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Home , Bence Jones protein, Birbeck granules, Levomilnacipran, Nasal septum perforation

Index

A Abscess, 442 vs. aspirin, in pediatric patients, 446 Achondroplasia, 426 Abacavir, 184 Absence seizures, 494 free radical injury and, 221 autosomal dominance of, 71 for HIV, 186 drug therapy for, 500 necrosis caused by, 252 chromosome associated with, 75 Abciximab, 214, 407 treatments for, 638 for osteoarthritis, 430 endochondral ossification in, 425 thrombogenesis and, 385 Absolute risk reduction (ARR), 34, for tension headaches, 494 AChR (acetylcholine receptor), 229 Abdominal aorta, 342 646 toxicity effects, 446 Acid-base physiology, 543 atherosclerosis in, 286, 645 Absorption disorders, caused toxicity treatment for, 251 Acidemia, 543 bifurcation of, 609 by, 388 Acetazolamide, 254, 557 diuretic effect on, 558 498 92 Abdominal aortic aneurysm, 286 Abuse for glaucoma, Acidic amino acids, metabolic acidosis caused by, 543 Acidosis, 543 Abdominal colic confidentiality exceptions and, 41 in nephron physiology, 537 contractility in, 267 lead poisoning as cause, 389 dependent personality disorder for pseudotumor cerebri, 471 hyperkalemia caused by, 542 Abdominal distension and, 519 site of action, 556 Acid phosphatase, in neutrophils, 378 duodenal atresia as cause, 338 Acalculia, 464 Acetoacetate, of, 102 Acid reflux Abdominal pain Acamprosate Acetone breath, in diabetic esophageal strictures and, 354 Budd-Chiari syndrome as for alcoholism, 523, 638 ketoacidosis, 331 esophagitis and, 354 cause, 368, 630 diarrhea caused by, 252 Acetylation, 57 H blockers for, 374 cilostazol/dipyridamole as , 386 2 Acetylcholine (ACh), 455 proton pump inhibitors for, 374 cause, 407 Acanthocytosis, 81 in Alzheimer disease, 491, 511 sclerodermal esophageal Clostridium difficile as cause, 630 Acantholysis, 439 anticholinesterase effect on, 244 dysmotility as cause, 354 diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 331 pemphigus vulgaris and, 443 in Huntington disease, 71, 462, 511 Acid suppression therapy, 374 ectopic pregnancy as cause, 589 Acanthosis, 439 in nervous system, 241 Acinetobacter spp., 168 Henoch-Schönlein purpura as psoriasis as cause, 440 effect on, 499 Acinetobacter baumannii, 181 cause, 297, 633 Acanthosis nigricans, 229, 444 pacemaker action potential Acne, 440 542 acanthosis and, 439 hypercalcemia as cause, and, 275 danazol as cause, 602 stomach cancer as cause, 356 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 326 in Parkinson disease, 511 glucocorticoids as cause, 212 Acarbose, 335 intussusception as cause, 362 Acetylcholine (ACh) receptor PCOS as cause, 591 diarrhea caused by, 252 irritable bowel syndrome as agonists, 503 prednisone as cause, 412 Accessory nerve (11th cranial cause, 360 Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, 241 as skin papules, 438 nerve), 479 McBurney sign as, 633 in cholinergic drugs, 243 tetracyclines for, 175 lesion in, 480 Meckel diverticulum as cause, 567 Acetylcholine (AChR) receptor, 229 Acoustic neuromas, 453 location in brain stem, 477 divisum as cause, 339 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Acoustic schwannomas, 71, 630 478 pancreatic cancer as cause, 373 pathway for, cholinesterase inhibitor Acquired hydroceles, 598 panic disorder as cause, 517 Accessory pancreatic duct, 339, 347 poisoning, 244 Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 82 polyarteritis nodosa as cause, 296 Accuracy vs. precision, 35 malathion and, 183 Acromegaly, 327 porphyria as cause, 395 Acebutolol, 249 neural tube defects and, 451 GH as cause, 311 Rovsing sign as, 633 angina and, 299 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) octreotide for, 375 Abdominal wall, developmental ACE inhibitors, 559 inhibitors somatostatin analogs for, 309 defects in, 338 for acute coronary syndromes, 290 for Alzheimer disease, 505 somatostatin for, 336 Abducens nerve (6th cranial C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency in cholinergic drugs, 243 Acromion, 417 nerve), 479 and, 199 for myasthenia gravis, 436 ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic location in brain stem, 477 for dilated cardiomyopathy, 291 naming convention for, 255 hormone (ACTH) ocular motility and, 488 dry cough caused by, 254 toxicity treatment for, 251 Actin filaments in epithelial cells, 438 palsy of, 489 for heart failure, 292 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, 84 Acting out, as ego defense, 508 pathway for, 478 for hypertension, 298 vitamin B7 and, 79 Actinic keratosis, 444, 445 Abductor digiti minimi muscle, 421 naming convention for, 255 Achalasia, 354 key associations, 641 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle, 421 preload/afterload, effect on, 267 esophageal cancer and, 355 Actin, in cytoskeleton, 60 Abetalipoproteinemia, 386 as teratogens, 564 Achilles reflex, 476 Actinomyces spp. Abnormal passive abduction, 416 Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, in disc herniation and, 423 as anaerobic organism, 111 Abnormal passive adduction, 416 ethanol metabolism, 83 Achilles tendon xanthomas, 285, 630 in Gram-positive algorithm, 118 ABO blood classification, 382 Acetaldehyde, in ethanol Achlorhydria morphology of, 109 ABO hemolytic disease of the metabolism, 83 stomach cancer and, 356 vs. Nocardia spp., 123 newborn, 382 Acetaminophen, 446 VIPomas as cause, 350 penicillin G/V for, 170 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Actinomyces israelii Acute renal failure, 553 in electron transport chain, 89 Adult T cell leukemia, 231 branching rods in, 169 Acute respiratory distress syndrome expenditure vs. time, 103 Adult T-cell lymphoma, 400 lab findings in, 635 (ARDS), 621 in glycogen regulation, 97 Advance directives, 41 pigment produced by, 113 acute pancreatitis as cause, 373 in nephron physiology, 537 Aedes mosquitoes, yellow fever Action/willpower stage of overcoming eclampsia as cause, 590 production of, 86 transmitted, by, 152 addiction, 521 as inhalational injury, 222 in TCA cycle, 88 Aerobic metabolism, 103 Activated carriers, 86 as , 619 in urea cycle, 93 Aerobic organisms, 111 Active errors, 46 Acute stress disorder, 517 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Afferent arteriole, 532 Active immunity, 203 Acute transplant rejection, 211 synthase inhibitors, 89 ANP/BNP effect on, 540 , 392 Acute tubular necrosis, 554 Adenoviruses constriction of, 535 Acute cholestatic hepatitis granular casts in, 544 characteristics of, 148 , effect on, 541 as drug reaction, 252 intrinsic renal failure caused conjunctivitis caused by, 484 in filtration, 535 macrolides as cause, 176 by, 553 as DNA viruses, 147 Afferent nerves, 279 Acute closure, 484 Acyclovir, 184 as naked viruses, 147 Aflatoxin Acute coronary syndrome Adalimumab, 214, 448 caused by, 624 as carcinogens, 231 ADP receptor inhibitors for, 407 for Crohn disease, 359 watery diarrhea caused by, 162 hepatocellular carcinoma heparin for, 405 Adaptive immunity, 192 Adherens junctions, 438 and, 368 nitrates for, 299 Addison disease, 318 Adhesion, 362 Aflatoxins, 137 treatments for, 290 metabolic acidosis caused by, 543 Adipose lipolysis, 300 African sleeping sickness, 140 Acute cystitis, 544 presentation of, 633 Adipose stores, in fasting/starvation Afterload, in cardiac output, 267 Acute disseminated Additive drug interactions, 237 states, 103 Agammaglobulinemia encephalomyelitis, 493 Adductor longus muscle, 347 Adipose tissue, estrogen production chromosome associated with, 75 Acute dystonia, 245 Adenine by, 577 Agarose gel electrophoresis, 64 Acute gastritis, 356 methylation of, 48 Adjustment disorder, 517 Agars for bacterial culture, 111 Acute glomerulonephritis, 553 Shiga/Shiga-like toxins and, 116 Adoption studies, 32 Agenesis, 563 Acute hemolytic transfusion Adenocarcinomas ADP receptor inhibitors, 407 Age-related macular 206 carcinogens causing, 231 reactions, Adrenal adenomas degeneration, 485 as type II hypersensitivity of esophagus, 355 Cushing syndrome caused by, 317 Aggregatibacter reactions, 204 of gallbladder, 372 hyperaldosteronism caused by, 318 actinomycetemcomitans, 293 Acute hemorrhagic cystitis, 148 gastrointestinal, 229 Adrenal carcinomas Agnosia, in dementia, 513 Acute inflammation, 219 of lungs, 626 Cushing syndrome caused by, 317 Agonist potency and efficacy, 240 Acute inflammatory demyelinating nomenclature for, 228 P-glycoprotein in, 232 Agoraphobia, 517 polyradiculopathy, 493 nonbacterial thrombotic Adrenal cortex, 306 Agranulocytosis Acute intermittent porphyria, 395 endocarditis and, 229 embryologic derivatives of, 563 clozapine as cause, 525 Acute interstitial nephritis, 554 of pancreas, 373 progesterone production in, 577 as drug reaction, 252 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia pectinate line and, 345 Adrenal hemorrhage, 630 epilepsy drugs causing, 500 (ALL), 402 of prostate, 599 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome sulfa drug allergies as cause, 254 key associations, 644 of stomach, 356, 645 and, 318 thionamides as cause, 335 methotrexate for, 409 Trousseau’s syndrome and, 229 Adrenal hyperplasia Agraphia, cause of, 464 oncogenes and, 230 Adenohypophysis, 307 Cushing syndrome caused by, 317 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency Acute mesenteric ischemia, 362 embryologic derivatives of, 563 hyperaldosteronism and, 318 presentation of, 633 hypothalamus and, 456 syndrome) 318 Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 402 Adenomas Adrenal insufficiency, bacillary angiomatosis and, 441 chromosomal translocations of adrenal cortex, 645 anovulation caused by, 591 diagnosis of, 158 and, 403 of bone, 428 fludrocortisone for, 336 marijuana as appetite stimulant cytarabine for, 409 colorectal, 364 glucocorticoids for, 336 in, 523 key associations, 644 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 645 vitamin B5 deficiency as cause, 78 opportunistic infections in, 644 myelodysplastic syndromes nomenclature for, 228 Adrenal medulla, 306 primary central nervous system and, 401 of pituitary, 326 in nervous system, 241 lymphoma (PCL) and, 400 Acute pancreatitis, 373 in primary neuroblastomas of, 319 progressive multifocal DIC and, 643 hyperparathyroidism, 325 pheochromocytomas in, 320 leukoencephalopathy hyperparathyroidism as cause, 326 of , 324 tumors in, 645 and, 493 hypertriglyceridemia as cause, 105 Adenomatous colonic polyps, 363 Adrenal steroids, 312 as STI, 167 key associations, 644 Adenomyosis of endometrium, 594 Adrenocortical adenomas, 642 toxoplasmosis and, 140 necrosis and, 217 Adenopathy Adrenocortical atrophy, 336 AIDS retinitis, 149 Acute pericarditis, 294 Kawasaki disease as cause, 296 Adrenocortical insufficiency Air emboli, 617 Acute-phase proteins, 200 Whipple disease as cause, 634 as drug reaction, 252 Akathisia, 458 Acute-phase reactants, 198 Adenosine presentation of, 633 Akinesia, in Parkinson disease, 461, Acute poststreptococcal as antiarrhythmic drug, 304 Adrenocorticotropic hormone 633 glomerulonephritis, 546 cutaneous flushing caused by, 251 (ACTH) ALA dehydratase, in lead Acute promyelocytic leukemia pacemaker action potential adrenal cortex regulation of, 306 poisoning, 395 all-trans retinoic acid for, 77 and, 275 adrenal insufficiency and, 318 treatments for, 638 Adenosine deaminase deficiency, 50, in Cushing syndrome, 229, 317 ammonia transport by, 93 Acute , 499 209 secretion of, 307 in pyruvate dehydrogenase Acute pyelonephritis, 552 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 385 signaling pathways of, 316 complex deficiency, 88 lab findings in, 638 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adrenoleukodystrophy, 493 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 88, renal papillary necrosis and, 554 ATP synthase production of, 89 Adrenoreceptors, in noradrenergic 366 WBC casts in, 544 cell injury and, 218 drugs, 243 Alar plate, 450 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Albendazole use Allografts, 210 α-, 247 for Echinococcus granulosus, 144 essential tremor, effect on, 461 Allopurinol anemia and, 393 Albinism, 439 gout and, 431 for gout, 431, 448, 639 α-methyldopa, for gestational synthesis/tyrosine head and cancer and, 616 for stones, 549 hypertension, 590 catabolism and, 95 intoxication and withdrawal, 522 for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 50 α-thalassemia, 388 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome in utero, 284 rash caused by, 253 chromosome associated with, 75 and, 209 loss of orientation caused by, 512 All-trans retinoic acid α toxin, 117, 122 locus heterogeneity and, 69 pancreatitis and, 644 for acute promyelocytic Alport syndrome, 547 Albright hereditary sexual dysfunction caused by, 520 leukemia, 77, 638 cataracts and, 483 osteodystrophy, 325 sleep, effect on, 457 Alopecia collagen deficiency in, 61 Albumin suicide and, 516 doxorubicin as cause, 410 presentation of, 632 as acute-phase reactant, 198 teratogenic effects of, 564 etoposide/teniposide as cause, 411 X-linked dominant inheritance calcium and, 313 Alcohol withdrawal minoxidil for, 603 of, 70 as marker, 366 benzodiazepines for, 512 as cause, 131 Alprazolam, 501 plasma volume and, 533 drug therapy for, 524 tinea capitis and, 136 ALT (alanine transaminase) Albuminuria, 533 tactile hallucinations in, 513 vitamin A toxicity as cause, 77 in toxic shock syndrome, 119 Aldesleukin, 213 Alteplase, 383, 407 Albuterol, 246 vitamin B5 deficiency as cause, 78 Aldolase B, 91 Alternative hypothesis, 37 for , 628 vitamin B7 deficiency as cause, 79 Alcohol dehydrogenase, in ethanol Aldose reductase, 92 α-1,4-glucosidase Altitude, respiratory response to, 615 metabolism, 83 Aldosterone, 540 in glycogen metabolism, 98 Altitude sickness, 615 adrenal cortex secretion of, 306 acetazolamide for, 557 Alcoholic cirrhosis, 367, 644 α1-antagonists alcoholism as cause, 523 Gitelman syndrome as cause, 538 for benign prostatic Altruism, as ego defense, 509 cholelithiasis and, 372 kidney effects, 541 hyperplasia, 638 Aluminum hydroxide, 375 deficiency and, 82 in nephron physiology, 537 for BPH, 599 Alveolar gas equation, 614, 647 Alcoholic hallucinosis, 524 in primary adrenal naming convention for, 255 Alveolar period, 606 insufficiency, 318 Alveolar PO , 614 Alcoholic hepatitis, 367 α -antitrypsin 2 544 1 608 Alcoholic liver disease, 367 in renal tubular acidosis, elastin and, 64 Alveolar sacs, in SIADH, 328 Alveolar ventilation, 610 Alcoholism, 523 α -antitrypsin deficiency, 369 signaling pathways for, 316 1 Alveoli, 606 acute pancreatitis caused by, 373 emphysema and, 618 in syndrome of apparent pneumocytes and, 607 anemia caused by, 390 hepatocellular carcinoma and, 368 mineralocorticoid Alzheimer disease, 491 in anemia taxonomy, 388 liver cancer and, 645 excess, 538 in, 225 brain lesions and, 464 α -agonists, 247 Aldosterone antagonists, 298 2 dementia caused by, 513 cardiomyopathy caused by, 291 α -antagonists, 528 Aldosterone synthase, 312 2 Down syndrome and, 74 cataracts and, 483 α-adrenergic agonists, 627 Alemtuzumab, 214 drug therapy for, 244, 505 chronic pancreatitis caused by, 373 α-agonists, 498 Alendronate, 447 ex vacuo ventriculomegaly caused cirrhosis caused by, 365 α-amanitin Aliskiren, 559 by, 471 common organisms affecting, 162 RNA polymerase inhibition by, 54 Alkalemia, 543 findings associated with, 643 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 α-amylase, 352 diuretic effect on, 558 lab findings in, 637 delirium tremens and, 524 α-antagonists Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 366, 427 neurotransmitter changes in, 511 esophageal cancer and, 355 for pheochromocytomas, 320, 640 in bone disorders, 428 neurotransmitters for, 455 83 248 ethanol metabolism and, in hyperparathyroidism, 326 α-blockers, senile plaques in, 636 390 folate deficiency caused by, in Paget disease of bone, 427 for overdose, 522 Amanita phalloides gastritis in, 356 in thyroid storm, 323 α cells, 307 necrosis caused by, 252 hepatitis caused by, 346 as tumor marker, 232 glucagonomas in, 332 RNA polymerase inhibition by, 54 hypertension and, 284 Alkalosis, 543 glucagon production by, 309 , 184, 504 ketone bodies in, 102 bulimia nervosa as cause, 520 α-dystroglycan Ambiguous genitalia Klebsiella in, 128 hypokalemia caused by, 542 muscular dystrophy and, 73 46,XY DSD as cause, 586 Korsakoff syndrome and, 512 Alkaptonuria, 96 α-fetoprotein ovotesticular disorder of sex liver pathology serum markers catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine in anencephaly, 636 development as cause, 585 in, 366 catabolism and, 95 anencephaly and, 451 placental aromatase deficiency as lung abscesses and, 624 ALK gene, 230 in ataxia-telangiectasia, 209 cause, 586 levels in, 314 lung cancer and, 626 in Down syndrome, 74, 635 Amebiasis, 139 Mallory-Weiss syndrome in, 354 Alkylating agents, 410 in Edwards syndrome, 74 Amenorrhea osteonecrosis caused by, 427 as carcinogens, 231 in hepatocellular carcinoma, 368 anorexia nervosa as cause, 520 osteoporosis and, 426 in cell cycle, 408 neural tube defects and, 451 antiandrogens as cause, 603 pancreatitis caused by, 252 targets of, 408 in spina bifida, 636 cirrhosis as cause, 365 porphyria caused by, 395 as teratogens, 564 as tumor marker, 232 Cushing syndrome as cause, 317 sideroblastic anemia caused by, 389 Allantois, 567 in yolk sac tumors, 598 as cause, 72 subdural hematomas and, 469 Allelic heterogeneity, 69 α-galactosidase A ectopic pregnancy and, 589 treatments for, 638 Allergic bronchopulmonary in Fabry disease, 100 key associations, 645 vitamin B1 deficiency in, 77 aspergillosis, 137 α-glucosidase inhibitors, 335 menopause as cause, 582 vitamin B9 deficiency in, 79 Allergic contact dermatitis, 440 α-hemolytic bacteria, 119 Müllerian agenesis as cause, 571 wet beriberi as cause, 631 Allergic reaction to blood α-ketoglutarate PCOS as cause, 591 Alcohol-related disorders transfusion, 206 hyperammonemia and, 93 pituitary as readmissions caused by, 45 Allergic , 440 α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, 88 cause, 309 Alcohols, as infection control Allergies, as hypersensitivity in metabolic pathways, 85 Sheehan syndrome as cause, 632

technique, 187 reaction, 204 vitamin B1 and, 77 Turner syndrome as cause, 585 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Amides and, 243 Anaplasmosis, 133 nonhomologous end joining as local anesthetics, 503 pulmonary arterial hypertension animal transmission of, 132 and, 53 Amikacin, 170, 174 caused by, 622 Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, 324 normocytic, normochromic, 391 Amiloride, 558 as weak bases, 238 Anastrozole, 601 Plummer-Vinson syndrome as for diabetes insipidus, 328 Amphotericin B, 181, 182 reproductive hormones and, 600 cause, 354, 631 for Gitelman syndrome, 538 for Candida albicans, 137, 639 Anatomy in pregnancy, 580 in nephron physiology, 537 for leishmaniasis, 142 cardiovascular, 265 pure red cell aplasia as cause, 229 Amine precursor uptake for mucormycosis, 137 of coronary artery, 265 recombinant cytokines for, 213 decarboxylase (APUD), 319 for Naegleria fowleri, 140 endocrinal, 306–307 renal failure as cause, 553 Amines for systemic mycoses, 135 gastrointestinal, 339–348 ringed sideroblasts in, 387 MAO inhibitors and, 528 Ampicillin, 170 hematologic/oncologic, 378–381 scurvy as cause, 80 Amine whiff test for bacterial characteristics of, 171 musculoskeletal, 416–424 sirolimus as cause, 212 vaginosis, 132 Clostridium difficile and, 122 neurological, 453–475 spherocytes in, 387 Amino acids, 92 for endometritis, 594 renal, 532 sulfa drug allergies as cause, 254 blood-brain barrier and, 455 for Listeria monocytogenes, 123 reproductive, 573–576 thionamides as cause, 335 derivatives of, 94 for meningitis, 163 respiratory, 608–609 trimethoprim as cause, 177 in urea cycle, 93 pseudomembranous colitis caused USMLE Step 1 preparation tropical sprue as cause, 358

Aminoaciduria, 536 by, 252 for, 258 vitamin B9 deficiency as cause, 79 Aminoacyl-tRNA, 57 Ampulla of Vater, 347 Ancylostoma spp. vitamin B12 deficiency as cause, 80 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase, 56 Amygdala, 458 diseases associated with, 145 vitamin E deficiency as cause, 81 Aminocaproic acid lesions in, 464 infection routes, 142 Weil disease as cause, 130 for thrombolytic toxicity, 407 Amylase, in pancreatitis, 373 Ancylostoma duodenale, 143 Wilson disease as cause, 371 Aminoglycosides, 170, 174 analogs, 335 Androblastomas, 598 Anemia of chronic disease, 391 acute tubular necrosis caused angiopathy Androgen-binding protein hepcidin in, 198 by, 554 intraparenchymal hemorrhage Sertoli cell secretion of, 576 rheumatoid arthritis as cause, 430 magnesium levels and, 314 caused by, 469 Androgen insensitivity Anemic infarcts, 219 in pregnancy, avoiding, 187 Amyloidosis, 225, 548 syndrome, 586 Anencephaly, 451 as protein synthesis inhibitors, 174 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 418 Androgen-receptor complex lab findings in, 636 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127, chronic inflammation as pharmacologic control of, 600 polyhydramnios and, 589 640 cause, 219 Androgen receptor defect, 586 Anergy, 202 as teratogens, 564 lab findings in, 637 Androgens, 582 Anesthetics toxicity caused by, 254 and, 401 adrenal cortex secretion of, 306 general principles, 502 Aminopenicillins restrictive/infiltrative adrenal steroids and, 312 inhaled, 502 characteristics of, 171 cardiomyopathy caused in PCOS, 591 intravenous, 502 for enterococci, 639 by, 291 Androstenedione, 312, 582 local, 503 , 303 in, 198 pharmacologic control of, 600 Aneuploidy, 585 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Anemia, 388 Aneurysms, 468 hypothyroidism caused by, 252, 322 (ALS), 644 amphotericin B as cause, 182 atherosclerosis as cause, 286 photosensitivity caused by, 253 riluzole for, 505 Ancylostoma and, 145 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and, 63 caused by, 254 spinal cord lesions in, 474 anorexia nervosa as cause, 520 Marfan syndrome as cause, 71 restrictive lung disease and, 619 Anabolic steroids azathioprine as cause, 212 MI as cause, 288 , 527 hepatic adenomas and, 368 babesiosis as cause, 141 superior vena cava syndrome for migraine headaches, 494, 640 Anaerobic metabolism, 103 blood oxygen in, 613 and, 625 for tension headaches, 494 Anaerobic organisms, 111 blood transfusion therapy for, 399 Angelman syndrome, 69 Amlodipine, 298 aspiration and, 162 chloramphenicol as cause, 175 chromosome associated with, 75 Ammonia intoxication, 93 clindamycin for, 175 cirrhosis as cause, 365 Angina, 287 Ammonia transport, 93 metronidazole for, 178 cold agglutinin disease as aortic stenosis as cause, 273 Ammonium chloride pneumonia caused by, 162 cause, 632 atherosclerosis as cause, 286 for toxicity, 251 Anal cancer colorectal cancer as cause, 364 calcium channel blockers for, 298 for drug overdoses, 238 HIV and, 160 cytarabine as cause, 409 cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 407 Amnesia, 512 oncogenic microbes and, 231 Diphyllobothrium latum as cocaine as cause, 522 brain lesions causing, 464 Anal fissures, 345 cause, 144 drug therapy for, 299 Amnionitis, 123 pectinate line and, 345 as drug reaction, 252 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors Amniotic fluid abnormalities, 589 Anal pruritus epilepsy drugs causing, 500 for, 407 Amniotic fluid embolism, 617 Enterobius as cause, 145 ESR in, 224 hydralazine as cause, 298 acute respiratory distress syndrome pinworms as cause, 143 extrinsic hemolytic, 393 nitrates for, 299 as cause, 621 Anal wink reflex, 476 fibroid tumors as cause, 594 presentation of, 630 , 527 Anaphase, 58 hookworms as cause, 143 ranolazine for, 299 Amoxicillin, 170 Anaphylaxis, 204 intrinsic hemolytic, 392 treatments for, 641 characteristics of, 171 blood transfusion as cause, 206 kwashiorkor as cause, 82 Angina pectoris for Haemophilus influenzae, 126 complement and, 199 lab values, 394 β-blockers for, 249 for Helicobacter pylori, 130 epinephrine for, 246 macrocytic, 390 Angiodysplasia, 362 as prophylaxis, 181 shock caused by, 292 macro-ovalocytes in, 386 Angioedema , 246 Anaplasia, 226 malaria as cause, 141 ACE inhibitors as cause, 559 intoxication and withdrawal, 522 Anaplasma spp., 130 microcytic, hypochromic, 388 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency as for narcolepsy, 521 anaplasmosis caused by, 133 multiple myeloma as cause, 401 cause, 199 as noradrenergic drug, 243 animal transmission of, 132 nonhemolytic, normocytic, 391 scombroid poisoning as cause, 250 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Angiofibromas, 495 Antacids, 375 Anticholinergic drugs Angiogenesis metabolic alkalosis caused by, 543 toxicity treatment for, 251 for scombroid poisoning, 250 bevacizumab and, 412 Anterior cerebral artery, 466 Anticholinesterase drugs, 244 Antihistone , 634 in cancer, 227 in cavernous sinus, 481 Anticipation, in genetics, 68 in lupus, 434 wound healing and, 223 cingulate herniation and, 498 Anticoagulant drugs, 383 Antihypertensive drugs Angiokeratomas, 100 in circle of Willis, 466 for acute coronary syndromes, 290 for eclampsia, 590 Angiomatosis stroke, effect on, 467 for antiphospholipid syndrome, 434 for gestational hypertension, 590 von Hippel-Lindau disease as Anterior chamber of eye, 482 for atrial fibrillation, 278 for preeclampsia, 590 cause, 495, 633 Anterior communicating artery osteoporosis and, 426 sexual dysfunction caused by, 520 Angiomyolipomas, 495 in circle of Willis, 466 warfarin as, 406 Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies, 628 Angiosarcomas, 368, 441 saccular aneurysm effect on, 468 Anticoagulation, in coagulation Anti-IgG antibodies, 634 carcinogens causing, 231 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cascade, 384 Anti-inflammatory drugs, 446 nomenclature for, 228 injury Anticodon loop, 56 Antileukotrienes Angiotensin II, 312, 540 anterior drawer sign in, 416 Anticonvulsant drugs for asthma, 628 ACE inhibitor effects on, 559 presentation of, 630 for fibromyalgia, 435 Antimalarial drugs kidney effects, 541 in “unhappy triad,” 417 osteoporosis and, 426 G6PD deficiency caused by, 392 in nephron physiology, 537 Anterior drawer sign, 416, 630 drugs, 526 Antimetabolites, 409 signaling pathways for, 316 Anterior horn, 471 for bulimia nervosa, 520 in cell cycle, 408 Angiotensin II receptor Anterior hypothalamus, 456 for fibromyalgia, 435 Antimicrobial drugs, 170–187 blockers, 559 Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, 467 long QT interval caused by, 277 naming conventions for, 255 for heart failure, 292 in circle of Willis, 466 torsades de pointes caused by, 251 in pregnancy, which to avoid, 187 for hypertension, 298 Anterior perforated substance, 477 Anti-desmoglein antibodies, 634 as prophylaxis, 181 naming convention for, 255 Anterior , 307 Anti-digoxin Fab fragments, 251 Antimitochrondrial antibodies, 634 preload/afterload, effect on, 267 Anterior spinal artery for cardiac glycoside toxicity, 301 Antimuscarinic drugs Angiotensinogen, 540 in circle of Willis, 466 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 311, for Parkinson disease, 504 Angry patients, 42 complete occlusion of, 474 540 toxicity treatment for, 251 Anhedonia, 515 stroke, effect on, 467 in diabetes insipidus, 328 for urgency incontinence, 551 Anhidrosis Anterior spinothalamic tract, 472 hypothalamus production of, 456 Antimuscarinic reaction, 254 Horner syndrome as cause, 487, Anterior superior kidney effects, 541 Antimycin A 633 pancreaticoduodenal in nephron physiology, 537 in electron transport chain, 89 Pancoast tumor as cause, 625 artery, 343 pituitary gland and, 307 as electron transport inhibitor, 89 Anidulafungin, 181, 183 Anterior white commissure, 472 SIADH and, 328 Antimycobacterial drugs, 179 Aniline dyes Anterograde amnesia, 512 signaling pathways of, 316 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic transitional cell carcinoma brain lesions causing, 464 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) antibodies, 634 and, 551 Anthracosis, 620 antagonists, 336, 556 Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), 635 Aniridia as restrictive lung disease, 619 Anti-dsDNA antibodies in lupus, 434 in WAGR complex, 551 Anthracyclines, 251 in lupus, 434 Antioxidants , 378 Anthrax, 121 Antiemetic drugs free radical elimination by, 221 Anitschkow cells bacteria causing, 114 long QT interval caused by, 277 Antiparasitic drugs in rheumatic fever, 294 Anthrax toxin marijuana as, 523 naming convention for, 255 Ankylosing spondylitis, 433 Bacillus anthracis and, 121 metoclopramide as, 376 Antiphospholipid syndrome, 434 etanercept for, 448 Antiandrogens, 603 ondansetron as, 376 autoantibody associated with, 207 HLA-B27 and, 193, 643 Antianginal therapy, 299 torsades de pointes caused by, 251 Antiplatelet antibodies, 635 infliximab/adalimumab for, 448 Antiapoptotic molecule Anti-endomysial antibodies, 635 abciximab as, 214 lab findings in, 635 as oncogene product, 230 Antiepileptic drugs Antiplatelet drugs therapeutic antibodies for, 214 Antiarrhythmic drugs, 302–304 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 for acute coronary syndromes, 290 Ankyrin long QT interval caused by, 277 rash caused by, 253 Antiprogestin drugs, 602 hereditary and, 71 torsades de pointes caused by, 251 as teratogens, 564 Antiprotozoan drugs, 183

Annular pancreas, 339 Anti-β2 glycoprotein antibodies Antifungal drugs, 181 Antipseudomonal drugs, 170 Anopheles mosquito, 141 in antiphospholipid syndrome, 434 for tinea versicolor, 136 Antipseudomonal penicillins, 171 Anopia, 489 Antibiotics Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 195 drugs, 525 Anorectal varices, 344 for acne, 440 B cells as, 380 antimuscarinic reaction caused cirrhosis as cause, 365 Candida albicans and, 137 dendritic cells as, 380 by, 254 Anorexia nervosa, 520 Clostridium difficile as cause, 630 MHC I and II and, 192 dopaminergic pathways and, 458 anovulation caused by, 591 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 131 in spleen, 191 galactorrhea caused by, 309 treatments for, 638 long QT interval caused by, 277 Antigens long QT interval caused by, 277 Anorexia (symptom) torsades de pointes caused by, 251 ELISA test for, 67 naming convention for, 255 amphetamines as cause, 522 Antibodies type and memory, 197 Parkinson-like syndrome caused hypothalamus and, 456 autoantibodies, 207 variations in, 202 by, 253 Anosmia ELISA test for, 67 Anti-gliadin antibodies, 635 for PCP overdose, 523 zinc deficiency as cause, 82 to hepatitis viruses, 157 Anti-glomerular basement membrane , effect on, 310 ANOVA tests, 39 structure and function, 196 antibodies, 634 for schizophrenia, 640 Anovulation therapeutic, 214 Anti-HBc, 157 tardive dyskinesia caused by, 253 causes of, 591 Anticardiolipin Anti-HBe, 157 torsades de pointes caused by, 251 endometrial hyperplasia and, 594 in antiphospholipid syndrome, 434 Anti-HBs, 157 for Tourette syndrome, 511, 524 ANP. See Atrial natriuretic peptide Anti-centromere antibodies, 634 Antihelminthic drugs, 183 Anti-Smith antibodies (ANP) scleroderma and, 437 naming convention for, 255 in lupus, 434 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Antisocial personality disorder, 519 Aortic root dilation Apraxia Artemether conduct disorder as precursor heart murmur caused by, 273 dementia and, 513 for P. falciparum, 183 to, 511 Aortic stenosis Aquaporin Arterial oxygen saturation, 613

