Thematic Issue Social Entrepreneurship in the Global Context
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Case Studies in Research Misconduct and Human Subjects
Rules of the Road for those Conducting Federally Funded or Regulated Research: Case Studies in Research Misconduct and Human Subjects April 2, 2019 University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD Robert P. Charrow General Counsel United States Department of Health and Human Services Introduction The materials that follow address three areas-misconduct in science, human subjects and privacy, and financial conflicts of interest. To help illustrate the application of the rules that pertain in each area, a number of hypothetical case studies are presented. You should read and be prepared to discuss each case study during the April 2 lecture. The government regulates research under two authorities. First, it regulates research that it funds. How much does the federal government spend annually on research? See Table 2. Second, a federal agency can regulate research on products that fall within its jurisdiction. Thus, by way of example, the Food and Drug Administration asserts jurisdiction over clinical drug trials even though those trials are privately funded. 1. Misconduct A. What is Research Misconduct? The Public Health Service ("PHS"), which includes NIH, defines "research misconduct" as follows: Research misconduct means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. (a) Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them. (b) Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. (c) Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. -
Integrating the History of Science Into Broader Discussions of Research Integrity and Fraud
HOS0010.1177/0073275320952268History of ScienceRoberts et al. 952268research-article2020 Introduction HOS History of Science 2020, Vol. 58(4) 354 –368 Integrating the history © The Author(s) 2020 of science into broader https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275320952268Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions discussions of research DOI: 10.1177/0073275320952268 integrity and fraud journals.sagepub.com/home/hos Lissa L. Roberts University of Twente, Netherlands H. Otto Sibum Uppsala University, Sweden Cyrus C. M. Mody Maastricht University, Netherlands Abstract This introductory article frames our special issue in terms of how historicizing research integrity and fraud can benefit current discussions of scientific conduct and the need to improve public trust in science. Keywords Research integrity, fraud, scientific conduct, scientific values, public trust Writing about research integrity and fraud in the midst of the Covid-19 crisis carries an extra sense of urgency. Voices of reason tell us to trust the experts, echoing both the (idealized) scientific method and Ronald Reagan’s response to Soviet promises regard- ing nuclear disarmament: “trust, but verify.” Great advice, but how easy is it really to identify trustworthy experts? Is the boundary between healthy skepticism and manufac- tured doubt a simple matter of distinguishing between valid laboratory and publishing protocols on one side and political, economic, or personal interests on the other? Should we follow those who rely on the Mertonian distinction between norm-bound -
1 CAN CHARISMA BE TAUGHT? TESTS of TWO INTERVENTIONS JOHN ANTONAKIS University of Lausanne Faculty of Business and Economics
CAN CHARISMA BE TAUGHT? TESTS OF TWO INTERVENTIONS JOHN ANTONAKIS University of Lausanne Faculty of Business and Economics Internef #618 Lausanne 1015 Switzerland MARIKA FENLEY University of Lausanne Faculty of Business and Economics Lausanne 1015 Switzerland SUE LIECHTI University of Lausanne Institute of Psychology Lausanne 1015 Switzerland In press: Academy of Management Learning & Education Address correspondence to: [email protected] , Tel: +41 21 692-3438 We are grateful to the special issue editors and the reviewers for their helpful feedback; our Action Editor, Sim Sitkim, was particularly constructive in shepherding our manuscript. We also thank Marius Brulhart, Fabrizio Butera, Anne d’Arcy, Saskia Faulk, Deanne den Hartog, Klaus Jonas, Alexis Kunz, Rafael Lalive, and Boas Shamir for their helpful suggestions on earlier versions of this work; any errors or omissions are our responsibility. Finally, we thank the participant depicted in Figure 1A for giving us permission to publish pictures of him. 1 CAN CHARISMA BE TAUGHT? TESTS OF TWO INTERVENTIONS ABSTRACT We tested whether we could teach individuals to behave more charismatically, and whether changes in charisma affected leader outcomes. In Study 1, a mixed-design field experiment, we randomly assigned 34 middle-level managers to a control or an experimental group. Three months later, we reassessed the managers using their co-worker ratings (Time 1 raters = 343; Time 2 raters = 321). In Study 2, a within-subjects laboratory experiment, we videotaped 41 MBA participants giving a speech. We then taught them how to behave more charismatically and they redelivered the speech six weeks later; independent assessors (n = 135) rated the speeches. -
On Making Causal Claims a Review and Recommendations.Pdf
