner 1957, 1958, 1963, 1973)
4.1.3 Historical background and social culture lead to differences in tourism culture
According to Boonsanong Punyodyana, (1971) in terms of temples, although both the Baima Temple and Wat Mangkon belong to Mahayana Buddhism, their architectural style is similar, and the history behind them and their current society have brought them uniqueness. Brokaw, C.J. (1991) explained that in the tourism culture, Baima Temple carries the Chinese Buddhist civilization. Coughlin, R.J. (1960) also illustrated that early Buddhist architecture generally follows the Indian form.
Hill, A.M. (2001) argued that due to the integration of the traditional ethnic style, the layout has changed later on. The ornamental value of the Baima Temple lies in its historic significance. The Wat Mangkon brought Mahayana Buddhism to Bangkok and incorporated the Chinese beliefs into Thai Buddhism. (Morita, L.C., 2005) The temples hold activities on the annual Chinese traditional festival day. In the Lunar New Year, the temple became a gathering place for ethnic Chinese in Bangkok.( Pornchai Tarkulwaranont, 2001) In October, China’s fast days will be very lively. The templeset upadining table toencourage everyone toeat vegetarianfood. 4.1.4 The political environment leads to cultural differences in tourism
The Beijing Imperial Palace is a royal palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties in China. It was formerly known as the Forbidden City and is located in the center of the central axis of Beijing. It is the essence of Chinese ancient palace architecture. (Liang Ssu-ch'eng, 2007) Beijing's Forbidden City is centered on the three main halls. It covers an area of 720,000 square meters, and has a building area of about 150,000 square meters. (Pan, Feng (2005-03-02) There are more than 70 palaces. More than nine thousand houses. It is one of the world's largest and most complete preserved wooden structures. In modern society, the Forbidden City is more of an appreciation of historical values and architectural craftsmanship. (China Central Television, the Palace Museum, 2005)
On the other hand, the Grand Palace is a symbol of Bangkok's dynasty. The Grand Palace has gathered the essence of Thai architecture, painting, sculpture, and decorating art. (Royal Institute of Thailand. (2011). Its style is distinctive of Siamese architecture. Although it has become the National Palace Museum, the King is still held the ceremonies in the Grand Palace such as crowned, celebrated, honored, sacrifice and received guests. Some Thai government agencies such as the Privy Council, the Ministry of Finance and the Palace Affairs Office are all located within the Grand Palace. The Grand Palace has both excursion and political functions. (Suksri, Naengnoi,1999)
4.2 Effective Way to Promote Sino-Thai Tourism Development
Tourism cultural differences are important conditions for the occurrence of tourism activities. (Editorial, June 30, 2009). The cultural differences between China and Thailand are objectively existent. Undoubtedly, this difference affects the overall appearance of tourism destinations and relates to the degree of tourism involvement between two places. A comparative study of islands, temples and palaces in China and Thailand. It is beneficial to see the culture of China and Thailand. It will help to explore and strengthen the cultural characteristics of China and Thailand and improve the quality of cultural development in tourism destinations. In order to promote as muchaspossible to meetthe growingdemand fortourists travel products.
4.2.1 Objective understanding the differences in tourism culture
The difference in tourism culture between China and Thailand is an objective reality. Therefore, researcher understand these differences highlight such as the tourism characteristics of each region, further clarify the tourism orientation of China and Thailand, and strive to form a tourism section that demonstrates individuality. China and Thailand should seek common ground in the differences, achieve cooperation on the basis of competition, highlight differences in tourism cooperation, and highlight their own tourism characteristics.
4.2.2 Create quality products and promote diversification
Based on the above analysis of the differences in tourism culture between China and Thailand, researcher create exquisite tourist routes in accordance with the particularity of their tourism resources (The Nation. 2010-07-01). Through the exchange of tourism products and promotion conferences and optimize the mix of different tourism products and innovate tourism routes. (Associated Press. January 7, 2011)
In addition, for natural scenic spots that are not sufficiently clear and dig deep into the local history, culture and characteristics, launch new tourism products, establish innovative mechanisms for tourism development, and encourage the promotion of characteristic tourism culture. In short, we should combine humanistic tourism resources with natural tourism resources, material culture and non-material culture, and integrate diversified tourism products to enhance the quality of tourism products in China and Thailand and enhance overall competitiveness.