Antithrombin ejection click and, 643 in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Arterial PCO2, 610, 614 in coagulation cascade, 384 heart murmurs caused by, 273 system, 540 Arteries, anatomy of, 265 Anti-topoisomerase antibodies, 635 macroangiopathic anemia caused Aqueous humor pathway, 483 Arteriolosclerosis, 330 Antitoxins by, 393 Arabinoglycan synthesis, 179 Arteriosclerosis, 285 as passive immunity, 203 paradoxical splitting in, 271 Arachidonic acid pathway, 446 as Anti-transglutaminase antibodies, 635 presentation of, 634 Arachnodactyly cause, 622 Antitumor antibiotics, 410 pulse pressure in, 266 Marfan syndrome as cause, 71, 630 Arteriovenous malformations Anti-U1 RNP antibodies, 434 S4 heart sound and, 645 Arachnoid (AVMs), 71 Antiviral therapy, 184 systolic murmur in, 272 in cavernous sinus, 481 Arteritis, headaches caused by, 494 Anxiety Williams syndrome as cause, 284 Arachnoid cells Artesunate for, 501 Aortic valve meningiomas in, 496 for malaria, 141, 183 benzodiazepines for, 501 in cardiac cycle, 270 Arcuate artery, 532 Arthralgias benzodiazepine withdrawal as embryological development Arcuate fasciculus, 462 alkaptonuria as cause, 96 cause, 522 of, 262 aphasia and, 463 Henoch-Schönlein purpura as delirium tremens as cause, 524 Aortic valve sclerosis Area postrema, 455, 456 cause, 297 hypercalcemia as cause, 542 systolic murmur in, 272 Arenaviruses rubella as cause, 153 hyperthyroidism as cause, 321 Aortitis characteristics of, 151 serum sickness as cause, 205 LSD as cause, 523 syphilis as cause, 131, 167 as negative-stranded, 152 vitamin A toxicity as cause, 77 MAO inhibitors for, 528 APC gene, 230 as segmented, 152 Arthritis, 430 MDMA withdrawal as cause, 523 adenomatous colonic polyps Arginine, 92 AA amyloidosis and, 225 neurotransmitter changes in, 511 and, 363 in cystinuria, 96 azathioprine for, 409 neurotransmitters for, 455 colorectal cancer and, 364 derivatives of, 94 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 418 nicotine withdrawal as cause, 522 familial adenomatous polyposis kidney stones and, 549 celecoxib for, 447 516 Anxiety disorder, and, 71, 363 Argininosuccinate chlamydiae as cause, 134 atypical for, 525 “Ape hand” (median nerve in urea cycle, 93 Crohn disease as cause, 359 Aorta injury), 419, 421 Argyll Robertson pupils gonorrhea as cause, 167 abdominal, 342 Apgar score, 581 presentation of, 633 HLA-B27 and, 193 in circle of Willis, 466 Aphasia, 463 syphilis as cause, 131, 167 LMN facial nerve palsy as coarctation of, 283 dementia and, 513 tabes dorsalis and, 474 cause, 634 in diaphragm, 609 frontotemporal dementia as , 525 lupus as cause, 434 EKG and, 276 cause, 491 Armadillos, as disease vectors, 132 Lyme disease as cause, 130 in gastrointestinal anatomy, 339 Aphthous stomatitis Aromatase, 582 Paget disease of bone as in horseshoe kidney, 531 Crohn disease as cause, 359 Aromatase inhibitors, 601 cause, 630 in syphilitic heart disease, 294 Apixaban, 407 for breast cancer, 639 in reactive arthritis, 433 traumatic rupture of, 286 as anticoagulant, 383 Aromatic amines septic, 432 “tree bark” appearance of, 294 for long-term anticoagulation, 640 as carcinogens, 231 Sjögren syndrome as cause, 631 Aortal coarctation Aplasia, 563 Arrhythmia Takayasu arteritis as cause, 296 lab findings in, 637 Aplasia cutis amphotericin B as cause, 182 359 Aortic aneurysm, 286 ulcerative colitis as cause, 335 225 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and, 63 methimazole as cause, amyloidosis and, Whipple disease as cause, 634 hypertension as cause, 284 Aplasia cutis congenita diabetic ketoacidosis as Arthritis of inflammatory bowel key associations, 641 fetal methimazole exposure as cause, 331 disease Marfan syndrome as cause, 71, 284 cause, 564 diphtheria as cause, 123 HLA-B27 and, 193 syphilitic heart disease as Aplastic anemia, 391 hyperthyroidism as cause, 321 Arthropathy cause, 294 in anemia taxonomy, 388 hypokalemia as cause, 542 hemochromatosis as cause, 371 Aortic arch derivatives, 568 chloramphenicol as cause, 175 key associations, 642 Arthus reaction, 205 Aortic dissection, 287 as drug reaction, 252 local anesthetics as cause, 503 hypertension as cause, 284 Fanconi anemia as cause, 633 macrolides as cause, 176 as intravenous anesthetics, 502 hypertensive emergency and, 284 neutropenia caused by, 394 McArdle disease as cause, 99 Arylsulfatase A key associations, 641 thionamides as cause, 335 MI as cause, 288 in metachromatic Marfan syndrome as cause, 284, Aplastic crisis muscular dystrophy as cause, 73 leukodystrophy, 100 630 as shock caused by, 292 Asbestos Aortic incompetence cause, 392 sleep apnea as cause, 621 as carcinogen, 231 Marfan syndrome as cause, 71 sickle cell anemia as cause, 392 stimulants as cause, 522 lung cancer and, 626 Aortic insufficiency Apolipoproteins, 104 as cause, 335 , 620 syphilitic heart disease as Aponeurosis of external oblique treatments for, 638 as restrictive lung disease, 619 cause, 294 muscle, 348 Arsenic Ascaris spp., 142 Aorticopulmonary septum, 263 Apoptosis, 216 angiosarcomas caused by, 368, 441 Ascaris lumbricoides, 143, 643 embryologic derivatives of, 563 corticosteroids as cause, 394 as carcinogen, 231 Ascending aorta Aortic regurgitation evasion of, in cancer, 227 glycolysis and, 86 embryological development of, 262 diastolic murmur in, 272 Appendages, bacterial, 108 inhalational injuries and, 222 Ascending cholangitis heart murmurs caused by, 273 Appendicitis, 360 squamous cell carcinomas caused biliary cirrhosis and, 371 Marfan syndrome as cause, 284 vs. mittelschmerz, 578 by, 445 Ascending colon, 339 presentation of, 630 Appetite regulation, 311 toxicity symptoms, 87 Aschoff bodies, 636 pulse pressure in, 266 “Apple core” lesion on X-ray, 364, 635 toxicity treatment for, 251 in rheumatic fever, 294 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Ascites gastroesophageal reflux disease Atrial fibrillation Atypical , 528 Budd-Chiari syndrome as and, 354 arrhythmia and, 642 drugs, 525 cause, 368, 630 glucocorticoids for, 336 β-blockers for, 303 for bipolar disorder, 515, 524, 638 cirrhosis as cause, 365 lab findings in, 636 calcium channel blockers for, 304 for postpartum psychosis, 516 hepatocellular carcinoma as muscarinic antagonists for, 245 cardiac glycosides for, 301 for schizophrenia, 514, 640 cause, 368 omalizumab for, 214 ECG tracing of, 278 Atypical depression, 528 in Meigs syndrome, 592 pulsus paradoxus in, 294 embolic stroke and, 470 Atypical , 635 Asenapine, 525 salmeterol for, 246 hypertension as cause, 284 Atypical , 624 Aseptic meningitis as jugular venous pulse in, 270 chlamydiae as cause, 134 mumps as cause, 155 reaction, 204 potassium channel blockers macrolides for, 176 Asherman syndrome, 602 Astigmatism, 483 for, 303 Auditory cortex, 462 Ashkenazi Jews, disease incidence Astrocyte foot processes, 455 sleep apnea as cause, 621 Auditory hallucinations, 513 in, 100 Astrocytes, 453 Atrial flutter schizophrenia as cause, 514 Ash-leaf spots, in tuberous in glioblastoma multiforme, 496 β-blockers for, 303 Auditory physiology, 481 sclerosis, 495 origin of, 450 ECG tracing of, 278 Auer rods, 635 Aspartame, and phenylketonuria, 95 Astrocytomas, 642 potassium channel blockers in acute myelogenous Aspartate GFAP stain for, 60 for, 303 leukemia, 402 in nucleotide synthesis, 49 Ataxia Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 279, Auramine-rhodamine stain, 110 in urea cycle, 93 amantadine as cause, 504 540 Auscultation of heart, 272 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 366 Angelman syndrome as cause, 69 amyloidosis and, 225 Auspitz sign, 440 in toxic shock syndrome, 119 cerebellar hemisphere lesions kidney effects, 541 Autism spectrum disorder, 511 , 92 and, 464 in SIADH, 328 double Y males and, 585 Aspart insulin, 334. See also Insulin cerebellar vermis lesions and, 464 signaling pathways for, 316 fragile X syndrome as cause, 73 Aspergillosis epilepsy drugs causing, 500 Atrial septa Autoantibodies, 207 Aspergillus fumigatus as cause, 137 hydrocephalus as cause, 471 embryological development of, 262 Autoclave, 187 and, 618 Rett syndrome as cause, 511 Atrial septal defect (ASD), 283 Autoclaves, for spore-forming echinocandins for, 183 streptomycin as cause, 180 congenital rubella as cause, 284 bacteria, 114 Aspergillus spp. stroke as cause, 467 cyanosis caused by, 642 Autografts, 210 as catalase-positive organism, 112 tabes dorsalis as cause, 474 diastolic murmur in, 272 Autoimmune anemia, 388

chronic granulomatous disease vitamin B12 deficiency as Down syndrome as cause, 284 Autoimmune diseases and, 209, 643 cause, 474 fetal alcohol syndrome as acute pericarditis caused by, 294 Aspergillus fumigatus, 137 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome as cause, 284 collagen and, 61 HIV and, 160 cause, 77, 464, 523 Atrioventricular block preeclampsia and, 590 Aspiration, in ARDS, 621 Ataxia-telangiectasia, 53, 209 β-blockers as cause, 249, 303 therapeutic antibodies for, 214 , 128 Atazanavir, 184, 186 calcium channel blockers as Autoimmune gastritis, 356 Aspirin, 447 , 622 cause, 298, 304 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 393 for acute coronary syndromes, 290 Atenolol, 249, 303 ECG tracings for, 278 cephalosporins as cause, 172 arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 Ateriolosclerosis, 285 Lyme disease as cause, 130 as type II hypersensitivity cyclooxygenase, effect on, 385 Atherosclerosis, 286, 645 Atrioventricular canals, 263 reactions, 204 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency abdominal aortic aneurysms Atrioventricular node, 276 Autoimmune hepatitis type 1 caused by, 252 and, 286 EKG and, 276 autoantibody associated with, 207 for ischemic stroke, 470 aortic aneurysms and, 641 Atrioventricular septal defect Autoimmune lymphoproliferative for Kawasaki disease, 296, 640 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 (AVSD), 74 syndrome, 216 for polycythemia vera, 404 familial hypercholesterolemia as Atrioventricular valves Autoimmune membranous Reye syndrome and, 366 cause, 105 embryological development of, 262 glomerulopathy, 207 as uncoupling agent, 89 homocystinuria as cause, 96 Atrophic gastritis Autoimmune regulator (AIRE), 194 as weak acid, 238 stable angina caused by, 287 gastrin in, 350 Autonomic drugs, 241–250, 243 zero-order elimination of, 238 transplant rejection as cause, 211 key associations, 642 naming conventions for, 255 Asplenia Athetosis, 461 Atrophy, 226, 473 Autonomic insufficiency, 246 Howell-Jolly bodies in, 387 ATM gene Atropine, 245 Autonomy, as ethical principle, 39 target cells in, 387 ataxia-telangiectasia and, 209 antimuscarinic reaction caused Autoregulation of blood flow, 280 Asterixis , 511, 638 by, 254 Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE cirrhosis as cause, 365 Atonic seizures, 494 for β-blocker overdose, 303 syndrome, 208 hepatic encephalopathy as Atopic dermatitis, 440 for cholinesterase inhibitor presentation of, 633 cause, 367 Atopic reactions, 204 poisoning, 244 Autosomal dominant inheritance, 70 hyperammonemia as cause, 93 Atorvastatin, 300 as toxicity treatment, 251 diseases of, 71 Asthma, 618 Atovaquone Attention deficit disorder (ADD) Autosomal dominant polycystic albuterol for, 246 for babesiosis, 141 amphetamines for, 246 kidney disease β-blockers and, 249 for malaria, 141, 640 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADPKD), 555 breast milk as risk reduction for P. falciparum, 183 (ADHD), 511 autosomal dominance of, 71 for, 581 for Pneumocystis jirovecii, 138 CNS stimulants for, 524 chromosome associated with, 75 cholinomimetic agents and, 244 ATPase, 371 drug therapy for, 524 saccular aneurysms and, 468 cromolyn sodium for, 379 Atracurium, 503 smoking as cause, 564 Autosomal recessive inheritance, 70 drug therapy for, 628 Atria sympatholytic drugs for, 247 diseases of, 72 eczema and, 440 embryological development of, 262 Tourette syndrome and, 511 Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney eosinophilia caused by, 379 septation of, 262 treatments for, 638 disease (ARPKD), 555 epinephrine for, 246 Atrial amyloidosis, 225 Attributable risk (AR), 34, 646 Potter sequence caused by, 530 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 693 11/3/15 4:53 PM 694 INDEX INDEX

Autosomal trisomies, 74 Bacitracin naming convention for, 255 class switching, 195 karyotyping for, 67 functioning of, 170 sleep, effect on, 457 disorders of, 208, 209 Autosplenectomy as Gram-positive antibiotic Baroreceptors, 279 function of, 380 key associations, 641 test, 118 Barr bodies, 48 glucocorticoids effect on, 212 sickle cell anemia as cause, 392 organisms sensitive to, 118 Barrel hoop basement in lymph node, 190 Avascular necrosis, 427 Streptococcus pyogenes sensitivity membrane, 191 major functions of, 193 glucocorticoids as cause, 212 to, 120 Barrett esophagus, 355 non-Hodgkin lymphoma and, 399 of scaphoid bone, 418 Bacitracin response, 635 metaplasia and, 226 sirolimus effect on, 212 sickle cell anemia as cause, 392 Back pain, from G6PD Bartonella spp. in spleen, 191 Avoidant personality disorder, 519 deficiency, 392 animal transmission of, 132 BCG vaccine, 124, 203 Axillary lymph nodes, 190 Baclofen, 503 endocarditis caused by, 293 IL-12 receptor deficiency and, 208 in breast cancer, 596 for multiple sclerosis, 492 morphology of, 109 BCL-2 gene, 230 Axillary nerve, 419 Bacteremia Bartonella henselae Bcl-2 protein, 216 Axonal injury, 220 dapsone for, 178 bacillary angiomatosis caused BCR-ABL gene, 230 Axonemal dynein, 60 Staphylococcus gallolyticus by, 441 Becker muscular dystrophy, 73 Azathioprine, 409 and, 121 granulomatous diseases caused presentation of, 633 allopurinol and, 448 tuberculosis and, 124 by, 223 as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 in cell cycle, 408 Bacteria HIV and, 160 Beck triad of cardiac tamponade, 294, for Crohn disease, 359, 639 α-hemolytic, 119 Bartonella quintana, 145 632 as immunosuppressant, 212 β-hemolytic, 119 Bartter syndrome, 538 Beckwith-Wiedemann, 551 pancreatitis caused by, 252 encapsulated, 112 markers in, 542 Beclomethasone, 336. See targets of, 213 genetics of, 114 Basal cell carcinomas also Glucocorticoids Azithromycin, 170, 176 highly resistant, treating, 181 5-fluorouracil for, 409 Bedwetting. See Nocturnal enuresis for babesiosis, 141 hints for, 169 of skin, 445 Bell palsy, 480 for chlamydiae, 134 in vivo biofilm-producing, 113 sunburn and, 444 Lyme disease as cause, 130 as HIV prophylaxis, 181 morphology of, 109 Basal cells, 608 and, 435 for Legionella pneumophila, 640 normal flora, 161 Basal ganglia, 460 Bell-shaped distribution, 37 for Mycobacterium avium- pigment-producing, 113 intraparenchymal hemorrhage , 401 intracellulare, 124, 179 special culture requirements, 111 in, 469 Bendazoles, 143 as Mycobacterium avium- spore-forming, 114 lesions in, 464 Bends, the, 427 intracellulare stains for, 110 movement disorders and, 461 Beneficence, as ethical principle, 39 prophylaxis, 179 structures of, 108 Basal lamina, 61 Benign prostatic hyperplasia Azoles, 181, 182 taxonomy of, 109 Basal metabolic rate, 315 (BPH), 599, 644 for Candida albicans, 137 virulence factors, 113 Basal plate, 450 α-blockers for, 248 Azotemia zoonotic, 132 Base excision repair, 53 hydronephrosis and, 550 acute interstitial nephritis as Bacterial capsules, 108 Basement membrane postrenal azotemia caused by, 553 cause, 554 Bacterial endocarditis, 293 Alport syndrome and, 547 tamsulosin for, 603 nephritic syndrome and, 546 key associations, 643 autoantibody to, 207 treatments for, 638 Aztreonam, 170, 173 presentation of, 634 in blood-brain barrier, 455 Benign tumors, 228 Streptococcus sanguinis as collagen in, 61 Benzathine penicillin G, 181 B cause, 120 in filtration, 535 B7 protein, cells present on, 202 Bacterial meningitis, 642 glomerular filtration barrier aplastic anemia caused by, 252, B19 virus, 148 Bacterial toxins, effect on and, 533 391 Babesia spp., 130, 141 immunocytes, 202 in glomerulus, 532 myelodysplastic syndromes caused anemia caused by, 393 Bacterial vaginosis Basic amino acids, 92 by, 401 Babesiosis, 141 characteristics of, 164 Basilar artery Benzidine, as carcinogen, 231 Babinski reflex, 43, 473, 476 Gardnerella vaginalis as cause, 132 in circle of Willis, 466 Benznidazole, 142 Babinski sign Bacteroides spp. stroke, effect on, 467 Benzoate, 93 presentation of, 634 alcoholism and, 162 Basilar membrane, 481 Benzocaine, 503 UMN damage as cause, 632 as anaerobic organism, 111 Basiliximab methemoglobin and, 612 Bachmann bundle, 276 clindamycin for, 175 as immunosuppressant, 212 Benzodiazepines, 501 Bacillary angiomatosis, 441 lung abscesses caused by, 624 targets of, 213 for alcohol withdrawal, 524, 638 animal transmission of, 132 metronidazole for, 178 Basophilia, 379 for cocaine overdose, 522 HIV and, 160 morphology of, 109 , 386, 635 for delirium tremens, 524 Bacilli, 109 Bacteroides fragilis, 161 lead poisoning as cause, 389 for epilepsy, 500 Gram stain identification of, 118 “Bag of worms” appearance of in sideroblastic anemia, 389 for generalized anxiety Bacillus spp. scrotum, 597 Basophils, 378, 379 disorder, 517 in Gram-positive algorithm, 118 Baker cyst, 417 IgE and, 197 intoxication and withdrawal, 522 morphology of, 109 tibial nerve injury caused by, 422 BAX protein, 216 as intravenous anesthetics, 502 Bacillus anthracis, 121 BAK protein, 216 B-cell lymphomas, 646 naming convention for, 255 capsule composition, 108 Balancing, as quality HIV and, 160 for panic disorder, 517 exotoxin produced by, 116 measurement, 46 oncogenes and, 230 for PCP overdose, 523 as spore-forming bacteria, 114 “Bamboo spine” on X-ray, 433, 635 B cells, 380 for phobias, 517 Bacillus cereus, 122 Band cells, 378 activation of, 195 sleep, effect on, 457 food poisoning caused by, 161, Barbiturates, 501 adaptive immunity and, 192 toxicity treatment for, 251 643 intoxication and withdrawal, 522 anergy, 202 Benzoyl peroxide, for acne, 440 as spore-forming bacteria, 114 as intravenous anesthetics, 502 cell surface proteins, 202 Benztropine, 245, 504 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Beriberi intron/exon splicing variants as liver marker, 366 direct thrombin inhibitors as cardiomyopathy caused by, 291 and, 55 in toxic shock syndrome, 119 cause, 405

vitamin B1 deficiency as lab findings in, 636 Bimatoprost, 498 essential thrombocythemia as cause, 77 Betaxolol, 249 Bimodal distribution, 37 cause, 404 Berkson bias, 36 for glaucoma, 498 Binge eating disorder, 520 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors as Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 385, 642 Bethanechol, 244 , 237 cause, 407 , 620 Bevacizumab, 214, 412 Biochemistry, 48–105 heparin as cause, 405 as granulomatous disease, 223 Bezafibrate, 300 cellular, 58–64 thrombolytics as cause, 407

β1-blockade, 267 Bias, in studies, 36 genetics, 68–77 warfarin as cause, 406 β2-agonists Bicarbonate laboratory techniques, 64–68 Bleomycin, 410 for asthma, 628 carbon dioxide transport and, 615 metabolism, 83–105 in cell cycle, 408 insulin and, 308 for drug overdoses, 238 molecular, 48–57 pulmonary fibrosis caused by, 254 naming convention for, 255 as GI secretory product, 351 nutrition, 76–83 targets of, 408

β2-microglobulin in pancreatic insufficiency, 358 Biofilm-producing bacteria, 113 Bleomycin toxicity, 413, 619 MHC I and II and, 192 for salicylate toxicity, 251 Biostatistics/epidemiology, 32–39 Blepharoplasts, 497 β-amyloid protein, in Alzheimer for TCA toxicity, 251 Bipolar disorder, 514, 515 Blepharospasm disease, 225 Biceps brachii muscle, in Erb antipsychotic drugs for, 525 dystonia and, 461 β-blockers, 249 palsy, 420 atypical antipsychotics for, 525 Blindness for acute coronary syndromes, 290 Biceps reflex, 476 drug therapy for, 524 Chlamydia trachomatis as for angina, 299 Biceps tendon, 417 genetic risk of, 510 cause, 134 as antiarrhythmic drugs, 303 Bicornuate uterus, 572 for, 526 conversion disorder as cause, 518 for aortic dissections, 287 Bicuspid aortic valve postpartum psychosis and, 516 giant cell arteritis as cause, 296 for cocaine overdose, 246, 522 aortic dissection and, 287 treatments for, 638 temporal arteritis as cause, 645 diabetes and, 249 coarctation of aorta and, 283 , 638 Blistering skin disorders, 443 for dilated cardiomyopathy, 291 heart murmur caused by, 273 in Langerhans cell Blood for essential tremor, 461 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 286 histiocytosis, 403 chocolate-colored, 612 for glaucoma, 498 Turner syndrome as cause, 284, 585 Birds, as disease vectors, 132, 134 coagulation and kinin for heart failure, 292 Bifurcations, 609 “Bird’s beak” sign on barium pathways, 383 hydralazine and, 298 Biguanide drugs, 334 swallow, 354 embryologic derivatives of, 563 hyperkalemia caused by, 542 Bilaminar disc, 562 Bismuth, 375 oxygen content of, 613 for hypertension, 298 Bilateral acoustic schwannomas, 71, Bisphosphonates, 447 in placenta, 566 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 630 esophagitis caused by, 252 viscosity, in pulmonary vascular and, 291 Bilateral adenopathy, 435 naming convention for, 255 resistance, 614 juxtaglomerular apparatus, effect Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, 619 for osteoporosis, 426, 640 Blood-brain barrier, 455 on, 540 Bilateral renal agenesis Bitemporal hemianopia, 489 Blood flow, effect of exercise on, 615 for migraine headaches, 494 oligohydramnios and, 589 hypopituitarism as cause, 329 Blood groups, 382 naming convention for, 255 Potter sequence caused by, 530 Nelson syndrome as cause, 326 Blood pH, diuretic effect on, 558 for pheochromocytomas, 320 pulmonary hypoplasia and, 606 Bitot spots, 77 for phobias, 517 Bile, 352 Bivalirudin, 405 α-blocker effect on, 248 for thyroid storm, 323 in hereditary BK virus, 148 angiotensin II effect on, 540, 541 toxicity treatment for, 251 hyperbilirubinemias, 370 Black eschar, caused by cutaneous antidiuretic hormone regulation β cells, 307 secretin effect on, 350 anthrax, 121 of, 311 in diabetes mellitus type 1, 331 Bile acid resins, 300 Blackflies, as disease vectors, 143 cortisol effect on, 313 in diabetes mellitus type 2, 331 Bile acids Black liver, 642 fenoldopam and, 298 of, 332 lipid transport and, 104 Black lung disease, 620 in renal disorders, 542 insulin secretion by, 308 reabsorption of, 300 Bladder, 574 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone β-dystroglycan, 73 Bile canaliculus, 346 bethanechol effect on, 244 system and, 540 β-galactosidase, 126 Bile duct, 347 parasympathetic receptors sympathomimetic effect on, 247 β-glucan, 183 Bile ductule, 346 and, 242 Blood-testis barrier, 455 β-glucoronidase, 378 Bile salts, 352 spasms, treating, 245 Blood transfusions, 399 β-hCG in cholelithiasis, 372 transitional cell carcinoma in, 551 hemochromatosis and, 643 in Down syndrome, 74 Biliary cirrhosis, 365, 369, 371 Bladder cancer key associations, 643 in Edwards syndrome, 74 cystic fibrosis as cause, 72 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 411 reactions to, 206–214 in Patau syndrome, 74 lab findings in, 634 hematuria caused by, 544 Blood vessels, collagen in, 61 as tumor marker, 232 ursodiol for, 376 hypercalcemia and, 229 Bloody diarrhea β-hemolysis, 117 Biliary colic, 372 oncogenic microbes and, 231 amebiasis as cause, 139 β-hemolytic bacteria, 119 Biliary structures, 347 Schistosoma as cause, 144 Campylobacter jejuni as cause, 128 β-hydroxybutyrate, 102 Biliary tract disease, 371 Schistosoma haematobium and, 145 ulcerative colitis as cause, 359 β-interferon Clonorchis sinensis and, 145 Blast crisis in CML, 642 Bloody spinal tap, 635 for multiple sclerosis, 492, 640 Biliary tract infections, 121 Blastocysts, 562 Bloody stool, 345 β-lactam antibiotics, 170 Bilious , in Hirschsprung Blastomyces spp. Blotting procedures, 65 β-lactamase inhibitors, 171 disease, 361 amphotericin B for, 182 Blown pupils, in CN III palsy, 489 β-lactams, 443 Bilirubin, 353 itraconazole for, 182 “Blue babies,” 282 Betamethasone, 446 in bile, 352 Blastomycosis, 135 Blueberry muffin rash β-thalassemia, 389 in cholelithiasis, 372 Bleeding cytomegalovirus as cause, 165 allelic heterogeneity and, 69 in hereditary direct factor Xa inhibitors as rubella as cause, 153, 165 chromosome associated with, 75 hyperbilirubinemias, 370 cause, 407 Toxoplasma gondii as cause, 165 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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“Blue kids,” 283 Botulinum toxin, 116, 122, 243 Brain tumors, 496, 497 Bronchi, 608 Blue sclerae lysogenic phage and, 114 in adults, 496 Bronchial asthma, 636 osteogenesis imperfecta as passive antibodies for, 203 in children, 497 Bronchial carcinoid tumors, 626 cause, 63, 630 Botulism key associations, 642 Bronchiectasis, 618 BNP. See Brain natriuretic peptide bacteria causing, 114 metastases as source, 233 Aspergillus fumigatus as cause, 137 (BNP) exotoxins as cause, 115 nitrosureas for, 410 cystic fibrosis as cause, 72 Body dysmorphic disorder, 517 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Branched-chain ketoacid Kartagener syndrome as cause, 60, Boerhaave syndrome, 354 (BSE), 161 dehydrogenase, 77 633 Bombesin, 319 Bowel smooth muscle Branchial apparatus, 568 Bronchioalveolar cell carcinomas, 626 Bone cancer, 428 activation, 244 Branchial arch derivatives, 569 Bronchioles key associations, 645 Bowel stenosis, 360 Branchial cleft derivatives, 568 histamine receptors and, 242 primary bone tumors, 429 Bowen disease, 597 Branchial pouch derivatives, 570 in respiratory tree, 608 Bone crises Bowenoid papulosis, 597 Branching , in glycogen obliterans, 211 Gaucher disease as cause, 100, 631 Bowman capsule, 535 metabolism, 98 Bone disorders Brachial artery, 423 Branching filamentous bacteria, 109 cystic fibrosis as cause, 72 lab values, 428 Brachial plexus lesions, 420 Gram stain identification of, 118 Haemophilus influenzae as osteogenesis imperfecta, 63 Brachiocephalic artery, 466 Branching gram-positive rods with cause, 126 Paget disease of bone, 630 Bradycardia sulfur granules, 635 Bronchoconstriction, effect of asthma Bone fractures amiodarone as cause, 303 BRCA1/BRCA2 genes, 230 drugs on, 628 as child abuse sign, 510 atropine for, 245 breast cancer and, 596 Bronchodilation fat emboli as cause, 617 β-blockers as cause, 249, 303 Breast cancer, 596–597 asthma drugs effect on, 628 Bone lesions cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning aromatase inhibitors for, 601 sympathetic receptors and, 242 adult T-cell lymphoma as as cause, 244 bone metastases in, 644 Bronchogenic apical lung cause, 400 dopamine for, 246 brain metastases in, 644 tumor, 635 Langerhans cell histiocytosis as on EKG, 276 breastfeeding and, 581 Bronchogenic carcinomas 403 cause, hypermagnesemia as cause, 542 hormonal contraception asbestosis and, 620 401 602 multiple myeloma and, hypothyroidism as cause, 321 contraindication, carcinogens causing, 231 suppression, 182 hypercalcemia and, 229 RCA infarct as cause, 265 Bronchogenic cysts, 606 Bone marrow transplant incidence/mortality of, 228 sympatholytic drugs as cause, 247 , 624 for osteopetrosis, 426 key associations, 642 Bradykinin Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 221 for SCID (severe combined oncogenes and, 230 ACE inhibitors and, 559 neonatal respiratory distress immunodeficiency), 209 paclitaxel for, 411 breakdown of, 540 syndrome as cause, 607 Bones paraneoplastic cerebellar C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency Bronchospasm, in carcinoid cell biology of, 425 degeneration and, 229 and, 199 syndrome, 631 collagen in, 61 in postmenopausal women, 639 BRAF gene, 230 “Brown” bone tumor, 635 cortisol effect on, 313 tamoxifen for, 413 melanomas and, 445 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 475 formation of, 425 trastuzumab for, 214, 413 papillary thyroid carcinoma Horner syndrome and, 487 as metastasis site, 233 treatments for, 639 and, 324 Brucella spp. PTH effect on, 314 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 serrated colonic polyps and, 363 animal transmission of, 132 renal osteodystrophy and, 553 Breast disorders vemurafenib and, 413 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 T hormone and, 315 benign, 595 3 112 Bone tumors, 429 Brain malignant, 596 as intracellular organism, 636 109 “Boot-shaped” heart, 635 amyloid deposition in, Breastfeeding, 581 morphology of, Borderline personality disorder, 519 autoregulation of, 280 mastitis and, 595 Brucellosis, 132 dissociative identity disorder dopamine receptors and, 242 ovarian neoplasms and, 592 Brugada syndrome, 277 and, 512 embryologic derivatives of, 563 Breast milk. See also Lactation sudden cardiac death caused Bordetella spp., 109 embryology of, 450 dopamine and, 310 by, 287 Bordetella pertussis, 127 glucose usage by, 308 IgA antibodies in, 197 Bruising culture requirements for, 111 ischemia in, 218 prolactin and, 310 as child abuse sign, 510 exotoxin produced by, 116 as metastasis site, 233 Breast pathology, 595 scurvy as cause, 80 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 ring-enhancing lesions, 637 Breast trauma, necrosis caused by, 217 Brunner glands, 341 macrolides for, 176 T3 hormone and, 315 Brenner tumors, 592 duodenal ulcers and, 357 vaccines for, 127 Brain abscesses , 243 Brushfield spots, 74 Bordet-Gengou agar, 111 HIV and, 160 Bridging vein rupture, 643 Bruton agammaglobulinemia, 208 Borrelia spp. infections causing, 163 Brief psychotic disorder, 514 as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 Giemsa stain for, 110 Brain cysts, 145 Brimonidine, 498 Bruton disease, 632 as spirochete, 130 Brain infarcts, 217 Brittle hair, in Menkes disease, 63 Bruxism, 457 Borrelia burgdorferi Brain injury Broad-base budding, in BTK gene, 208 animal transmission of, 132 gastritis caused by, 356 blastomycosis, 135 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 368 Lyme disease caused by, 130 hypopituitarism caused by, 329 Broad ligament, 574 hepatocellular carcinoma and, 368 tetracyclines for, 175 Brain lesions, 464 Broca aphasia, 463 lab findings in, 637 Borrelia recurrentis Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 279, Broca area, 462 portal hypertension caused by, 365 animal transmission of, 132 540 aphasia and, 463 presentation of, 630 as antigenic variation, 202 in SIADH, 328 stroke effects, 467 Budesonide, 628 lice transmission of, 145 signaling pathways for, 316 Bromocriptine, 504. See Buerger disease, 296, 645 Bosentan, 627 Brain stem also Dopamine agonists treatments for, 639 for pulmonary arterial dorsal view, 477 prolactin, effect on, 310 Buffalo hump, in Cushing hypertension, 640 ventral view, 477 for prolactinomas, 640 syndrome, 317 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 696 11/3/15 4:53 PM INDEX INDEX 697

Bulbus cordis, 262 , 526 Calcium channels Cancer epidemiology, 228 Bulimia nervosa, 520 for generalized anxiety autoantibody to, 207 Candesartan, 559 anovulation caused by, 591 disorder, 517, 639 ethosuximide effect on, 500 Candida spp. drug therapy for, 524 Busulfan, 410 glucose and, 308 amphotericin B for, 182 laxative abuse by, 375 pulmonary fibrosis caused by, 254 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic azoles for, 182 Mallory-Weiss syndrome and, 354 Busulfan toxicity, 413 syndrome and, 229 as catalase-positive organism, 112 Selective reuptake as restrictive lung disease, 619 myocardial action potential chronic granulomatous disease inhibitors (SSRIs) for, 527 Butorphanol, 499 and, 274 and, 209 treatments for, 639 Butterfly facial rash, 630 opioid effect on, 499 echinocandins for, 183 Bullae, 438 Butterfly gliomas, 496 pacemaker action potential in immunodeficient patients, 210 necrotizing fasciitis as cause, 442 and, 275 osteomyelitis and, 644 Stevens-Johnson syndrome as C in smooth muscle contraction, 425 osteomyelitis caused by, 163 cause, 443 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, 199 Calcium homeostasis, 313 tricuspid valve endocarditis Bullous impetigo, 442 C3 deficiency, 199 Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, 80 and, 293 Bullous pemphigoid, 443 C5a receptor, 378 Calcium pyrophosphate deposition vulvovaginitis caused by, 164 autoantibody associated with, 207 C5-C9 deficiencies, 199 disease, 431 Candida albicans, 137 as bulla, 438 CA 15-3/CA27-29, as tumor Calcium-sensing receptor HIV and, 160 as type II hypersensitivity markers, 232 (CaSR), 336 T cell dysfunction as cause, 208 reactions, 204 CA 19-9, as tumor marker, 232 Calf pseudohypertrophy, 630 treatments for, 639 Bull’s-eye rash, in Lyme disease, 632 CA 125, as tumor marker, 232 Caliciviruses Candidate identification number , 557 Cabergoline, 640 characteristics of, 151 (CIN) for USMLE BUN (blood urea nitrogen) Cachexia, 232 genomes of, 147 exam, 6 in acute renal failure, 553 TNF-α and, 200 as naked viruses, 147 Candidiasis in nephritic syndrome, 545 Café-au-lait spots California encephalitis, 151 Candida albicans as cause, 137 in ornithine transcarbamylase aplastic anemia and, 391 Call-Exner bodies, 593, 635 chronic mucocutaneous, 208 deficiency, 94 causes of, 630 Calluses, as hyperkeratosis, 439 cortisol and, 313 633 Bundle of His, 276 Fanconi anemia as cause, cAMP (cyclic adenosine nystatin for, 182 McCune-Albright syndrome as Bunyaviruses monophosphate) Cannibalism, kuru resulting cause, 69 characteristics of, 151 cilostazol/dipyridamole effect from, 161 neurofibromatosis type 1 as as negative-stranded, 152 on, 407 Capillary fluid exchange, 281, 647 cause, 71, 495 as segmented, 152 as endocrine hormone Capillary lumen, in blood-brain Caffeine intoxication and Bupivacaine, 503 messenger, 316 barrier, 455 withdrawal, 522 exotoxin effects on, 116 Capillary supply in lymph node, 190 Cahill cycle, 93 for heroin addiction, 523 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 87 Capitate bone, 418 Caisson disease, 617 morphine and, 240 in glycogen regulation, 97 Caplan syndrome, 620 Calcific aortic stenosis, 220 for opioid withdrawal, 522 heat-labile/heat-stable toxin effects Capsid, viral, 146 Calcification, 220 , 528 on, 116 Capsules, bacteria, 108 Calcineurin for major depressive disorder, 515 in hyperparathyroidism, 326 Captain’s wheel, and paracoccidioido- cyclosporine and, 212 mechanism of, 526 PTH effect on, 314 mycosis, 135 tacrolimus and, 212 for nicotine withdrawal, 522 in Vibrio cholerae, 129 Captopril, 559 Calcinosis, 437 253 CAMP factor, 121 344 seizures caused by, , 315 Caput medusae, Burkholderia cepacia medullary thyroid carcinoma Campylobacter spp. Carbachol, 244 as catalase-positive organism, 112 production of, 324 animal transmission of, 132 for glaucoma, 498 chronic granulomatous disease for osteoporosis, 426, 640 bloody diarrhea caused by, 162 Carbamazepine and, 209 signaling pathways of, 316 morphology of, 109 agranulocytosis caused by, 252 cystic fibrosis and, 162 as tumor marker, 232 reactive arthritis and, 433 aplastic anemia caused by, 252 in immunodeficient patients, 210 Calcium Campylobacter jejuni, 128 for bipolar disorder, 515, 638 morphology of, 109 in bone disorders, 428 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 Burkitt lymphoma, 400, 645 calcitonin and, 315 Guillain-Barré syndrome and, 493 for epilepsy, 500 chromosomal translocations in cardiac muscle, 274 Canagliflozin, 335 SIADH caused by, 253 and, 403 in osteomalacia/rickets, 427 Canalicular lung development, 606 as teratogen, 564 EBV and, 149 for osteoporosis, 640 Cancer for tonic-clonic seizures, 641 lab findings in, 637 in Paget disease of bone, 427 as common cause of death, 45 for trigeminal neuralgia, 641 oncogenes and, 230 PTH and, 314 DIC and, 643 Carbamoyl phosphate, 93 oncogenic microbes and, 231 Vitamin D and, 313 ESR in, 224 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, 84 Burns Calcium carbonate, 375 incidence of, 228 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase as child abuse sign, 510 Calcium channel blockers, 298 intron/exon splicing variants II, 84 DIC and, 643 for angina, 287 and, 55 Carbapenems, 170, 173 inhalational injuries and, 222 as antiarrhythmic drugs, 304 metastases, common, 233 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127, shock caused by, 292 contractility in, 267 microRNAs and, 55 640 sunburn, 444 cutaneous flushing caused by, 251 mortality of, 228 Carbidopa, 505 testosterone/methyltestosterone gingival hyperplasia caused by, 253 neoplastic progression, 227 Carbohydrate absorption, 352 for, 603 for hypertension, 298 pneumoconioses and, 620 Carbon dioxide Bursitis, prepatellar, 417 for hypertrophic splice site mutations as cause, 52 exercise and, 615 Burton line cardiomyopathy, 291 Cancer drugs transport of, 615 in lead poisoning, 389 for migraine headaches, 494 cell cycle, 408 Carbonic anhydrase, 615 presentation of, 630 for Raynaud phenomenon, 437 targets, 408 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 544 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 697 11/3/15 4:53 PM 698 INDEX INDEX

