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THE WORKMANSHIP of the PRAYER BOOK the Churchman S Library EDITED by JOHN HENRY BURN, B.D., F.R.S.E

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THE WORKMANSHIP of the PRAYER BOOK the Churchman S Library EDITED by JOHN HENRY BURN, B.D., F.R.S.E m * LIBRARY TORONTO Shelf No. Register No. I/5SL7 THE CHURCHMAN S LIBRARY EDITED BY J. H. BURN, B.D. THE WORKMANSHIP OF THE PRAYER BOOK The Churchman s Library EDITED BY JOHN HENRY BURN, B.D., F.R.S.E. A SERIES of volumes upon such questions as concern Religious Belief, Christian Institutions, and Theological Literature exegetical, historical, and liturgical con taining the best results of modern research accurately and attractively given. THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH CHRISTI ANITY. With special reference to the coming of St. Augustine. By W. E. COLLINS, D.D. With a Map. Crown 8vo. 33. 6d. THE CHURCHMAN S INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTAMENT. By ANGUS M. MACKAY, B.A. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. EVOLUTION. By F. B. JEVONS, M.A., Litt.D., Principal of Bishop Hatfield s Hall, Durham. Crown 8vo. 35. 6d. SOME NEW TESTAMENT PROBLEMS. By ARTHUR WRIGHT, D.D., Fellow of Queen s College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. 6s. THE WORKMANSHIP OF THE PRAYER BOOK : In its Literary and Liturgical Aspects. ByJ. DOWDEN, D.D., Hon. LL.D.(Edin.) Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 35. 6d. THE WORKMANSHIP OF THE PRAYER BOOK IN ITS LITERARY AND LITURGICAL ASPECTS BY JOHN DOWDEN, D.D. BISHOP OF EDINBURGH THIRD EDITION METHUEN & CO. LTD. 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON First Publitlud Novtmlxr 1899 Second Edition January 1904 TO GEORGE SALMON, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D., ETC. PROVOST OF TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN, AND CHANCBLLOR OF ST. PATRICK S CATHEDRAL. MY DEAR PROVOST, I have not sought your permission for the dedication to of this little I you book ; nor have any ground to assume that all its contents will have your approval. But I it offer to you, such as it is, in token of the feelings of admiration, gratitude, and affection, which you inspired long years ago, and which have only deepened and widened as time has gone by. Believe me always, Yours most truly, J. EDENBURGEN PREFACE T N the following pages some general knowledge of * the history of the Book of Common Prayer is assumed and the writer has himself ; occupied mainly in considering the materials our Reformers had before them, and the manner in which they dealt with those materials, as viewed from the standpoint of liturgical and literary art. The attempt here made to review the literary character of the work done by the Reformers of the age of Edward VI. and of the changes effected by those responsible for subsequent revisions will, it is believed, enhance the affectionate appreciation and deepen the gratitude with which the English Churchman regards his Prayer Book. Yet no attempt has been made to represent the Prayer Book as incapable of further improvement. Truly admirable as it is, it is a human work, marked by human imperfections. And in several places sug gestions are offered which, it is believed, would, on the liturgical and literary side, still further increase the value of the Prayer Book as the manual of the Church s public worship. viii WORKMANSHIP OF PRAYER BOOK The discussion of doctrinal questions has through out been studiously avoided. Notwithstanding the large measure of attention that has been bestowed in recent years on the sources of the Prayer Book, and the materials upon which the English Reformers worked, there is still need of further inquiry in the direction pointed to in the following sketch. The main outlines of the architectural design are sufficiently obvious, but the treatment of details still leaves much to be desired. What we seek is to have the "working drawings," so to speak, before us. And though the reconstruction " " of these working drawings must now necessarily partake of conjecture, still probabilities are, in several instances, so considerable as to leave little doubt as to the actual processes of construction. Examples of such inquiries into details will be found in the of the to discussion how epithet "holy" came be omitted from the "notes" of the Church in the English form of the Nicene Creed (pp. 104-107); in the discussion of the formation of the noble anthem of our Burial Service, " In the midst of life we are in death" (pp. 160-164); and in the treat ment of the construction of the English Litany (pp. 140-158). The simile of "working drawings," however, will mislead if it tends to obscure what seems to be PREFACE ix certain that in some cases the forms ; viz., liturgical grew, like a living thing, under the hands of the artist who shaped them. The general plan and outline