4.2.3 Promote marketing integration and establish a tourism brand
China and Thailand should take a firm stand on the domestic market, integrate tourism and promotional media, and enlarge and strengthen tourism marketing to create a distinctive brand of Sino-Thai Tourism. (Lew, Alan A. 1987) Using a variety of publicity methods to comprehensively promote China-Thailand tourism characteristics and image, and build tourism flagship brands, such as ancient temple tours, Thai-style performances, etc., and focus on the promotion of tourism resources with international influence. Increase investment in advertising, use the mainstream media to promote Sino-Thai tourism image and tourism connotation, retain tourists with deep cultural heritage, and impress tourists with dedicated services. (Skinner, G.W, 1957)
4.2.4 Consolidate cultural tourism and highlight cultural charm
Cultural tourism is an important issue under the new situation. Sino-Thai tourism development should seize this favorable situation, enhance the cultural connotation throughout the entire process of exchange tourism, and enable tourism services to have a profound cultural content. (Theparat, Chatrudee,17 February 2017). Efforts to create competitive cultural tourism brands and projects, such as ancient capital culture, ancient temple culture, ethnic culture, historical culture, and other tourist attractions, as well as large-scale tourism festivals such as the Vegetarian Festival and Songkran Festival. (The Nation. 2015-12-25) Table: 1 Analyzing and comparing different culture two of Islands
Overview Region Hainan Island Phuket Island
Area 35354 square kilometers 576 square kilometers geographical location 3.30°N~20.07°N, 7°45 N-8°15 N 108.15°E~120.05°E 98°15 E-98°40 E population 86.67 million 386,600 cultural characteristics Li, Miao, Hui minority Thai, Chinese, Malay and Li culture, Han culture culture
4.3 Analyzing and comparing different culture between Hainan Island and Phuket Island
Table 1 shows that analyzing and comparing the different culture between Hainan Island and Phuket Island. Hainan Island Province is located in the southernmost part of China and consists of Hainan Island, Xisha Islands, Zhongsha Islands, and Nansha Islands. The land area is 35,400 square kilometers. Hainan Island has unique natural conditions. Hainan Island is located in the tropics, with high temperature and abundant rainfall. The annual average temperature in each placeis22.4°C-25.5°C.Ithasnowinterandisrichincalories.
The average annual rainfall reaches 1500-2000 mm. With light, heat and water in the same season, the plants can grow throughout the year and have abundant biological resources. The earliest sites for human activities are the ancient human cultural sites of Luobidong Cave in Sanya City, Shigong Site, Fulongyuan Site in Dongfang City, and Fengming Village Site in Wenchang City. Residents of Hainan Province include more than 30 ethnic groups such as Han, Li, Miao, Hui, Yi, Dai, and Yao. Long-dwelling peoples are Li, Miao, Hui, and Han. The ethnic culture and social customs of the Li are the most distinctive.The Li people are known for their songs and dances, textiles, compilation, sculpture and folk customs. They are the most representative part of Hainan's cultural tourism resources.
Ontheotherhand,Phuket islocated betweenlatitude 7°45 -8°15Nandlongitude 98°15 -98°40 E. There are 39 islands around Phuket, all of which belong to Phuket Town Administration and cover 570 square kilometers. 70% of Phuket is mountainous. Besides the urban area, the island is full of shady hills. The highest mountain is Mai Toa Sip Song, 529 meters above sea level, at the junction of Tambon Patong and Kathu District. The remaining flat areas are mainly located in the central and southern parts. Phuket is located in a tropical zone with a humid tropical climate and no winter in normal summer. Every year from April to September, when the sun is facing the equator, itistherainyseasonofPhuket,especiallyinMay,anditisalmostrainingeveryday.