Carbon monoxide (CO) Cardiolipin, 207 prednisone as cause, 412 Cefazolin, 170 carboxyhemoglobin and, 612 Cardiomegaly, in Pompe disease, 99 rubella as cause, 165 characteristics of, 172 as electron transport inhibitor, 89 Cardiomegaly with apical trophy, 635 sorbitol as cause, 92 as prophylaxis, 181 inhalational injuries and, 222 Cardiomyopathy, 291 Cefepime, 170 toxicity treatment for, 251 Chagas disease as cause, 142 adrenal medulla secretion of, 306 characteristics of, 172 Carbon monoxide poisoning, 613 heart failure caused by, 292 amphetamines and, 246 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127 Carbon tetrachloride Kussmaul sign in, 295 contractility, effect on, 267 Cefotaxime, 172 as carcinogen, 231 S4 heart sound and, 645 and, 246 Cefoxitin, 170 free radical injury and, 221 sudden cardiac death caused pacemaker action potential characteristics of, 172 Carboplatin, 411 by, 287 and, 275 Ceftaroline, 170 toxicities of, 413 wet beriberi as cause, 631 pheochromocytoma effect on, 320 characteristics of, 172 Carboxyhemoglobin, 612 Cardiotoxicity synthesis of, 95 for MRSA, 181 Carboxylases, 84 doxorubicin as cause, 410 Cats, as disease vectors, 140, 163, for Staphylococcus aureus, 641 Carboxypeptidase, 352 drugs causing, 413 136, 169 Ceftazidime Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), as methylxanthines as cause, 628 Cat scratch disease, 132 characteristics of, 172 tumor marker, 232 trastuzumab as cause, 413 as granulomatous disease, 223 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127 Carcinogens, 231 Cardiovascular drugs Caudal fold closure defects, 338 Ceftriaxone, 170 griseofulvin as, 183 naming conventions for, 255 Caudal medulla, effects of stroke characteristics of, 172 Carcinoid syndrome, 332 reactions to, 251 on, 467 for gonococci, 126 bronchial carcinoid tumors Cardiovascular system, 262–302 Caudal regression system, 564 for Haemophilus influenzae, 126 and, 626 anatomy, 265 Caudate, effect of Huntington disease for meningitis, 163 presentation of, 631 embryology, 262–264 on, 71, 462, 630 for meningococci, 126 somatostatin for, 336 pathology, 282–296 Cause-and-effect diagram, 46 for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 640 treatments for, 639 , 298–304 Cavernous hemangiomas, 368 for Neisseria meningitidis, 640 Carcinoid tumors physiology, 266–280 Cavernous sinus, 470, 481 as prophylaxis, 181 octreotide for, 375 sclerosis of, 437 CCR5 protein for typhoid fever, 129 356 172 of stomach, Carditis HIV and, 158 Cefuroxime, Carcinoma in situ, 227 Celecoxib, 254, 447 Lyme disease as cause, 130 maraviroc and, 186 Carcinomas arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 rheumatic fever as cause, 120, 294 as receptor, 150 of bone, 428 Celiac artery, in chronic mesenteric Carmustine, 410 CD3 protein colorectal, 364 ischemia, 362 in cell cycle, 408 cells present on, 202 hyperparathyroidism and, 645 Celiac disease, 358 pulmonary fibrosis caused by, 254 regulatory T cells and, 194 invasive, 227 autoantibody associated with, 207 Carnitine, 101 CD4 protein metastases of, 233 biliary cirrhosis and, 371 Carnitine acyltransferase I, 84 cells present on, 202 nomenclature of, 228 dermatitis herpetiformis and, 443 Carotid artery, 568 helper T cells and, 194 in primary HLA genes and, 193 atherosclerosis in, 286, 645 as receptor, 150 hyperparathyroidism, 325 lab findings in, 635 bifurcation of, 609 regulatory T cells and, 194 of thyroid, 324 Celiac lymph nodes, 190 in cavernous sinus, 481 CD4+ T cells, 193 Cardiac arrest, caused by Celiac trunk, 342, 343 giant cell arteritis and, 296 in HIV, 159 hypermagnesemia, 542 Cell cycle phases, 58 Carotid sinus, 279 CD5 protein, 402 Cardiac cycle, 270 Cell envelope, bacterial, 108 Carpal bones, 418 CD8 protein Cardiac death, from cocaine use, 522 Cell injury, 218 418 202 Cardiac depression, 298 Carpal tunnel syndrome, cells present on, Cell lysis, 542 Cardiac function curves, 269 lunate disclocation as cause, 418 cytotoxic T cells and, 194 Cell membrane Cardiac glycosides, 301 median nerve injury as cause, 419 CD8+ T cells, 193 in apoptosis, 216 Cardiac looping, 262 rheumatoid arthritis as cause, 430 CD14 protein, 202 blebbing, in cell injury, 218 Cardiac muscle, in nervous Carteolol, 498 CD16 protein, 202 Cell surface proteins, 202 system, 241 Cartilage CD18 protein, 209 Cell trafficking, 59 Cardiac output, 266 collagen in, 61 CD19 protein, 202 Cellular biochemistry, 58–64 equation for, 647 fluoroquinolones, damage caused CD20 protein Cellular crescents in Bowman exercise and, 615 by, 253 cells present on, 202 capsule, 635 in pregnancy, 580 Carvedilol, 249, 303 in chronic lymphocytic Cellular inflammation, 219 variables in, 267 Casal necklace, 78 leukemia, 402 Cellulitis, 442 V/Q mismatch and, 614 Caseating necrosis, 217 CD21 protein Streptococcus pyogenes as Cardiac tamponade, 294 granulomatous diseases and, 223 cells present on, 202 cause, 120 jugular venous pulse in, 270 Case-control studies, 32, 34 as receptor, 150 Cell walls in MI, 288 Caspases, in apoptosis, 216 CD25 protein bacterial, 108 pulse pressure in, 266 Caspofungin, 181, 183 cells present on, 202 bacteria lacking, 109 shock caused by, 292 for Candida albicans, 137, 639 regulatory T cells and, 194 as bacterial structure, 108 Cardiac troponin I, 289 Casts in , 544 CD28 protein, 202 Central canal of spinal cord, 472 Cardiac tumors, 295 Catabolism, peroxisome and, 59 CD34 protein Central clearing, caused by tinea key associations, 642 Catalase, 221 cells present on, 202 corporis, 136 Cardinal ligament, 574 Catalase-positive organisms, 112 in leukocyte extravasation, 221 Central diabetes insipidus, 328 Cardinal veins, 262 Cataracts, 483 CD40L protein, 202 Central nervous system (CNS), 241 Cardiobacterium spp., 293 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 CD40 protein, 202 anesthetic principles for, 502 Cardiogenic shock, 292 galactosemia as cause, 91 CDKN2A gene, 230 injury to, as cause of shock, 292 MI as cause, 288 glucocorticoids as cause, 212, 336 CEA tumor marker, 364 nitrosoureas, effect on, 410 pulse pressure in, 266 muscular dystrophy as cause, 73 Cefaclor, 172 origins of, 450 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 698 11/3/15 4:53 PM INDEX INDEX 699

Central nervous system (CNS) hydronephrosis caused by, 550 Cherry hemangiomas, 441 Chlamydia trachomatis, 134 depression oncogenic microbes and, 231 Cherry-red spot on macula, 486 pelvic inflammatory disease caused barbiturates as cause, 501 papillomaviruses as cause, 148 Niemann-Pick disease as by, 167, 644 Central pontine myelinolysis. Cervical dysplasia, 591 cause, 100, 632 pneumonia caused by, 162 See Osmotic demyelination Cervical lymphadenopathy, 630 Tay-Sachs disease as cause, 100, 630 serotypes, 134 syndrome Cervical lymph nodes, 190 Chest pain STDs caused by, 645 Central post-stroke pain Cervical rib, 420 angina as cause, 630 as STI, 167 syndrome, 468 Cervicitis Dressler syndrome as cause, 630 treatments for, 639 Central retinal artery occlusion, 486 chlamydia as cause, 167 panic disorder as cause, 517 UTIs caused by, 552 presentation of, 630 gonorrhea as cause, 167 as cause, 623 Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 134 Central sleep apnea, 621 Cervix as pneumonia caused by, 162 Central sulcus, 462 anatomy of, 574 cause, 617 Chlamydophila psittaci, 134 Central tendon, 609 lymphatic drainage of, 573 unstable angina as cause, 630 animal transmission of, 132 Central vein, 218 pathology of, 591 Chest wall, 611 Chloasma, 439 Central vertigo, 495 Cestodes, 144 Chest X-rays Chloramphenicol, 170, 175 Centriacinar emphysema, 618 Cetirizine, 627 aortic dissections on, 287 aplastic anemia caused by, 252, Centrilobular necrosis, 231 Cetuximab, 214, 412 asthma on, 618 391 Centromeres, 207 CFTR gene balloon heart on, 291 gray baby syndrome caused Cephalexin, 172 chronic pancreatitis and, 373 lung abscesses on, 624 by, 252 Cephalosporins, 170, 172 cystic fibrosis and, 72 notched ribs on, 283 in pregnancy, avoiding, 187 disulfiram-like reaction caused cGMP (cyclic guanosine Wegener granulomatosis on, 296 as protein synthesis inhibitors, 174 by, 254 monophosphate) Chiari I malformation, 452 for Rickettsia rickettsii, 640 for enterococci, 639 atrial natriuretic peptide and, 279 Chiari II malformation, 451, 642 Chlordiazepoxide, 501 organisms not covered by, 172 as endocrine hormone Chickenpox for alcohol withdrawal, 524 pseudomembranous colitis caused messenger, 316 live attenuated vaccine for, 146 Chlorhexidine, 187 by, 252 hydralazine and, 298 rash caused by, 166 Chloride channels, in cystic for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127 in male sexual response, 575 VZV as cause, 149 fibrosis, 72 for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 641 PDE-5 inhibitors, effect on, 603 Child abuse, 510 Chloroquine, 183 Ceramide, 100 in smooth muscle contraction, 425 confidentiality exceptions and, 41 for malaria, 141, 640 Ceramide trihexoside, 100 Chagas disease, 142 osteogenesis imperfecta and, 63 Chlorpheniramine, 627 Cerebellar hemisphere lesions, 464 achalasia caused by, 354 Childbirth Chlorpromazine, 525 Cerebellar tonsillar herniation, 642 cardiomyopathy caused by, 291 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 368 Chlorpropamide, 334 Cerebellar vermis lesions, 464 lab findings in, 635 butorphanol for pain relief Chlorthalidone, 558 Cerebellum, 459 Chancroids, 167 in, 499 Chocolate agar, 111 development of, 450 Chandelier sign, 167 contraction frequency reduction Haemophilus influenzae culture Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, 471 Chaperone protein, 57 in, 602 on, 126 Cerebral arteries, 466 Charcoal yeast extract culture, 111 C-section, neonatal flora after, 161 Chocolate-colored blood, 612 in cavernous sinus, 481 for Legionella pneumophila, 127 endometritis after, 594 Chocolate cysts, 592, 594, 635 Cerebral cortex Charcot-Bouchard Graves disease and, 323 Cholangiocarcinomas functions of, 462 microaneurysms, 468 low birth weight, 581 Clonorchis sinensis and, 144, 145 motor and sensory areas in, 465 Charcot joints misoprostol for inducing, 375 hyperbilirubinemia caused Cerebral edema in syphilis, 131 oxytocin for induction of, 336 by, 369 diabetic ketoacidosis as tabes dorsalis and, 474 postpartum mood disturbances, 516 oncogenic microbes and, 231 cause, 331 Charcot-Leyden crystals, 618 preterm, as common cause of sclerosing cholangitis and, 371 hyperammonemia as cause, 93 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 493 death, 45 Cholangitis, 372 therapeutic hyperventilation Charcot triad, 492 progesterone levels after, 577 Cholecalciferol, 313. See for, 465 Charging, tRNA, 56 pudendal block during, 422 also Vitamin D Cerebral hemispheres, 450 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 209 Sheehan syndrome after, 329 Cholecystectomy, 372 Cerebral infarct, 513 lab findings in, 636 stress incontinence and, 551 for porcelain gallbladder, 372 Cerebral peduncle, 477 Cheilosis, 78 Childhood disorders, 511 Cholecystitis, 372 Cerebral perfusion, 465 Chelation Child neglect, 510 Cholecystokinin (CCK), 350 Cerebral perfusion pressure, 465 for hemochromatosis, 371 Children location of, 351 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 471 for iron poisoning, 396 developmental milestones in, 43 Cholelithiasis, 347, 372

Guillain-Barré syndrome as Chemical tracheobronchitis, 222 Chimeric monoclonal Ab, 255 acute pancreatitis caused by, 373 cause, 493 Chemokines, 200 Chipmunk facies, 389 biliary cirrhosis and, 371 in poliomyelitis, 475 Chemoreceptors, 279 Chi-square tests, 39 Crohn disease as cause, 359 yellowish tint, 638 Chemotherapy Chlamydia spp., 134 hyperbilirubinemia caused Cerebrovascular disease, in diabetes acute myelogenous leukemia as atypical organism, 162 by, 369 mellitus, 330 and, 402 Giemsa stain for, 110 octreotide and, 375 Certolizumab, 214 for Ewing sarcomas, 429 as intracellular organism, 112 pancreatitis and, 644 Ceruloplasmin myelodysplastic syndromes caused macrolides for, 176 presentation of, 631 free radical elimination by, 221 by, 401 morphology of, 109 somatostatinomas as cause, 332 in Wilson disease, 637 neutropenia caused by, 394 pneumonia caused by, 624 ursodiol for, 376 Cervical cancer, 591, 643 for osteosarcomas, 429 reactive arthritis and, 433 Cholera toxin, 116 carcinogens causing, 231 for pancreatic cancer, 373 sulfonamides for, 177 lysogenic phage and, 114 epidemiology of, 590 readmissions caused by, 45 tetracyclines for, 175 Cholestasis serum markers, 366 HIV and, 160 Chemotoxicities, 413 Chlamydia, 167 Cholesteatomas, 482 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 699 11/3/15 4:53 PM 700 INDEX INDEX

Cholesterol Chronic granulomatous disease, 209, Chylomicrons, 105 in cell cycle, 408 absorption of, 300 223 lipid transport and, 104 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 538 in bile, 352 IFN-γ for, 187 , 623 targets of, 408 in cholelithiasis, 372 key associations, 643 Chymotrypsin, 352 toxicities of, 413 synthesis of, 84, 103 recombinant cytokines for, 213 Cidofovir, 185 toxicity caused by, 254 639 vitamin B3 effect on, 78 respiratory burst in, 201 for CMV, , 527 Cholesterol desmolase, 312 Chronic inflammation, 219 Cigarette smoke, as carcinogen, 231 Citrate synthase, in metabolic Cholesterol ester transfer protein Chronic ischemic heart disease, 287 Ciguatoxin, 250 pathways, 85 (CETP), 104 Chronic kidney disease Cilastatin Citrobacter spp. Cholestyramine, 300 in anemia taxonomy, 388 imipenem and, 173 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 Choline, 243 erythropoietin in, 541 seizures caused by, 253 lactose fermentation by, 126 Cholinergic agonists, 255 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Ciliary body, 482 Citrulline, in urea cycle, 93 Cholinergic drugs, 243 and, 548 Ciliary ganglia, in pupillary c-KIT gene, 230 Cholinergic effects, 301 hypertension as cause, 284 contraction, 487 CKK hormone, 319 Cholinesterase inhibitors Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Cilia structure, 60 CK-MB diarrhea caused by, 252 (CLL), 402 Ciliated cells, 608 in myocardial infarction, 287, 289 poisoning from, 244 key associations, 644 Cilostazol, 407 Cladribine, 409 Cholinomimetic agents, 244, 498 lab findings in, 638 Cimetidine, 374 in cell cycle, 408 Chondrocalcinosis, 431 prednisone for, 412 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 for hairy cell leukemia, 402 Chondrocytes rituximab for, 214, 412 gynecomastia caused by, 595 Clara cells, 607 in achondroplasia, 426 Chronic mesenteric ischemia, 362 Cinacalcet, 336 in respiratory tree, 608 bone formation and, 425 Chronic mucocutaneous Cinchonism Clarithromycin, 170, 176 in osteoarthritis, 430 candidiasis, 208 Class IA antiarrhythmic as for Helicobacter pylori, 130 Chondrosarcomas, 429 Chronic myelogenous leukemia cause, 302 as HIV prophylaxis, 181 Chordae rupture, heart murmur (CML), 402 as drug reaction, 253 for Mycobacterium avium- 458 caused by, 273 basophilia caused by, 379 Cingulate gyrus, intracellulare, 179 Cingulate herniation, 498 Chorea, 461 busulfan for, 410 in pregnancy, avoiding, 187 Ciprofloxacin, 170, 178 Huntington disease as cause, 630 chromosomal translocations Clasp knife spasticity, 473 for Crohn disease, 359 Choreiform movements and, 403 Classical conditioning, 508 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 Huntington disease as cause, 71 death caused by, 642 Clathrin, 59 for Mycobacterium avium- Choriocarcinomas, 587 hydroxyurea for, 411 Claudication intracellulare, 179 hCG in, 580 imatinib for, 412 atherosclerosis as cause, 286 as prophylaxis, 181 lab findings in, 636 key associations, 644 Buerger disease as cause, 296 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127 methotrexate for, 409 oncogenes and, 230 cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 407 Circadian rhythm of testicles, 598 Philadelphia chromosome and, 644 giant cell arteritis as cause, 296 hypothalamus control of, 456 theca-lutein cysts and, 592 treatments for, 639 Clavulanate, 126 sleep physiology and, 457 Chorionic plate, 566 Chronic myeloproliferative Clavulanic acid, 171 Circle of Willis, 466 Chorionic villi disorders, 404 Claw hand, 421 saccular aneurysms and, 468 in hydatidiform moles, 587 Chronic obstructive pulmonary Klumpke palsy as cause, 420 Circulatory system in placenta, 566 disease (COPD) 237 646 fetal, 264 Clearance of drugs, , 246 591 Chorioretinitis albuterol for, in kidneys, 532 Clear cell adenocarcinomas, congenital toxoplasmosis as β-blockers and, 249 Circumcision, and penile cancer, 597 DES and, 601 cause, 630 cholinomimetic agents and, 244 Cirrhosis, 365 of vagina, 642 Toxoplasma gondii as cause, 165 muscarinic antagonists for, 245 Cleft lip, 570 α1-antitrypsin deficiency as in toxoplasmosis, 140 pulmonary hypertension and, 645 cause, 369 Cleft palate, 570 Choristomas, 228 salmeterol for, 246 alcoholic, 367 22q11 deletion syndromes as Choroid, 482 Chronic pancreatitis, 373 autoantibody associated with, 207 cause, 76 Choroiditis, 484 key associations, 644 cholelithiasis and, 372 Patau syndrome as cause, 74, 632 Chromaffin cells, 306 pancreatic cancer and, 373 cystic fibrosis as cause, 72 Pierre Robin sequence as embryologic derivatives of, 563 pancreatic insufficiency caused esophageal varices and, 354 cause, 569 pheochromocytomas and, 320 by, 358 fresh frozen plasma for, 399 as teratogenic effect, 564 Chromatin, in multiple Chronic placental insufficiency, 530 fructose intolerance as cause, 91 vitamin A overdose as cause, 564 myeloma, 401 Chronic pyelonephritis, 552 as granulomatous disease, 223 Clevidipine, 298 Chromatin structure, 48 lab findings in, 638 gynecomastia caused by, 595 for hypertensive emergency, 298 Chromatolysis, 220 Chronic renal disease, 590 hemochromatosis as cause, 371 Clindamycin, 170, 175 Chromogranin A, 626 Chronic renal failure, 325, 553 hepatocellular carcinomas and, 368 for bacterial vaginosis, 132 Chromosomal disorders, 75 Chronic , as liver cancer and, 645 Clostridium difficile and, 122 karyotyping for, 67 common cause of death, 45 loop diuretics for, 557 for endometritis, 594 Chromosomal translocations, 75, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary non-alcoholic fatty liver disease for lung abscesses, 624 403 hypertension, 622 and, 367 vs. metronidazole, 175 Chronic adrenal insufficiency, 379 Chronic transplant rejection, 211 caused by, 623 as protein synthesis inhibitors, 174 Chronic atrophic gastritis, 642 Churg-Strauss syndrome, 297 portal hypertension caused by, 365 pseudomembranous colitis caused Chronic bronchitis, 618 autoantibody associated with, 207 Wilson disease as cause, 371 by, 252 presentation of, 632 as granulomatous disease, 223 Cirrhotic liver, 643 Clinical reflexes, 476 Chronic closure, 484 lab findings in, 634 Cisplatin, 411 Clinical trials, 32 Chronic gastritis, 356 Chvostek sign, 542, 631 acute tubular necrosis caused Clinical vignette strategies for Chronic gout, 639 in hypoparathyroidism, 325 by, 554 USMLE Step 1 exam, 20 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 700 11/3/15 4:53 PM INDEX INDEX 701

Clitoris, 572 Clue cells, 638 for major depressive disorder, 515 Color blindness, 180 “Clock-face” chromatin, 401 in bacterial vaginosis, 132, 164 for obsessive-compulsive Colorectal cancer, 364 Clofazimine Cluster A personality disorders, 519 disorder, 517 bevacizumab for, 214, 412 for Hansen disease, 125 Cluster B personality disorders, 519 for oppositional defiant cetuximab for, 214, 412 for Mycobacterium leprae, 179 Cluster C personality disorders, 519 disorder, 511 familial adenomatous polyposis Clomiphene, 601 Cluster headaches, 494 for panic disorder, 517 and, 363 hot flashes caused by, 252 triptans for, 505 for phobias, 517 incidence/mortality of, 228 for infertility, 640 c-MYC gene, 230 for postpartum depression, 516 juvenile polyposis syndrome as reproductive hormones and, 600 CNS lymphomas for PTSD, 517 cause, 363 Clomiphene citrate, 591 HIV and, 160 for separation anxiety disorder, 511 lab findings in, 635 , 527 oncogenic microbes and, 231 Cohort studies, 32 Lynch syndrome, 53 for obsessive-compulsive CNS stimulants, 524 relative risk and, 34 molecular pathogenesis of, 364 disorder, 517 Coagulation, 81 Coin lesion on CXR, 626 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 Clonidine, 247 Coagulation cascade, 384 Colchicine Colovesical fistulas, 360 for Tourette syndrome, 511 Coagulation disorders, 396 for acute gout attack, 638 Coltivirus, 151 Cloning methods, as laboratory Coagulation pathways, 383 agranulocytosis caused by, 252 Coma techniques, 67 Coagulative necrosis, 217 for calcium pyrophosphate brain lesions causing, 464 Clonorchis sinensis, 144 MI as cause, 288 deposition disease, 431 hepatic encephalopathy caused diseases associated with, 145 Coagulopathy diarrhea caused by, 252 by, 367 as oncogenic microbe, 231 postpartum hemorrhage as for gout, 431, 448 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia Clonus, 527 cause, 589 microtubules and, 60 nonketotic syndrome as Clopidogrel, 407 preeclampsia as cause, 590 myopathy caused by, 253 cause, 332 for acute coronary syndromes, 290 Coal workers’ , 620 Cold agglutinin disease, 632 hyponatremia as cause, 542 for ischemic stroke, 470 CoA production, 78, 83 Cold agglutinins, 134 medium-chain acyl-CoA thrombogenesis and, 385 Coarctation of aorta, 283, 284, 585 Cold autoimmune hemolytic dehydrogenase deficiency as Closed-angle glaucoma, 484 Cobblestone mucosa, in Crohn anemia, 393 cause, 101 359 pilocarpine for, 244 disease, Cold intolerance rabies as cause, 155 Cocaine, 246 Clostridium spp., 122 hypothyroidism as cause, 631 Reye syndrome as cause, 366 angina caused by, 287 as anaerobic organism, 111 Sheehan syndrome as cause, 632 thyroid storm as cause, 323 β-blockers and, 249 in Gram-positive algorithm, 118 Colectomy, for ulcerative colitis, 359 Trypanosoma brucei as cause, 140 cardiomyopathy caused by, 291 morphology of, 109 Colesevelam, 300 Combined pathway for coronary vasospasm caused by, 251 Clostridium botulinum, 122 Colestipol, 300 coagulation, 383 intoxication and withdrawal, 522 exotoxin produced by, 116 Colistin B, 127 Comedocarcinomas, 596 liver processing of, 346 food poisoning caused by, 161 Colitis, 160 Commaless, nonoverlapping genetic as local anesthetic, 503 as spore-forming bacteria, 114 Collagen, 61 code, 50 as noradrenergic drug, 243 therapeutic uses of, 122 osteoblasts and, 425 Comma-shaped rods, 125 placental abruption and, 588 treatments for, 639 in scar formation, 222 Common bile duct, 340, 347 pulmonary arterial hypertension Clostridium difficile, 122 synthesis and structure, 62 , 152 caused by, 622 antibiotic use and, 122 in wound healing, 223 Common peroneal nerve, 422 as teratogen, 564 metronidazole for, 178 Collagenase, in neutrophils, 378 Common variable immunodeficiency Coccidioides spp. 168 607 208 as nosocomial infection, amphotericin B for, 182 Collapsing pressure, (CVID), presentation of, 630 itraconazole for, 182 Collecting tubules Communicating hydrocephalus, 471 proton pump inhibitors and, 374 silver stain for, 110 defects in, 538 Competence, in bacterial as spore-forming bacteria, 114 Coccidioidomycosis, 135 diuretics and, 556 genetics, 114 treatments for, 639 erythema nodosum and, 444 in nephron physiology, 537 Competitive agonists, 240 vancomycin and, 173 Coccobacilli, 125 potassium-sparing diuretics Competitive inhibitors, 236 watery diarrhea caused by, 162 Coccus bacteria, 109 and, 558 Complement, 199 Clostridium perfringens, 122 antibiotic tests for, 118 Colles fracture, 426 binding of, 196 clindamycin for, 175 Gram stain identification of, 118 Colliculi, 477 disorders of, 199 exotoxin produced by, 117 Cochlea, 481 Colon innate immunity and, 192 food poisoning caused by, 161 Codeine, 499 histology of, 341 Complement activation, 199 as spore-forming bacteria, 114 Codman triangle, 429, 637 ischemia in, 218 by antibodies, 196 watery diarrhea caused by, 162 Codominance, 68 Colon cancer Arthus reaction as cause, 205 Clostridium tetani, 122 Codons, start and stop, 53 5-fluorouracil for, 409 Complementation, viral, 146 exotoxin produced by, 116 “Coffee bean” nuclei of Brenner familial adenomatous polyposis Complex renal cysts, 555 as spore-forming bacteria, 114 tumors, 592 and, 71 Compliance (lungs), 611 treatments for, 639 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) irinotecan/topotecan for, 411 Complications of pregnancy, 588– Clotrimazole, 181, 182 for acute stress disorder, 517 lab findings in, 638 589 Clotting factors, 81 for ADHD, 511, 638 liver metastases in, 644 Comprehensive Basic Science Clozapine, 525 for adjustment disorder, 517 metastases of, 233 Examination (CBSE), 10 agranulocytosis caused by, 252 for anxiety disorders, 516 oncogenes and, 230 Comprehensive Basic Science Self- Clubbing for atypical depression, 515 Staphylococcus gallolyticus Assessment (CBSSA), 11 bronchiectasis as cause, 618 for binge eating disorder, 520 and, 121 Computer-Based Test (CBT) Eisenmenger syndrome as for body dysmorphic disorder, 517 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 exam schedule for, 7–8 cause, 283 for conduct disorder, 511 Colonic ischemia, 362 simulation test for, 5 Clubbing of nails, in cystic fibrosis, 72 for generalized anxiety Colonic polyps, 363 structure of, 3 Club cells, 607 disorder, 517 Colorado tick fever, 151 walkthrough of, 3 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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COMT inhibitors, 504 LMN facial nerve palsy as Cornea, 482 for polymyalgia rheumatica, 435 Conditioning, psychological, 508 cause, 634 collagen in, 61 for syndrome of apparent Conduct disorder, 511 measles as cause, 631 Kayser-Fleischer rings in, 631 mineralocorticoid as antisocial personality disorder in reactive arthritis, 433 Corneal arcus excess, 538 precursor, 519 Connective tissue diseases familial hypercholesterolemia as for Takayasu arteritis, 296 Conducting zone of respiratory aortic dissection and, 287 cause, 71, 105 targets of, 213 tree, 608 pulmonary arterial hypertension hyperlipidemia as cause, 285 for thyroid storm, 323 Conduction aphasia, 463 caused by, 622 Corneal reflex, 479 for Wegener granulomatosis, 296, Conductive hearing loss, 481 thoracic aortic aneurysms Corneal vascularization, 78 639 Condylomata acuminata, 440 and, 286 Corniculate cartilage, 569 Corticotroph hyperplasia, 496 IFN-α for, 187 Connective tissue drug reactions, 253 Coronary aneurysms, 630 Corticotropin-releasing hormone as STI, 167 Conn syndrome, 318 Coronary artery (CRH), 309 Condylomata lata lab findings in, 636 anatomy of, 265 adrenal cortex regulation of, 306 presentation of, 634 Consent, 40 atherosclerosis in, 286, 645 cortisol regulation, 313 syphilis as cause, 131, 167 Consolidation (lung finding), 622 occlusion of, 265 Cushing syndrome and, 317 Confidence intervals, 38 Coronary artery disease signaling pathways of, 316 Confidentiality, 41 aluminum hydroxide as cause, 375 atrial fibrillation and, 278 Cortisol, 313 Confluence of the sinuses, 470 anal fissures caused by, 345 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 adrenal cortex secretion of, 306 Confounding bias, in studies, 36 antipsychotic drugs as cause, 525 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors congenital adrenal hyperplasias Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 642 calcium channel blockers as for, 300 and, 312 Congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 312 cause, 298 hormonal contraception in Cushing syndrome, 317 Congenital conjugated Hirschsprung disease as cause, 361 contraindication, 602 in primary adrenal hyperbilirubinemia, 642 hypothyroidism as cause, 321 hypertension as cause, 284 insufficiency, 318 Congenital heart disease, 282–283 irritable bowel syndrome as menopause as cause, 582 signaling pathways for, 316 disorders associated with, 284 cause, 360 sudden cardiac death caused Cortisone, 446 Down syndrome as cause, 74 as cause, 376 by, 287 Corynebacterium spp. 118 Edwards syndrome as cause, 74 ondansetron as cause, 376 Coronary sinus, development of, 262 in Gram-positive algorithm, morphology of, 109 key associations, 642 as cause, 499 Coronary steal syndrome, 287 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 123 maternal phenylketonuria as osmotic laxatives for, 375 Coronary vasospasm, 251 culture requirements for, 111 cause, 95 ranolazine as cause, 299 Coronaviruses exotoxin produced by, 116 Patau syndrome as cause, 74 vincristine as cause, 411 characteristics of, 151 in unvaccinated children, 169 pulmonary arterial hypertension Constrictive pericarditis genomes of, 147 Coryza, in measles, 631 caused by, 622 jugular venous pulse in, 270 Cor pulmonale, 613, 645 Cough rubella as cause, 165 key associations, 642 bronchitis as cause, 618 ACE inhibitors as cause, 254, 559 Turner syndrome as cause, 634 Contact activation pathway for heart failure and, 292 asthma as cause, 618 Congenital hydroceles, 598 coagulation, 383 pneumoconioses and, 620 bronchitis as cause, 618 Congenital hypothyroidism, 322 Contact dermatitis, 205 Corpus albicans, 579 gastroesophageal reflux disease as cretinism and, 642 Contemplation stage of overcoming Corpus cavernosum cause, 354 Congenital long QT syndrome, 277 addiction, 521 female homolog of, 572 lung cancer as cause, 626 Congenital lung malformations, 606 Continuous heart murmurs, 273 lymphatic drainage of, 573 opioids for, 499 438 579 Congenital nevus, Contraception Corpus luteum, Wegener granulomatosis as 602 Congenital rubella combined, hCG and, 580 cause, 296 cardiac defects associated copper intrauterine device progesterone production in, 577 Councilman bodies, 636 with, 284 for, 602 Corpus spongiosum, 572 yellow fever as cause, 152 heart murmur caused by, 273 emergency, 602 Correct results, in statistical Countertransference, 508 Congenital solitary functioning parental consent for minors hypothesis testing, 38 Courvoisier sign, 632 kidney, 531 and, 40 Corticobulbar tract, 467 pancreatic cancer as cause, 373 Congenital syphilis, 131 progestins for, 602 Corticospinal tract, 467 Cowdry type A bodies, 636 Congenital toxoplasmosis, 140 Contractility, in cardiac output, 267 Corticosteroids Cowper gland, 575 presentation of, 630 Contraction alkalosis, 72 for asthma, 628 Cowpox, 148 Congo red stain, 225 Conversion disorder, 518 cataracts and, 483 Coxiella spp., 112 Conivaptan, 336 Convulsions, vitamin B6 deficiency as for Crohn disease, 359, 639 Coxiella burnetii for SIADH, 328, 640 cause, 78 Cushing syndrome caused by, 317, animal transmission of, 132 Conjoined tendon, 348 Coombs hemolysis, 247 642 endocarditis caused by, 293 Conjugate vaccines, 112 Coombs-positive hemolytic for facial nerve palsy, 480 Q fever caused by, 133 Conjugation anemia, 393 for giant cell arteritis, 296 as spore-forming bacteria, 114 in bacterial genetics, 114 as drug reaction, 252 hyperglycemia caused by, 252 Coxsackievirus, 151 Conjunctival infections , 204, 393 for hypopituitarism, 329 acute pericarditis caused by, 294 Kawasaki disease as cause, 296 COPI/COPII, in cell trafficking, 59 as immunosuppressants, 212 as picornavirus, 152 Conjunctivitis, 484 Copper deficiency, 389 lymphopenia caused by, 394 Coxsackievirus type A, 166 adenoviridae as cause, 148 Copper intrauterine device, 602 for microscopic polyangiitis, 296 rash in, 133 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 181 Copper toxicity, 251 for minimal change disease, 548 Coxsackievirus type B chlamydia as cause, 167 Copy number variations (CNV), 66 neutrophilia caused by, 394 cardiomyopathy caused by, 291 chlamydiae as cause, 134 Cord factor, in mycobacteria, 124 osteonecrosis caused by, 427 myocarditis and, 644 gonococci as cause, 126 Cori cycle, 93 osteoporosis caused by, 253 C-peptide Haemophilus influenzae as Cori disease, 99 pancreatitis caused by, 252 insulin and, 308 cause, 126 presentation of, 632 for polyarteritis nodosa, 296 in insulinomas, 332 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 702 11/3/15 4:53 PM INDEX INDEX 703

