Associated Dental Anomalies: the Orthodontist Decoding the Genetics Which Regulates the Dental Development Disturbances

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Associated Dental Anomalies: the Orthodontist Decoding the Genetics Which Regulates the Dental Development Disturbances T ÓPICO E SP E CIAL Anomalias dentárias associadas: o ortodontista decodificando a genética que rege os distúrbios de desenvolvimento dentário Daniela Gamba Garib*, Bárbara Maria Alencar**, Flávio Vellini Ferreira***, Terumi Okada Ozawa**** Resumo O presente trabalho versa sobre o diagnóstico e a abordagem ortodôntica das anomalias dentárias, enfatizando os aspectos etiológicos que definem tais irregularidades de desenvolvimento. Parece existir uma inter-relação genética na determinação de algumas dessas anomalias, considerando-se a alta frequência de associações. Um mesmo defeito genético pode originar diferentes manifestações fenotípicas, incluindo agenesias, microdontias, ectopias e atraso no desenvolvimento dentário. As implicações clínicas das anomalias dentárias associadas são muito relevantes, uma vez que o diag- nóstico precoce de uma determinada anomalia dentária pode alertar o clínico sobre a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de outras anomalias associadas no mesmo paciente ou em outros membros da família, permitindo a intervenção ortodôntica em época oportuna. Palavras-chave: Genética. Anomalias dentárias. Agenesia. Etiologia. Ortodontia. INTRODUÇÃO anomalias dentárias. As anomalias expressam-se Caracterizada por complexos e precisos pro- com distintos graus de severidade. Da manifesta- cessos biológicos de substituição de dentes decí- ção mais branda para a mais severa – representa- duos por dentes permanentes, a dentadura mista das, respectivamente, desde o atraso cronológico representa uma das manifestações de perfeição na odontogênese até a ausência completa do ger- da natureza. Mas, como todo curso natural, o me dentário ou agenesia –, existe uma miríade desenvolvimento da dentição pode mostrar algu- de expressões, compreendendo as microdontias, mas imperfeições e, no transcorrer da dentadu- os desvios na morfologia dentária e as ectopias. ra mista – com certa frequência –, o profissional Este artigo volta-se aos erros da natureza aplica- depara-se com irregularidades odontogênicas: as dos ao desenvolvimento da dentição, discutindo a * Professora doutora em Ortodontia. Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais e Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru – Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru/SP. ** Mestre em Ortodontia pela Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (Unicid), São Paulo/SP. *** Coordenador do curso de mestrado em Ortodontia da Unicid. **** Professora do programa de pós-graduação em Ciência da Reabilitação. Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais – Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru-SP. Dental Press J. Orthod. 138 v. 15, no. 2, p. 138-157, Mar./Apr. 2010 Garib DG, Alencar BM, Ferreira FV, Ozawa TO etiologia das anomalias dentárias, os detalhes para gêmeos homozigóticos, conclui-se que a genética um acurado diagnóstico, assim como algumas consiste na etiologia primordial de tal anormalida- condutas terapêuticas no intento de interceptá- de. Diferentemente, gêmeos heterozigóticos, por las em época conveniente. apresentarem genótipos distintos, manifestam bai- A influência de fatores genéticos e ambientais xo índice de concordância para a mesma irregula- na etiologia das más oclusões representa tema ridade. Estudos prévios com gêmeos constituem de grande importância na Ortodontia. Quanto importantes evidências sobre o caráter genético maior a contribuição genética na origem de uma de determinadas anomalias dentárias20,22. irregularidade dentofacial, menor a possibilidade Certas anomalias dentárias aparecem frequen- de preveni-la e, como regra, pior o prognóstico de temente associadas em um mesmo paciente, mais tratamento ortodôntico/ortopédico22. E os novos do que se esperaria ao acaso. Isso se explica porque rumos da pesquisa em Odontologia caminham um mesmo defeito genético pode originar dife- para o conhecimento do genótipo humano30. Di- rentes manifestações ou fenótipos, incluindo age- versos estudos sugeriram uma tendência genética nesias, microdontias, ectopias e atraso no desen- e hereditária na etiologia das anomalias dentá- volvimento2,4,13,14,15,23,24,25. De uma maneira sim- rias de número, tamanho, posição, assim como plista, poderíamos dizer que um gene “defeituoso” nos distúrbios de erupção2,4,13,14,15,17,18,20,23,24,25,30. ou mutante pode se expressar diversamente em Tais evidências provêm de investigações em fa- diferentes dentes permanentes. A associação entre mílias17,18,30, em gêmeos monozigóticos20, e da a agenesia unilateral do incisivo lateral superior e observação de associações na ocorrência de de- a microdontia do incisivo contralateral, frequente- terminadas anomalias2,4,13,14,15,23,24,25. mente