In October, it will still be a short wet weather. By mid-November, the weather in Phuket will be slightly colder and the rainfall will decrease until March of the following year. November - April of the following year: It is the tourist season of Phuket and its surrounding area. During this time, the sea is calm, the weather is good, and the precipitation is low. May-October: During the low season of Phuket tourism, there are more typhoons and precipitation. As early as the 1st century BC, Phuket was inhabited. It has been part of various Thai states and was incorporated into the Kingdom of Ayutthaya around the 16th century. After the 18th century, a large number of Chinese people poured in. There are many ethnic groups on the island, including Thai, Chinese, Malay and Li nationalities. The Malays refer to Phuket as Sharon Point, which is also often referred to as Tongka, Junk Ceylon and Jonsalam.
To be analyze between these two Islands, as an international tourist island, nature has given Hainan Island and Phuket a beautiful ecological environment with sunshine, beaches and seawater. Hainan is China's largest “tropical treasure” with plenty of light and heat, plenty of rainfall, fertile land, beautiful sunshine, white sandy beaches, gentle sea breeze, fresh air, and high-quality hot springs spread all over the island. It has all the natural attractions of a world-class tourist destination. In the south, there are Nanshan Buddhism and Culture Park, Nanhai Guanyin, the northern part of is Mrs. Xian former residence and the Hai Rui Tomb and other cultural landscapes. Phuket's tourism resources are also rich, it can be said that each has its advantages. In addition to similar natural scenery, Phuket's most unique tourism culture is its special cultural tourism, diverse cultures, and diverse choices that make Phuket attract a large number of international tourists. Of the more than 13 million tourists that Phuket receives each year, more than 9 million are foreign tourists.
They have different needs, and Phuket's various tourism products can meet their diversity needs. Secondly, the soft power of the “Smiling Kingdom” still shows Phuket's unique tourism culture. Thai people are hospitable, and they like to make friends with foreigners so that visitors can feel at home. Thai food culture, shemale culture, ethnic customs Make Phuket become a famous tourist destination in Southeast Asia.
Table 2: Analyzing and comparing different culture of two Temples Overview of Temples Baima Temple Wat Mangkon Temple Founded Years theYongping ofthe Established as a Mahayana Buddhist temple Eastern Han Dynasty in 1871(timeofRama V(1868-1910,) (AD 68) Location 12 km east of Luoyang Khet PomPrap SattruPhai, Bangkokin city in China Thailand Cultures Designs national Buddhism, The glazed rooftiles and the decorative architecture and paintings of dragons, winds, and huabens are traditional Chinese completely taken from the architectural art architectural structures and triple courtyard styles cultural characteristics diversified architecture a creed ofdoctrinal ideasand believers and Buddhism
4.4 Analyzing and comparing different between cultures of Baima Temple and Wat Mangkon Temple
Table 2 discribed that analyzing and comparing different between cultures of Baima Temple and Wat Mangkon Temple Baima. Temple was established in the eleventh year of the Yongping of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 68), Compared to Wat Mangkon, it has a long history. Although both the Baima Temple and Wat Mangkon are closely related to Chinese Buddhism, but they show different characteristics due to different regions and cultures. With different ornamental value.The most distinctive view of the BaimaTemple is it diversified architecture and Buddhism. . The three saints Sakyamuni, Amitabha and the Buddha of Medicine look jovial with the eighteen arhats standing around and all are made from silk and hemp. Each one weighs only three to five kilograms (about seven to eleven pounds). The colors on these statues are still as fresh today as when they were first produced during the YuanDynasty. They are priceless treasuresof the nation.