Cranial nerves, 479 Creatinine Cryptorchidism, 597 esophageal atresia as cause, 338 1st (olfactory), 479 ACE inhibitor effect on, 559 hypospadias and, 573 key associations, 642 location in brain stem, 477 in acute renal failure, 553 Sertoli cells and, 576 methemoglobinemia as cause, 612 2nd (optic), 479 glomerular filtration rate and, 534 testicular tumors and, 598 patent ductus arteriosus as embryologic derivatives of, 563 in nephritic syndrome, 545 Cryptosporidium spp., 139 cause, 283 in eye anatomy, 482 in proximal convoluted HIV and, 160 pulmonary hypertension as location in brain stem, 477 tubules, 539 hyper-IgM syndrome and, 209 cause, 622 Marcus Gunn pupils and, 487 Creatinine clearance, 534 watery diarrhea caused by, 162 tetralogy of Fallot as cause, 282 3rd (oculomotor), 479 Cre-lox system, 68 Ziehl-Neelsen stain for, 110 Cyanotic shunt, 644 in cavernous sinus, 481 Cremasteric muscle and fascia, 348 Crypts of Lieberkühn, 341 Cyclin-CDK complexes, 58 location in brain stem, 477 Cremaster reflex, 476 C-section deliveries Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), 58 ocular motility and, 488 Crepitus, in necrotizing neonatal flora and, 161 58 palsy of, 469, 489 Cyclins, neonatal respiratory distress in pupillary contraction, 487 fasciitis, 442 , 503 syndrome and, 607 4th (trochlear), 479 Crescentic glomerulonephritis, 635 Cyclooxygenase Cuneiform cartilage, 569 in cavernous sinus, 481 CREST syndrome, 437 acetaminophen and, 446 Curling ulcers location in brain stem, 477 autoantibody associated with, 207 aspirin effect on, 385, 447 ocular motility and, 488 biliary cirrhosis and, 371 gastritis caused by, 356 celecoxib and, 447 palsy of, 489 Raynaud phenomenon and, 437 Currant jelly sputum, 128, 169 NSAID effect on, 447 5th (trigeminal), 479 Cretinism, 322 Klebsiella pneumonia as cause, 633 Cyclophilin targets, 213 as branchial arch derivative, 569 key associations, 642 “Currant jelly” stools, 362, 633 Cyclophosphamide, 410 lesion in, 480 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 161, 491 Curschmann spirals, 618, 635 hemorrhagic cystitis caused location in brain stem, 477 dementia caused by, 513 Cushing disease, 317 by, 253 migraine headaches and, 494 “Crew cut” on skull X-ray, 389, 392, Cushing-like symptoms for microscopic polyangiitis, 296 neuralgia of, 494 636 prednisone as cause, 412 for polyarteritis nodosa, 296 in tongue, 452 CRH. See Corticotropin-releasing protease inhibitors as cause, 186 SIADH caused by, 253, 328 279 6th (abducens), 479 hormone (CRH) Cushing reaction, toxicities of, 413 location in brain stem, 477 317 Cribriform plate, 478 Cushing syndrome, transitional cell carcinoma ocular motility and, 488 acanthosis nigricans and, 444 Cricoid cartilage, 569 and, 551 palsy of, 489 anovulation caused by, 591 Cricothyroid muscle, 569 for Wegener granulomatosis, 296, 7th (facial), 479 glucocorticoids as cause, 212, 336 Cri-du-chat syndrome, 75 639 as branchial arch derivative, 569 key associations, 642 chromosome associated with, 75 Cycloplegia lesions in, 480 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 369, 370 atropine as cause, 245 location in brain stem, 477 small cell lung cancer as cause, 626 presentation of’, 633 muscarinic antagonists for, 245 in tongue, 452 Cushing ulcers, 641 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic Cyclosporine 8th (vestibulocochlear), 479 gastritis caused by, 356 fever, 151 gingival hyperplasia caused by, 253 acoustic neuromas and, 453 Cutaneous anthrax, 121 location in brain stem, 477 Crohn disease, 359, 641 gout caused by, 253 edema toxin and, 116 schwannomas and, 496 azathioprine for, 212 as immunosuppressant, 212 Cutaneous flushing 9th (glossopharyngeal), 279, 479 B deficiency caused by, 390 targets of, 213 12 carcinoid syndrome as cause, 332 as branchial arch derivative, 569 cholelithiasis and, 372 Cyclothymic disorder, 514, 515 as drug reaction, 251 location in brain stem, 477 as granulomatous disease, 223 Cyproheptadine, 527 Cutaneous larva migrans, 143 in tongue, 452 637 600 lab findings in, Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 142 Cyproterone, 10th (vagus), 279, 479 natalizumab for, 214 Cystathionine, 78 as branchial arch derivative, 569 Cutaneous mycoses, 136 spondyloarthritis and, 433 Cutaneous neurofibromas, 71 Cystathionine synthase deficiency, 96 lesion in, 480 sulfasalazine for, 375 Cysteine, 96 location in brain stem, 477 Cutaneous paraneoplastic treatments for, 639 Cystic duct, 347 in tongue, 452 syndromes, 229 vitamin B deficiency caused Cysticercosis, 144 11th (accessory), 479 12 Cutis aplasia by, 80 Cystic fibrosis, 72 lesion in, 480 Patau syndrome as cause, 74, 632 36 137 location in brain stem, 477 Crossover studies, CXCR4 Aspergillus fumigatus and, 32 618 12th (hypoglossal), 479 Cross-sectional studies, as receptor, 150 bronchiectasis and, lesion in, 480 , 154 CXCR4/CCR5 protein chromosome associated with, 75 location in brain stem, 477 lab findings in, 638 cells present on, 202 common organisms with, 162 in tongue, 452 paramyxoviruses as cause, 153 Cyanide fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies impingement of, 426 pulsus paradoxus in, 294 in electron transport chain, 89 and, 76 lesions of, 480 CRP, and ESR, 224 as electron transport inhibitor, 89 lab findings in, 635 nuclei of, 478 Crust, skin, 438 methemoglobin affinity for, 612 meconium ileus in, 362 pathways for, 478 Cryoprecipitate, 399 methemoglobinemia as N- for, 627 reflexes, afferent/efferent for, 479 Crypt hyperplasia, 358 treatment, 612 pancreatic insufficiency caused Craniopharyngiomas, 497, 563, 642 Cryptococcal meningitis, 182 Cyanide poisoning by, 358 hypopituitarism caused by, 329 Cryptococcosis, 137 nitroprusside as cause, 298 pancreatitis and, 644 Craniotabes, 427 Cryptococcus spp. treatment for, 251 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 113, C-reactive protein (CRP) amphotericin B for, 182 Cyanopsia, 603 127 as acute-phase reactants, 198 meningitis caused by, 163 Cyanosis Cystic hygromas, 441 innate immunity and, 192 as urease-positive organism, 112 “blue babies,” 282 Turner syndrome as cause, 585, 634 in osteomyelitis, 163 Cryptococcus neoformans, 137 “blue kids,” 283 Cystine, 549 Creatine, 94 HIV and, 160 bronchitis as cause, 618 Cystinosis, 538 Creatine kinase, 186 stains for, 110 Eisenmenger syndrome as Cystinuria, 96 Creatine phosphate, 103 treatments for, 639 cause, 283 Cystitis, 551, 552 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 703 11/3/15 4:53 PM 704 INDEX INDEX

Cytarabine, 409 DAF (GPI-anchored enzyme) Decompression sickness, 617 Dementia, 491, 513 in cell cycle, 408 deficiency, 199 Deep brachial artery, 423 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease as Cytochrome C, 216 Dalfopristin, 170 Deep inguinal ring, 348 cause, 161 Cytochrome P-450 for VRE, 181 Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 616 HIV and, 160 azoles and, 182 Dalteparin, 405 direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 407 Huntington disease as cause, 71, barbiturates and, 501 Danazol, 602 embolic stroke and, 470 462, 630 cimetidine and, 374 for endometriosis, 594 glucagonomas as cause, 332 key associations, 643 epilepsy drug effects on, 500 pseudotumor cerebri and, 471 heparin for, 405 metachromatic leukodystrophy as griseofulvin and, 183 reproductive hormones and, 600 lab findings in, 636 cause, 100, 493 interactions with, 254 Dandy-Walker syndrome, 451 tamoxifen/raloxifene and, 413 pellagra as cause, 78, 631 macrolides and, 176 Dantrolene, 503 Deer flies, as disease vectors, 143 splice site mutations as cause, 52 effect on, 500 for malignant hyperthermia, 502, Defensins, 192 Demyelinating disease, 643 porphyria caused by, 395 640 Deferasirox Demyelination rifamycins and, 179 for neuroleptic malignant for hemochromatosis, 371 diseases of, 493 ritonavir and, 186 syndrome, 525 for iron poisoning, 251, 396 in vitamin B12 deficiency, 474 Cytokeratin Dapagliflozin, 335 Deferiprone Dendritic cells, 380 as cytoskeletal element, 60 Dapsone, 177 for hemochromatosis, 371 innate immunity and, 192 in epithelial cells, 438 for dermatitis herpetiformis, 443 for iron poisoning, 251 Langerhans cell histiocytosis as stain, 60 for Hansen disease, 125 Deferoxamine and, 403 Cytokine receptor, 230 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency for hemochromatosis, 371 in T- and B-cell activation, 194 Cytokines, 200 caused by, 252 for iron poisoning, 251, 396 Dengue, 151 in Graves disease, 323 for Mycobacterium leprae, 179 Deformation, 563 Denial, as ego defense, 508 recombinant, 213 for Pneumocystis jirovecii, 138 Degenerate/redundant genetic Denosumab, 214 Cytokinesis, 58 Daptomycin, 178 code, 50 for osteoporosis, 426, 640 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 149 for MRSA, 181 Degmacytes, 386 De novo pyrimidine and purine calcification and, 220 for Staphylococcus aureus, 641 in G6PD deficiency, 90, 392 synthesis, 49 372 84 cholecystitis and, Dark-field microscopy, 130 Dehydration rate-determining enzyme for, cidofovir for, 185 Dense deposit disease, 547 Darunavir, 184 filtration effects of, 535 esophagitis and, 354 Dental caries, 120 for HIV, 186 loop diuretics as cause, 557 foscarnet for, 185 Dental plaque Datura, 245 mannitol as cause, 557 ganciclovir for, 185 bacteria producing, 113 Daunorubicin, 410 osmotic laxatives as cause, 375 HIV and, 160 normal flora on, 161 dilated cardiomyopathy caused SGLT-2 inhibitors as cause, 335 hyper-IgM syndrome and, 209 Dentate nucleus, 459 by, 251 shock caused by, 292 in immunodeficient patients, 210 Dentin DCC gene, 230 Dehydrogenases, 84 lab findings in, 636 collagen in, 61 D-dimer lab, 616 Deiodinase, 315 pneumonia caused by, 624 in osteogenesis imperfecta, 63 Deafness Delavirdine, 184 receptors for, 150 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 63 Alport syndrome as cause, 547 for HIV, 186 retinitis and, 486 Denys-Drash syndrome, 551 congenital long QT syndrome as Delirium, 512 as ToRCHeS infection, 165 Dependent personality disorder, 519 cause, 277 antipsychotic drugs for, 525 treatments for, 639 Depersonalization/derealization congenital syphilis as cause, 131 withdrawal as Cytoplasmic membrane disorder, 512 165 522 in bacterial cell walls, 108 rubella as cause, cause, panic disorder as cause, 517 165 513 as bacterial structure, 108 syphilis as cause, dementia and, Depression Cytoplasmic processing bodies Deamination, and base excision diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 331 anorexia nervosa and, 520 (P-bodies), 54 repair, 53 PCP as cause, 523 atypical antipsychotics for, 525 Cytoplasm, metabolism in, 83 Death thyroid storm as cause, 323 atypical features in, 515 Cytosine methylation, 48 aortic dissection as cause, 287 Delirium tremens (DTs), 524 benzodiazepine withdrawal as Cytoskeletal elements, 60 causes of, common, 45 alcohol withdrawal as cause, 522, cause, 522 Cytosol, 424 children, explaining to, 42 523 dementia caused by, 513 Cytotoxic T cells, 194 eclampsia as cause, 590 Δ cells, 307 dissociative identity disorder cell surface proteins, 202 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia somatostatinomas of, 332 and, 512 Cytotrophoblasts, 566 nonketotic syndrome as somatostatin produced by, 350 drug therapy for, 524 choriocarcinomas and, 587 cause, 332 Δ-dimers, 636 electroconvulsive therapy for, 516 pulmonary embolism as Delta virus, 151 glucagonomas as cause, 332 D cause, 617 “Delta wave” on EKG, 635 Huntington disease as cause, 71, pulmonary hypertension as Delta wave sleep, 457 D2 antagonists, 525 462 Dabigatran, 640 cause, 622 Deltoid muscle hyperparathyroidism as cause, 326 Daclizumab rabies as cause, 155 axillary nerve injury and, 419 marijuana withdrawal as cause, 523 as immunosuppressant, 212 sleep apnea as cause, 621 in Erb palsy, 420 MDMA withdrawal as cause, 523 targets of, 213 sudden cardiac death as cause, 287 Delusional disorder, 514 metoclopramide as cause, 376 , 386 thyroid storm as cause, 323 Delusions, 513 for, 248 Dactinomycin, 410 Debranching enzyme mesolimbic pathway and, 458 neurotransmitter changes in, 511 RNA polymerase inhibition by, 54 in Cori disease, 99 schizophrenia as cause, 514 neurotransmitters for, 455 targets of, 408 in glycogen metabolism, 98 Demeclocycline, 336. See postpartum, 516 Dactylitis Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), 199 also Tetracyclines Selective serotonin reuptake seronegative spondyloarthritis as Deceleration injury, 286 diabetes insipidus caused by, 253, inhibitors (SSRIs) for, 527 cause, 433 Decidua basalis, 566 328 serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake sickle cell anemia as cause, 392 Decision-making capacity, 40 for SIADH, 328, 640 inhibitors (SNRIs) for, 527 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 704 11/3/15 4:53 PM INDEX INDEX 705

sexual dysfunction caused by, 520 lithium as cause, 526 presentation of, 631 misoprostol as cause, 375 stimulant withdrawal as cause, 522 potassium-sparing diuretics for, 558 treatments for, 639 opioids for, 499 suicide and, 516 thiazides for, 558 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 331 opioid withdrawal as cause, 522 treatments for, 639 treatments for, 639 diabetes mellitus type 1 as organisms causing, 162 Deprivation effects on infants, 510 Diabetes mellitus, 330–331. See cause, 330 osmotic laxatives as cause, 375 De Quervain thyroiditis, 322 also Hyperglycemia Diabetic nephropathy pellagra as cause, 78, 631 Dermacentor tick, as disease acanthosis nigricans and, 444 ACE inhibitors for, 559 rotavirus as cause, 152 vector, 132 atherosclerosis and, 286 angiotensin II receptor blockers Salmonella as cause, 129 Dermatitis atypical antipsychotics as for, 559 SCID as cause, 209 B-complex deficiency as cause, 76 cause, 525 Diabetic neuropathy, 527 serotonin syndrome as cause, 527 glucagonomas as cause, 332 β-blockers and, 249 Diabetic retinopathy, 485 Shigella as cause, 129 pellagra as cause, 78, 631 binge eating disorder as cause, 520 Diagnosis errors, 46 threadworms as cause, 143 as type IV hypersensitivity breast milk as risk reduction Diagnosis of parathyroid disease, 325 thyroid storm as cause, 323 reaction, 205 for, 581 Diagnostic test evaluation, 33 Vibrio cholerae as cause, 129 Dialectical behavior therapy for vitamin B5 deficiency as cause, 78 Candida albicans and, 137 VIPomas as cause, 350 borderline personality vitamin B7 deficiency as cause, 79 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 418 vitamin C toxicity as cause, 80 Dermatitis herpetiformis, 443 cataracts and, 483 disorder, 519 Whipple disease as cause, 634 celiac disease and, 358 chronic renal failure and, 553 Dialysis-related amyloidosis, 225 Yersinia enterocolitica as cause, 129 Dermatology, 437–445 CN III damage caused by, 489 Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 390 Diastole, 270 macroscopic terms, 438 diabetic ketoacidosis caused by, 331 Diapedesis, 221 heart failure and, 292 microscopic terms, 439 diabetic retinopathy caused by, 485 Diaper rash heart murmurs of, 272, 273 Dermatomes, landmark, 476 drug therapy for, 334–335 Candida albicans as cause, 137 heart sounds of, 272 Dermatomyositis, 436 endometrial cancer and, 594 nystatin for, 182 Diastolic pressure, 266 autoantibody associated with, 207 facial nerve palsy caused by, 480 Diaphoresis Diazepam, 501 Dermatophytes, 136 Friedreich ataxia as cause, 475 acromegaly as cause, 327 for alcohol withdrawal, 524 288 Dermatophytoses, 182 fungal infections and, 169 MI as cause, flumazenil and, 240 serotonin syndrome as cause, 527 Dermis, 437 glaucoma and, 484 for tetanus, 122 Diaphragmatic hernias, 349 Dermoid cysts, 592 glucagonomas as cause, 332 Diclofenac, 447 Diaphragm structures, 609 Descending colon, 339 glucocorticoids as cause, 336 arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 Diaphysis, 429 Desert bumps/desert rheumatism, 135 glucosuria in, 536 Dicloxacillin, 170 Diarrhea , 502 hemochromatosis as cause, 371 characteristics of, 171 amebiasis as cause, 139 , 527 hypertension and, 284, 298 for Staphylococcus aureus, 641 Bacillus cereus as cause, 122 Desloratadine, 627 Klebsiella and, 128 Dicrotic notch, in cardiac cycle, 270 B-complex deficiency as cause, 76 Desmin mucormycosis and, 137 Dicyclomine, 245 bismuth/sucralfate for, 375 as cytoskeletal element, 60 neonatal respiratory distress Didanosine, 184 bronchial carcinoid tumor as as stain, 60 syndrome and, 607 for HIV, 186 cause, 626 Desmoplakin, 438 pancreatic cancer and, 373 pancreatitis caused by, 252 Campylobacter jejuni as cause, 128 Desmopressin polyhydramnios and, 589 Diencephalon, 450 carcinoid syndrome as cause, 631 for diabetes insipidus, 639 preeclampsia and, 590 Diethylcarbamazine, 183 cholera toxin as cause, 116 for hemophilia, 396 in pregnancy, cardiac defects for nematode infections, 143 cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning 311 336 284 601 Desmopressin acetate, , associated with, as cause, 244 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), for diabetes insipidus, 328 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 127 clindamycin as cause, 175 clear cell adenocarcinoma of Desmosome, 438 pyelonephritis and, 552 Clostridium difficile as cause, 122, vagina and, 591, 642 autoantibody to, 207 readmissions caused by, 45 630 as teratogen, 564 Desquamated epithelium casts in renal papillary necrosis and, 554 Cryptosporidium as cause, 139 Differential media, 110 sputum, 635 sexual dysfunction caused by, 520 as drug reaction, 252 Differential tables for USMLE Step 1 , 527 tacrolimus and, 212 ezetimibe as cause, 300 exam, 13 Detached retina, 485 teratogenic effects of, 564 giardiasis as cause, 139 Differentiation, tumor, 226 Detemir insulin, 334. See also Insulin type 1 vs. type 2, 331 graft-versus-host disease as Diffuse cortical necrosis, 552 Developmental delays, caused by urinary tract infections in, 164 cause, 211 Diffuse glomerular disorders, 544 renal failure, 553 UTIs and, 552 HIV and, 160 Diffuse hemorrhage, 156 Developmental milestones, 43 Diabetes mellitus type 1, 331 hyperthyroidism as cause, 321 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Dexamethasone, 336. See anencephaly and, 451 inflammatory bowel diseases as (DLBCL), 400, 402 also Glucocorticoids autoantibody associated with, 207 cause, 359 Diffuse proliferative arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 HLA-DR3 and, 193, 643 irritable bowel syndrome as glomerulonephritis Dexlansoprazole, 374 HLA-DR4 and, 193, 643 cause, 360 (DPGN), 546, 638 Dexrazoxane, 410 treatments for, 334, 639 lactase deficiency as cause, 92 Diffuse scleroderma, 437 dilated cardiomyopathy prevention Diabetes mellitus type 2, 331 lactose intolerance as cause, 358 Diffuse stomach cancer, 356 with, 251 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia leflunomide as cause, 447 Diffuse systemic scleroderma, 635 , 524 nonketotic syndrome loperamide for, 376 Diffusion-limited gas exchange, 613 Dextrocardia, 262 and, 332 magnesium deficiency caused Digestion , 499, 627 treatments for, 334, 639 by, 314 bile function in, 352 Diabetes insipidus, 328 Diabetic glomerulonephropathy, 548 magnesium hydroxide as cause, 375 carbohydrate absorption, 352 antidiuretic hormone in, 311 Diabetic ketoacidosis malabsorption syndromes as malabsorption syndromes, 358 demeclocycline as cause, 336 black eschar and, 630 cause, 358 pancreatic secretions for, 352 desmopressin acetate for, 336 ketone bodies in, 102 metabolic acidosis caused by, 543 ulcerative colitis and, 359 as drug reaction, 253 metabolic acidosis as cause, 543 metoclopramide as cause, 376 vitamin/mineral absorption, 352 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 705 11/3/15 4:53 PM 706 INDEX INDEX

Digestive tract Dipyridamole, 407 Diverticula of GI tract, 360 Dorsal interossei muscle, 421 anatomy of, 341 for coronary steal syndrome, 287 Diverticulitis, 360 Dorsal motor nucleus, 479 histology of, 341 Direct factor Xa inhibitors, 407 vs. appendicitis, 360 Dorsal optic radiation, 489 Digitalis Direct hernias, 348 Diverticulosis, 360 Dorsal pancreatic bud, 339 contractility, effect on, 267 Direct inguinal hernias, 349 Diverticulum, 360 Dosage calculations, 237 hyperkalemia caused by, 542 Direct thrombin inhibitors, 405 Diverticulum in , 643 Double-blinded studies, 32 toxicity treatment for, 251 Disc herniation, 423 Dizziness, 495 “Double bubble” sign on X-ray, 338 Digitoxin, 61 Disease prevention, 44 calcium channel blockers as Double stranded viruses, 147 Digoxin, 301 Disopyramide, 302 cause, 298 Double Y males, 585 antidote for, 214 Disorganized speech, in DMPK gene, 73 Down syndrome, 74 for dilated cardiomyopathy, 291 schizophrenia, 514 DNA acute lymphoblastic leukemia sodium-potassium pump Disorganized thought, 513 cloning methods, 67 and, 402 inhibition, 61 Displacement, as ego defense, 508 free radical effect on, 221 acute myelogenous leukemia therapeutic index value of, 240 Disruption, in organogenesis, 563 introns vs. exons, 55 and, 402 Digoxin immune Fab, 214 Disseminated candidiasis, 137 methylation of, 48 Alzheimer disease and, 491 Digoxin poisoning Disseminated intravascular mutations in, 52 cardiac defects associated with, 284 magnesium for, 304 coagulation (DIC) protein synthesis direction, 53 cataracts and, 483 Dihydroergotamine, 494 acute myelogenous leukemia as repair of, 53 chromosome associated with, 75 Dihydrofolate reductase, 49 cause, 402 replication of, 51 duodenal atresia and, 338 Dihydrofolic acid, 177 amniotic fluid emboli as cause, 617 DNA laddering in apoptosis, 216 hCG in, 580 Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase Ebola as cause, 156 DNA ligase, 51 Hirschsprung disease and, 361 leflunomide effect on, 49, 447 endotoxins as cause, 117 DNA polymerase inhibitors, 255 horseshoe kidney and, 531 Dihydropyridine calcium channel fresh frozen plasma for, 399 DNA polymerases, 51 intellectual disability caused blockers, 255 key associations, 643 DNA topoisomerases, 51 by, 643 Dihydropyridine receptor, 424 lab findings in, 636 DNA viruses, 148 lab findings in, 635 209 Dihydrorhodamine test, microangiopathic anemia caused characteristics of, 147 presentation of, 633 582 248 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), by, 393 genomes of, 147 Doxazosin, in genital development, 572 , 527 placental abruption as cause, 588 replication of, 147 pharmacologic control of, 600 Doxorubicin, 410 in, 387 , 246 Dihydroxyacetone-P in fructose cardiomyopathy caused by, 291 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome Dofetilide, 303 metabolism, 91 dilated cardiomyopathy caused as cause, 318, 630 Dogs, as disease vectors, 144, 163, Dilated cardiomyopathy, 291 by, 251 Dissociation, as ego defense, 508 136, 169 doxorubicin as cause, 410 targets of, 408 Dissociative amnesia, 512 Dominant inheritance, 70 as drug reaction, 251 toxicities of, 413 Dissociative disorders, 512 Dominant negative mutations, 68 heart failure caused by, 292 Doxycycline, 170, 175 Dissociative fugue, 512 Dominant parietal cortex lesions, 464 hemochromatosis as cause, 371 for chlamydiae, 134 Dissociative identity disorder, 512 Donepezil, 244 muscular dystrophy as cause, 73 for Chlamydia trachomatis, 639 Distal convoluted tubules, 532 for Alzheimer disease, 505 wet beriberi as cause, 77, 631 for lymphogranuloma defects in, 538 DOPA, in tyrosine catabolism, 95 Diltiazem, 298, 304 venereum, 134 diuretics and, 556 Dopamine, 246, 309, 455 , 627 for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 134 in filtration, 535 atypical antipsychotic effects Dimercaprol for Rickettsia rickettsii, 640 537 525 for arsenic toxicity, 251 in nephron physiology, on, DPC4/SMAD4 gene, 230 for gold poisoning, 251 renal tubular acidosis of, 544 bupropion effect on, 528 DPP-4 inhibitors, 335 for lead poisoning, 251, 389 Distal humerus, 423 in depression, 511 Dressler syndrome for mercury poisoning, 251 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) as derivative, 94 MI as cause, 288 Dinitrophenol, 89 joints, 421 in Huntington disease, 71, 462, 511 presentation of, 630 Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, 607 Distal vagina, lymphatic drainage kidney functions, 541 DRESS syndrome, 500 , 627 of, 573 lactation and, 310 Drooling, treatment for, 245 Diphenoxylate, 499 Distortions of hand, 421 MAO inhibitor effect on, 528 Drug clearance, 646 Diphtheria Distribution, statistical, 37 in noradrenergic drugs, 243 Drug-induced lupus, 207 Corynebacterium diphtheriae as Distributive shock, 292 in Parkinson disease, 504, 511 Drugs cause, 123 Disulfiram pheochromocytoma secretion autonomic, 243 exotoxins as cause, 115 for alcoholism, 523, 638 of, 320 cholinomimetic agents, 244 vaccine for, 123 ethanol metabolism and, 83 prolactin and, 310 dosage calculations, 237 Diphtheria toxin, 116 Disulfiram-like reaction, 254 in schizophrenia, 511 efficacy vs. potency, 239 lysogenic phage and, 114 Diuresis, for shock, 292 in tyrosine catabolism, 95 elimination of, 238 Diphyllobothrium latum, 144 Diuretics vitamin B6 and, 78 errors in, 46 acute interstitial nephritis caused Dopamine agonists B12 deficiency caused by, 390 interactions, 237 diseases associated with, 145 by, 554 for Parkinson disease, 504 metabolism of, 238 for dilated cardiomyopathy, 291 prolactin, effect on, 310 vitamin B12 deficiency caused patient difficulty with, 42 by, 80 electrolyte changes, 558 for prolactinomas, 326, 640 reactions to, 251–254 Diplococci, 125 for glaucoma, 498 Dopamine antagonists, 310 therapeutic index, 240 Diplopia, 631 in gout, 448 Dopamine receptors, 242, 460 toxic dose, 240 myasthenia gravis as cause, 436 magnesium levels and, 314 Dopaminergic pathways, 458 toxicities, 251 osmotic demyelination syndrome pancreatitis caused by, 252 Doripenem, 170, 173 Drug trials, 32 as cause, 492 for SIADH, 328 Dornase alfa (DNAse), 72 Dry beriberi, 77 pseudotumor cerebri as cause, 471 site of action, 556 Dorsal column of spinal cord, 472, Dry cough, caused by ACE vertigo caused by, 495 Diverticula, 645 473 inhibitors, 254 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Dry mouth Dysmyelinating diseases, 493 , 386 Edema toxin, 116 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Dyspareunia, 520 Echothiophate, 498 Edinger-Westphal nuclei, 487 syndrome as cause, 436 endometriomas as cause, 592 Echovirus, 151 EDRF. See Endothelium-derived antidepressants as endometriosis as cause, 594 as picornavirus, 152 relaxing factor (EDRF) cause, 527 Dyspepsia, 603 Eclampsia, 590 Edrophonium, 244, 503 Dry skin, caused by Vitamin A Dysphagia benzodiazepines for, 501 Edwards syndrome, 74 toxicity, 77 achalasia as cause, 354 hypertensive emergency and, 284 cataracts and, 483 Dubin-Johnson syndrome, 369, 370, esophageal cancer as cause, 355 Ecthyma gangrenosum, 127 chromosome associated with, 75 642 gastroesophageal reflux disease as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 127 hCG in, 580 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 73 cause, 354 Ectocervix, 574 horseshoe kidney and, 531 frameshift mutation as cause, 52 heart enlargement as cause, 265 Ectoderm presentation of, 632 presentation of, 630 osmotic demyelination syndrome branchial clefts derived from, 568 , 184 as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 as cause, 492 derivatives of, 563 for HIV, 186 Ductal adenocarcinomas, 347 Plummer-Vinson syndrome as Ectoparasites, 145 Effective refractory period Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 596 cause, 354, 388, 631 Ectopic pregnancy, 589 Class IA antiarrhythmic effect Ductal carcinomas, 595 sclerodermal esophageal vs. appendicitis, 360 on, 302 Ductal lumen, 596 dysmotility as cause, 354 Chlamydia trachomatis as Class IC antiarrhythmic effect Ductus arteriosus, 568 stroke as cause, 467 cause, 134 on, 302 in fetal circulation, 264 Zenker diverticulum as cause, 361 hCG in, 580 myocardial action potential postnatal derivative of, 264 Dysplasia, 226, 227 Kartagener syndrome as cause, 60 and, 274 Ductus deferens Dyspnea methotrexate for, 409 Effective renal plasma flow, 534, 647 embryology of, 571 aortic stenosis as cause, 273 salpingitis and, 167 Effects analysis for medical errors, 46 ureter and, 532 asthma as cause, 618 Eculizumab, 214 Efferent arteriole, 532 Ductus venosus bronchitis as cause, 618 for paroxysmal nocturnal angiotensin II, effect on, 541 in fetal circulation, 264 emphysema as cause, 633 hemoglobinuria, 392 ANP/BNP effect on, 540 postnatal derivative of, 264 heart failure as cause, 292 Eczema, 440 constriction of, 535 208 541 , 527 hypersensitivity as hyper-IgE syndrome as cause, , dopamine, effect on, cause, 619 633 in filtration, 535 Duodenal atresia, 338 hypothyroidism as cause, 321 phenylketonuria as cause, 95 Efferent nerves, 279 Down syndrome as cause, 74 pneumothorax as cause, 623 skin scales in, 438 Efficacy of drugs, vs. potency, 239 Duodenal ulcers, 357 pulmonary embolism and, 617 as type I hypersensitivity EGF. See Epidermal growth factor Duodenum, 339 Wegener granulomatosis as reaction, 204 (EGF) biliary structures and, 347 cause, 296 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome as EGFR gene, 626 histology of, 341 Dysthymia, 514, 515 cause, 209 Ego defenses, 508 location of, 351 Dystonia, 461 Eczematous dermatitis, 439 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 63 Duplex collecting system, 531 benztropine for, 245 Edema collagen and, 62 Dural venous sinuses, 470 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome as acute poststreptococcal collagen deficiency in, 61 Duret hemorrhage, 498 cause, 50 glomerulonephritis as heart murmur caused by, 273 Dwarfism, 327 nigrostriatal pathway and, 458 cause, 546 presentation of, 631 achondroplasia as cause, 426 Dystrophic calcification, 220 Arthus reaction as cause, 205 saccular aneurysms and, 468 D-xylose test, 358 Dystrophin gene, 73 calcium channel blockers as Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 132 60 Dynein, Dysuria cause, 298 Ehrlichiosis, 133 Dysarthria, 463 BPH as cause, 599 capillary fluid exchange and, 281 animal transmission of, 132 cerebellar vermis lesions and, 464 prostatitis as cause, 599 cirrhosis as cause, 365 Eikenella spp., 293 Friedreich ataxia as cause, 475 UTIs as cause, 164, 552 danazol as cause, 602 Eisenmenger syndrome, 283 osmotic demyelination syndrome diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 331 cyanotic shunt and, 644 as cause, 492 E endotoxins as cause, 117 Ejaculation Dyschezia Eardrum, 481 fludrocortisone as cause, 336 innervation of, 575 endometriosis as cause, 594 Early-onset Alzheimer disease, 74 glitazone/thiazolidinediones as sperm pathway in, 575 Dysentery Ear physiology, 481 cause, 334 Ejaculatory ducts, 575 amebiasis as cause, 139 Earthquakes, coccidioidomycosis glomerular filtration barrier embryology of, 571 Escherichia coli as cause, 128 incidence after, 135 and, 533 Ejection click, 643 Shigella spp. and, 116 Eastern equine encephalitis, 151 heart failure as cause, 292 Ejection fraction, 267, 647 Dysgerminomas, 593 Eating disorders, 520 immunosuppressants as cause, 212 Ejection murmur, 634 Dysgeusia, 82 Eaton agar, 111 as inhalational injury, 222 Elastase, 352 Dyslipidemia, 105 for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 134 Kawasaki disease as cause, 296 in emphysema, 618 β-blockers as cause, 249 Ebola, 156 kwashiorkor as cause, 82 Elastic recoil, 611 metoprolol as cause, 303 as filovirus, 151 loop diuretics for, 557 Elastin, 64 renal failure as cause, 553 Ebstein anomaly, 263, 282 myxedema as cause, 631 Elbow injuries, 417 vitamin B3 for, 78 fetal lithium exposure as cause, 564 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 548, Elder abuse, 41 Dysmenorrhea, 579 lithium as cause, 284, 526 633 Electrocardiograms (ECGs), 276 adenomyosis as cause, 594 Eburnation, 637 / acute pericarditis on, 294 copper IUD as cause, 602 E-cadherin, 438 for, 627 cardiac tamponade on, 294 endometriomas as cause, 592 in neoplastic progression, 227 pulmonary hypertension as MI diagnosis with, 289 endometriosis as cause, 594 Echinocandins, 181, 183 cause, 613 tracings of, 278 Dysmetria cutaneous flushing caused by, 251 Trichinella spiralis and, 145 Electroconvulsive therapy, 516 stroke as cause, 467 Echinococcus granulosus, 144 trichinosis as cause, 143 for major depressive disorder, 515 vertigo caused by, 495 diseases associated with, 145 wet beriberi as cause, 77, 631 for postpartum psychosis, 516 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 707 11/3/15 4:53 PM 708 INDEX INDEX