observada na rotina clínica, ilustra bem essa Quando uma determinada irregularidade mos- condição. Nesse caso, o mesmo defeito genético tra uma prevalência aumentada em famílias de que determinou a agenesia se expressou de for- pacientes afetados, comparado às prevalências ma incompleta do lado oposto da arcada, ocasio- esperadas para a população em geral, credita-se à nando a microdontia. No entanto, as associações genética uma influência predominante na etiologia entre as anomalias dentárias não se restringem a do problema. O prognatismo mandibular da famí- esse clássico exemplo. Existem muitas outras in- lia imperial austro-húngara Hapsburg representa terações entre distintas anomalias dentárias, que o mais clássico exemplo de característica genética serão expostas ao longo do desenvolvimento des- de interesse ortodôntico, em humanos, transmiti- te artigo. As implicações clínicas são importantes, da por sucessivas gerações22. Muitas das anomalias pois o diagnóstico precoce de uma determinada dentárias discutidas durante esse estudo mostra- anomalia dentária pode alertar o profissional para ram prevalências aumentadas em famílias de pa- o possível desenvolvimento de outras anomalias cientes afetados17,18,30, como ilustrado nas figuras 1 associadas, no mesmo paciente ou em familiares, a 7. Atualmente, a leitura do código genético pode possibilitando o diagnóstico e interceptação orto- isolar genes mutantes em famílias, desde que diver- dôntica oportunos. sos membros expressem a mesma irregularidade30. Esse artigo objetiva auxiliar o clínico a re- Gêmeos monozigóticos compartilham códi- conhecer as principais anomalias dentárias de gos genéticos idênticos. Portanto, as características origem essencialmente genética, discutindo nu- geneticamente definidas expressam-se em ambos ances importantes do diagnóstico e tratamento os gêmeos monozigóticos de maneira semelhante. ortodôntico precoce. Adicionalmente, visa pro- Quando se constata uma alta concordância para mover o entendimento do padrão de anomalias uma determinada irregularidade, em pares de dentárias associadas. Dental Press J. Orthod. 139 v. 15, no. 2, p. 138-157, Mar./Apr. 2010 Anomalias dentárias associadas: o ortodontista decodificando a genética que rege os distúrbios de desenvolvimento dentário Agenesias dentárias inferiores representam os dentes mais comumen- A agenesia dentária constitui a anomalia de te ausentes, seguidos pelo incisivo lateral superior desenvolvimento mais comum da dentição hu- e pelos segundos pré-molares superiores26. Em mana, ocorrendo em aproximadamente 25% da pacientes leucodermas, a ocorrência da agenesia população13. O terceiro molar representa o den- dentária poderia ser classificada como: comum, te mais afetado por essa anomalia, exibindo uma quando afeta os segundos pré-molares inferiores, prevalência de 20,7%13. Excluindo-se os terceiros os incisivos laterais superiores e os segundos pré- molares, a prevalência de agenesia é de aproxi- molares superiores; menos comum, que inclui, madamente 4,3 a 7,8%. Os segundos pré-molares em ordem decrescente de ocorrência, os incisivos 24 25 18 12 22 28 48 38 45 34 35 FIGURA 1 - Paciente de 30 anos de idade, do gênero feminino, com agenesia de onze dentes permanentes, representando um típico caso de oligodontia. 18 12 28 FIGURA 2 - Primo em primeiro grau da paciente ilustrada na figura 1. Observe a agenesia de três dentes permanentes na arcada superior. Os primeiros molares inferiores foram perdidos por extrações. 15 25 47 45 44 35 FIGURA 3 - Filha do casal ilustrado nas figuras 1 e 2. Essa jovem de 9 anos de idade apresenta agenesia de todos os segundos pré-molares, do primeiro pré-molar inferior direito e do segundo molar inferior direito. A ausência dos terceiros molares ainda não pode ser confirmada devido à idade prematura. Dental Press J. Orthod. 140 v. 15, no. 2, p. 138-157, Mar./Apr. 2010 Garib DG, Alencar BM, Ferreira FV, Ozawa TO 18 28 12 22 48 38 45 44 FIGURA 4 - Tia materna da paciente ilustrada na figura 1. Observe a agenesia de oito dentes permanentes, incluindo pré-molares, incisivos laterais superiores e terceiros molares. 18 12 22 28 48 38 FIGURA 5 - Irmã mais velha da paciente apresentada na figura 4, com um padrão semelhante de agenesia. 18 15 14 13 23 24 25 28 48 38 45 44 34 35 41 31 FIGURA 6 - Jovem de 15 anos de idade, sobrinho da paciente ilustrada na figura 1. Apresenta-se com agenesia de 16 dentes permanentes, incluindo os incisivos centrais inferiores, os caninos superiores, todos os pré-molares, assim como os terceiros molares. 15 14 24 25 45 34 35 FIGURA 7 - Irmão mais jovem do paciente mostrado na figura 6. Aos 10 anos de idade apresenta agenesia de sete dentes permanentes, excetuando-se os terceiros molares. Dental Press J. Orthod. 141 v. 15, no. 2, p. 138-157, Mar./Apr. 2010 Anomalias dentárias associadas: o ortodontista decodificando a genética que rege os distúrbios de desenvolvimento dentário centrais inferiores, os
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