On the other hand, the Wat Mangkon is a creed of doctrinal ideas and believers.As the largest and most important Chinese Buddhist temple in Bangkok, Thailand. It hosts celebrations of a number of year-round events, including Chinese New Year, and the annual Chinese vegetarian festival. During these festivals, believers will come to pray for peace and the incense is very strong. As the Chinese who migrated to Thailand at that time mainly came from the coastal areas of Southeast China such as Chaoshan, Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan, The Chinese Temple in Thailand shows the rich characteristics of the Lingnan culture in China.Therefore, Wat Mangkon was built exactly in accordance with the style of its temple. “The glazed roof tiles and the decorative paintings of dragons, winds, and huabens are completely taken from the architectural art of temples in the area of Guangdong.” and its craftsmen and building materials are from China. The entire monastery hasavast area,with woodandstone building structuresand triple courtyard styles. Table 3: Analyzing and comparing different cultures of two of Palaces
Overview of Palaces Forbidden Palace Royal Grand Palace Area area of 720,000 square meters, 152Rais,2Ngans 244,000 800 building , 9,999 rooms, 75 square meters royal residential buildings, Location thecenter of Beijing inChina Phra Nakhon District, and bracedbythe ChaoPhraya River Bangkok in Thailand Cultures design Architectural designs all were theChaoPhrayaRiver as created and Design as though natural fortress surrounded on modelingof Vimanaof the theWestandAncientThai GodinHeaventothehuman Tradition Architecture in the world at the the Chinese Royal Court Universe andBookof Ware Strategy, Characteristics UniverseintheBookofthe Buddhism and Hinduism side Ideology Faith had mentioned by side especially on the about the heaven in various Kingship principle and forms, the appearances of the Cosmology principle world, the circulation of seasons.
4.5 Analyzing and comparing between China Forbidden Palace and Thailand Royal Grand Palace According to Table 3, it has shown Analyzing and comparing between China Forbidden City and Thailand Royal Grand Palace. China Forbidden Palace was with findings that both palaces were different in the duration of construction i.e. China Palace was built up approximately over 300 years ago. Therefore, they could not be compared in respect of the construction development due to the design of the two palaces; however, they could be compared in respect of similarity and difference. From the history of construction it’s found that both palaces are built up by the royal orders of the King/Emperor for the object as the center of the ruling of the Kingdom at the time where the ruling was still an absolute monarchy system (the King/Emperor has the absolute power in the Kingdom/Land) as well as being used for royal personal residence as well. The selection of the site location was concentrated on the importance of a good location in accordance with the Book of War Strategy or according to the science of believe such as Feng Sui Principle and Yin- YangPrinciple forthe auspices andsecurity ofthe town asamain considerationalike.
Furthermore, the placement of the principal core of the plan of both palaces was also made of the same natures i.e. focusing the importance to the North-South core lining with the only difference of the main entrance of the Chinese was on the South whereas the Thai main entrance was on the North.
On the other hand, Thailand Royal Grand Palace is situated in the old city area of Ratthanakosin currently under administrative area of Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok Metropolis, and the Capital of Thailand. Currently the Royal Grand Palace is with a rectangular shape appearance. The main entrance is situated on the North, having a bricked form wall surrounding the area of 152 Rais, 2 Ngans 244,000 square meters, smaller to ofapproximately 1/3 (one/third) of the Forbidden City (established by King Puttha Yod Fa Chulalok, the First King of Old Bangkok or Ratthanakosin in the year A.D.with the objects of establishing the same of the Administrative Center of the Kingdom and royal personal residence). The physical appearance of the site location on the initial construction was the East is braced by the Chao Phraya River in a round circle. The East is a clear field, on the first relocation to build the new grand palace this is only dug as additional city ditch (the West had already braced with the Chao Phraya River). The reasons for establishing the Royal Grand Palace here are for two key reasons of
1) The site location is in a good strategic site location (i.e. there is the Chao Phraya River as natural fortress surrounded on the West)., considered a good site location for settling a town according to the army formation called “Nag Nam (Name of Naga)” in the Thai Book of War Strategy
2) The ability to use the River as main communicative routing to go out to the Sea on the South andgoingupNorth toavarietyof Provincial Townsconveniently and
3) Due East of the two is an open clear field in the time of war the hostile enemy army could be seen and could be used for the town expansion currently the said open clear field became the site location of important venues of Bangkok Metropolis.