The Leadership Quarterly 21 (2010) 1086–1120 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect The Leadership Quarterly journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/leaqua On making causal claims: A review and recommendations John Antonakis ⁎, Samuel Bendahan, Philippe Jacquart, Rafael Lalive Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland article info abstract Keywords: Social scientists often estimate models from correlational data, where the independent variable Causality has not been exogenously manipulated; they also make implicit or explicit causal claims based on Quasi-experimentation these models. When can these claims be made? We answer this question by first discussing design Instrumental variables and estimation conditions under which model estimates can be interpreted, using the randomized Common-method bias experiment as the gold standard. We show how endogeneity – which includes omitted variables, Difference-in-differences omitted selection, simultaneity, common-method variance, and measurement error – renders Simultaneous equations Monte Carlo simulations estimates causally uninterpretable. Second, we present methods that allow researchers to test Regression discontinuity causal claims in situations where randomization is not possible or when causal interpretation Mediation could be confounded; these methods include fixed-effects panel, sample selection, instrumental variable, regression discontinuity, and difference-in-differences models. Third, we take stock of the methodological rigor with which causal claims are being made in a social sciences discipline by reviewing a representative sample of 110 articles on leadership published in the previous 10 years in top-tier journals. Our key finding is that researchers fail to address at least 66% and up to 90% of design and estimation conditions that make causal claims invalid. -
Leadership to Defeat COVID-19 John Antonakis Faculty of Business And
Leadership to defeat COVID-19 John Antonakis Faculty of Business and Economics University of Lausanne Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Accepted for publication: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24.11.2020 Abstract Defeating COVID-19 will not happen only via efforts of scientists working on vaccines or new treatments and interventions. Key to winning this battle is to convince citizens to take the needed precautions and to follow scientific advice to stop the spread of the virus and to protect those who are vulnerable to it. Thus, leaders, especially political leaders, play a critical role in coordinating the efforts of individuals who often have private interests to act as they wish, but who expect to benefit from the efforts of others who contribute to the public good. To deal with this unprecedented challenge, I discuss the importance of leadership—particularly charismatic leadership—which is well suited to solving problems in situations of ambiguity and crisis. I also exhort researchers to pay more attention to studying leadership using robust and causally identified-designs that can inform policy. Keywords: COVID-19; leadership; charisma; science; endogeneity In the beginning of 2020, it felt like the planet was put in a big dark box, then pummeled by an invisible, invincible enemy. Nobody has escaped the consequences of COVID-19, which has had a dramatic impact on the world economy, our social functioning, and our health. We see a substantial portion of the world’s population reigned by confusion, fear, and despair; yet, many of our world’s co-citizens display an inexplicable and unabashed—even cavalier—attitude toward the virus and its consequences. -
On the Economic Value of Charismatic Leadership
“Just Words? Just Speeches?” On The Economic Value of Charismatic Leadership John Antonakis (University of Lausanne) Giovanna d’Adda (Politecnico di Milano) Roberto Weber (University of Zurich) Christian Zehnder (University of Lausanne) This version: August 2015 Abstract Despite the importance attributed to leadership in many economic, organizational and political contexts, the topic has received little attention in the economic discipline. In other fields, however, extensive research documents important characteristics of effective leaders, including the ability to influence followers through "charismatic" communication. We report a field experiment that examines whether charisma—in the form of a stylistically different motivation speech—can induce costly effort among workers, and therefore generate higher output for a firm. In our experiment temporary workers have to prepare envelopes for a fundraising campaign conducted on behalf of a hospital. Workers are exposed to speeches that differ in the number of charismatic elements, as well as to varying financial incentives. We observe that workers who are exposed to a charismatic speech increase their output on average by about 17% relative to the workers who receive the standard speech. This performance effect of charisma is statistically significant and comparable in size to the positive effect of standard performance pay. Key words: Field experiment, charisma, work performance, incentives, leadership JEL-Codes: C93, D03, D23, M12, M52 1 Introduction Leadership has long held allure as a potentially powerful influence on human behavior. From Plato’s discussion of the importance of “philosopher kings” to modern research and training in management and politics—and throughout history in the arts—leadership is valued as a powerful tool for effecting collective activity. -