Electrolyte disturbances, 542 Encephalitis Endometritis, 594 Enteroviruses, meningitis caused Electron transport chain, 89 Cryptococcus neoformans as pelvic inflammatory disease as by, 163 Electron transport inhibitors, 89 cause, 137 cause, 167 Enveloped viruses, 146 Elek test, 123 guanosine analogs for, 184 Endometrium, 574 Envelopes, viral, 147 Elementary bodies in chlamydiae, 134 HIV and, 160 conditions of, 594 env gene, 158 Elephantiasis, 143 HSV-2 as cause, 165 Endoneurium, 454 Enzyme kinetics, 236 11β-hydroxylase, 312 measles as cause, 154 Endoplasmic reticulum, 58, 59 11β-hydroxysteroid small cell lung cancer as cause, 626 Endosomes, 59 rate-determining, 84 dehydrogenase, 538 VZV as cause, 149 Endothelial cells terminology for, 84 11-deoxycorticosterone, 312 Encephalopathy in filtration, 535 Eosinopenias, 394 11-deoxycortisol, 312 hypertensive emergency and, 284 in glomerulus, 532 Eosinophilia, 379 metyrapone and, 318 lead poisoning as cause, 389 in wound healing, 223 Aspergillus fumigatus as cause, 137 Elfin facies, in Williams syndrome, 75 Lyme disease as cause, 130 Endothelium-derived relaxing factor macrolides as cause, 176 Elimination of drugs, 238 neuroleptic malignant syndrome as (EDRF), 316 Eosinophilic esophagitis, 354 urine pH and, 238 cause, 525 Endothelium, in leukocyte Eosinophilic inclusions, 636 ELISA (enzyme-linked End-diastolic volume, 266 extravasation, 221 Eosinophils, 378, 379 immunosorbent assay), 67 Endemic typhus, 132 Endotoxins, 115, 117 corticosteroid effect on, 394 HIV diagnosis with, 158 Endocannabinoids, 311 End-stage renal disease findings, 638 cortisol effect on, 313 , 386 Endocardial cushion, 262 End-systolic volume, 266 in esophagus, 354 Elliptocytosis, 386 Endocardial fibroelastosis, 291 , 502 as immune response to Elongation of protein synthesis, 57 Endocarditis seizures caused by, 253 helminths, 142 Eltrombopag, 213 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 181 Enfuvirtide, 184, 186 Ependymomas, 497 Emancipated minors, 40 bacteria causing, 113 Enhancers, in gene expression, 54 neurofibromatosis type 2 as EMB agar, 111 bacterial, 293 Enoxacin, 178 cause, 71 Escherichia coli on, 164 Candida albicans as cause, 137 Enoxaparin, 405 Ephedrine, 246 178 lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria dapsone for, for deep venous thrombosis, 616 as noradrenergic drug, 243 273 on, 126 heart murmur caused by, Entacapone, 504 Epicanthal folds, in cri-du-chat heroin addiction and, 523 Emboli, caused by Entamoeba spp., 178 syndrome, 75 Staphylococcus aureus as cause, 119 atherosclerosis, 286 Entamoeba histolytica, 139 Epidemics, 153 Endocervix, 574 Embolic stroke, 470 bloody diarrhea caused by, 162 Epidemic typhus, 132 Endochondral ossification, 425 Emboliform nucleus, 459 Enteritis Epidemiology/biostatistics, 32–39 Endocrinal drug reactions, 252 Embryogenesis vitamin B deficiency as cause, 78 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) Endocrinal paraneoplastic 5 genes involved in, 562 vitamin B deficiency as cause, 79 signaling pathways for, 316 syndromes, 229 7 intrinsic pathway and, 216 vitamin B deficiency caused in wound healing, 223 Endocrine hormone signaling 12 Embryology by, 80 Epidermis, 437 pathways, 316 cardiovascular, 262–264 Enterobacter spp. embryologic derivatives of, 563 Endocrine pancreas cell types, 307 derivatives of, 563 lactose fermentation by, 126 Epidermophyton, 136 , 306–336 endocrinal, 306 morphology of, 109 Epididymis, 575 anatomy, 306–307 erythropoiesis, 381 as nosocomial infection, 168 embryology of, 571 embryology, 306 gastrointestinal, 338–339 Enterobacter aerogenes, 172 Epididymitis, 167 pathology, 317–333 571 469 genital, pharmacology, 334–336 Enterobius spp. Epidural hematomas, neurological, 450–452 physiology, 308–316 diseases associated with, 145 key associations, 643 pancreatic, 339 Endoderm infection routes, 142 presentation of, 632 renal, 530–531 branchial pouches derived Enterobius vermicularis, 143, 643 Epigastric veins, 344 reproductive, 562–573 from, 568 Enterochromaffin-like cells, 319 respiratory, 606–607 derivatives of, 563 Enterococci, 121 Haemophilus influenzae as splenic, 339 Endodermal tubules, 606 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins cause, 126 USMLE Step 1 preparation Endometrial artery, 566 for, 171 lab findings in, 638 for, 258 Endometrial cancer, 594, 643 treatments for, 639 in unvaccinated children, 169 Embryonal carcinomas, 598 epidemiology of, 590 vancomycin for, 173 Epilepsy, 494 Emotionally distraught patients, 42 estrogens and, 601 vancomycin-resistant (VRE), 121 drug therapy for, 500 Empagliflozin, 335 lab findings in, 637 Enterococcus spp. gustatory hallucinations in, 513 Emphysema, 618 Lynch syndrome and, 363 in Gram-positive algorithm, 118 lung abscesses and, 624 α1-antitrypsin deficiency as PCOS and, 591 UTIs caused by, 164 splice site mutations as cause, 52 cause, 369 progestins for, 602 Enterococcus faecalis, 121 Sturge-Weber syndrome as compliance in, 611 tamoxifen and, 413 Enterococcus faecium, 121 cause, 495 diffusion in, 613 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Epinephrine, 246. See diffusion-limited gas exchange Endometrial hyperplasia, 594 (EHEC), 128 also Catecholamines in, 613 follicular cysts as cause, 592 bloody diarrhea caused by, 162 adrenal medulla secretion of, 306 elastin and, 64 progesterone and, 577 exotoxin produced by, 116 α-blockade of, 248 presentation of, 633 Endometrial vein, 566 Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli for anaphylactic reaction, 206 Empty sella syndrome, 329 Endometriomas, 592 (EIEC), 128, 162 diabetes mellitus caused by, 330 Emtricitabine, 184 Endometriosis, 594 Enterokinase/enteropeptidase, 352 for glaucoma, 498 for HIV, 186 danazol for, 602 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli glycogen regulation and, 97 Enalapril, 559 endometriomas and, 592 (ETEC), 128 in nervous system, 241 Encapsulated bacteria, 112 lab findings in, 635 exotoxin produced by, 116 pheochromocytoma secretion vaccines for, 112 ovarian neoplasms and, 592 watery diarrhea caused by, 162 of, 320 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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in tyrosine catabolism, 95 Erythema nodosum, 444 in neonates, 165 prolactin, effect on, 310

vitamin B6 and, 78 Crohn disease as cause, 359 as nosocomial infection, 168 signaling pathways for, 316 Epineurium, 454 sarcoidosis and, 435 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins thecoma production of, 592 Epiphysis, tumors in, 429 ulcerative colitis as cause, 359 for, 171 in Turner syndrome, 585 Epiploic foramen of Winslow, 340 Erythroblastosis fetalis, 382 pneumonia caused by, 162 Estrone, 600 Episcleritis as type II hypersensitivity prostatitis caused by, 599 Eszopiclone, 501 Crohn disease as cause, 359 reactions, 204 splenic dysfunction and, 191 Etanercept, 448 ulcerative colitis as cause, 359 Erythrocytes, 378 type III secretion system of, 113 lupus-like syndrome caused by, 253 Epispadias, 573 blood types of, 382 urinary tract infections caused Ethacrynic acid, 557 Epistaxis, 616 Coombs test, 393 by, 552, 646 Ethambutol, 180 hereditary hemorrhagic DAF deficiency and, 199 UTIs caused by, 164 for Mycobacterium telangiectasia as cause, 71 erythropoietin and, 541 Escherichia coli O157:H7, 161 tuberculosis, 179, 640 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome as glucose usage by, 308 E-selectin, in leukocyte Ethanol cause, 634 in hereditary spherocytosis, 392 extravasation, 221 as carcinogen, 231 Epithelial cell junctions, 438 macrophages and, 379 Esmolol, 249, 303 metabolism of, 83 Epithelial cells, tumor in multiple myeloma, 401 Esomeprazole, 374 zero-order elimination of, 238 nomenclature, 228 in myeloproliferative disorders, 404 Esophageal atresia, 338 Ethics, 39–42 Epithelial hyperplasia, 595 pathologic forms of, 386–387 Esophageal cancer, 355 confidentiality, 41 Epithelial tumors, 60 spheroid, in spherocytosis, 71 achalasia and, 354 consent, 40 Epithelium, 341 stacked, 638 key associations, 643 core principles of, 39 Eplerenone, 558 in urine, 544, 637 Esophageal dysmotility in CREST directives, 41 Epoetin alfa, 213 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate syndrome, 437 situations in, 42 Epoprostenol (ESR), 224 Esophageal squamous cell Ethinyl estradiol, 601 for pulmonary arterial in osteomyelitis, 163 carcinomas, 354 for contraception, 602 hypertension, 640 in subacute granulomatous Esophageal strictures, 354 Ethosuximide, 500 for pulmonary hypertension, 627 thyroiditis, 322 Esophageal varices, 344, 354 for absence seizures, 638 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 149 Erythrocytosis, 378 Esophageal veins, 344 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic aplastic anemia caused by, 391 oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation Esophageal webs, 354, 388 (EDTA), 389 Burkitt lymphoma and, 400 curve and, 612 Esophagitis, 354 Ethylene glycol hairy leukoplakia and, 442 Erythroderma, 631 bisphosphonates as cause, 447 metabolic acidosis caused by, 543 head and neck cancer and, 616 Erythrogenic toxin (Group A as drug reaction, 252 toxicity treatment for, 251, 639 HIV and, 160 strep), 114 HIV and, 160 Etonogestrel, 602 Hodgkin lymphoma and, 399 Erythromelalgia Esophagus Etoposide, 411 in immunodeficient essential thrombocythemia as anastomosis at, 344 in cell cycle, 408 patients, 210 cause, 404 blood supply and innervation targets of, 408 lab findings in, 635, 636 polycythemia vera as cause, 404 of, 342 as topoisomerase inhibitors, 51 as oncogenic microbe, 231 Erythromycin, 170, 176 in diaphragm, 609 Euchromatin, 48 receptors for, 150 diarrhea caused by, 252 histology of, 341 Eukaryotes Eptifibatide, 407 as prophylaxis, 181 pathologies of, 354 DNA replication in, 51 thrombogenesis and, 385 as protein synthesis inhibitor, 174 Essential amino acids, 92 functional gene organization Erb palsy, 420 reactions to, 252 Essential fructosuria, 91 in, 54 presentation of, 632 Erythroplasia of Queyrat, 597 Essential hypertension, 298 ribosomes in, 57 , 520 Erythropoiesis, 621 Essential thrombocythemia, 404 RNA polymerases in, 54 β-blockers as cause, 249, 303 Erythropoietin Essential tremor, 461 RNA processing, 54 cimetidine as cause, 374 for anemia of chronic disease, 391 Esters, as local anesthetics, 503 Eustachian tubes, 570 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic in aplastic anemia, 391 Estradiol, 600 Ewing sarcomas, 429, 637 syndrome as cause, 436 hemangioblastoma production Estriol dactinomycin for, 410 PDE-5 inhibitors for, 603 of, 496 in Down syndrome, 74 lab findings in, 637 Peyronie disease and, 597 high altitude and, 615 in Edwards syndrome, 74 Exanthem subitum, 149 sildenafil for, 627 kidney functions, 541 pharmacologic control of, 600 Excitatory pathway, 460 treatments for, 639 polycythemia and, 229, 630 Estrogen, 577, 601 Executioner caspases, 216 Erection, innervation of, 575 in polycythemia vera, 404 in androgen insensitivity Exemestane, 601 Ergosterol synthesis, 181 signaling pathways for, 316 syndrome, 586 Exenatide, 335 Ergosterol synthesis inhibitors, 255 Escherichia coli, 128 in bone formation, 425 Exercise Ergot alkaloids, 251 as catalase-positive organism, 112 breast cancer and, 596 pulse pressure in, 266 Erlotinib, 412 cephalosporins for, 172 endometrial cancer caused by, 594 respiratory response to, 615 Errors, medical, 46 chronic granulomatous disease in fibroadenomas, 595 Exocrine glands, 242 Ertapenem, 170, 173 and, 209, 643 in genital development, 572 Exons, vs. introns, 55 Erysipelas, 442 culture requirements for, 111 Granulosa cell tumors and, 593 Exophytic mass in colorectal Streptococcus pyogenes as on EMB agar, 126 in Klinefelter syndrome, 585 cancer, 364 cause, 120 as encapsulated bacteria, 112 lactation and, 581 Exotoxin A, 116, 117 Erythema galactosemia as cause, 91 in menopause, 582 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 127 hernias as cause, 349 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 in menstrual cycle, 579 Exotoxins, 115 Kawasaki disease as cause, 296 in immunodeficient patients, 210 osteoporosis and, 426 organisms with, 116–117 Erythema marginatum, 120, 294 lactose fermentation by, 126 in ovulation, 578 Expectorants, 627 Erythema migrans, 130, 632 meningitis caused by, 163 in pregnancy, 580 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 610 Erythema multiforme, 443 morphology of, 109 in premature ovarian failure, 591 External hemorrhoids, 345 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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External iliac arteries, 342 False-negative rate, 33 Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion Fexofenadine, 627 External inguinal ring, 349 False-positive rate, 33 reaction, 206 FGF. See Fibroblast growth factor External spermatic fascia, 348 Falx cerebri, 498 Febrile , 148 (FGF) Extinction, in conditioning, 508 Famciclovir, 184 Febuxostat FGF gene, 562 Extracellular fluid (ECF), 533 Familial adenomatous polyposis, 363 for gout, 431, 448, 639 Fibrates, 300 Extragonadal germ cell tumors, 598 APC gene and, 364 for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 50 hepatitis caused by, 252 Extraperitoneal tissue, 348 autosomal dominance of, 71 Fecal elastase, 358 for hypertriglyceridemia, 640 Extravascular hemolysis, 391 chromosome associated with, 75 Fecalith obstruction, in myopathy caused by, 253 Extrinsic hemolytic anemia, 393 lab findings in, 638 appendicitis, 360 Fibrinogen Extrinsic pathway, 216 Familial dyslipidemias, 105 Fecal microbiota transplant, 122 as acute-phase reactant, 198 for coagulation, 383 Familial hypercholesterolemia, 105 Fecal retention, 512 in cryoprecipitate, 399 warfarin and, 406 autosomal dominance of, 71 Feces, and bilirubin, 353 ESR and, 224 Exudate, vs. transudate, 224 presentation of, 630 Federation of State Medical Boards in platelet plug formation, 385 Exudative pleural effusion, 623 Familial hypocalciuric (FSMB), 2 receptor for, 378 Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly, 471 hypercalcemia, 325 Fed state, 87, 103 in thrombocytes, 378 Eyes Family therapy for separation anxiety Felty syndrome, 430 in thrombogenesis, 385 anatomy of, 482 disorder, 511 Female genital embryology, 571 Fibrinoid necrosis, 217 aqueous humor pathway, 483 Famotidine, 374 Female reproductive anatomy, 574 Fibrinolysis, in coagulation bilateral movement of, 490 Fanconi anemia, 391 Female reproductive epithelial cascade, 384 motility of, 488 nonhomologous end joining histology, 574 Fibrinolytic system, 383 Ezetimibe, 300 and, 53 Femoral artery, 347 Fibrinous pericarditis, 288 diarrhea caused by, 252 presentation of, 633 Femoral hernias, 349 Fibroadenomas, 595, 642 Fanconi syndrome, 538 Femoral nerve, 347, 422 location of, 595 F as drug reaction, 253 Femoral region, 347 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) Fab region of antibodies, 196 presentation of, 633 Femoral ring, 347 signaling pathways for, 316 Fabry disease, 100 renal tubular acidosis as cause, 544 Femoral sheath, 347 in wound healing, 223 as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 Wilson disease as cause, 371 Femoral triangle, 347 Fibroblast growth factor receptor Facial dysmorphism as teratogenic Fascia, collagen in, 61 Femoral vein, 347 (FGFR3), 426 effect, 564 Fasciculations, as motor neuron Fenofibrate, 300 Fibroblasts Facial nerve (7th cranial nerve), 479 sign, 473 Fenoldopam, 246, 298 cortisol and, 313 as branchial arch derivative, 569 Fasciculations, LMN damage as for hypertensive emergency, 298 in wound healing, 223 lesions in, 480 cause, 632 Fentanyl, 499 Fibrocystic changes of breast, 595, location in brain stem, 477 Fastigial nucleus, 459 Ferritin 637 pathway for, 478 Fasting plasma glucose test, 330 as acute-phase reactant, 198 Fibroid tumors, 594 in tongue, 452 Fasting state, 87, 103 in anemia, 394 leuprolide for, 601 Facial nerve palsy, 480 Fast twitch muscle fibers, 424 in anemia of chronic disease, 391 Fibromas, 592 Borrelia burgdorferi as cause, 169 Fat emboli, 617 in iron deficiency anemia, 388 nomenclature for, 228 Lyme disease as cause, 130 Fatigue lab values in anemia, 394 Fibromuscular dysplasia, 284 Factitious disorder, 518 adrenal insufficiency as cause, 318 in sideroblastic anemia, 389 Fibromyalgia, 435 vs. malingering, 518 adrenocortical insufficiency as Ferrochelatase, 395 Fibronectin Factor IX concentrate, 396 cause, 633 Ferruginous bodies, 636 in cryoprecipitate, 399 Factor VIII concentrate, 396 heart failure as cause, 292 Fertility in thrombocytes, 378 Factor V Leiden mutation, 384 hypothyroidism as cause, 321 GnRH and, 309 Fibrosarcomas, 228 Factor Xa Fat necrosis, 217, 595 Fertilization, 578, 580 Fibrosis direct inhibitors of, 407 calcification and, 220 Fetal. See also Pregnancy diffusion-limited gas exchange heparin effect on, 405 Fat redistribution, as drug Fetal alcohol syndrome, 284, 564, 565 in, 613 Factor Xa inhibitors, 383 reaction, 253 holoprosencephaly and, 451 as cause, 620 Factor XI concentrate, 396 Fat-soluble vitamins, 76 Fetal circulation, 264 Fibrous plaque in atherosclerosis, 286 Facultative intracellular Fatty acids Fetal death, from parvovirus, 148 Fick principle, 266 organisms, 112 in gluconeogenesis, 89 Fetal development, early, 562 Fidaxomicin, 122 FADH (flavin adenine metabolism of, 101 Fetal distress Fiduciary duty to patients, 39 dinucleotide), 88 oxidation of, 83, 84 placental abruption as cause, 588 Fifth disease Failing the USMLE Step 1 exam, 21– Fatty acid synthase, 78 vasa previa as cause, 589 B19 virus as cause, 148 22 Fatty acid synthesis Fetal erythropoiesis, 381 presentation of, 630 Failure mode analysis for medical location of in cell, 83 Fetal hemoglobin, 611 rash caused by, 166 errors, 46 rate-determining enzyme for, 84 Fetal hemorrhage, 564 50S inhibitors, 174 Failure to thrive Fatty casts, 544 Fetal hypothyroidism, 322 Filgrastim, 213 as child neglect sign, 510 in nephrotic syndrome, 548 Fetal lung maturity, 607 Filoviruses deprivation as cause, 510 Fatty liver disease Fetal-postnatal derivatives, 264 characteristics of, 151 galactosemia as cause, 91 hepatocellular carcinoma Fetal respiration, 606 Ebola as, 156 orotic aciduria as cause, 390 and, 368 Fetal tissue, collagen in, 61 as negative-stranded, 152 SCID as cause, 209 lab findings in, 638 Fetor hepaticus, 365 Filtration, 535 Falciform ligament, 340 Fatty liver, in Reye syndrome, 366 Fever Filtration fraction, 647 Fallopian tubes Fava beans, as cause of G6PD bacterial endocarditis as cause, 293 glomerular dynamics, effect anatomy of, 574 deficiency, 392 Kawasaki disease as cause, 296 on, 535 epithelial histology of, 574 FBN1 gene, 71 thyroid storm as cause, 323 Fimbria, 108 fertilization in, 580 Fc region of antibodies, 196 tuberculosis as cause, 124 anatomy of, 574 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Financial considerations in Clostridium botulinum as in cryptorchidism, 597 FOXP3 protein, 194 treatment, 42 cause, 122 in Kallmann syndrome, 586 Fragile X syndrome, 73 Finasteride, 603 spinal cord lesions causing, 474 in Klinefelter syndrome, 585 chromosome associated reproductive hormones and, 600 Flow cytometry, 66 in menopause, 582 with, 75 Fingernails, glomus tumors Flow volume loops, 619 ovulation/spermatogenesis and, 310 intellectual disability caused under, 441 Fluconazole, 181, 182 in PCOS, 591 by, 643 First-order elimination, 238 for Candida albicans, 137, 639 pharmacologic control of, 600 as trinucleotide repeat expansion Fishbone diagram, 46 for Cryptococcus neoformans, 639 in premature ovarian failure, 591 disease, 73 Fishy smell, in Gardnerella for systemic mycoses, 135 progesterone and, 577 X-linked dominant inheritance vaginalis, 132 Flucytosine, 182 secretion of, 307 of, 70 Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, 167 Fludrocortisone, 336. See signaling pathways of, 316 Frameshift mutations, 52 gonococci as cause, 126 also Glucocorticoids in spermatogenesis, 576 muscular dystrophy and, 73 5-aminosalicylic drugs, 359, 375 Fluid compartments, 533 in Turner syndrome, 585 Francisella spp. 5α-reductase Flumazenil Follicular conjunctivitis, 134 as intracellular organism, 112 testosterone and, 582 for benzodiazepine overdose, 251, Follicular cysts, 592 morphology of, 109 5α-reductase deficiency, 571, 586 501, 522 Follicular lumen, 315 Francisella tularensis 5α-reductase inhibitors diazepam and, 240 Follicular lymphomas, 216, 400, 645 animal transmission of, 132 for benign prostatic nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics chromosomal translocations in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 hyperplasia, 638 and, 501 and, 403 Frataxin, 475 for BPH, 599 Fluorescence in situ hybridization, 67 Follicular phase of menstrual Free fatty acids 5-fluorouracil, 409 Fluorescent antibody stain, 110 cycle, 579 in diabetic ketoacidosis, 331 in cell cycle, 408 Fluoroquinolones, 170, 178 Follicular thyroid carcinomas, 324 in fast/starvation states, 103 photosensitivity caused by, 253 for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 134 Fomepizole lipid transport and, 104 pyrimidine synthesis and, 49 in pregnancy, avoiding, 187 ethanol metabolism and, 83 Free nerve endings, 454 targets of, 408 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127 for ethylene glycol/methanol Free radical injury, 219, 221 toxicities of, 413 tendonitis/cartilage damage caused intoxication, 639 Fresh frozen plasma, 399 5-HT by, 253 as toxicity treatment, 251 for warfarin toxicity, 251, 641 in anxiety, 511 as topoisomerase inhibitors, 51 Fondaparinux, 383 “Fried egg” cells in ovarian in depression, 511 for typhoid fever, 129 Food allergies, and eczema, 440 tumors, 593 MAO inhibitor effect on, 528 , 527 Food poisoning Friedreich ataxia, 475 mechanism of, 526 Fluphenazine, 525 Bacillus cereus as cause, 122 chromosome associated with, 75 opioid effect on, 499 for Tourette syndrome, 511, 524 bacteria causing, 114 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy serotonin syndrome and, 527 Flutamide, 603 key associations, 643 and, 291 effect on, 499 for prostate cancer, 640 organisms causing, 161 as trinucleotide repeat expansion effect on, 528 reproductive hormones and, 600 Staphylococcus aureus as cause, 119 disease, 73 effect Fluticasone, 628 toxic shock syndrome toxin as Frontal eye fields, 462 on, 527 FMR1 gene, 73 cause, 117 lesions in, 464

5-HT1B/1D agonists Foam cells Food toxins, 250 Frontal lobe naming convention for, 255 in atherosclerosis, 286 Foot drop, from lead poisoning, 389 lesions in, 464 5-HT agonists, 505 Niemann-Pick disease as cause, 100 Foramen cecum, 306 stroke effects, 467 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5- Focal glomerular disorders, 544 Foramen magnum, 478 Frontotemporal dementia, 491 HIAA), 319 Focal hepatic necrosis, 252 Foramen of Magendie, 471 ex vacuo ventriculomegaly caused in carcinoid syndrome, 332 Focal necrotizing vasculitis, 296 Foramen of Monro, 471 by, 471 Fixation, as ego defense, 508 Focal neurological signs Foramen ovale, 262, 478 Fructokinase Fixed splitting, 271 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia in fetal circulation, 264 essential fructosuria and, 91 Flaccid paralysis, 473 nonketotic syndrome as postnatal derivative of, 264 in fructose metabolism, 91 botulinum toxin as cause, 116 cause, 332 Foramen primum, 262 in metabolic pathways, 85 LMN lesion as cause, 475 meningiomas as cause, 496 Foramen rotundum, 478 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 84 Flagellin, 192 vertigo and, 495 Foramen secundum, 262 in gluconeogenesis, 89 Flagellum Focal segmental Foramen spinosum, 478 in metabolic pathways, 85 as bacterial structure, 108 glomerulosclerosis, 548 Foramina of Luschka, 471 Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, 87 in cell walls, 108 nephrotic syndrome and, 644 Forebrain, 450 Fructose intolerance, 91 Flash cards for USMLE Step 1 Focal seizures, 494 anomalies of, 451 Fructose metabolism exam, 13 Folate antagonists, 564 Foregut diagram of, 85 Flat affect, 458 Folate synthesis blood supply/innervation of, 342 disorders of, 91 Flat facies in Down syndrome, 74 sulfonamides and, 177 development of, 338 Fructosuria, 91 Flavin nucleotides, 86 trimethoprim and, 177 Formoterol, 628 FSH. See Follicle-stimulating Flaviviruses Folic acid Fornix, 458, 574 hormone (FSH); characteristics of, 151 anencephaly and, 451 46,XX/46,XY DSD, 586 See Follicle-stimulating genomes of, 147 for neural tube defect Fosamprenavir, 184 hormone (FSH) Fleas, as disease vectors, 132, 133 prevention, 640 for HIV, 186 FTA-ABS test for syphilis, 131 Flecainide, 302 neural tube defects and, 451 Foscarnet, 185 Fumarate, in urea cycle, 93 Flexor digiti minimi muscle, 421 in pregnancy, 79 for CMV, 639 Functional residual capacity Flexor pollicis brevis muscle, 421 synthesis and reduction of, 170 Fosphenytoin, 500 (FRC), 610 Flies, as disease vectors, 143 Follicles, lymph, 190 Fossa ovalis, 264 chest wall and, 611 Floppy baby syndrome Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Fovea, 482 in flow volume loops, 619 botulinum toxin as cause, 116 clomiphene effect on, 601 cherry-red spot at, 486 Fundus, 574 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 711 11/3/15 4:53 PM 712 INDEX INDEX

Fungal infections Galactose metabolism oncogenic microbes and, 231 Gene inheritance modes, 70 IL-12 receptor deficiency as diagram of, 85 sign of Leser-Trélat and, 229 General anesthetic, 255 cause, 208 disorders of, 91 trastuzumab for, 413 Generalized anxiety disorder thymic aplasia as cause, 208 Galactosemia, 91 Gastric obstruction, 357 (GAD), 516, 517 Fungi cataracts and, 483 Gastric sclerosis, 437 buspirone for, 526 culture requirements for, 111 Galantamine, 244 Gastric ulcers, 357 drug therapy for, 524 immunocompromised patients for Alzheimer disease, 505 key associations, 641 Selective serotonin reuptake and, 162 Galant reflex, 476 NSAID toxicity as cause, 447 inhibitors (SSRIs) for, 527 necrosis and, 217 Gallbladder, 347 Gastric vessels, 340 serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake opportunistic infections, 137 blood supply and innervation Gastrin, 350 inhibitors (SNRIs) for, 527 silver stain for, 110 of, 342 location of, 351 treatments for, 639 topical infections, treatment of, 182 cholecystokinin effect on, 350 signaling pathways for, 316 Generalized seizures, 494 Funny current, 275 Gallbladder cancer somatostatinomas and, 332 Genetics, 68–77 , 254, 557 porcelain gallbladder and, 372 Gastrinomas, 336 22q11 deletion syndromes, 76 gout caused by, 253 sclerosing cholangitis and, 371 Gastritis, 356 autosomal dominant diseases, 71 interstitial nephritis caused by, 253 Gallstone ileus, 372 gastrin in, 350 autosomal recessive diseases, 72 autosomal trisomies, 74 pancreatitis caused by, 252 Gallstones. See Cholelithiasis H2 blockers for, 374 Fusion inhibitors, 186 γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) Helicobacter pylori as cause, 130 bacterial, 114 Fusobacterium spp. in alcohol use, 522 key associations, 642 chromosomes, and disorders, 75 alcoholism and, 162 γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), 366 proton pump inhibitors for, 374 code features, 50 as anaerobic organism, 111 γ-interferon, 379 stomach cancer and, 356 genetic terms, 68–69 lung abscesses caused by, 624 Ganciclovir, 185 Gastrocolic ligament, 340 modes of inheritance, 70 agranulocytosis caused by, 252 Gastroduodenal artery, 343 muscular dystrophies, 73 G for CMV, 639 Gastroenteritis trinucleotide repeat expansion G6PD Ganglioneuromatosis, 634 Listeria monocytogenes as diseases, 73 72 HMP shunt and, 84 Gangrene cause, 123 X-linked recessive disorders, in respiratory burst, 201 Buerger disease as cause, 296 rotavirus as cause, 152 Genetic shift/drift in viruses, 153 G6PD deficiency, 90, 392 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 Gastroepiploic arteries, 343 Genital herpes, 167 in anemia taxonomy, 388 Gangrenous necrosis, 217 ligament containing, 340 Genitalia degmacytes in, 386 Gap junctions, 438 Gastroesophageal reflux disease ambiguous, 571, 585, 586 Heinz bodies in, 387 Gardener’s pupil, 245 (GERD), 354 embryology of, 571 as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 Gardnerella spp., 109 esophageal cancer and, 355 estrogen and, 577 GABA, 455 Gardnerella vaginalis, 132 Gastrohepatic ligament, 340 male/female homologs, 572 in anxiety, 511 lab findings in, 638 Gastrointestinal bleeding Genital lesions, 632, 634 barbiturate effect on, 501 metronidazole for, 178 hereditary hemorrhagic Genital tubercles, 572 basal ganglia and, 460 Gardner syndrome, 363 telangiectasia as cause, 71 Genital ulcers, 167 benzodiazepine effect on, 501 presentation of, 632 iron poisoning as cause, 396 Genital warts, 167 as derivative, 94 Gargoylism, 100 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome as Genitourinary cancer, 644 epilepsy drug effect on, 500 Garlic breath, in arsenic toxicity, 87 cause, 634 Genitourinary drug reactions, 253 in Huntington disease, 462, 511 Gas gangrene Gastrointestinal drug reactions, 252 Genotyping microarrays, 66 in Huntington disease, 71 117 340 alpha toxin as cause, Gastrointestinal ligaments, Gentamicin, 170, 174 78 114 vitamin B6 and, bacteria causing, Gastrointestinal stromal tumors for endometritis, 594 GABA channels, 183 Clostridium perfringens as (GISTs), 230 Geriatric patients Gabapentin, 500 cause, 122, 162 Gastrointestinal system, 338–377 Alzheimer disease in, 491 GABAB receptor agonists, 492 Gastrectomy, 390 anatomy, 339–348 amyloidosis in, 225 gag gene, 158 Gastric acid, 351 blood supply to, 342 angiosarcomas in, 441 Gag reflex, 479 histamine receptors and, 242 embryology, 338, 338–339 atropine in, 245 Gait problems somatostatin and, 350 innervation of, 342 changes in, 44 muscular dystrophy as cause, 73 Gastric adenocarcinomas pathology, 353–374 cherry hemangiomas in, 441 Parkinson disease as cause, 461, acanthosis nigricans and, 444 pharmacology, 374–376 colonic ischemia and, 362 633 Helicobacter pylori as cause, 130 physiology, 350–354 in, 238 Galactocerebrosidase, 100 Gastric arteries, 343 regulatory substances, 350 lipofuscin in, 225 in Krabbe disease, 493 ligaments containing, 340 secretory products, 351 Medicare for, 44 Galactocerebroside, 100 Gastric bypass surgery Gastroschisis, 338 nosocomial infections in, 168 Galactokinase, 85 ghrelin and, 350 Gastrosplenic ligament, 340 osteoporosis in, 426 Galactokinase deficiency, 91 vitamin B12 deficiency caused Gaucher disease, 100, 644 volvulus in, 362 cataracts and, 483 by, 80 osteonecrosis caused by, 427 Zenker diverticulum in, 361 Galactorrhea Gastric cancer, 356 presentation of, 631 Germinal center, in spleen, 191 antipsychotic drugs as cause, 309, brain metastases in, 644 Gaussian distribution, 37 Germinal centers of lymph 525 carcinogens causing, 231 G-CSF. See Granulocyte-colony nodes, 190 pituitary prolactinomas as chronic atrophic gastritis and, 642 stimulating factor (G-CSF) Gerstmann syndrome, 464 cause, 309 chronic gastritis and, 356 Gemfibrozil, 300 Gestational diabetes mellitus, 334 tuberoinfundibular pathway key associations, 642, 645 Gemifloxacin, 178 cardiac defects associated with, 284 and, 458 lab findings in, 637 Gender dysphoria, 520 Gestational hypertension, 590 Galactose-1-phosphate, 85 liver metastases in, 644 Gender identity, 43 GFAP (glial fibrillary acid proteins) Galactose-1-phosphate metastases of, 233 Gene expression modifications, 68 as astrocyte marker, 453 uridyltransferase, 91 oncogenes and, 230 Gene expression regulation, 54 as cytoskeletal element, 60 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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in pilocytic astrocytomas, 497 Glomerular diseases, 545 in adrenal insufficiency, 318 Gluteus medius muscle, 422 as stain, 60 nomenclature of, 544 adrenal steroids and, 312 Gluteus minimus muscle, 422 GH. See Growth hormone (GH) Glomerular filtration barrier, 533 arachidonic acid pathway GLUT transporters, 308 Ghon complex, 636 Glomerular filtration rate, 534, 647 and, 446 Glyburide, 334 in tuberculosis, 124 ACE inhibitor effect on, 559 for calcium pyrophosphate Glyceraldehyde, 91 Ghon focus, 124 ANP effect on, 541 deposition disease, 431 Glycerol, 91 Ghrelin, 311, 350 glomerular dynamics, effect diabetes mellitus caused by, 330 hunger and, 456 on, 535 fat redistribution caused by, 253 derivatives of, 94 GHRH. See Growth-hormone- juxtaglomerular apparatus and, 540 for gout, 431, 448 in nucleotide synthesis, 49 releasing hormone in prerenal azotemia, 553 myopathy caused by, 253 Glycocalyx, 108 (GHRH) Glomerulonephritis for rheumatoid arthritis, 430 Glycogen, 98 Giant cell arteritis, 296 Alport syndrome as cause, 547 Glucokinase in cell injury, 218 Giant cell pneumonia, 154 azathioprine for, 212 vs. hexokinase, 86 insulin and, 308 Giant cells bacterial endocarditis as cause, 293 in metabolic pathways, 85 periodic acid-Schiff stain for, 110 in chronic inflammation, 219 intrinsic renal failure caused Gluconeogenesis, 89 regulation of, 97 Giant cell tumors, 429 by, 553 cortisol and, 313 Glycogenesis Giant cell tumors of bone, 638 key associations, 643 diagram of, 85 diagram of, 85 Giardia spp. lab findings in, 635, 637, 638 ethanol metabolism and, 83 rate-determining enzyme for, 84 metronidazole for, 178 pharyngitis and, 120 glucagon and, 309 Glycogenolysis watery diarrhea caused by, 162 RBC casts in, 544 in insulin deficiency, 330 diagram of, 85 Giardia lamblia, 139 Streptococcus pyogenes as location of in cell, 83 glucagon and, 309 Giardiasis, 139 cause, 120 metformin effect on, 334 in insulin deficiency, 330 Giemsa stain, 110 Wegener granulomatosis as pyruvate metabolism and, 88 rate-determining enzyme for, 84 for Borrelia, 130 cause, 296 rate-determining enzyme for, 84 thyroid hormones and, 315 chlamydiae on, 134 Glomerulus thyroid hormones and, 315 Glycogen phosphorylase, 84 Gigantism, 311, 327 anatomy of, 532 Glucose in glycogen metabolism, 98 Gilbert syndrome, 369, 370, 643 changes in dynamics, 535 ATP production and, 86 Glycogen phosphorylase kinase, 97 Gingiva, blue line on, 630 nodular hyaline deposits in, 637 blood-brain barrier and, 455 Glycogen storage diseases, 99, 538 Gingival hyperplasia Glomus tumors, 441 clearance of, 536 Glycogen synthase, 84 calcium channel blockers as Glossitis for diabetic ketoacidosis, 331 in glycogen metabolism, 98 cause, 298 B-complex deficiency as cause, 76 GH secretion and, 311 in glycogen regulation, 97 cyclosporine as cause, 212 megaloblastic anemia as cause, 390 in glycogen metabolism, 98 Glycolysis as drug reaction, 253 Plummer-Vinson syndrome as insulin and, 308 arsenic and, 86 epilepsy drugs causing, 500 cause, 354, 631 metabolism of, 52 diagram of, 85