of any particular service was considered and it that in out determined ; but seems plain working the details there was considerable freedom within the limits prescribed by liturgical form. There was nearly always room for the exercise of judgment and of taste discrimination, skill, adroitness, and literary ; while at times we feel that it was nothing short of the creative power of genius that has left its mark not only on the larger designs of structure, but on the minuter workmanship of the constituent parts. Special attention is called to the discussion in Appendix A (p. 227). Pursuing a line of study already indicated in Mr. Burbidge s Lititrgies and Offices of the Church^ the writer ventures to believe that he has lighted on the very edition of the Greek text of the Liturgy of St. Chrysostom which Archbishop Cranmer had before him. I have to express my obligations to Dr. H. J. Lawlor, Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Dublin, for several valuable sugges tions. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION this edition I have corrected such errors as INhave been brought to my notice, and have added several additional Appendices, partly enlarging more fully the illustration of points already dealt with, and partly exhibiting some new particulars which reveal the methods and spirit of the workmanship of those to whom we are indebted for our Book of Common Prayer. The errors corrected are few in number ; but there is one to which I am desirous to call atten tion. Several letters have reached me from the United States of America pointing out that I had done a wrong to the work of the last revision of the Prayer Book in that country when dealing with the Apostles Creed. I had stated that the omission " of the word " again from the clause, " the third day he rose again from the dead," which omission had been adopted in 1789, still marked the form of the Creed as used in the United States. I express my regret for this erroneous statement. In 1892 xii WORKMANSHIP OF PRAYER BOOK the clause was restored to the form with which we are familiar on this side of the Atlantic. I trust my American friends will accept the amende honorable which I now offer with contrition. It was hardly to be expected that the sugges tion of a military reference in the word "candi- in datus," as used the Te Deum, would generally and at once commend itself. The plea for the sugges tion was put forward too baldly, and with a lack of the detailed illustration which is rightly looked for when a novel interpretation is placed before the public. I have accordingly, in Appendix D, cited examples of the use of the word with a military reference, which will go to establish at least the familiarity of the military sense of the word from the middle of the third century till long after the latest date to which the composition of Te Deum can be assigned. The influence of foreign Reformers on the first Prayer Book of Edward VI. has been somewhat grudgingly acknowledged. Those of us advanced in years can well recollect the attempts formerly made to place the first Prayer Book on a totally different footing in this respect from the second. The first book was represented as national in origin, and, if influenced from abroad, influenced only by "Catholic" authorities. There was not much re luctance to grant that the Breviary of Cardinal Quignon had had its influence, and that Arch bishop Hermann s Deliberatio had been consulted. PREFACE xiii But it seemed to wound the pride of certain English churchmen to avow our indebtedness to Luther and a crowd of lesser German "schismatics." I have therefore thought it well to amplify (in Appendix H) the proof of German influence upon the first Prayer Book. The duty of the historian is to look facts in the face, and the truth is that, so far from overstating the obligations of Cranmer to the German Reformers, I unwittingly failed to make adequate acknowledgment of the measure of his indebtedness. I had been working independently upon such of the Lutheran Kirchenordnungen as I happened to be acquainted with. Since the publica tion of the first edition I have had the advantage of seeing Dr. H. E. Jacobs volume, The Lutheran Movement in and England (Philadelphia, 1891) ; though it is impossible not to perceive that the author has frequently elevated similarities, which are no more than the commonplaces of theological and liturgical expression, into proofs of Lutheran influence, yet it must be acknowledged that he has exhibited, after discounting all doubtful instances, a mass of solid proof which would much surprise our older students of the history of the Book of Common Prayer. Dr. Jacobs, however, is responsible for one very grave and totally inexcusable error, which has had the result of misleading some who have not taken the trouble of investigating the question for them selves.
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