Achieving a High Level of Protection from Pesticides in Europe: Problems with the Current Risk Assessment Procedure and Solutions
https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.18 . Achieving a High Level of Protection from Pesticides in Europe: Problems with the Current Risk Assessment Procedure and Solutions Claire ROBINSON* , Christopher J. PORTIER**, Aleksandra ČAVOŠKI***, Robin MESNAGE****, Apolline ROGER*****, Peter CLAUSING******, Paul WHALEY*******, Hans MUILERMAN******** and https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms Angeliki LYSSIMACHOU********* The regulation of pesticides in the European Union (EU) relies on a network of hard law (legislation and implementing acts) and soft law (non-legally binding guidance documents and administrative and scientific practices). Both hard and soft laws govern how risk assessments are conducted, but a significant role is left to the latter. Europe’s pesticide regulation is one of the most stringent in the world. Its stated objectives are to ensure an independent, objective and transparent assessment of pesticides and achieve a high level of protection for health and environment. However, a growing body of evidence shows that pesticides that have passed through this process and are authorised for use may harm , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at humans, animals and the environment. The authors of the current paper – experts in toxicology, law and policy – identified shortcomings in the authorisation process, focusing on the EU assessment of the pesticide active substance glyphosate. The shortcomings mostly consist of failures to implement the hard or soft laws. But in some instances the law itself is responsible, as some provisions can only fail to achieve its objectives. Ways to improve the system are proposed, requiring changes in hard and soft laws as well as in administrative 30 Sep 2021 at 13:44:58 and scientific practices. -
Final Intelligence Curvilinear Antonakis Simonton House in Press
INTELLIGENCE AND LEADERSHIP 1 Can Super Smart Leaders Suffer From Too Much of a Good Thing? The Curvilinear Effect of Intelligence on Perceived Leadership Behavior John Antonakis University of Lausanne Robert J. House University of Pennsylvania Dean Keith Simonton University of California, Davis In press (1 March 2017) Journal of Applied Psychology Authors Notes John Antonakis, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne; Robert J. House, The Wharton School of Management, University of Pennsylvania; Dean Keith Simonton, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis. Sadly, Bob passed away before this manuscript could be completely written up and published. We are grateful to Marius Brulhart, Alice Eagly, Rafael Lalive, José Mata, and Christian Zehnder for helpful comments received in various phases of the development of this manuscript. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to John Antonakis, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, Internet 618, Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] © 2017, American Psychological Association. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the final, authoritative version of the article. Please do not copy or cite without authors permission. The final article will be available, upon publication, via its DOI: 10.1037/apl0000221 INTELLIGENCE AND LEADERSHIP 2 Abstract Although researchers predominately test for linear relationships between variables, at times there may be theoretical and even empirical reasons for expecting nonlinear functions. We examined if the relation between intelligence (IQ) and perceived leadership might be more accurately described by a curvilinear single-peaked function. Following Simonton’s (1985) theory, we tested a specific model, indicating that the optimal IQ for perceived leadership will appear at about 1.2 standard deviations above the mean IQ of the group membership. -
Managing Allegations of Scientific Misconduct: A
MANAGING ALLEGATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: A Guidance Document for Editors January 2000 Office of Research Integrity Office of Public Health and Science U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://ori.dhhs.gov 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Role of Editors in Responding to Scientific Misconduct .............. 1 II. Purpose of Guidelines ................................................................... 2 III. Definitions ..................................................................................... 2 IV. Procedure for Handling Suspect Manuscripts .............................. 3 V. Responding to ORI Requests for Assistance ............................... 4 VI. Correcting the Literature ............................................................... 5 VII. Helpful Editorial Policies ............................................................... 5 VIII. Conclusion .................................................................................... 8 References ................................................................................................. 9 Appendix A: ORI Case Examples of Suspect Manuscripts ..................... 11 ORI Information and Technical Assistance . Inside Back Cover 2 MANAGING ALLEGATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: A Guidance Document for Editors* I. Role of Editors in Responding to Scientific Misconduct The role editors should play in responding to scientific misconduct has been articulated by their colleagues, asserted by two national reports, and demonstrated by the scientific misconduct allegations -