Gingivostomatitis, 149 vitamin B3 deficiency as cause, 78 Neisseria fermentation of, 126 hexokinase/glucokinase in, 86 Gitelman syndrome, 538 vitamin B9 deficiency as cause, 79 for porphyria, 395 location of in cell, 83 markers in, 542 Glossopharyngeal nerve (9th cranial transporters, 308 metformin effect on, 334 Glans penis, 575 nerve), 479 Glucose-6-phosphatase pyruvate metabolism and, 88 cancer of, 597 as branchial arch derivative, 569 in gluconeogenesis, 89 rate-determining enzyme lymphatic drainage of, 573 location in brain stem, 477 in HMP shunt, 90 for, 84 Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 385 pathway for, 478 in Von Gierke disease, 99 regulation of, 87 presentation of, 632 receptor transmission by, 279 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic type 2 muscle fibers and, 424 Glargine insulin, 334. See also Insulin in tongue, 452 peptide (GIP), 350 Glycopeptides, 170 Glaucoma, 484 Glossoptosis, 569 Glucosuria Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, 407 acetazolamide for, 557 GLP-1 analogs, 335 glucose clearance and, 536 Glycoproteins, in HIV, 158 atropine as cause, 245 Glucagon, 309 in pregnancy, 536 Glycopyrrolate, 245 β-blockers for, 249 for β-blocker toxicity, 251, 303 SGLT-2 inhibitors as cause, 335 Glycosylation, 57 carbachol for, 244 catabolic effects of, 309 Glulisine insulin, 334. See Glycyrrhetinic acid, 538 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 DPP-4 inhibitor effect on, 335 also Insulin GNAQ gene, 495 diagnosing, 244 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 87 Glutamate GnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing drug therapy for, 498 GLP-1 analog effect on, 335 in Alzheimer disease, 511 hormone (GnRH) epinephrine for, 246 glucagonomas and, 332 ammonia transport by, 93 Goblet cells, 341 pilocarpine for, 244 glycogen regulation and, 97 derivatives of, 94 in respiratory tree, 608 Sturge-Weber syndrome as insulin and, 308, 309 opioid effect on, 499 Goiter, 321 cause, 495 production of, 307 , 92 congenital hypothyroidism caused Glimepiride, 334 signaling pathways of, 316 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD- by, 322 Glioblastoma multiforme, 496, 642 somatostatin and, 350 65), 207 lack of maternal iodine as lab findings in, 637 somatostatinomas and, 332 , 49 cause, 564 nitrosoureas for, 410 Glucagon-like peptide 1, 308 in Riedel thyroiditis, 322 Glioblastomas, 60 Glucagonomas, 332 acetaminophen and, 446 Gold toxicity, 251 Glipizide, 334 MEN 1 syndrome as cause, 333 as derivative, 94 Golfer’s elbow, 417 Glitazones, 334 somatostatin for, 336 in G6PD deficiency, 392 Golgi apparatus, 59 Global aphasia, 463 Glucocerebrosidase Glutathione peroxidase, 201 in plasma cells, 381 Globoid cells in Gaucher disease, 100 free radical elimination by, 221 Gonadal drainage, 573 Krabbe disease as cause, 100, 493 Glucocerebroside, 100 Glutathione reductase, 201 Gonadal mosaicism, 69 Globose nucleus, 459 Glucocorticoids, 336 NADPH and, 86 Gonadotroph hyperplasia, 496 Globus pallidus externus, 460 for acute gout attack, 638 Gluteus maximus muscle, 422 Gonadotropin, 592 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gram stain, 110 GTP (guanosine triphosphate) meningitis caused by, 163 (GnRH), 309 Granular casts, 544 in smooth muscle contraction, 425 rifamycins for, 179 estrogen and, 577 in acute tubular necrosis, 554 in TCA cycle, 88 splenic dysfunction and, 191 for infertility, 640 Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor Guaifenesin, 627 transformation in, 114 in Kallmann syndrome, 586 (GCSF), 316 , 243 treatments for, 639 in menopause, 582 Granulocytes, 378 Guanfacine, 247 in unvaccinated children, 169 in menstrual cycle, 579 morulae in, 133 Guanine synthesis, 187 vaccine for, 112 in ovulation, 578 Granulocytopenia, 177 Gubernaculum, 571, 573 Hairy cell leukemia, 402 prolactin and, 310 Granulomas, 219 Guessing during USMLE Step 1 cladribine for, 409 for prostate cancer, 640 macrophages and, 379 exam, 20 IFN-α for, 187 signaling pathways for, 316 Granulomatosis infantiseptica Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 Hairy leukoplakia, 442 in spermatogenesis, 576 as granulomatous disease, 223 Campylobacter jejuni as cause, 128 HIV and, 160 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Listeria monocytogenes as endoneurium in, 454 Half-life equation, 237, 646 (GnRH) agonists cause, 123 presentation of, 633 Halitosis, in Zenker diverticulum, 361 for adenomyosis, 594 Granulomatous disease, 223 as restrictive lung disease, 619 Hallucinations, 513 for endometriosis, 594 hypervitaminosis D caused by, 428 Schwann cells in, 453 cocaine as cause, 522 reproductive hormones and, 600 vitamin D toxicity in, 81 as type II hypersensitivity delirium and, 512 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Granulosa cells, 577 reactions, 204 Lewy body dementia as cause, 491 (GnRH) antagonists, 600 Granulosa cell tumors, 593 Gummas as cause, 505 Gonococcal arthritis, 432 endometrial hyperplasia and, 594 syphilis as cause, 131, 167 mesolimbic pathway and, 458 Gonococci, vs. meningococci, 126 Granzyme B Gustatory hallucinations, 513 pellagra as cause, 78 Gonorrhea cytotoxic T cells and, 194 Guyon canal syndrome, 418 postpartum psychosis as cause, 516 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 181 extrinsic pathway and, 216 Gynecologic tumor schizophrenia as cause, 514 ceftriaxone for, 172 Granzymes, 193 epidemiology, 590 tricyclic antidepressants as gonococci as cause, 126 Grapefruit juice, and cytochrome Gynecomastia, 595 cause, 527 as STI, 167 P-450, 254 antiandrogens for, 603 Hallucinogen intoxication and 546 523 Goodpasture syndrome, Graves disease, 323 antipsychotics as cause, 525 withdrawal, autoantibody associated with, 207 , 525 autoantibody associated with, 207 azoles as cause, 182 collagen deficiency in, 61 for delirium, 512 goiter caused by, 321 choriocarcinomas as cause, 598 HLA-DR2 and, 193 for Huntington disease, 505 HLA-DR3 and, 193, 643 cimetidine as cause, 374 lab findings in, 634, 636, 637 torsades de pointes caused by, 251 presentation of, 631 cirrhosis as cause, 365 as restrictive lung disease, 619 , 502 as type II hypersensitivity Klinefelter syndrome as cause, 585 as type II hypersensitivity necrosis caused by, 252 reactions, 204 potassium-sparing diuretics as reactions, 204 Hamartin protein, 230 Gray baby syndrome cause, 558 Good syndrome, 229 Hamartomas, 228 chloramphenicol as cause, 175, 187 SHBG and, 316 Gottron papules, 436 tuberous sclerosis as cause, 71, 495 as drug reaction, 252 tuberoinfundibular pathway Gout, 431 Hamartomatous colonic polyps, 363 Great cerebral vein of Galen, 470 and, 458 as drug reaction, 253 Hamate bone, 418 Greater sac, 340 Gyrase, 170 drug therapy for, 448 Hammer toes, 475 Grief, 516 Gyri, in Alzheimer disease, 491 kidney stones and, 549 Hand Griseofulvin, 183 lab findings in, 636, 637 distortions of, 421 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 H Lesch-Nyhan syndrome as muscles of, 421 254 627 cause, 50, 631 disulfiram-like reaction caused H1 blockers, , Hand-foot-mouth disease, 166 254 255 loop diuretics as cause, 557 by, H2-antagonists, Hand grip, effect on auscultation, 272 60 presentation of, 634 microtubules and, H2 blockers, 374 Hand tremors, 321 treatments for, 638, 639 in pregnancy, avoiding, 187 Haemophilus spp. Hand-wringing, in Rett Von Gierke disease as cause, 99 Ground-glass appearance on lung endocarditis caused by, 293 syndrome, 511 Gower maneuver, 73 X-ray, 160, 607 morphology of, 109 Hansen disease, 125 Gowers sign, 630 Growth hormone (GH), 311, 336 Haemophilus ducreyi animal transmission of, 132 Gp41, 186 acromegaly caused by, 327 presentation of, 632 dapsone for, 177 G-protein-linked 2nd messengers, 242 diabetes mellitus caused by, 330 as STI, 167 erythema nodosum and, 444 Grafts, 210 ghrelin and, 311 Haemophilus influenzae, 126 as granulomatous disease, 223 Graft-versus-host disease, 211 for hypopituitarism, 329 biofilm produced by, 113 Hantavirus, 151 as type IV hypersensitivity insulin resistance caused by, 308, cephalosporins for, 172 “Happy puppet” symptoms, in reaction, 205 311 chloramphenicol for, 175 Angelman syndrome, 69 Gram-negative organisms in Laron syndrome, 327 culture requirements for, 111 Haptens cell wall structure in, 108 secretion of, 307 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 acute interstitial nephritis caused cephalosporins for, 172 signaling pathways for, 316 influenza and, 153 by, 554 examples of, 109 thyroid hormones and, 315 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins amiodarone as, 303 lab algorithm for, 125 Growth hormone (GH) for, 171 Haptoglobin, 391 Gram-positive cocci antibiotic deficiency, 336 pneumonia caused by, 162 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 646 tests, 118 Growth-hormone-releasing hormone as postviral infection, 162 Hardy-Weinberg population Gram-positive organisms (GHRH), 309 rhinosinusitis caused by, 616 genetics, 69 cell wall structure in, 108 GH and, 311 vaccine for, 163 Hartnup disease, 78

cephalosporins for, 172 signaling pathways of, 316 Haemophilus influenzae type B vitamin B3 deficiency as cause, 78 examples of, 109 Growth media properties, 110 as encapsulated bacteria, 112 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 322 lab algorithm for, 118 Growth signal in cancer, 227 IgA protease and, 113 autoantibody associated with, 207 vancomycin for, 173 GTPase, 230 in immunodeficient patients, 210 biliary cirrhosis and, 371 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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goiter caused by, 321 osteogenesis imperfecta as shock caused by, 292 Hematochezia HLA-DR3 and, 193, 643 cause, 63 sleep apnea as cause, 621 angiodysplasia as cause, 362 HLA-DR5 and, 193 Paget disease of bone as cause, 427 systolic vs. diastolic, 267 colonic ischemia as cause, 362 thyroid lymphoma and, 324 presbycusis as cause, 44 thiazides for, 558 colorectal cancer as cause, 364 Hassall corpuscles, 191 Heart ventricular septal defect as diverticulosis as cause, 360 Hay fever autoregulation of, 280 cause, 283 Meckel diverticulum as HLA-DR2 and, 193 electrocardiograms, 276 Heart murmurs, 273 cause, 567 as type I hypersensitivity embryology, 262 aortic regurgitation as cause, 630 Hematocrit reaction, 204 in fetal development, 562 auscultation of, 272 high altitude and, 615 bacterial endocarditis as cause, 293 HbA1c test, 330 ischemia in, 218 in polycythemia vera, 404 HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen), 157 morphogenesis of, 262–263 bedside maneuvers and, 272 Hematologic drug reactions, 252 HbC disease, 392 in nervous system, 241 key associations, 643 /oncology, 378–415 in anemia taxonomy, 388 normal pressures in, 280 PDA as cause, 631 anatomy, 378–381 target cells in, 387 sclerosis of, 437 Heart nodules, 636 pathology, 386–406 HBeAg (hepatitis B extracellular Heart auscultation, 272 , 247 pharmacology, 405–413 antigen), 157 Heart block, 265 Heart sounds, 270 physiology, 381–385 HbH disease, 388 Heartburn, 354 auscultation of, 272 Hematomas, 643 HBsAg (hepatitis B surface Heart disease in cardiac cycle, 270 Hematopoiesis, 401 antigen), 157 as common cause of death, 45 in cardiac tamponade, 294, 632 Hematopoietic stem cells, 202 hCG. See Human chorionic congenital, 282–283 key associations, 645 Hematuria gonadotropin (hCG) Fabry disease as cause, 100 splitting in, 271 bladder cancer as cause, 551 HCTZ. See Heart failure, 292 Heart transplant, for dilated Henoch-Schönlein purpura as (HCTZ) ACE inhibitors for, 559 cardiomyopathy, 291 cause, 633 HDL (high-density lipoprotein), 105 acromegaly as cause, 327 Heart valve development, 263 hereditary hemorrhagic Headaches, 494 acute tubular necrosis caused Heat-labile toxin, 116 telangiectasia as cause, 71 57 alpha-blockers as cause, 248 by, 554 Heat shock proteins, IgA nephropathy as cause, 546 Heat-stable toxin, 116 caffeine withdrawal as cause, 522 amiodarone as cause, 303 kidney stones as cause, 549 Heinz bodies, 90, 387, 392 Chiari I malformation as cause, 452 angiotensin II receptor blockers nephritic syndrome as cause, 546 Helicase, 51 cilostazol/dipyridamole as for, 559 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome as Helicobacter spp., 109 cause, 407 aortic regurgitation as cause, 634 Helicobacter pylori, 130 cimetidine as cause, 374 precursor, 273 protease inhibitors as cause, 186 as catalase-positive organism, 112 ethosuximide as cause, 500 atrial septal defect as cause, 283 renal cell carcinoma as cause, 550 chronic granulomatous disease fluoroquinolones as cause, 178 β-blockers as cause, 249, 303 renal cyst disorders as cause, 555 and, 209 giant cell arteritis as cause, 296 β-blockers for, 249 renal oncocytomas as cause, 550 diseases associated with, 642 griseofulvin as cause, 183 B-type natriuretic peptide in, 279 RPGN as cause, 546 gastritis caused by, 356 hydralazine as cause, 298 calcium channel blockers as Schistosoma haematobium in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 hypersensitivity pneumonitis as cause, 304 and, 145 metronidazole for, 178 cause, 619 cardiac glycosides for, 301 Wegener granulomatosis as as oncogenic microbe, 231 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction as chronic ischemic heart disease as cause, 296 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins 631 cause, 287 Wilms tumor as cause, 551 cause, for, 171 326 267 Nelson syndrome as cause, contractility in, silver stain for, 110 Heme nitrates as cause, 299 diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 331 stomach cancer and, 356 bilirubin and, 353 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics as disopyramide as cause, 302 as urease-positive organism, 112 chloroquine and, 183 cause, 501 dobutamine for, 246 Heliotrope rash, 436 for porphyria, 395 ondansetron as cause, 376 dopamine for, 246 HELLP syndrome, 590 sideroblastic anemia and, 389 PDE-5 inhibitors as cause, 603 Ebstein anomaly and, 282 schistocytes in, 387 synthesis of, 83, 395 pituitary adenomas as cause, 326 ejection fraction in, 267 Helminthic infections vitamin B6 and, 78 pituitary apoplexy as cause, 329 ESR in, 224 eosinophils and, 379 Hemianopia, 489 polyarteritis nodosa as cause, 296 fludrocortisone and, 336 key associations, 643 in pituitary adenomas, 496 pseudotumor cerebri as cause, 471 glitazone/thiazolidinediones as Helminths, 142 Hemiballismus, 461 ranolazine as cause, 299 cause, 334 Helper T cells, 194 brain lesions and, 464 sofosbuvir as cause, 187 hydralazine for, 298 cell surface proteins, 202 Hemicholinium, 243 subarachnoid hemorrhage as hypertension as cause, 284 cytokines secreted by, 200 Hemidesmosome, 438 cause, 468 hypertension with, treatment in granulomatous diseases, 223 autoantibody to, 207 superior vena cava syndrome for, 298 Hemagglutinin, in influenza Hemihypertrophy, 551 and, 625 hypertensive emergency and, 284 viruses, 153 Hemiparesis, in multiple terbinafine as cause, 182 jugular venous pulse in, 270 Hemangioblastomas, 496 sclerosis, 492 triptans for, 505 key associations, 645 polycythemia and, 229 Hemispatial neglect syndrome, 464 Head and neck cancer, 616 lab findings in, 637 von Hippel-Lindau disease as Hemochromatosis, 371 cetuximab for, 214, 412 loop diuretics for, 557 cause, 495, 633 calcium pyrophosphate deposition Head trauma, 512 MI as cause, 288 Hemangiomas, 228 disease and, 431 Healing, wound, 223 pleural effusion caused by, 623 Hemarthroses, 396 cardiomyopathy caused by, 291 Healthy worker effect, 36 potassium-sparing diuretics for, 558 Hemarthrosis, 80 chromosome associated with, 75 Hearing loss, 481 pulse pressure in, 266 Hematemesis free radical injury and, 221 cholesteatoma as cause, 482 readmissions caused by, 45 esophageal varices as cause, 354 hepatocellular carcinoma cytomegalovirus as cause, 165 renal failure as cause, 553 Mallory-Weiss syndrome as and, 368 Meniere disease as cause, 631 S3 heart sound and, 645 cause, 354, 523, 634 HLA-A3 and, 193 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Hemochromatosis (continued) ulcers as cause, 357 Hepatitis B (HBV) hyperchylomicronemia as key associations, 643 Weil disease as cause, 130 characteristics of, 156 cause, 105 liver cancer and, 645 Hemorrhagic cystitis hepatocellular carcinomas and, 368 leishmaniasis as cause, 142 restrictive/infiltrative adenoviridae as cause, 148 IFN-α for, 187 mononucleosis as cause, 149 cardiomyopathy caused cyclophosphamide as cause, 410 medical importance of, 148 mycosis fungoides as cause, 631 by, 291 as drug reaction, 253 membranous nephropathy and, 548 Niemann-Pick disease as cause, 100 Hemoglobin, 611 treatments for, 639 MPGN and, 547 ToRCHeS infections as cause, 165 carbon dioxide transport and, 615 Hemorrhagic fever as nosocomial infection, 168 Hepatotoxicity development of, 381 as bunyavirus, 151 as oncogenic microbe, 231 amiodarone as cause, 303 high altitude and, 615 as filovirus, 151 passive antibodies for, 203 bosentan as cause, 627 kinetics of, 236 Hemorrhagic infarcts, 219 polyarteritis nodosa and, 296 carbamazepine as cause, 500 modifications of, 612 Hemorrhagic stroke, 468 recombinant cytokines for, 213 danazol as cause, 602 Hemoglobin electrophoresis, 383 Hemorrhoids, 345 serologic markers for, 157 glitazone/thiazolidinediones as Hemoglobinuria Hemosiderinuria, 391 as STI, 167 cause, 334 acute tubular necrosis caused Hemostasis, 378 treatments for, 639 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as by, 554 Henderson-Hasselbalch Hepatitis C (HCV), 151 cause, 300 G6PD deficiency as cause, 392 equation, 543, 647 as antigenic variation, 202 inhaled anesthetics as cause, 502 intravascular hemolysis as Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 297 blood transfusions and, 643 as cause, 180 cause, 391 in IgA nephropathy, 546 characteristics of, 156 leflunomide as cause, 447 Hemolysis presentation of, 633 drug therapy for, 187 methotrexate as cause, 409 alpha toxin as cause, 117 Hepadnaviruses hepatocellular carcinoma and, 368 pyrazinamide as cause, 180 Clostridium perfringens as characteristics of, 148 lichen planus and, 444 rifamycins as cause, 179 cause, 122 as DNA viruses, 147 membranous nephropathy and, 548 terbinafine as cause, 182 in HELLP syndrome, 590 genome of, 147 MPGN and, 547 thionamides as cause, 335 sulfonamides as cause, 177 Heparin, 405 as oncogenic microbe, 231 valproic acid as cause, 500 Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency for acute coronary syndromes, 290 recombinant cytokines for, 213 zileuton as cause, 628 as drug reaction, 252 for anticoagulation, 383, 640 treatments for, 639 Hepcidin Hemolytic anemia, 388, 391 for anticoagulation during Hepatitis D (HDV), 156 as acute-phase reactant, 198 babesiosis as cause, 141 pregnancy, 639 Hepatitis E (HEV), 151, 156 in anemia of chronic disease, 391 cold agglutinin disease as in basophils, 379 Hepatitis viruses, 156 Hepeviruses cause, 632 in coagulation cascade, 384 aplastic anemia caused by, 391 characteristics of, 151 folate deficiency caused by, 390 for deep venous thrombosis, 616 diagnostic tests for, 157 genomes of, 147 penicillin as cause, 170 mast cells and, 379 serologic markers for, 157 as naked viruses, 147 pyruvate kinase deficiency as osteoporosis caused by, 253 Hepatocellular carcinomas, 368, “Herald patch” in pityriasis rosea, 444 cause, 392 reversal, treatments for, 639 645 Hereditary angioedema, 602 ribavirin as cause, 187 thrombocytopenia caused by, 252 Aspergillus fumigatus as cause, 137 Hereditary bleeding disorders, 643 spherocytes in, 387 toxicity treatment for, 251 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 368 Hereditary hemorrhagic sulfa drug allergies as cause, 254 vs. warfarin, 406 carcinogens causing, 231 telangiectasia, 71 vitamin E deficiency as cause, 81 warfarin and, 406 cirrhosis and, 365 presentation of, 634 Wilson disease as cause, 371 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia hemochromatosis as cause, 371 Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, 370 Hemolytic reactions, and blood (HIT), 405 key associations, 643, 645 Hereditary nephritis, 632 types, 382 Hepatic adenomas, 368 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Hereditary spherocytosis, 392 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) Hepatic arteries, 343, 346 and, 367 in anemia taxonomy, 388 Escherichia coli as cause, 128 Hepatic ascites, 558 oncogenic microbes and, 231 autosomal dominance of, 71 schistocytes in, 387 Hepatic cirrhosis, 623 polycythemia and, 229 spherocytes in, 387 Shigella spp. and, 116 Hepatic ducts, 347 Hepatocytes, 98 Heritable amyloidosis, 225 Hemophilia, 396 Hepatic encephalopathy, 367 Hepatoduodenal ligament, 340 Hermaphrodites, 586 deficiencies causing, 383 cirrhosis as cause, 365 Hepatomas, 368 Hernias, 349 as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 lactulose for, 375 Hepatomegaly, 292 site of, 348 Hemoptysis Hepatic necrosis, 446 amyloidosis and, 225 Herniation syndromes, 498 bronchiectasis as cause, 618 Hepatic steatosis, 367 Budd-Chiari syndrome as Heroin choriocarcinomas and, 587 Hepatic TG lipase, 104 cause, 368, 630 addiction to, 523 HIV and, 160 Hepatitis Cori disease as cause, 632 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis lung cancer as cause, 626 alcoholic, 367 galactosemia as cause, 91 and, 548 tuberculosis as cause, 124 alcoholism as cause, 523 hepatocellular carcinoma as intoxication and withdrawal, 522 Wegener granulomatosis as aplastic anemia and, 391 cause, 368 opioids for withdrawal from, 499 cause, 296 cirrhosis caused by, 365 pulmonary hypertension as Herpes encephalitis, 64 Hemorrhage as drug reaction, 252 cause, 613 Herpes genitalis, 149 acute pancreatitis as cause, 373 heroin addiction and, 523 Reye syndrome as cause, 366 Herpes labialis, 149 acute tubular necrosis caused hyperbilirubinemia caused by, 369 Von Gierke disease as cause, 99 Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), 149, by, 554 Wilson disease as cause, 371 Hepatosplenomegaly 442 baroreceptors and, 279 Hepatitis A (HAV), 151 β-thalassemia and, 389 as STI, 167 bevacizumab as cause, 412 characteristics of, 156 biliary tract disease as cause, 371 viral encephalitis and, 646 delirium caused by, 512 killed vaccine for, 146 Gaucher disease as cause, 100, 631 Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), 149, intracranial, 469 as picornavirus, 152 graft-versus-host disease as 442 shock caused by, 292 serologic markers for, 157 cause, 211 as STI, 167 subarachnoid, 468 vaccine for, 203 Hurler syndrome as cause, 100 as ToRCHeS infection, 165 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Hirudin, 405 key associations, 643 Hormone-sensitive lipase, 104 cidofovir for, 185 Histaminase, 379 MHC I and II and, 192 Hormones, reproductive, 600 erythema multiforme and, 443 Histamine receptors, 242 seronegative spondyloarthritis Horn cysts, 440 facial nerve palsy caused by, 480 Histamines and, 433 Horner syndrome, 487 foscarnet for, 185 in basophils, 379 uveitis and, 484 cluster headaches and, 494 guanosine analogs for, 184 cortisol effect on, 313 HMG-CoA reductase, 84 lung cancer and, 626 identification of, 150 derivatives of, 94 in cholesterol synthesis, 103 Pancoast tumor as cause, 625 meningitis caused by, 163 ingested seafood and, 250 in metabolic pathways, 85 presentation of, 633 retinitis and, 486 location of, 351 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 300 stroke as cause, 467 Herpesviruses, 149–150, 442 mast cells and, 379 naming convention for, 255 Horner-Wright rosettes, 319 characteristics of, 148 signaling pathways for, 316 HMG-CoA synthase, 84 Horse flies, as disease vectors, 143 as DNA viruses, 147 vitamin B6 and, 78 HMP shunt, 90 Horseshoe kidney, 531 Herpes zoster Histidine, 92 diagram of, 85 Turner syndrome as cause, 634 facial nerve palsy caused by, 480 derivatives of, 94 rate-determining enzyme for, 84 Hospital readmissions, causes of, 45 famciclovir for, 184 Histone acetylation, 48 Hoarseness Hot flashes retinitis and, 486 Histone methylation, 48 gastroesophageal reflux disease as as drug reaction, 252 Hesselbach triangle, 349 Histones, 207 cause, 354 menopause as cause, 582 Heterochromatin, 48 Histoplasma spp. heart enlargement as cause, 265 “Hourglass stomach,” 349 Heterodimer, 60 amphotericin B for, 182 lung cancer and, 626 “Housemaid’s knee,” 417 Heterodisomy, 69 itraconazole for, 182 Pancoast tumor as cause, 625 Howell-Jolly bodies, 387, 635 Heterogeneous nuclear RNA Histoplasma capsulatum stroke as cause, 467 postsplenectomy, 191 (hnRNA), 54 HIV and, 160 “Hobnail” liver in alcoholic sickle cell anemia as cause, 392 Heterophile antibodies, 636 necrosis and, 217 cirrhosis, 367 Hu antigens, 229 Heteroplasmy, 69 Histoplasmosis, 135 Hodgkin lymphoma, 644 Human chorionic gonadotropin Heterozygosity, loss of, 68 erythema nodosum and, 444 bleomycin for, 410 (hCG), 580 645 Hexokinase as granulomatous disease, 223 key associations, choriocarcinomas and, 587, 598 86 519 vs. non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 399 vs. glucokinase, Histrionic personality disorder, in ectopic pregnancy, 589 in metabolic pathways, 85 HIV (human immunodeficiency oncogenic microbes and, 231 embryonal carcinomas and, 598 Hexosaminidase A, 100 virus), 151, 158 paraneoplastic cerebellar in hydatidiform moles, 636 HFE gene as antigenic variation, 202 degeneration and, 229 hydatidiform moles and, 587 hemochromatosis and, 371, 643 aplastic anemia caused by, 391 vinca alkaloids for, 411 in pregnancy, 580 HGPRT, 409 cervical cancer and, 591 Holoprosencephaly, 451 secretion, timing of, 562 HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine dementia caused by, 491 fetal alcohol syndrome as signaling pathways of, 316 phosphoribosyltransfer- diagnosis of, 158 cause, 565 Human factors design, 45 ase), 50 diseases associated with, 160 Patau syndrome as cause, 74, 632 Human growth hormone. See Growth Hiatal hernias, 349 drug therapy for, 184, 186 Sonic hedgehog gene and, 562 hormone (GH) Hiccups, 461 ex vacuo ventriculomegaly caused Holosystolic murmurs, 643 Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), 149, High altitude, respiratory response by, 471 Homan sign, 616 166 to, 615 flow cytometry diagnosis, 66 Homatropine, 245 Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), 149 High-frequency recombination (Hfr) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Homeobox genes, 562 Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), 149 cells, 114 and, 548 Homer-Wright rosettes, 635 160 Highly active antiretroviral therapy hairy leukoplakia and, 442 in medulloblastomas, 497 HIV and, (HAART), 186 heroin addiction and, 523 Homicidal patients, 41 Kaposi sarcoma and, 441 Hilar adenopathy, 630 Kaposi sarcoma and, 149, 441 Homicide, as common cause of as oncogenic microbe, 231 Hilar lymphadenopathy, 636 lymphopenia caused by, 394 death, 45 Humanized monoclonal Ab, 255 Hilar lymph nodes, 190 meningitis caused by, 163 Homocysteine Humanized monoclonal antibodies, 203 silicosis and, 620 microglia in, 453 in B12 deficiency, 390 Hilar nodes, 124 non-Hodgkin lymphoma and, 399 in folate deficiency, 390 Human papillomavirus 6 (HPV- 6), 167 Hindbrain, 450 PCR diagnosis of, 64 in vitamin B9 deficiency, 79 Human papillomavirus 11 (HPV- Hindgut Pneumocystis jirovecii and, 138 in vitamin B12 deficiency, 80 blood supply/innervation of, 342 primary central nervous system Homocysteine methyltransferase 11), 167 development of, 338 lymphoma (PCL) and, 400 deficiency in, 96 Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV- Hip dislocation, nerve injury caused prophylaxis for, 181 diagram of, 80 16), 616 Human papillomavirus (HPV) by, 422 pulmonary arterial hypertension vitamin B12 and, 80 Hippocampus, 458 caused by, 622 Homocystinuria, 96 cervical cancer and, 591 lesions in, 464 receptors for, 150 Homovanillic acid (HVA) HIV and, 160 pyramidal cells, 218 rifamycins in, 179 in neuroblastomas, 319 as oncogenic microbe, 231 Hippurate test, for Streptococcus as STI, 167 in tyrosine catabolism, 95 penile cancer and, 597 agalactiae, 121 T cells and, 380 Homunculus, 465 verrucae caused by, 440 Hirschsprung disease, 361 time course of untreated, 159 “Honeycomb lung,” 636 warts caused by, 148 Down syndrome as cause, 74 as ToRCHeS infection, 165 Hookworms, 143 Humerus injury Hirsutism Western blot diagnosis of, 65 Horizontal fissure, 609 axillary nerve and, 419 cyclosporine as cause, 212 HIZ shrinkage in muscle Hormone replacement therapy, 601 median nerve injury caused by, 419 danazol as cause, 602 contraction, 424 endometrial hyperplasia and, 594 radial nerve and, 419 epilepsy drugs causing, 500 HLA genes estrogens for, 601 Humor, as ego defense, 509 menopause as cause, 582 celiac disease and, 358 for hypopituitarism, 329 Hunger, and hypothalamus, 456 PCOS as cause, 591 diabetes mellitus type 1 and, 331 thrombotic complications caused Hunter syndrome, 100 SHBG and, 316 diseases associated with, 193, 322 by, 252 as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Huntington disease, 462, 513 Hyoid artery, 568 glucagonomas as cause, 332 Hyperphosphatemia, 542 antipsychotic drugs for, 525 Hyoscyamine, 245 glucocorticoids as cause, 212 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 326 autosomal dominance of, 71 Hyperactivity, 321 hyperkalemia caused by, 542 hypoparathyroidism as cause, 325 basal ganglia lesions in, 464 Hyperacute transplant rejection, 211 niacin as cause, 300 renal osteodystrophy and, 553 drug therapy for, 505 Hyperaldosteronism, 318 prednisone as cause, 412 Hyperphosphorylated tau, neurotransmitter changes in, 511 hypertension caused by, 284 protease inhibitors as cause, 186 in frontotemporal neurotransmitters for, 455 key associations, 645 somatostatinomas as cause, 332 dementia, 491 presentation of, 630 metabolic alkalosis caused by, 543 thiazides as cause, 558 Hyperpigmentation as trinucleotide repeat expansion potassium-sparing diuretics vitamin B3 toxicity as cause, 78 adrenocortical insufficiency as disease, 73 for, 558 Hypergranulosis, 439 cause, 633 Hurler syndrome, 100 treatments for, 639 Hyper-IgE syndrome, 633 bleomycin as cause, 410 Hürthle cells, 322 Hyperammonemia, 93 Hyper-IgM syndrome, 209 busulfan as cause, 410 Hutchinson teeth, 131 Hyperbilirubinemia Hyperinsulinemia, 591 fludrocortisone as cause, 336 Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, 285 cirrhosis as cause, 365 Hyperkalemia, 542 hemochromatosis as cause, 371 Hyaline casts, 544 hereditary, 370 aliskiren as cause, 559 melasma as, 439 Hyaline membrane disease, 619 jaundice and, 369 angiotensin II receptor blockers as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome as Hydatid cysts, 144, 145 Hypercalcemia, 542 cause, 559 cause, 363, 631 Hydatidiform moles, 587 acute pancreatitis caused by, 373 cardiac glycosides as cause, 301 primary adrenal insufficiency as hCG in, 580 adult T-cell lymphoma as causes of, 542 cause, 318 lab findings in, 636 cause, 400 in diabetic ketoacidosis, 331 Hyperplasia, 226, 227 theca-lutein cysts and, 592 bisphosphonates for, 447 potassium-sparing diuretics as in primary Hydralazine, 298 calcium carbonate as cause, 375 cause, 558 hyperparathyroidism, 325 for gestational hypertension, 298, diabetes insipidus caused by, 328 primary adrenal insufficiency as Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, 285 590 granulomatous diseases and, 223 cause, 318 Hyperplastic colonic polyps, 363 for heart failure, 292 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 326 renal failure as cause, 553 Hyperprolactinemia 253 lupus-like syndrome caused by, loop diuretics for, 557 SGLT-2 inhibitors as cause, 335 anovulation caused by, 591 471 Hydrocephalus, lung cancer as cause, 626 succinylcholine as cause, 503 antipsychotics as cause, 525 congenital toxoplasmosis as as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 Hyperkalemic renal tubular calcium channel blockers as cause, 630 PTH-independent, 325 acidosis, 544 cause, 298 dementia caused by, 491, 513 sarcoidosis and, 435 Hyperkeratosis, 439 dopamine antagonists and, 309 headaches caused by, 494 succinylcholine as cause, 503 verrucae as cause, 440 GnRH and, 309 medulloblastoma as cause, 497 teriparatide as cause, 447 Hyperlipidemia, 285 as cause, 525 Toxoplasma gondii as cause, 165 thiazides as cause, 558 atherosclerosis and, 286 Hyperpyrexia in toxoplasmosis, 140 vitamin D toxicity as cause, 81 atypical antipsychotics as neuroleptic malignant syndrome as Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), 558 Williams syndrome as cause, 75 cause, 525 cause, 525 for diabetes insipidus, 328, 639 Hypercalciuria cyclosporine as cause, 212 tricyclic antidepressants as hyperglycemia caused by, 252 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 326 glomerular filtration barrier cause, 527 pancreatitis caused by, 252 thiazides for, 558 and, 533 Hyperreflexia Hydrocortisone, 336. See vitamin D toxicity as cause, 81 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 548 serotonin syndrome as cause, 527 also Glucocorticoids Hypercapnia sirolimus as cause, 212 UMN damage as cause, 632 arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 618 558 Hydrogen peroxide, as infection bronchitis as cause, thiazides as cause, Hyperresonance, with 632 control technique, 187 chronic bronchitis as cause, Hypermagnesemia, 542 pneumothorax, 623 Hydronephrosis, 550 contractility in, 267 Hypernatremia, 542 Hypersegmented neutrophils, 636 BPH as cause, 599 Hypercholesterolemia, 105, 321 Hyperopia, 483 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 223, horseshoe kidney and, 531 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 633 Hyperorality 619 kidney stones as cause, 549 presentation of, 630 Klüver-Bucy syndrome as as restrictive lung disease, 619 Hydrophobia, 155 treatments for, 640 cause, 464, 632 Hypersensitivity reactions, 204–205 Hydrops fetalis Hyperchylomicronemia, 105 Hyperosmolar coma, in type 2 antipseudomonal penicillins as α-thalassemia as cause, 388 Hypercoagulability diabetes, 330 cause, 171 parvovirus as cause, 148 key associations, 643 Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia to blood transfusions, 206 parvovirus B19 as cause, 165, 166 in pregnancy, 580 nonketotic syndrome, 332 C3 deficiency and, 199 syphilis as cause, 165 Trousseau syndrome as cause, 636 Hyperosmolarity, 542 cephalosporins as cause, 172 Hydrosalpinx, 167 Hyperdocility, in Klüver-Bucy Hyperparathyroidism, 326 to helminths, 142 Hydrothorax, 592 syndrome, 632 calcium pyrophosphate deposition IgE antibodies and, 197 Hydroxocobalamin, 251 Hyperemesis gravidarum, 587 disease and, 431 insulin as cause, 334 Hydroxychloroquine Hyperemia cinacalcet for, 336 mast cells and, 379 for lupus, 434 in MI, 288 key associations, 645 to organ transplants, 211 myopathy caused by, 253 pseudoephedrine/phenylephrine lab findings in, 635 penicillin as cause, 170 for rheumatoid arthritis, 430 for, 627 lab values in, 428 penicillinase-resistant penicillins as Hydroxylases, 84 Hyperestrogenism, 592 osteoporosis and, 426 cause, 171 Hydroxylation, 57 Hyperglycemia. See also Diabetes renal osteodystrophy and, 553 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins as Hydroxyurea, 411 mellitus Hyperphagia cause, 171 in cell cycle, 408 Cushing syndrome as cause, 317 depression with, 515 rheumatic fever as, 294 purine synthesis, effect on, 49 in diabetic ketoacidosis, 331 hypothalamus and, 456 sulfonamides as cause, 177 for sickle cell anemia, 392 diabetic retinopathy caused by, 485 Klüver-Bucy syndrome as Hypersexuality for , 641 as drug reaction, 252 cause, 464, 632 Klüver-Bucy syndrome as targets of, 408 glucagon and, 309 Prader-Willi syndrome as cause, 69 cause, 464, 632 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Hypersomnia, 515 Hypertensive emergency, 284, 298 thymic aplasia as cause, 208 Cushing syndrome and, 229 Hypertension, 284 clevidipine for, 298 thyroidectomy as cause, 324 MDMA as cause, 523 ACE inhibitors for, 559 Hypertensive nephropathy, 284 Hypocalcemic tetany, 81 osmotic demyelination syndrome acute poststreptococcal Hypertensive urgency, 284 Hypocholesterolemia and, 492 glomerulonephritis as clevidipine for, 298 hyperthyroidism as cause, 321 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 cause, 546 Hyperthermia Hypocretin, 521 thiazides as cause, 558 alcohol withdrawal as cause, 523 atropine as cause, 245 Hypodermis, 437 Hypoparathyroidism, 325 aliskiren for, 559 MDMA as cause, 523 Hypofibrinogenemia, 224 key associations, 643 alpha-blockers for, 248 serotonin syndrome as cause, 527 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 229 Hypophosphatemia, 542 angiotensin II receptor blockers Hyperthyroidism, 323 Hypoglossal canal, 478 aluminum hydroxide as cause, 375 for, 559 amiodarone as cause, 303 Hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial hyperparathyroidism as cause, 326 aortic dissection and, 287, 641 choriocarcinomas as cause, 598 nerve), 479 Hypophosphatemic rickets, 70 atherosclerosis and, 286 hydatidiform moles and, 587 lesion in, 480 Hypopituitarism, 329 atrial fibrillation and, 278 vs. hypothyroidism, 321 location in brain stem, 477 key associations, 643 autosomal recessive polycystic osteoporosis and, 426 pathway for, 478 pituitary adenomas as cause, 326 kidney disease and, 555 pulse pressure in, 266 in tongue, 452 Hypoplasia, 563 β-blockers for, 249 thionamides for, 335 Hypoglycemia Hypoproteinemia, 533 calcium channel blockers for, 298 Hypertonia amylin analogs as cause, 335 Hyporeflexia Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms serotonin syndrome as cause, 527 carnitine deficiency as cause, 101 LMN damage as cause, 632 and, 468 UMN damage as cause, 632 Cori disease as cause, 632 LMN lesion as cause, 475 Cushing syndrome as cause, 317 Hypertriglyceridemia, 105 fructose intolerance as cause, 91 magnesium hydroxide as cause, 375 cyclosporine as cause, 212 acute pancreatitis caused by, 373 GH secretion in, 311 Hypospadias, 573 in diabetes mellitus, 298 treatments for, 640 glucagon production in response Hyposplenia, 387 endometrial cancer and, 594 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 291 to, 309 Hypotension glucocorticoids as cause, 212 Pompe disease as cause, 99 gluconeogenesis and, 89 acute tubular necrosis caused Guillain-Barré syndrome as systolic murmur in, 272 insulin as cause, 334 by, 554 cause, 493 Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 626 insulinomas as cause, 332 adrenal insufficiency as cause, 318 in heart failure, 298 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 339 loss of orientation caused by, 512 adrenocortical insufficiency as hydralazine for, 298 Hypertrophic scars, 222 low birth weight and, 581 cause, 633 hyperaldosteronism as cause, 318 Hypertrophy, 226 meglitinides as cause, 335 aliskiren as cause, 559 immunosuppressants as cause, 212 Hypertropic cardiomyopathy, 475 Reye syndrome as cause, 366 amphotericin B as cause, 182 intraparenchymal hemorrhage Hyperuricemia somatostatinomas as cause, 332 angiotensin II receptor blockers as caused by, 469 as drug reaction, 253 sulfonylureas as cause, 334 cause, 559 key associations, 643 gout and, 431 Von Gierke disease as cause, 99 antipsychotic drugs as cause, 525 leflunomide as cause, 447 kidney stones and, 549 Hypoglycemic drugs, 334–335, 639 in Beck triad of cardiac local anesthetics as cause, 503 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome as Hypogonadism tamponade, 632 loop diuretics for, 557 cause, 50 estrogens for, 601 cardiac tamponade as cause, 294 MDMA as cause, 523 niacin as cause, 300 gynecomastia caused by, 595 cilostazol/dipyridamole as microangiopathic anemia caused pyrazinamide as cause, 180 hemochromatosis as cause, 371 cause, 407 by, 393 thiazides as cause, 558 pituitary prolactinomas as ephedrine for, 246

minoxidil for, 603 vitamin B3 toxicity as cause, 78 cause, 309 Guillain-Barré syndrome as nephritic syndrome and, 546 Hyperventilation Prader-Willi syndrome as cause, 69 cause, 493 PCP as cause, 523 emphysema as cause, 633 testosterone/methyltestosterone hypermagnesemia as cause, 542 pheochromocytomas as cause, 320 Kussmaul respirations as, 631 for, 603 key associations, 642 placental abruption and, 588 metabolic acidosis as cause, 543 zinc deficiency as cause, 82 local anesthetics as cause, 503 polyarteritis nodosa as cause, 296 in pregnancy, 580 Hypogonadotropic magnesium hydroxide as prednisone as cause, 412 Hypervitaminosis D, 428 hypogonadism, 586 cause, 375 preeclampsia and, 590 Hypnagogic hallucinations, 513 Hypokalemia, 542 metronidazole as cause, 178 in pregnancy, 247, 298, 590 in narcolepsy, 521 antacids as cause, 375 midodrine for, 246 primary hyperaldosteronism as Hypnopompic hallucinations, 513 Bartter syndrome as cause, 538 norepinephrine for, 246 cause, 636 in narcolepsy, 521 causes of, 542 phenylephrine for, 246 pseudoephedrine/phenylephrine as Hypoalbuminemia cystic fibrosis as cause, 72 primary adrenal insufficiency as cause, 627 alcoholic cirrhosis as cause, 367 diabetes insipidus caused by, 328 cause, 318 renal cyst disorders as cause, 555 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 545, on EKG, 276 scombroid poisoning as cause, 250 renal failure as cause, 553 548, 633 Gitelman syndrome as cause, 538 sympatholytic drugs as cause, 247 saccular aneurysms and, 468 Hypocalcemia, 313, 542 loop diuretics as cause, 557 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome sleep apnea as cause, 621 22q11 deletion syndromes as primary hyperaldosteronism as as cause, 630 syndrome of apparent cause, 76 cause, 636 Hypothalamic drugs, 336 mineralocorticoid excess as acute pancreatitis as cause, 373 syndrome of apparent Hypothalamic-pituitary cause, 538 cinacalcet as cause, 336 mineralocorticoid excess as hormones, 309 thiazides for, 558 DiGeorge syndrome as cause, 570 cause, 538 Hypothalamus, 456 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 286 hypermagnesemia as cause, 542 VIPomas as cause, 350 antidiuretic hormone secretion treatment for, 298 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 326 Hypomagnesemia, 542 by, 311 tyramine and, 243 hypoparathyroidism as cause, 325 Hypomania, 515 sleep physiology and, 457 Hypertensive crisis pseudohypoparathyroidism as Hypomanic episodes, 515 thyroid hormones and, 315 MAO inhibitors as cause, 528 cause, 325 Hyponatremia, 542 Hypothenar muscles, 421 phenoxybenzamine for, 248 renal osteodystrophy and, 553 cirrhosis as cause, 365 Klumpke palsy and, 420 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 719 11/3/15 4:53 PM 720 INDEX INDEX