Thailand Royal Grand Palace, all architectural designs dealing with the King were created under the concept dealing with the King, which was expressed through the Cosmology influenced by Ancient Cultures as origination the same as other countries in Southeast Asia, i.e. the belief that the King is the Great God of the Heaven who reincarnated to the Human World to relieve sufferings and nourishing happiness to Thailand and the people. Such Gods including Gods in Buddhism and Hinduism such as Indra (Chief of the Gods in the Heaven, one of the lives of the Lord Buddha prior to entertainment in the next life) and Vishnu or also known in another name of Narayana.
To sum up, therefore, this research, it was found that the culture of both China Royal Residential Building and Thailand Royal Grand Palace are very similar in appearances, (i.e. they were wood structures assembled together by making bolts, piddles for fastening together). There were structural systems of Straining Sill, Straining Piece, Hammer Post overlapping one another in tiers with Rafter to couple as a span between the Straining Sill and Straining Piece. On the top of the Straining Piece a King-Post is raised up to receive the Ridge Beam under the structural frame of Gable Roof in the same way. In respect of the roof although the roof design may be different but it’s found that the tile coating techniques were influenced by China.
In conclusion, the defferent between the tourism culture of China and Thailand, such as Hainan Island and Phuket Island, Baima Temple and Wat Mangkon Temple and Forbidden Palace and Royal Grand Palace are slightly different and amost look same because two countries are very close cultures, religions, architectural cultures and traditional cultures from those days to until now. Chapter-5
Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1. Conclusion
This article compares and demonstrates the cultural differences of tourism in China and Thailand by using comparative analysis, investigation and research, and case studies. Through the analysis of the tourism culture of Hainan Island, Phuket, Baima Temple, Wat Mangkon, the Forbidden City and the Grand Palace, describing the special natural tourism resources and cultural tourism resources of China and Thailand . The natural tourism resources of Hainan Island and Phuket Island are almost similar, and the unique exotic customs and ethnic culture have created a unique tourism culture for them. Both the Baima Temple and the Wat Mangkon are the temples of Mahayana Buddhism. Due to stay in different country and historical period, these two temples have different cultural characteristics. (Boonsanong Punyodyana, 1971)
The Forbidden City and the Grand Palace are both symbols of imperial power. (Hill, A. M. (2001) Nowadays, because of the change of political environment, they have different functions. Through comparative research, this paper analyzes the reasons for the differences and proposes countermeasures for dealing with cultural differences between China and Thailand. To promote the further development of Sino-Thai tourism and achieve better cross-cultural tourism, the following points need to be achieved:
To understanding the differences in Tourism culture; create quality products and promote diversification; Promote marketing integration and establish a tourism brand; Consolidate cultural tourism and highlight cultural charm. 5.2. Research innovation point
This study does not directly elaborate on the differences in tourism culture between China and Thailand. Instead, it describes the representative cultural characteristics of islands, temples and palaces by way of example, thus more concretely reflecting the cultural differences between China and Thailand. In view of the differences in tourism culture between China and Thailand, the study also specifically analyzes the causes and finds targeted suggestions.
This research closely combines the current situation of the two countries and cites a lot of current affairs data as mention above. It closely combines the two international situations is therefore, more time-efficient as describe in chapter three.
5.3 Recommendation
China and Thailand should take a firm stand on the domestic market, integrate tourism and promotional media, and enlarge and strengthen tourism marketing to create a distinctive brand of Sino-Thai Tourism. Using a variety of publicity methods to comprehensively promote China- Thailand tourism characteristics and image, and build tourism flagship brands, such as ancient temple tours, Thai-style performances, etc., and focus on the promotion of tourism resources with international influence. Increase investment in advertising, use the mainstream media to promote Sino-Thai tourism image and tourism connotation, retain tourists with deep cultural heritage, and impress tourists with dedicated services.