How Scientific Misconduct Harms Prior Collaborators
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hussinger, Katrin; Pellens, Maikel Working Paper Guilt by association: How scientific misconduct harms prior collaborators ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 17-051 Provided in Cooperation with: ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research Suggested Citation: Hussinger, Katrin; Pellens, Maikel (2017) : Guilt by association: How scientific misconduct harms prior collaborators, ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 17-051, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:180-madoc-436888 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171327 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Dis cus si on Paper No. 17-051 Guilt by Association: How Scientific Misconduct Harms Prior Collaborators Katrin Hussinger and Maikel Pellens Dis cus si on Paper No. -
Combating COVID-19 with Charisma
Combating COVID-19 with Charisma: Evidence on Governor Speeches and Physical Distancing in the United States Ulrich Thy Jensen†, Dominic Rohner*°, Olivier Bornet‡, Daniel Carron‡, Phillip Garner‡, Dimitra Loupi‡, and John Antonakis* † School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, United States & Crown Prince Frederik Center for Public Leadership, Aarhus University, Denmark ‡ Idiap Research Institute, Switzerland * Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC Lausanne), University of Lausanne & E4S ° Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) 1 Combating COVID-19 with Charisma: Evidence on Governor Speeches and Physical Distancing in the United States We show that governor charisma can affect individual behavior to help mitigate COVID-related outcomes. We provide evidence in the field using deep neural ratings of charisma of US governor speeches over time to explain physical distancing based on anonymized data from smart phones. The effect of charisma in the field was generally robust, had increased physical distancing, and was not bounded by state-level political ideology of the citizens; however, Republican governors high on average charisma and with a charismatic speech impacted distancing more relative to Democrat governors high on average charisma. Complementing the field data, we also show in an incentivized laboratory experiment that individuals who are conservative are more likely to believe that their co-citizens will physically distance; these beliefs in turn drive their preference to physically distance. The experimental evidence show that liberals are unaffected by charisma, as a result of their preference to physically distance regardless. These findings are important because they show that a learnable skill—or at least one that can be honed—can give leaders an additional weapon to complement policy interventions for pandemics, especially with certain populations who may need a “nudge,” and hence save lives. -
Parallels of Unintentional Plagiarism and Predatory Publishing: Understanding Root Causes and Solutions
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research New York City College of Technology 2017 Parallels of Unintentional Plagiarism and Predatory Publishing: Understanding Root Causes and Solutions Monica Berger CUNY New York City College of Technology How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/ny_pubs/352 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Monica Berger, Associate Professor, Library, NYC College of Technology, CUNY Parallels of Unintentional Plagiarism and Predatory Publishing: Understanding Root Causes and Solutions CUNY-Wide Conference on Academic Integrity Eugenio María de Hostos Community College Sept. 29, 2017 Abstract Plagiarism and predatory publishing share common attributes. Although students do not publish in predatory journals, both plagiarism and predatory publishing fall under the umbrella of academic integrity and scholarly ethics. Academic misconduct has many faces, ranging from student cheating on exams to purchasing a doctoral thesis and claiming it as one’s own work. Some forms of academic misconduct, such as the examples above are always intentional. However, many manifestations of academic misconduct are less clearly intentional. Students often plagiarize unintentionally because they lack writing skills including paraphrasing and citing. Faculty sometimes publish with predatory journals when they lack scholarly publishing knowledge. Weak information literacy underpins both behaviors. However, other factors drive both plagiarism and predatory publishing. Three broad areas are cultural considerations, generational differences, and local academic values. The discourse related to cultural considerations is especially fruitful to unpack.