Hypothyroidism, 322 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in pemphigus vulgaris, 443 infections in, 210 amiodarone as cause, 303 lab findings in, 635 in pregnancy, 382 Listeria monocytogenes and, 123 anemia caused by, 390 rituximab for, 412 in type III hypersensitivity Pneumocystis jirovecii in, 138 in anemia taxonomy, 388 as type II hypersensitivity reactions, 205 squamous cell carcinomas carpal tunnel syndrome and, 418 reactions, 204 in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 209 and, 445 cold intolerance caused by, 631 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura IgM antibodies, 197 Immunodeficiency syndromes, 208– cretinism and, 642 (ITP) anemia and, 393 209 dementia caused by, 491, 513 rituximab for, 214 in biliary cirrhosis, 371 flow cytometry diagnosis, 66 as drug reaction, 252 IDL (intermediate-density complement activation and, 199 Immunoglobulins vs. hyperthyroidism, 321 lipoprotein), 105 to hepatitis A (HAV), 157 adaptive immunity and, 192 lithium as cause, 526 IFN-α (Interferon-α), 201 in hyper-IgM syndrome, 209 in breast milk, 581 thyroid hormones for, 335 clinical uses, 213 in pregnancy, 382 for Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 Hypotonia natural killer cells, effect on, 193 in sclerosing cholangitis, 371 for Kawasaki disease, 296 carnitine deficiency as cause, 101 IFN-α (interferon-α), 184 splenic dysfunction and, 191 isotypes of, 197 LMN damage as cause, 632 clinical use for, 187 in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 209 Immunology, 190–214 Menkes disease as cause, 63 for hepatitis, 639 IL-1 (Interleukin 1), 200 immune responses, 198–211 Prader-Willi syndrome as cause, 69 IFN-β (Interferon-β), 201 cachexia and, 232 immunosuppressants, 212–214 Hypoventilation, 543 clinical use for, 187 endotoxins and, 117 lymphocytes, 192–197 Hypovolemia, 330 clinical uses, 213 IL-2 (Interleukin 2), 200 lymphoid structures, 190–191 Hypovolemic shock, 292 natural killer cells, effect on, 193 cyclosporine and, 212 Immunomodulator signaling Hypoxanthine, 448 IFN-γ (Interferon-γ), 200, 208 natural killer cells, effect on, 193 pathways, 316 Hypoxanthine guanine cachexia and, 232 sirolimus and, 212 Immunophenotypes, assessing, 66 phosphoribosyltransferase clinical use for, 187 tacrolimus and, 212 Immunosuppressants, 212 (HGPRT), 50 clinical uses, 213 IL-2R (Interleukin 2 receptor), 212 for aplastic anemia, 391 Hypoxemia, 614 granulomatous diseases and, 223 IL-3 (Interleukin 3), 200 for lupus, 434 alveolar gas equation and, 614 Graves disease and, 323 IL-4 (Interleukin 4), 200 for polymyositis/ asthma as cause, 618 helper T cells and, 194 helper T cells and, 194 dematomyositis, 436 chronic bronchitis as cause, 632 Ifosfamide, 410 IL-5 (Interleukin 5), 200 targets of, 213 fat emboli as cause, 617 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 538 helper T cells and, 194 Immunosuppression pulmonary embolism and, 617 hemorrhagic cystitis caused by, 253 IL-6 (Interleukin 6), 200 vitamin A deficiency as cause, 77 respiratory alkalosis caused IgA antibodies, 197 acute-phase reactants and, 198 vitamin C deficiency as cause, 80 by, 543 ataxia-telangiectasia and, 209 cachexia and, 232 Impaired glucose tolerance. Hypoxia, 614 in breast milk, 581 endotoxins and, 117 See Insulin resistance apoptosis caused by, 216 in celiac disease, 358 IL-8 (Interleukin 8), 200 Impetigo, 442 contractility in, 267 deficiency in, 208, 630 neutrophils and, 378 skin crust in, 438 erythropoietin and, 541 in hyper-IgM syndrome, 209 IL-10 (Interleukin 10), 200 Streptococcus pyogenes as hemoglobin modifications multiple myeloma production helper T cells and, 194 cause, 120 and, 612 of, 401 IL-12 (Interleukin 12), 200 sunburn and, 444 regions susceptible to, 218 as passive immunity, 203 natural killer cells, effect on, 193 Imprinting, in genetics, 69 vasoconstriction/vasodilation Peyer patches and, 352 IL-12 (Interleukin 12) receptor Inactivated vaccines, 203 and, 280 in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 209 deficiency, 208 Incidence vs. prevalence, 33 Hypoxia inducible factor 1a, 230 IgA nephropathy, 546, 643 IL-13 (Interleukin 13), 194 Incomplete penetrance, 68 Hypoxic stroke, 470 Henoch-Schönlein purpura Ileum, 341 Incorrect results, in statistical Hysterectomy, for adenomyosis, 594 and, 297 Ileus, 362 hypothesis testing, 38 Hysteresis, 611 IgA protease, 113 Illness anxiety disorder, 518 Incus bone, 481 Hysteria, respiratory alkalosis caused IgD antibodies, 197 Iloperidone, 525 as branchial arch derivative, 569 by IgE antibodies, 197 Iloprost, 627 India ink stain, 110 respiratory alkalosis caused by, 543 in ataxia-telangiectasia, 209 Imatinib, 412 Indicator media, 110 in eczema, 440 for chronic myelogenous Indinavir, 184 I in hyper-IgM syndrome, 209 leukemia, 639 for HIV, 186 Ibandronate, 447 mast cells and, 379 IMG registration timeframe, 7 Indirect inguinal hernias, 349 Ibuprofen, 447 type I hypersensitivity reactions Imipenem, 170, 173 Indomethacin, 447 arachidonic acid pathway and, 204 seizures caused by, 253 arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 and, 446 in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 209 , 527 for diabetes insipidus, 328, 639 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency IGF-1. See Insulin-like growth factor Immature teratomas, 593 for gout, 431, 448 caused by, 252 1 (IGF-1) Immune responses, 198–211 for patent ductus arteriosus Ibutilide, 303 IgG antibodies, 197 passive vs. active, 203 (PDA), 640 ICAM-1 protein anemia and, 393 Immunocompromised patients for PDA closure, 264 in leukocyte extravasation, 221 in ataxia-telangiectasia, 209 acyclovir/famciclovir/valacyclovir Infarcts as receptor, 150 in bullous pemphigoid, 443 for, 184 atherosclerosis as cause, 286 I-cell disease, 59 complement activation and, 199 Candida albicans in, 137 calcification and, 220 I cells, 350 to hepatitis A (HAV), 157 common organisms affecting, 162 red vs. pale, 219 Icosahedral viruses, 147 in hyper-IgM syndrome, 209 Cryptococcus neoformans in, 137 regions susceptible to, 218 Idealization, as ego defense, 508 multiple myeloma production Cryptosporidium in, 139 vascular dementia caused by, 491 Identification, as ego defense, 508 of, 401 ecthyma gangrenosum in, 127 Infection control techniques, 187 Idiopathic intracranial in multiple sclerosis, 492 esophagitis in, 354 Inferior colliculi, 477 hypertension, 471 as passive immunity, 203 fungal infections and, 169 Inferior gluteal nerve, 422 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 720 11/3/15 4:53 PM INDEX INDEX 721

Inferior lobe, 609 Informed consent, 40 Insulinomas, 308, 332 Internal jugular vein, 470 Inferior mesenteric artery, 342 Infraspinatus muscle, 417 MEN 1 syndrome as cause, 333 Internal oblique muscle, 348 in horseshoe kidney, 531 in Erb palsy, 420 Insulin resistance Internal spermatic fascia, 348 Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes, 190 Infundibulopelvic ligament, 574 acanthosis nigricans and, 444 International Foundations of Inferior mesenteric vein, 344 anatomy of, 574 acromegaly as cause, 327 Medicine (IFOM), 11 Inferior oblique muscle, 488 Infundibulum, 477 cortisol as cause, 313 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 490, Inferior phrenic arteries, 342 Ingested seafood toxins, 250 Cushing syndrome as cause, 317 631 Inferior rectal artery, 345 Inguinal canal, 348 in diabetes mellitus type 2, 331 multiple sclerosis as cause, 632 Inferior rectal vein, 344 Inguinal hernia, 349, 573 GH as cause, 308, 311 Interossei muscles, in Klumpke Inferior rectus muscle, 488 Inguinal ligament, 347, 348 glitazone/thiazolidinedione effect palsy, 420 Inferior sagittal sinus, 470 Inguinal triangle, 349 on, 334 Intersex, 586 Inferior vena cava, 339 Inhalational general anesthetic, 255 metformin effect on, 334 Interstitial fluid, 281 in diaphragm, 609 Inhalational injury, 222 in PCOS, 591 Interstitial lung disease, 430 gonadal drainage and, 573 Inhaled anesthetics, 502 Insurance Interstitial nephritis Infertility Inheritance modes, 70 disregarding in treatment, 42 as drug reaction, 253 clomiphene for, 601 Inhibin Medicare/Medicaid as, 44 NSAID toxicity as cause, 447 cystic fibrosis as cause, 72 in cryptorchidism, 597 Integrase inhibitors, 186 penicillinase-resistant penicillins as ectopic pregnancy and, 589 in Klinefelter syndrome, 585 Integrins cause, 171 endometriosis as cause, 594 Sertoli cell secretion of, 576 in epithelial cells, 438 Interstitial pneumonia, 624 impaired sperm mobility as in spermatogenesis, 576 as receptor, 150 Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, 636 cause, 583 Inhibin A Intellectual disabilities Interstitium, in leukocyte Kallmann syndrome as cause, 586 in Down syndrome, 74 in WAGR complex, 551 extravasation, 221 Kartagener syndrome as cause, 60, in Edwards syndrome, 74 Intellectual disability Interventricular foramen, 263 633 Inhibitors of complement autism and, 511 Intestinal obstruction Klinefelter syndrome as cause, 585 activation, 199 fetal alcohol syndrome as hernias as cause, 349 460 leuprolide for, 601 Inhibitory pathway, cause, 565 superior mesenteric artery 57 mumps as cause, 155 Initiation of protein synthesis, hydrocephalus as cause, 471 syndrome as cause, 342 Innate immunity, 192 ovarian neoplasms and, 592 key associations, 643 Intestinal stomach cancer, 356 Inositol trisphosphate (IP ), 316 PCOS as cause, 591 3 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome as Intestinal villi, 341 Inotropes, 292 salpingitis and, 167 cause, 631 Intracellular fluid (ICF), 533 Inotropy, 269 septate uterus as cause, 572 in Rett syndrome, 511 Intracellular organisms, 112 treatments for, 640 Intellectualization, as ego Intracellular receptors AChE inhibitors as cause, 505 varicoceles as cause, 597 defense, 509 as endocrine hormone barbiturates for, 501 Infiltrative cardiomyopathy, 291 Intention tremor, 461 messengers, 316 benzodiazepines for, 501 Infiltrative lymphohistiocytosis, 209 cerebellar hemisphere lesions Intracranial hemorrhage, 469 hyperthyroidism as cause, 321 Inflammation, 219 and, 464 eclampsia as cause, 590 marijuana withdrawal as cause, 523 acute-phase reactants, 198 multiple sclerosis as cause, 492 Intracranial pressure, 465 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics ESR in, 224 Intention tremors in hydrocephalus, 471 for, 501 IL-1 as cause, 200 multiple sclerosis as cause, 632 papilledema caused by, 486 stimulants as cause, 522 pathology of, 216–225 Interactions, drug, 237 superior vena cava syndrome Inspiration, effect on 419 625 Inflammatory bowel disease auscultation, 272 Intercostobrachial nerve, and, (IBD), 359 Inspiratory capacity (IC), 610 Interferon-α Intraductal papillomas, 595 AA amyloidosis and, 225 Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), 610 myopathy caused by, 253 Intraocular pressure in azathioprine for, 409 Insulin, 308 Interferon-γ release assay glaucoma, 484 erythema nodosum and, 444 anabolic effects of, 308 (IGRA), 124 Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 469 infliximab/adalimumab for, 448 deficiency in, 330 Interferons, 187, 201 Intrauterine device (IUD) methotrexate for, 409 for diabetes mellitus type 2, 639 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis copper, 602 sclerosing cholangitis and, 371 for diabetes treatment, 334 and, 548 endometritis and, 594 spondyloarthritis and, 433 for diabetic ketoacidosis, 331, 639 Interlobar artery, 532 Intrauterine growth restriction therapeutic antibodies for, 214 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 87 Interlobular artery, 532 (IUGR) Inflammatory breast cancer, 596 GIP effect on, 350 Intermediate filaments low birth weight caused by, 581 Inflammatory diseases, glucagon and, 309 as cytoskeletal element, 60 smoking as cause, 564 Staphylococcus aureus as glycogen regulation and, 97 immunohistochemical stains Intravascular hemolysis, 391 cause, 119 for hyperosmolar hyperglycemia for, 60 Intravenous anesthetics, 502 Infliximab, 214, 448 nonketotic syndrome, 332 Internal auditory meatus, 478 Intraventricular hemorrhage for Crohn disease, 359, 639 hypokalemia caused by, 542 Internal capsule low birth weight and, 581 for ulcerative colitis, 359, 641 in pregnancy, 308 intraparenchymal hemorrhage neonatal respiratory distress Influenza, 153 production of, 307 in, 469 syndrome as cause, 607 as antigenic variation, 202 secretion of, 308 stroke effects, 467 Intrinsic factor, 351 killed vaccine for, 146 signaling pathways for, 316 Internal carotid artery location of, 351 live attenuated vaccine for, 146 somatostatin and, 350 in cavernous sinus, 481 Intrinsic hemolytic anemia, 392 as orthomyxovirus, 151 somatostatinomas and, 332 in circle of Willis, 466 Intrinsic pathway, 216 pneumonia caused by, 624 sulfonylurea effect on, 334 Internal hemorrhoids, 345 for coagulation, 383 Reye syndrome and, 366 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) Internal iliac arteries, 342 coagulation defects of, 396 treatment/prevention of, 184 in acromegaly, 327 Internal iliac artery, 264 heparin and, 406 treatments for, 640 in Laron syndrome, 327 Internal iliac lymph nodes, 190 Intrinsic renal failure, 553 vaccine for, 203 signaling pathways for, 316 Internal inguinal ring, 349 Introns, vs. exons, 55 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 721 11/3/15 4:53 PM 722 INDEX INDEX

Intrusive thoughts, 517 Isoleucine, 92 ToRCHeS infections as cause, 165 Keratinocytes Intussusception, 362 maple syrup urine disease and, 95 yellow fever as cause, 152 in sunburn, 444 Meckel diverticulum as cause, 361 Isoniazid, 180 Jaw jerk reflex, 479 in wound healing, 223 presentation of, 633 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 JC virus (John Cunningham virus) Keratin pearls, 636 Inulin hemolysis in G6PD deficiency HIV and, 160 in lung cancer, 626 extracellular volume and, 533 caused by, 252 polyomaviruses as cause, 148 Keratoacanthomas, 445 glomerular filtration rate and, 534 hepatitis caused by, 252 progressive multifocal Keratoconjunctivitis, 149 in proximal convoluted lupus-like syndrome caused leukoencephalopathy Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 432 tubules, 539 by, 253 and, 493 Keratomalacia, 77 Invariant chain, 192 for Mycobacterium JC virus (John Cunningham Virus) Kernicterus, 177, 187 Invasive carcinomas, 227 tuberculosis, 179, 640 in immunocompromised Kernohan notch, 498 ductal, 596, 642 as Mycobacterium tuberculosis patients, 210 , 502 lobular, 596 prophylaxis, 179 Jejunum, 341 Ketoconazole, 181, 182, 603 In vivo biofilm-producing seizures caused by, 253 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen cytochrome P-450 and, 254 bacteria, 113 sideroblastic anemia caused by, 389 syndrome, 277 gynecomastia caused by, 595 Iodine Isoproterenol, 246 Jimson weed, 245 for PCOS, 591 cretinism and, 642 vs. norepinephrine, 247 Jod-Basedow phenomenon, 323. See reproductive hormones and, 600 deficiency in, 321, 322 Isosorbide dinitrate, 299 also Wolff-Chaikoff effect Ketogenesis as infection control technique, 187 Isosorbide mononitrate, 299 JONES criteria for acute rheumatic in diabetic ketoacidosis, 331 teratogenic effects of, 564 Isotretinoin fever, 120 diagram of, 85 thionamide effect on, 335 for cystic acne, 77 J point, in ECG, 276 in insulin deficiency, 330 Iodophors, as infection control as teratogen, 564 Jugular foramen, 470, 478 location of in cell, 83 techniques, 187 Isovolumetric contraction, 270 Jugular venous distention (JVD), 292, rate-determining enzyme for, 84 Iodoquinol, 139 Isovolumetric relaxation, 270 613 Ketone bodies, 102 Ipratropium, 245, 628 Itraconazole, 181, 182 superior vena cava syndrome as Ketonemia, 330 Ipsilateral nucleus cuneatus, 473 for Sporothrix schenckii, 138, 641 cause, 625 Ketones, 309 Irinotecan, 411 for systemic mycoses, 135 Jugular venous pulse, 270 Ketonuria, 330 in cell cycle, 408 IV drug use Justice, as ethical principle, 39 Ketorolac, 447 targets of, 408 common organisms, 162 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 484 arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 Iris, 482 osteomyelitis and, 163 Juvenile polyposis, 363 Kidney disease Iritis, 484 Ivermectin, 183 Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 540 anemia of chronic disease and, 391 Iron IV phlebitis, caused by amphotericin Juxtaglomerular cells, 532 hypertension as cause, 284 absorption of, 352 B, 182 in filtration, 535 Kidney endocrine functions, 541 in anemia, 394 Ixodes ticks, 130 in juxtaglomerular apparatus, 540 Kidneys in anemia of chronic disease, 391 as disease vectors, 132, 141 renin secreted by, 540 autoregulation of, 280 in hemochromatosis, 371 tumors in, 318 embryologic derivatives of, 563 lab values in anemia, 394 J embryology of, 530 metabolic acidosis caused by, 543 JAK2 gene, 230 K in gastrointestinal anatomy, 339 in sideroblastic anemia, 389 in myeloproliferative disorders, 404 Kallikrein hormones acting on, 541 toxicity treatment for, 251 Janeway lesions, 633 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency ischemia in, 218 Iron deficiency anemia, 388, 644 bacterial endocarditis as cause, 293 and, 199 sclerosis of, 437 in anemia taxonomy, 388 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 131, neutrophils and, 378 solitary functioning, 531 colorectal cancer as cause, 364 631 Kallmann syndrome, 586, 644 Kidney stones, 549 fibroid tumors as cause, 594 Jaundice, 369 Kaposi sarcoma, 441 Crohn disease as cause, 359 lab findings in, 636 ABO hemolytic disease of the AIDS and, 167 hematuria caused by, 544 Plummer-Vinson syndrome as newborn as cause, 382 vs. bacillary angiomatosis, 441 horseshoe kidney and, 531 cause, 354, 631 alcoholic cirrhosis as cause, 367 HHV-8 as cause, 149 hydronephrosis caused by, 550 Iron poisoning, 396 biliary tract disease as cause, 371 HIV and, 160 hypercalcemia as cause, 542 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 360 cholangitis as cause, 372 IFN-α for, 187 hyperparathyroidism as antispasmodic drugs for, 245 cirrhosis as cause, 365 oncogenic microbes and, 231 cause, 326 Ischemia, 218, 614 Courvoisier sign and, 632 presentation of, 631 hyperphosphatemia as cause, 542 atherosclerosis as cause, 286 Crigler-Najjar syndrome as recombinant cytokines for, 213 key associations, 644 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 538 cause, 633 Kartagener syndrome, 60, 262 postrenal azotemia caused by, 553 necrosis and, 217 as drug reaction, 252 bronchiectasis and, 618 UTIs and, 164 vascular dementia caused by, 491 fructose intolerance as cause, 91 infertility caused by, 583 Kiesselbach plexus, 616 Ischemic brain disease, 470 galactosemia as cause, 91 presentation of, 633 Killed vaccines, 146 Ischemic heart disease, 287 graft-versus-host disease as Karyolysis, 218 Killian triangle, 361 Ischemic priapism, 597 cause, 211 Karyorrhexis, 218 Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, 637 Ischemic stroke, 470 hepatitis B as cause, 167 Karyotyping, 67 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 Ishikawa diagram, 46 hepatocellular carcinoma as Kawasaki disease, 296 in diabetic Islets of Langerhans, 307 cause, 368 presentation of, 630, 634 glomerulonephropathy, 548 , 528 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias as treatments for, 640 Kinases, 84 Isocitrate dehydrogenase, 84 cause, 370 Kayser-Fleischer rings, 631 Kinesin, 60 in metabolic pathways, 85 key associations, 643 Wilson disease as cause, 371 Kingella spp., 293 Isodisomy, 69 leptospirosis as cause, 130 K cells, 350 Kinin cascade, 383 , 502 pancreatic cancer as cause, 373, Kegel exercises, 551 Kinin pathways, 383 Isolation of affect, as ego defense, 509 633 Keloid scars, 222 Kissing bug, as disease vector, 142 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 722 11/3/15 4:53 PM INDEX INDEX 723

Klebsiella spp., 128 Lacrimation reflex, 479 Lateral corticospinal tract, 472, 473 Legionnaires’ disease, 127 alcoholism and, 162 Lactase deficiency, 92 stroke effects, 467 Leiomyomas, 594, 645 currant jelly sputum caused by, 169 Lactation, 581. See also Breast milk Lateral epicondylitis, 417 nomenclature for, 228 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 dopamine and, 310 Lateral femoral circumflex artery, 427 polycythemia and, 229 kidney stones caused by, 549 oxytocin for, 336 Lateral fold closure defects, 338 Leiomyosarcomas, 228 lactose fermentation by, 126 progesterone and, 577 Lateral geniculate nucleus Leishmania donovani, 142 morphology of, 109 prolactin and, 310 (LGN), 458 Leishmaniasis, 142 as nosocomial infection, 168 Sheehan syndrome and, 329, 632 Lateral lesions of cerebellum, 459 sodium stibogluconate for, 183 pneumonia caused by, 624 Lactational mastitis, 595 Lateral medullary syndrome, 467 Lens, 482 as urease-positive organism, 112 Lactic acid dehydrogenase, 88 Lateral pterygoid muscle, 569 collagen in, 61 urinary tract infections caused Lactic acidosis Lateral rectus muscle, 488 subluxation of, 96 by, 552 ethanol metabolism and, 83 Lateral thoracic artery, 423 Lenticulostriate artery, 467 exercise and, 615 Lateral ventricles, in herniation Lentiform, 460 cephalosporins for, 172 in MELAS syndrome, 70 syndromes, 498 Leonine facies, in Hansen as encapsulated bacteria, 112 metabolic acidosis caused by, 543 Laxatives, 375 disease, 125 in immunodeficient patients, 210 metformin as cause, 334 LDH, exudate vs. transudate, 224 Lepromatous Hansen disease, 125 presentation of, 633 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex LDL (low-density lipoprotein), 105 Leptin, 311 splenic dysfunction and, 191 deficiency as cause, 88 Leaden paralysis, 515 hypothalamus and, 456 UTIs caused by, 164 Lactiferous sinus, diseases of, 595 “Lead pipe” appearance of colon, 636 Leptospira spp. Klinefelter syndrome, 585 Lactobacillus spp. Lead poisoning, 389, 395 animal transmission of, 132 chromosome associated with, 75 morphology of, 109 acute tubular necrosis caused as spirochete, 130 gynecomastia caused by, 595 as normal flora, 161 by, 554 Leptospira interrogans, 130 testicular tumors and, 598 Lactoferrin in anemia taxonomy, 388 Leptospirosis, 130 Klumpke palsy, 420 in neutrophils, 378 basophilic stippling in, 386 animal transmission of, 132 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 464, 632 in respiratory burst, 201 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 538 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 50 635 636 Knee pain, from “unhappy triad,” 417 Lactose-fermenting enteric lab findings in, , gout and, 431 126 presentation of, 630 Knees organisms, lab findings in, 636 culture requirements for, 111 sideroblastic anemia caused by, 389 common conditions of, 417 presentation of, 631 Lactose intolerance, 358 treatment for, 251 examination of, 416 as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 Lactose metabolism, 52 Lead-time bias, in studies, 36 Knock out genes/Knock in genes, 68 Leser-Trélat sign, 229, 440 Lactotroph hyperplasia, 496 Lecithins, in pulmonary Koilocytes, 635 stomach cancer as cause, 356 Lactulose, 375 surfactant, 607 condylomata acuminata as Lesser sac, 340 for hepatic encephalopathy, 367 Lectin pathway of complement cause, 167 Lethal median dose, 240 for hyperammonemia, 93 activation, 199 Koilocytosis, 440 Letrozole, 601 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Ledipasvir, 187 Koplik spots, 154, 166, 634 Leucine, 92 syndrome, 436 Leflunomide, 447 Korsakoff psychosis, 523 maple syrup urine disease and, 95 autoantibody associated with, 207 pyrimidine synthesis and, 49 Korsakoff syndrome, 512 Leucovorin, 409 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 for rheumatoid arthritis, 430 Krabbe disease, 100, 493 Leukemias, 402 small cell lung cancer as Left anterior descending artery, 265 KRAS gene, 230 allopurinol for, 448 cause, 626 myocardial infarction and, 288 adenomatous colonic polyps aplastic anemia and, 391 Lamina propria, 341 Left anterior division, 276 363 231 and, Peyer patches in, 352 Left bundle branch, 276 carcinogens causing, colorectal cancer and, 364 in Whipple disease, 358 Left bundle branch block, 271 cyclophosphamide for, 410 lung cancer and, 626 Lamins, 60 Left circumflex coronary artery, 265 cytarabine for, 409 Krukenberg tumors, 356, 593, 642 Lamivudine, 184 Left common iliac artery, 342 doxorubicin for, 410 Km, 236 for HIV, 186 Left gastroepiploic artery, 343 etoposide/teniposide for, 411 Kulchitsky cells, 319, 626 Lamotrigine Left hemianopia with macular vs. lymphomas, 399 Kupffer cells, 346 for epilepsy, 500 sparing, 489 mucormycosis and, 137 Kuru, 161 rash caused by, 253 Left heart disease, 622 nomenclature for, 228 Kussmaul respirations Landmark dermatomes, 476 Left horn of sinus venosus, 262 vinca alkaloids for, 411 diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 331 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 403 Left lower quadrantic hemiopia, 489 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 209, presentation of, 631 Langerhans cells, 380 Left main coronary artery, 265 221 Kussmaul sign, 295 Birbeck granules in, 638 Left marginal artery, 265 Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase Kwashiorkor, 82 Language development, 43 Left posterior division, 276 (LAP), 378 Kyphoscoliosis, 475 Lanosterol synthesis, 181 Left recurrent laryngeal nerve, 568 Leukocyte esterase, 164, 552 Kyphosis, 96 Lansoprazole, 374 Left shift, 394 Leukocyte extravasation, 221 Lanugo, in anorexia nervosa, 520 Left-to-right shunts, 283 Leukocytes, 378 L Laplace law, 267, 607 Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 427 extravasation of, 221 Labetalol, 249 Large cell carcinomas of lungs, 626 Legionella spp. in leukemias, 402 for gestational hypertension, 298, Laron syndrome, 327 as atypical organism, 162 in myeloproliferative 590 Larva migrans, 143 culture requirements for, 111 disorders, 404 for hypertensive emergency, 298 , 608 as intracellular organism, 112 in urine, 164, 544, 552 Labia, 574 Larynx muscles, 569 macrolides for, 176 Leukocytosis male homolog of, 572 Lassa fever encephalitis, 151 morphology of, 109 Clostridium difficile as cause, 168, Labile cells, 58 Latanoprost, 498 as nosocomial infection, 168 630 Laboratory techniques, 64–68 Latent errors, 46 pneumonia caused by, 624 in diabetic ketoacidosis, 331 Lachman test, 416 Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) silver stain for, 110 Leukodystrophies, 493 Lac operons, 52 injury, 416 Legionella pneumophila, 127, 640 oligodendroglia in, 454 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 723 11/3/15 4:53 PM 724 INDEX INDEX

Leukopenia, 394 for Staphylococcus aureus, 641 Liver Losartan, 559 azathioprine as cause, 212 for VRE, 181 blood supply and innervation Lovastatin, 300 cytarabine as cause, 409 Linkage disequilibrium, 68 of, 342 Low birth weight, 581 ganciclovir as cause, 185 Lipase in gastrointestinal anatomy, 340 Löwenstein-Jensen agar, 111 sirolimus as cause, 212 as pancreatic secretions, 352 ischemia in, 218 Lower esophageal sphincter trimethoprim as cause, 177 in pancreatitis, 373 lipid transport and, 104 achalasia and, 354 Leukoplakia, 442 Lipid-lowering agents, 300 as metastasis site, 233 in Barrett esophagus, 355 Leukotriene receptor antagonists, 446 Lipids tissue architecture, 346 Lower extremity nerves, 422 Leukotrienes metabolism of, 85 Liver disease Lower left quadrant (LLQ) pain, 360 arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 transport of, 104 acanthocytes in, 386 Lower motor neuron (LMN) basophils and, 379 in viruses, 146 alcoholic, 367 lesions, 480, 632 cortisol effect on, 313 Lipodystrophy anemia caused by, 390 in Brown-Séquard syndrome, 475 synthesis of, 446 insulin as cause, 334 in anemia taxonomy, 388 poliomyelitis and, 475 Leuprolide, 601, 640 protease inhibitors as cause, 186 cystic fibrosis as cause, 72 LPS, and endotoxins, 117 Levator veli palatini muscle, 569 tesamorelin for, 309 echinocytes in, 386 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 523