In addition, Sino-Thai Tourism should use social networks and new media such as Weibo and Facebook to carry out personalized and interactive interactions to attract more Internet users, especially young people. Provide more direct and authentic display of tourist attractions of China and Thailand. Cultural tourism is an important issue under the new situation. Sino-Thai tourism development should seize this favorable situation, enhance the cultural connotation throughout the entire process of exchange tourism, and enable tourism services to have a profound cultural content. Efforts to create competitive cultural tourism brands and projects, such as ancient capital culture, ancient temple culture, ethnic culture, historical culture, and other tourist attractions, as well as large-scale tourism festivals such as the Vegetarian Festival and Songkran Festival. We must also pay attention to the protection of cultural tourism resources, promote a virtuous cycle of tourism development and cultural protection, and realize the sustainable development of cultural tourism.
China and Thailand are important tourism source countries and destinations. Tourism cooperation between China and Thailand not only brought good opportunities to both countries, but also promoted the economic development of the two countries. Tourism has brought huge foreign exchange earnings to both countries andhas increased the employment rate.
5.4 Suggestion of further research
This research still has a lot of deficiencies, summed up in the following suggestion points: First, the paper itself lacks data analysis of specific situations. The analysis of some issues is not clear enough. Second, the measures and methods to solve the problem have not yet been demonstrated. Although many methods and approaches to solve problems were proposed in this study, they lacked realistic and reliable arguments. Cause the study is not complete. Third, the combination of current events is not close enough. Although the article cited some current events. However, current events are not comprehensive and reasonable. It is need to improvement. Researcher would try to complete research next further study.
This research is based on an analysis of the differences in tourism culture between islands, temples and palaces in China and Thailand. Through the analysis of the causes of the differences, it provides theoretical suggestions for China-Thailand tourism. Researcher hoped that in the future development of tourism between China and Thailand, tourism culture can be utilized to actively create new tourism models. Provide an excellent demonstration content for cultural tourism.
5.5 Limitation of the study
As a university student, researcher has a short period and started the implementation of study during a valid time accordingly and the relevant group were focused on differences in tourism culture between islands, temples and palaces in China and Thailand by discussion for this research.
First, the limitations of the study sample; this study is based onthe islands, temples, andpalaces of China and Thailand. Through the different characteristics of representative islands, temples, and palaces to shows the different tourism cultural of China and Thailand. However, the tourism culture is diverse. A single sample cannot provide a comprehensive display of the tourism culture of the two countries.
Second, the researcher's limitations: the researcher's experience, knowledge background, methods, theadequacy oftheacquired data, themethod ofdataanalysis, themodel, etc. whichwillmakea certain limitation for the study result.
This impediment came about because of a one-time estimation for information accumulation, a restricted survey, and the planning of review. Researcher did not utilize longitudinal information (the information gathered at various point in time) be that as it may, took care of a cross sectional information (the information gathered at one point in time). REFERENCES [1] Finance.china(2018,Jan).World Tourism Organization predicts: Global tourists will reach 1.8 billion by 2030.Retrieved from:http://finance.china.com.cn/industry/20180104/4496068.shtml. [2] Valene L. Smith.(1989). Hosts and Tourists: University of Pennsylvania Press. [3] China Tourism Academy(2017.Aug).China Tourism Academy and Ctrip Travel Jointly Released China Outbound Tourist Report for the First Half of the Year.Retrieved from China Tourism Academy.com:http://www.ctaweb.org/html/2017-8/2017-8-7-8-38-39781.html. [4] Voice of America(2017.Feb 31).Record 32.59 Million Foreign Tourists Visit Thailand in 2016.Retrieved from: https://www.voanews.com/a/ap-record-32-million-foreign-tourists-visit- thailand-in-2016/3699721.html. [5] Thailand Tourist Arrivals (2018.Feb). Retrieved from: https://tradingeconomics.com/thailand/tourist-arrivals.
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