Levetiracetam Lipofuscin, 225 key associations, 644 LTB4 (Leukotriene B4), 378, 446 for epilepsy, 500 Lipoic acid, 87 loading and maintenance dose Lumbar puncture for tonic-clonic seizures, 641 Lipoid nephrosis, 548 in, 237 location of, 472 Levodopa, 504, 505 Lipolysis target cells in, 387 for pseudotumor cerebri, 471 Levofloxacin, 170, 178 cortisol and, 313 Liver failure Lumbosacral radiculopathy, 423 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127 glucagon and, 309 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 368 Lumbrical muscles, 421 Levomilnacipran, 527 insulin and, 308 myoclonus in, 461 Klumpke palsy and, 420 Levonorgestrel, 602 in insulin deficiency, 330 Wilson disease as cause, 371 Lumefantrine, 183 , 335. See also Thyroid niacin and, 300 Liver fluke “Lumpy bumpy” glomeruli, 637 hormones sympathetic receptors and, 242 hyperbilirubinemia caused by, 369 Lunate bone, 418 Lewy bodies, 636 thyroid hormones and, 315 as oncogenic microbe, 231 Lung abscesses, 624 in Parkinson disease, 461 Lipomas, 228 Liver pathology serum markers, 366 Lung and chest wall, 611 Lewy body dementia, 491, 513 Lipoprotein lipase, 104 Liver tumors, 368 Lung cancer, 626 Leydig cells, 571, 576 Lipoproteins, 105 Living wills, 41 asbestosis and, 620 Leydig cell tumors, 598 Liposarcomas, 228 LMN facial nerve palsy, 634 bone metastases in, 644 LFA-1 antigens, 221 Lipoteichoic acid, 108 Loading dose, 237, 646 brain metastases in, 644 LH. See Luteinizing hormone (LH) Liquefactive necrosis, 217 Loa loa, 143 carcinogens causing, 231 Libido calcification and, 220 infection routes, 142 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 411 in geriatric patients, 44 Liraglutide, 335 , 622, 624 Cushing syndrome and, 229 testosterone and, 582 Lisch nodules Lobular carcinomas, 595 eriotinib for, 412 Libman-Sacks endocarditis, 434 causes of, 630 Local anesthetics, 503 hypercalcemia and, 229 Lice, 145 neurofibromatosis type 1 as naming convention for, 255 incidence/mortality of, 228 as disease vectors, 132, 133 cause, 71, 495 Locked-in syndrome metastases of, 233 treatment for, 183 Lisinopril, 559 basilar artery lesions as cause, 467 neuromuscular paraneoplastic Lichen planus, 444 Lispro insulin, 334. See also Insulin osmotic demyelination syndrome syndromes and, 229 hypergranulosis and, 439 Listeria spp. as cause, 492 oncogenes and, 230 presentation of, 633 as catalase-positive organism, 112 Lockjaw topotecan for, 411 Liddle syndrome, 538 chronic granulomatous disease Clostridium tetani as cause, 122 Lung diseases markers in, 542 and, 209 tetanospasmin as cause, 116 obstructive, 618 Lidocaine, 302, 503 in Gram-positive algorithm, 118 Locus heterogeneity, 69 restrictive, 619 for arrhythmia, 638 as intracellular organism, 112 Löffler medium, 111 Lungs Li-Fraumeni syndrome meningitis caused by, 163 Löffler syndrome, 291 autoregulation of, 280 autosomal dominance of, 71 morphology of, 109 Lomustine, 410 congenital malformations of, 606 osteosarcomas and, 429 Listeria monocytogenes, 123 in cell cycle, 408 development of, 606 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 β-hemolytic nature of, 119 Lone Star tick, as disease vector, 132 physical findings, 622 Ligaments, gastrointestinal, 340 granulomatous diseases caused Long QT syndrome relations between, 609 Ligamentum arteriosum, 264 by, 223 ranolazine as cause, 299 sclerosis of, 437 Ligamentum teres hepatis, 264, 340 in neonates, 165 sudden cardiac death caused Lung volumes, 610 Ligamentum venosum, 264 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins by, 287 Lupus, 434 receptors, 216 for, 171 Loop diuretics, 557 acute interstitial nephritis caused Limbic system, 458 Lithium, 526 for heart failure, 292 by, 554 Limit dextrin, 98 for bipolar disorder, 515, 524, 638 lab findings in, 636 anemia of chronic disease and, 391 Limited scleroderma, 437 cardiac defects associated with in metabolic alkalosis caused by, 543 antiphospholipid syndrome Linagliptin, 335 utero exposure, 284 site of action, 556 and, 434 Lindane, 183 diabetes insipidus caused by, 253, toxicity caused by, 254 autoantibody associated with, 207 Linea alba, 348 328 Loop of Henle, 556 autoimmune hemolytic anemia Linear ulcers, in esophagitis, 354 Ebstein anomaly caused by, 282 Loperamide, 376, 499 and, 393 Linear viruses, 147 hypothyroidism caused by, 252, 322 Lopinavir, 184 azathioprine for, 409 Lines of Zahn, 617, 638 as teratogen, 564 for HIV, 186 bacterial endocarditis caused Lineweaver-Burk plot, 236 therapeutic index value of, 240 Loratadine, 627 by, 293 , 170, 174, 176 Live attenuated vaccines, 146, 203 Lorazepam, 501 death caused by, 642 for MRSA, 181 Livedo reticularis, 504 for alcohol withdrawal, 524 DPGN caused by, 546 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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HLA-DR2 and, 193 in spleen, 191 for Legionella pneumophila, 127, artesunate for, 183 HLA-DR3 and, 193, 643 in thymus, 191 640 Plasmodium as cause, 141 isoniazid as cause, 180 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 134 quinidine/quinine for, 183 key associations, 642 (LCMV), 151 naming convention for, 255 treatments for, 640 lab findings in, 634, 635 Lymphocytosis, 191 as protein synthesis inhibitors, 174 Malassezia spp., 136 lymphopenia caused by, 394 Lymphogranuloma venereum, 134 torsades de pointes caused by, 251 Malathion, 183 membranous nephropathy and, 548 as STI, 167 Macroorchidism, 73 Male genital embryology, 571 microangiopathic anemia caused Lymphohistiocytosis, 209 Macro-ovalocytes, 386 Male reproductive anatomy, 575 by, 393 Lymphoid hyperplasia, 360 Macrophages, 379 Male sexual response, 575 neutropenia caused by, 394 Lymphoid structures, 190–191 in alveoli, 608 Maleylacetoacetic acid, 95 presentation of, 630 Lymphomas apoptosis and, 216 Malformation, in organogenesis, 563 Raynaud phenomenon and, 437 allopurinol for, 448 bilirubin and, 353 Malignancy, 644 Lupus-like syndrome carcinogens causing, 231 binding of, 196 Malignant hypertension alpha-methyldopa for, 247 celiac disease and, 358 in breast milk, 581 microangiopathic anemia caused as drug reaction, 253 cyclophosphamide for, 410 cell surface proteins, 202 by, 393 hydralazine as cause, 298 cytarabine for, 409 in chronic inflammation, 219 RBC casts in, 544 procainamide as cause, 302 doxorubicin for, 410 cytokines secreted by, 200 Malignant hyperthermia, 502 Lupus nephritis, 434 EBV and, 149 endotoxins/lipopolysaccharide, dantrolene for, 503 Lupus nephropathy, 642 etoposide/teniposide for, 411 effect on, 202 succinylcholine as cause, 503 Lupus pernio, 435 hypercalcemia and, 229 innate immunity and, 192 treatments for, 640 , 525 vs. leukemias, 399 in lymph node, 190 Malignant melanomas Luteal phase of menstrual cycle, 579 methotrexate for, 409 in MI, 288 IFN-α for, 187 Luteinizing hormone (LH) minimal change disease and, 548 necrosis and, 217 recombinant cytokines for, 213 in androgen insensitivity nomenclature for, 228 in silicosis, 620 Malignant mesotheliomas, 232 syndrome, 586 non-Hodgkin, 400 in spleen, 191 Malignant tumors, 228 clomiphene effect on, 601 oncogenic microbes and, 231 in wound healing, 223 Malingering, 518 in cryptorchidism, 597 presentation of, 631 Macrosomia, caused by maternal Malleus bone, 481, 569 in Kallmann syndrome, 586 of stomach, 356 diabetes, 564 Mallory bodies, 636 in Klinefelter syndrome, 585 of thyroid, 324 Macula, cherry-red spot on, 100, 486, in alcoholic hepatitis, 367 in menopause, 582 Lymphopenias, 394 630, 632 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 354, 523, in ovulation, 310, 578 ataxia-telangiectasia as cause, 209 Macula densa, 532 634 in PCOS, 591 corticosteroid effect on, 394 in filtration, 535 Malnutrition, 82 pharmacologic control of, 600 Lynch syndrome, 363 in juxtaglomerular apparatus, 540 superior mesenteric artery in premature ovarian failure, 591 endometrial cancer and, 594 Macular degeneration, 485 syndrome and, 342 progesterone and, 577 mismatch repair and, 53 Macules, 438 wet beriberi as cause, 631 secretion of, 307 ovarian neoplasms and, 592 Maculopapular rash Malrotation, 361 signaling pathways of, 316 Lysine, 92 graft-versus-host disease as Maltese cross appearance of in spermatogenesis, 310, 576 in cystinuria, 96 cause, 211 babesiosis, 141 in Turner syndrome, 585 kidney stones and, 549 syphilis as cause, 131 “Maltese cross” sign, 544 Lyme disease, 130 for pyruvate dehydrogenase Magnesium MALT lymphomas animal transmission of, 132 complex deficiency, 88 amphotericin B and, 182 Helicobacter pylori as cause, 130, AV block caused by, 278 Lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase, 99 as antiarrhythmic drug, 304 356 ceftriaxone for, 172 Lysosomal storage diseases, 59, 100, for cardiac glycoside toxicity, 301 oncogenic microbes and, 231 facial nerve palsy caused by, 480 644 decrease, causes of, 314 Sjögren syndrome as cause, 432 presentation of, 632 Lysosome rupture, 218 proton pump inhibitor effect Mammary gland cysts, 637 Lymphadenopathy Lysozyme on, 374 Mammary glands, 563 follicular lymphoma as cause, 400 innate immunity and, 192 PTH and, 314 Mammillary bodies, 458, 477 Ghon complex and, 636 in neutrophils, 378 in renal disorders, 542 in Korsakoff syndrome, 512 mononucleosis as cause, 149 LYST gene, 209 torsades de pointes and, 277 lesions in, 464 mycosis fungoides as cause, 631 Lysyl oxidase, 63 Magnesium citrate, 375 in Wernicke-Korsakoff rubella as cause, 153, 165 Lytic bone lesions Magnesium hydroxide, 375 syndrome, 523 serum sickness as cause, 205 adult T-cell lymphoma as Magnesium sulfate Mammillary body atrophy, 641 syphilis as cause, 131, 167 cause, 400 for eclampsia, 590 Mandibular process, 569 tinea capitis and, 136 Langerhans cell histiocytosis as for preeclampsia, 590 Mango flies, as disease vectors, 143 Lymphatic ducts, 190 cause, 403 for torsades de pointes, 277 Manic episodes, 514 Lymphatic gonadal drainage, 573 multiple myeloma and, 401, 637 Maintenance dose, 237, 646 Mannitol, 557 Lymphatic pleural effusion, 623 Maintenance stage of overcoming extracellular volume and, 533 Lymph drainage, 190 M addiction, 521 site of action, 556 Lymphedema, 585, 634 MacConkey agar, 110, 111 Major basic protein (MBP), 379 Mantle cell lymphomas, 400 Lymph nodes, 190 lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria Major depressive disorder, 514, 515 chromosomal translocations absent, in X-linked on, 126 tricyclic antidepressants for, 527 and, 403 agammaglobulinemia, 208 Macroangiopathic anemia, 388, 393 Major ducts (breast), 595 Mantle zone T cell differentiation in, 194 Macrocytic anemia, 388, 390 Malabsorption syndromes, 358, 359 in lymph node, 190 casts in urine, 638 Macroglossia, 551 fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies in spleen, 191 Lymphocytes, 192–197, 378, 380 Macrolides, 170, 176 caused by, 76 MAO inhibitors, 528 in breast milk, 581 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 osteoporosis and, 426 for atypical depression, 515 corticosteroid effect on, 394 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Malaria mechanism of, 526 in lymph node, 190 and, 339 anemia caused by, 393 in Parkinson disease, 504 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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MAO inhibitors (continued) Measurement bias in studies, 36 Megaloblastic anemia, 388, 390 Memory loss, in Wernicke-Korsakoff for phobias, 517 Mebendazole, 183 cytarabine as cause, 409 syndrome, 77, 464, 523 /rasagiline as, 505 microtubules and, 60 Diphyllobothrium latum as MEN1 gene, 230 serotonin syndrome caused by, 527 “Mechanic’s hands” in cause, 144 multiple endocrine neoplasias tyramine and, 243 dermatomyositis, 436 as drug reaction, 252 and, 71 Maple syrup urine disease, 95 Meckel diverticulum, 361, 567 epilepsy drugs causing, 500 Ménétrier disease, 356 Marantic endocarditis, 642 Meconium ileus, 362 lab findings in, 636 Ménière disease Marasmus, 82 cystic fibrosis as cause, 72 macro-ovalocytes in, 386 presentation of, 631 Maraviroc, 184, 186 Medial antebrachial cutaneous orotic aciduria as cause, 390 vertigo caused by, 495 Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 151 nerve, 419 trimethoprim as cause, 177 Menin, 230 Marcus Gunn pupils, 487 Medial brachial cutaneous nerve, 419 tropical sprue as cause, 358 Meningiomas, 496, 642 multiple sclerosis as cause, 492 Medial calcific sclerosis, 285 vitamin B12 deficiency as lab findings in, 637 Marfanoid habitus Medial collateral ligament (MCL) cause, 80 neurofibromatosis type 2 as homocystinuria as cause, 96 injury vitamin B9 deficiency as cause, 79 cause, 71 MEN 2B syndrome and, 333 abnormal passive abduction in, 416 Megestrol, 602 Psammoma bodies in, 232 Marfan syndrome in “unhappy triad,” 417 Meglitinides, 335 Meningitis aortic aneurysms and, 641 Medial epicondylitis, 417 Meigs syndrome, 592 ceftriaxone for, 172 aortic dissection and, 287 Medial femoral circumflex artery, 427 Meissner corpuscles, 454 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings autosomal dominance of, 71 Medial geniculate nucleus Melanocytes in, 163 cardiac defects associated with, 284 (MGN), 458 embryologic derivatives of, 563 chloramphenicol for, 175 cataracts and, 483 Medial hypertrophy, in pulmonary tumor nomenclature in, 228 coccidioidomycosis as cause, 135 chromosome associated with, 75 hypertension, 622 in vitiligo, 439 common causes of, 163 elastin and, 64 Medial lemniscus, 467 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Cryptococcus neoformans as heart murmur caused by, 273 Medial lesions of cerebellum, 459 (MSH) cause, 137 presentation of, 630 Medial longitudinal fasciculus, 490 secretion of, 307 fluconazole for, 182 286 467 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, Medial medullary syndrome, signaling pathways of, 316 flucytosine for, 182 Medial meniscal tear, 417 Marijuana Melanocytic nevus, 440 Haemophilus influenzae as intoxication and withdrawal, 523 Medial pterygoid muscle, 569 Melanomas cause, 126 schizophrenia and, 514 Medial rectus muscle, 488 brain metastases in, 644 headaches caused by, 494 Masseter muscle, 569 Medial umbilical ligament, 264, 348 hydroxyurea for, 411 HIV and, 160 Massive hepatic necrosis, 252 Median, 37 nomenclature for, 228 Listeria monocytogenes as Mast cells, 379 Median claw, 421 oncogenes and, 230 cause, 123 IgE antibody and, 197 Median nerve, 419 of skin, 445 meningococci as cause, 126 Mastectomy, as cause of winged in carpal tunnel syndrome, 418 sunburn and, 444 mumps as cause, 155 scapula, 420 injury to, 421 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 in neonates, 165 Mastication muscles, 480 Median umbilical ligament, 348, 532 Melarsoprol, 183 rifamycins as prophylaxis Mastitis, 595 Mediastinal lymph nodes, 190 for Trypanosoma brucei, 140 for, 179 Mastoid air cells, 570 , 121 Melasma, 439 Streptococcus pneumoniae as Mastoiditis Medical abortion MELAS syndrome, 70 cause, 120 brain abscesses caused by, 163 as ethical situation, 42 Melatonin Streptococcus agalactiae as Wegener granulomatosis as methotrexate for, 409 457 121 cause, 296 treatments for, 640 circadian rhythm and, cause, Maternal-fetal blood barrier of Medical errors, 46 as derivative, 94 tuberculosis and, 124 placenta, 455 Medical power of attorney, 41 for Trypanosoma brucei, 140 in unvaccinated children, 169 Maternal PKU, 95 Medicare/Medicaid, 44 Melena Meningocele, 451 Mature cystic teratomas, 592 Medium-chain acyl-CoA Meckel diverticulum as cause, 361, Meningococcal prophylaxis, 181 Maturity-onset diabetes of the young dehydrogenase 567 Meningococcal vaccine, 112 (MODY), 86 deficiency, 101 polyarteritis nodosa as cause, 296 Meningococcemia Maxillary artery, 568 Medroxyprogesterone, 602 Meloxicam, 447 endotoxins as cause, 115 Maxillary process, 569 Medulla Memantine, 505 meningococci as cause, 126 Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser brain, 450 Membrane attack complex Meningococci, 126 syndrome, 571 lymph node, 190 (MAC), 196 Meningoencephalitis, 140 McArdle disease, 99, 631 thymus, 194 complement and, 199 Meningomyelocele, 451 McBurney point, 360 Medullary carcinomas, 596 in type II hypersensitivity Meniscal tear, 416, 417 McBurney sign, 633 Medullary cords, lymph node, 190 reactions, 204 Menkes disease, 63 McCune-Albright syndrome, 69, 630 Medullary cystic disease, 555 Membranoproliferative collagen and, 62 McMurray test, 416 Medullary pyramids, 477, 532 glomerulonephritis Menometrorrhagia, 579 MDMA (ecstasy) intoxication and Medullary thyroid carcinomas, 324 (MPGN), 547 Menopause, 582 withdrawal, 523 MEN 2A as cause, 333 DPGN caused by, 546 fibroid tumors in, 594 Mean arterial pressure, 266, 465, 647 MEN 2B syndrome as cause, 333 lab findings in, 638 hormone replacement therapy Mean, in statistical distribution, 37 oncogenes and, 230 Membranous glomerular for, 601 Measles, 154, 166 Medulloblastomas, 497, 642, 644 disorders, 544 Menorrhagia, 579 as paramyxovirus, 151 Mefloquine, 141, 640 Membranous interventricular adenomyosis as cause, 594 paramyxoviruses as cause, 153 Megacolon septum, 263 anemia caused by, 388 presentation of, 631 Chagas disease as cause, 142 Membranous nephropathy, 548, 638 Menstrual cycle, 579 in unvaccinated children, 169 in Hirschsprung disease, 361 Membranous ossification, 425 estrogens for, 601 vaccine for, 203 Megakaryocytes, in essential Membranous ventricular Meperidine, 499 vitamin A for, 77 thrombocytemia, 404 septum, 263 Mepivacaine, 503 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Mercury poisoning, 251 catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine for hydatidiform moles, 587 Microalbuminuria, 330 Merkel discs, 454 catabolism, 95 megaloblastic anemia caused Microangiopathic anemia, 393 Merlin protein, 230 disorders of, 91, 92, 94, 95–96, 99, by, 252 in anemia taxonomy, 388 Meropenem, 170, 173 100–101, 105 for polymyositis/ Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia MERS (Middle East respiratory of drugs, 238 dermatomyositis, 436 hypertensive emergency and, 284 syndrome), 151 of ethanol, 83 pulmonary fibrosis caused by, 254 intravascular hemolysis caused Mesalamine, 359, 641 fatty acid, 101 pyrimidine synthesis and, 49 by, 391 Mesangial cells, 532 fuel use, 103 for rheumatoid arthritis, 430 Microarrays, 66 in filtration, 535 gluconeogenesis, 89 targets of, 408 Microbiology in juxtaglomerular apparatus, 540 glycogen and, 98 as teratogen, 564 antimicrobials, 170–187 Mesencephalon, 450 lipoprotein functions, 105 toxicities of, 413, 619 bacteriology, 108–118

Mesenchymal tumors pathway summary, 85 vitamin B9 deficiency caused bacteriology, clinical, 118–134 nomenclature of, 228 pyruvate, 88 by, 79 mycology, 135–138 vimentin stain for, 60 rate-determining enzymes, 84 as weak acid, 238 parasitology, 139–145 Mesenteric arteries, 531 sites of, 83 , 502 systems, 161–169 Mesenteric ischemia, 362, 633 TCA cycle, 88 Methylation, 57 virology, 146–161 Mesenteric veins, 344 urea cycle, 93 Methyldopa Microcephaly Mesna, 639 Metabolites, 526 Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia cri-du-chat syndrome as cause, 75 Mesocortical pathway, 458 Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) caused by, 252 Edwards syndrome as cause, 632 Mesoderm, 450 joints, 421 for hypertension in pregnancy, 298 fetal alcohol syndrome as branchial arches derived Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 100, , 251, 612 cause, 565 from, 568 493 Methylmalonic acid maternal phenylketonuria as

derivatives of, 563 Metalloproteinases, 223 in vitamin B9 deficiency, 79 cause, 95 Mesolimbic pathway, 458 Metal storage diseases, 221 in vitamin B12 deficiency, 80 maternal X-rays as cause, 564 Mesonephric duct, 571 Metanephric mesenchyme, 530 Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase Patau syndrome as cause, 74, 632 Mesonephros, 530 diagram of, 80 Microcytic anemia, 388

Mesosalpinx, 574 pheochromocytoma effect on, 320 vitamin B12 and, 80 Ancylostoma and, 145 Mesotheliomas, 624 in tyrosine catabolism, 95 Methylmercury teratogenicity, 564 key associations, 644 asbestosis and, 620 Metanephros, 530 , 224 carcinogens causing, 231 Metaphase, 58 for ADHD, 511, 524, 638 Microfilaments, in cytoskeleton, 60 lab findings in, 637 Metaphysis, tumors in, 429 as CNS stimulant, 524 Microglia, 450, 453 Psammoma bodies in, 232 Metaplasia, 226 Methylprednisolone, 336, 446. See Micrognathia Mesovarium, 574 Metastases, 233, 626 also Glucocorticoids Edwards syndrome as cause, 74 Mestranol, 601 key associations, 644 Methyltestosterone, 603 Pierre Robin sequence as Metabolic acidosis, 543 of liver cancer, 368 Methylxanthines, 628 cause, 569 Fanconi syndrome as cause, 538 in neoplastic progression, 227 Metoclopramide, 376 Microhematuria, 392 neonatal respiratory distress Metastatic calcification, 220 Parkinson-like syndrome caused Micromelia, 564 syndrome and, 607 Metastatic melanomas by, 253 Microphthalmia, 74 primary adrenal insufficiency as recombinant cytokines for, 213 tardive dyskinesia caused by, 253 MicroRNAs, 55 cause, 318 vemurafenib for, 413 Metolazone, 558 Microscopic polyangiitis, 296 renal failure as cause, 553 Metencephalon, 450 Metoprolol, 249, 303 lab findings in, 634 symptoms of, 543 Metformin, 334 Metronidazole, 170, 178 RPGN and, 546 Metabolic alkalosis, 543 diarrhea caused by, 252 for bacterial vaginosis, 132 Microsporum, 136 acetazolamide for, 557 Methacholine, 244, 628 vs. clindamycin, 175 Microtubule inhibitors, 411 Bartter syndrome as cause, 538 , 499 for Clostridium difficile, 122, 639 in cell cycle, 408 causes of, 543 for heroin addiction, 523 for Crohn disease, 359 Microtubules, 60 Gitelman syndrome as cause, 538 intoxication and withdrawal, 522 disulfiram-like reaction caused Midazolam, 501, 502 hyperaldosteronism as cause, 318 for opioid withdrawal, 522 by, 254 Midbrain, 450 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis as , 524 for Entamoeba histolytica, 139 development of, 450 cause, 339 Methanol toxicity, 251, 639 for Giardia lamblia, 139 lesions in, 464 loop diuretics as cause, 557 Methemoglobin, 612 for Helicobacter pylori, 130 stroke effect on, 467 primary hyperaldosteronism as toxicity treatment for, 251 for Trichomonas vaginalis, 641 Middle cerebellar peduncle, 477 cause, 636 Methemoglobinemia, 612 for vaginal infections, 164 Middle cerebral artery, 466 syndrome of apparent local anesthetics as cause, 503 for vaginitis, 142 in circle of Willis, 466 mineralocorticoid excess as Methicillin, 253 Metrorrhagia, 579 saccular aneurysm effect on, 468 cause, 538 Methimazole, 335. See Metyrapone, 318 stroke, effect on, 467 thiazides as cause, 558 also Thionamides Metyrosine, 243 Middle meningeal artery Metabolic fuel use, 103 agranulocytosis caused by, 252 Mevalonate synthesis, 300 epidural hematoma and, 469 Metabolic syndrome aplastic anemia caused by, 252 Mexiletine, 302 rupture of, 643 atypical antipsychotics as as inhibitor, 315 for arrhythmia, 638 Middle rectal vein, 344 cause, 525 as teratogen, 564 Meyer loop, 489 Midgut non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Methionine, 92, 177 MHC I and II, 192 blood supply/innervation of, 342 and, 367 start codons, 53 dendritic cells and, 380 development of, 338 Metabolism, 83–105 in tRNA charging, 56 locations of, 202 Midodrine, 246 amino acid derivatives, 94 Methotrexate, 409 Micafungin, 181, 183 Midshaft of humerus, 423 amino acids, 92 in cell cycle, 408 Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 236 , 602, 640 apolipoproteins, 104 folate deficiency caused by, 390 Miconazole, 181, 182 Miglitol, 335 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Migraine headaches, 494 Mitral valve M protein heart murmur caused by, 273 butorphanol for, 499 in cardiac cycle, 270 in multiple myeloma, 401 HLA-DR2 and, 193 hormonal contraception regurgitation in, 294 rheumatic fever and, 120 IFN-β for, 187 contraindication, 602 Mitral valve prolapse, 273, 643 as virulence factor, 113 internuclear ophthalmoplegia treatments for, 640 fragile X syndrome as cause, 73 mRNA, 54 and, 490 tricyclic antidepressants as renal cyst disorders and, 555 pre-mRNA splicing, 55 natalizumab for, 214 prophylaxis, 527 Mitral valve stenosis, 644 stop codons, 53 oligodendroglia in, 454 triptans for, 505 Mittelschmerz, 578 synthesis of, 170, 179 presentation of, 632 Migrating motor complexes Mivacurium, 503 MRSA (methicillin-resistant recombinant cytokines for, 213 (MMC), 350 Mixed connective tissue disease, 434 Staphylococcus aureus), 119 treatments for, 640 Migratory polyarthritis, 294 anti-U1 RNP antibodies and, 55 antimicrobials for, 181 as type IV hypersensitivity Milestones, developmental, 43 autoantibody associated with, 207 cephalosporins for, 172 reaction, 205 Miliary tuberculosis, 124 Raynaud phenomenon and, 437 oxazolidinones for, 176 Mumps, 155 , 527 Mixed motor neuron disease, 644 treatments for, 641 acute pancreatitis caused by, 373 Mineralocorticoids Mixed transcortical aphasia, 463 vancomycin for, 173 as paramyxovirus, 151 in adrenal insufficiency, 318 MMR vaccine, 146, 155 MSH. See Melanocyte-stimulating paramyxoviruses as cause, 153 adrenal steroids and, 312 Mobitz AV blocks, 278 hormone (MSH) vaccine for, 203 Mineral oil, 76 , 521 mTOR, 212 Munchausen syndrome, 518 Minimal alveolar concentration, 502 Mode, 37 Mucicarmine stain, 110 Munchausen syndrome by Minimal change disease, 548 Molecular biochemistry, 48–57 Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, 593 proxy, 518 lab findings in, 637 Molecular motor proteins, 60 Mucinous cystadenomas, 592 Muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) nephrotic syndrome and, 644 Molluscum contagiosum, 148, 442 Mucociliary escalator, 608 receptors, 241 , 170, 175 Mönckeberg arteriolosclerosis, 220 Mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 353 Muscarinic antagonists, 245, 628 Minors, consent for, 40 Mönckeberg sclerosis, 285 Mucoid polysaccharide capsule, 127 Muscle fibers, 424 Minoxidil, 603 “Monday disease,” 299 Mucopolysaccharides, 110 Muscle relaxants, 503 610 Minute ventilation, Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 243 Mucopolysaccharidoses, 100 Muscles 487 Miosis, Monobactams, 170, 173 Mucor spp., 137 conduction to contraction, 424 cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127 amphotericin B for, 182 metabolism in, 98 as cause, 244 Monoclonal antibodies, 637 presentation of, 630 ragged red fibers in, 70 Horner syndrome as cause, 487, of Mucormycosis, 137 Muscle spasms 633 undetermined significance diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 331 baclofen for, 503 opioids as cause, 499 (MGUS), 401, 637 Mucosa, 341 cyclobenzaprine for, 503 Pancoast tumor as cause, 625 Monocytes, 378, 379 Mucosal bleeding Muscle tumors, stain for, 60 sympatholytic drugs as cause, 247 innate immunity and, 192 Glanzmann thrombasthenia as Muscular dystrophies, 73 Mirtazapine, 248, 528 morulae in, 133 cause, 632 frameshift mutation as cause, 52, 73 for anorexia nervosa, 638 Mononucleosis scurvy as cause, 634 presentation of, 630 for major depressive disorder, 515 anemia and, 393 Mucositis as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 mechanism of, 526 EBV as cause, 149 bleomycin as cause, 410 Muscularis externa, 341 Mismatch repair, 53 Monospot test, 149 methotrexate as cause, 409 Muscularis mucosa, 341 Misoprostol, 375 Montelukast, 628 Mucus, 242 Muscular ventricular septum, 263 diarrhea caused by, 252 arachidonic acid pathway Mulberry molars, 131 284 Missense mutations, 52 Marfan syndrome as cause, 446 571 Mistakes, informing patients of, 42 and, Müllerian agenesis, Musculocutaneous nerve, 419 Mites, treatment for, 183 Mood disorders, 514 Müllerian duct, 571 Musculoskeletal drug reactions, 253 Mitiglinide, 335 readmissions caused by, 45 anomalies of, 572 Musculoskeletal system Mitochondria Moon facies, in Cushing Müllerian inhibitory factor anatomy, 416–424 autoantibody to, 207 syndrome, 317 (MIF), 571 pathology, 426–434 high altitude and, 615 Moraxella spp., 125 Sertoli cell production of, 576 pharmacology, 446–448 metabolism in, 83 Moraxella catarrhalis Multicystic dysplastic kidney, 531 Mutases, 84 swelling, in cell injury, 218 morphology of, 109 Multifactorial pulmonary Mutations in DNA, 52 in type 1 muscle fibers, 424 rhinosinusitis caused by, 616 hypertension, 622 Mutism, 518 Mitochondrial encephalopathy, 70 Moro reflex, 43, 476 Multiorgan drug reactions, 254 Myalgias Mitochondrial inheritance, 70, 644 Morphine, 499 Multiple endocrine neoplasia fluoroquinolones as cause, 178 Mitochondrial myopathies, 70 for acute coronary syndromes, 290 (MEN), 71 Lyme disease as cause, 130 Mitosis, 58 buprenorphine and, 240 Multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN Trichinella spiralis and, 145 griseofulvin and, 183 intoxication and withdrawal, 522 syndromes), 333 trichinosis as cause, 143 Mitral regurgitation Morphogenesis of heart, 262–263 MEN 1, 332, 333 Myasthenia gravis, 436 heart murmurs caused by, 273 Morulae, in monocytes, 133 MEN 2A, 333 autoantibody associated with, 207 holosystolic murmur and, 643 Mosaicism, 69 MEN 2B, 333 diagnosis of, 244 in MI, 288 Mosquitoes, as disease vectors, 141 Multiple myeloma, 401 neostigmine for, 244 S3 heart sound and, 645 Motilin, 350 bone tumors caused by, 645 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 systolic murmur in, 272 Motion sickness, 245 ESR in, 224 pyridostigmine for, 244 tuberous sclerosis as cause, 495 Motor cortex, 467 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 538 as restrictive lung disease, 619 Mitral stenosis Motor neuron signs, 473 lab findings in, 637 thymus in, 191 diastolic murmur in, 272 Movement disorders, 461 osteoporosis and, 426 as type II hypersensitivity heart murmurs caused by, 273 Moxifloxacin, 178 as cancer, 381 reactions, 204 left heart disease and, 622 M phase, 58 Multiple sclerosis, 492 MYCL1 gene, 230 opening snap in, 644 MPO-ANCA, 207 findings associated with, 643 MYCN gene, 230 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 728 11/3/15 4:54 PM INDEX INDEX 729

Mycobacterial cells, 179 hydroxyurea as cause, 411 N function of, 380 Mycobacterium spp., 124 irinotecan/topotecan as cause, 411 N-acetylcysteine, 627 innate immunity and, 192 granulomatous diseases caused Myenteric nerve plexus, 341 for acetaminophen toxicity, 251 by, 223 Mylohyoid muscle, 569 for cystic fibrosis, 72 inhaled anesthetics as cause, 502 as intracellular organism, 112 Myocardial action potential, 274 N-acetylglucosaminyl-1- iron poisoning as cause, 396 morphology of, 109 Myocardial depression, 502 phosphotransferase, 59 loperamide as cause, 376 Ziehl-Neelsen stain for, 110 Myocardial infarction (MI), 287 N-acetylglutamate synthase MI as cause, 288 Mycobacterium avium- β-blockers for, 249 deficiency, 94 octreotide as cause, 375 intracellulare, 124 Class IB antiarrhythmics after, 302 NADH (nicotinamide adenine ranolazine as cause, 299 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 181 complications of, 290 dinucleotide) vitamin C toxicity as cause, 80 antimycobacterials for, 179 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 in electron transport chain, 89 NE. See Norepinephrine (NE) HIV and, 160 diagnosis of, 289 in fructose metabolism, 91 Nebivolol, 249 Mycobacterium leprae, 125 on EKG, 276 in TCA cycle, 88 Necator spp. animal transmission of, 132 evolution of, 288 Nadolol, 249 diseases associated with, 145 antimycobacterials for, 179 heart failure caused by, 292 NADPH (nicotinamide adenine infection routes, 142 Mycobacterium marinum, 124 heparin for, 405 dinucleotide phosphate) Necator americanus, 143 Mycobacterium pneumoniae, 111 homocystinuria as cause, 96 in ethanol metabolism, 83 Neck and head cancer, 616 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 124 hypertensive emergency and, 284 HMP shunt and, 90 cetuximab for, 412 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 124 shock caused by, 292 respiratory burst and, 201 Necrosis, 217 as aerobic organism, 111 thrombolytics for, 407 as universal electron acceptors, 86 acute pancreatitis as cause, 373 antimycobacterials for, 179 Myocardial oxygen demand, 267 Naegleria fowleri, 140 Arthus reaction as cause, 205 culture requirements for, 111 Myocarditis Nafcillin, 170 calcification and, 220 ethambutol for, 180 diphtheria as cause, 123 characteristics of, 171 retinitis and, 486 isoniazid for, 180 key associations, 644 for Staphylococcus aureus, 641 Stevens-Johnson syndrome as osteomyelitis caused by, 163 Myoclonic seizures, 494 Nails, splinter hemorrhages cause, 443 pyrazinamide for, 180 Myoclonus, 461 under, 293 warfarin as cause, 406 rifamycins for, 179 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease as Naive T cell activation, 195 Necrotizing enterocolitis, 362 streptomycin for, 180 cause, 491 Naked viral genome infectivity, 147 low birth weight and, 581 treatments for, 640 Myofibroblasts, 223 Nalidixic acid, 170 neonatal respiratory distress Mycolic acid Myoglobin Naloxone syndrome and, 607 isoniazid and, 180 oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation for dextromethorphan Necrotizing fasciitis, 120, 442 synthesis of, 179 curve, 612 overdose, 627 Necrotizing glomerulonephritis, 296, Mycology, 135–138 in type 1 muscle fibers, 424 for heroin addiction, 523 637 Mycophenolate mofetil, 49, 212, 213 Myoglobinuria for opioid toxicity, 251, 499, 522 Necrotizing vasculitis, 637 Mycoplasma spp. acute tubular necrosis caused Naltrexone Negative predictive value (NPV), 33, as atypical organism, 162 by, 554 for alcoholism, 523, 638 646 macrolides for, 176 McArdle disease as cause, 99 for heroin addiction, 523 Negative reinforcement, 508 morphology of, 109 neuroleptic malignant syndrome as for opioid toxicity, 499, 522 Negative skew distribution, 37 pneumonia caused by, 162, 624 cause, 525 Naproxen, 447 Negative-stranded viruses, 152 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 134 Myometrium, 574 arachidonic acid pathway Neglect, child, 510 anemia and, 393 Myopathy and, 446 Negri bodies of rabies, 155, 636 erythema multiforme and, 443 daptomycin as cause, 178 for gout, 448 Neisseria spp., 126 tetracyclines for, 175 as drug reaction, 253 Narcissistic personality disorder, 519 C5-C9 deficiencies and, 199 Mycoses HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as Narcolepsy, 521 cephalosporins for, 172 cutaneous, 136 cause, 300 amphetamines for, 246 fluoroquinolones for, 178 granulomatous diseases caused interferons as cause, 187 CNS stimulants for, 524 IgA protease and, 113 by, 223 Pompe disease as cause, 632 hypnagogic hallucinations and, 513 as intracellular organism, 112 systemic, 135 Myophosphorylase, 99 Nasal cavity, in cleft palate, 570 morphology of, 109 Mycosis fungoides, 400 Myopia, 483 , 627 transformation in, 114 presentation of, 631 retinal detachment and, 485 Nasal decongestion Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 126 Mydriasis, 487 Myosin ephedrine for, 246 as antigenic variation, 202 α-agonists as cause, 498 in muscle contraction, 424 Nasal polyps, in cystic fibrosis, 72 culture requirements for, 111 muscarinic antagonists for, 245 in smooth muscle contraction, 425 perforation, 296 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 saccular aneurysm as cause, 468 Myosin-light-chain kinase Nasopharyngeal carcinomas osteomyelitis caused by, 163 Myelencephalon, 450 (MLCK), 425 EBV and, 149 pelvic inflammatory disease caused Myelin, 453 Myositis ossificans, 436 oncogenic microbes and, 231 by, 167, 644 Myelodysplastic syndromes, 401 Myotonic dystrophy, 73 Natalizumab, 214 septic arthritis caused by, 432 sideroblastic anemia as cause, 389 cataracts and, 483 for multiple sclerosis, 492, 640 as STI, 167 Myelofibrosis, 404 as trinucleotide repeat expansion progressive multifocal treatments for, 640 dacrocytes in, 386 disease, 73 leukoencephalopathy UTIs caused by, 552 Myeloperoxidase, 201 Myotonic type 1 muscular and, 493 Neisseria meningitidis in neutrophils, 378 dystrophy, 73 Nateglinide, 335 bacterial meningitis caused by, 642 Myeloproliferative disorders, 404 Myxedema National Board of Medical Examiners chloramphenicol for, 175 Myelosuppression hypothyroidism as cause, 321 (NBME), 2, 10 culture requirements for, 111 alkylating agents as cause, 410 thyroid hormones for, 335 Natriuresis, 540 as encapsulated bacteria, 112 antimetabolites as cause, 409 Myxomas, 295, 642 Natural killer (NK) cells, 193 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 drugs causing, 413 Myxomatous degeneration, 273 cell surface proteins, 202 in immunodeficient patients, 210 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 729 11/3/15 4:54 PM 730 INDEX INDEX

Neisseria meningitidis (continued) charge barrier in, 533 Neurofibromatosis type 2 in pseudo-Pelger-Huet meningitis caused by, 163 ESR in, 224 autosomal dominance of, 71 anomaly, 401 penicillin G/V for, 170 fatty casts in, 544 cataracts and, 483 in wound healing, 223 splenic dysfunction and, 191 key associations, 644 chromosome associated with, 75 Nevi, 228 treatments for, 640 lab findings in, 637, 638 presentation of, 630 Nevirapine, 184 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome loop diuretics for, 557 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 caused by, 318 pleural effusion caused by, 623 Neurofilaments, 60 for HIV, 186 Nelson syndrome, 326 presentation of, 633 Neurogenic ileus, 244 Nevus flammeus Nematodes, 143 Nephrotoxicity Neurohumoral transmission, 241 presentation of, 634 infection routes, 142 aminoglycosides as cause, 174 Neurohypophysis, 307 Sturge-Weber syndrome as , 170, 174 amphotericin B as cause, 182 hypothalamus and, 456 cause, 495 for bowel surgery, 174 cidofovir for, 185 Neuroleptic drugs, 520 NF1 gene for hepatic encephalopathy, 367 cisplatin/carboplatin as cause, 411 Neuroleptic malignant neurofibromatosis type 1 and, 71, Neonatal respiratory distress cladribine as cause, 409 syndrome, 503, 525 495 syndrome, 607 cyclosporine as cause, 212 Neurologic drug reactions, 253 pheochromocytomas and, 320 as restrictive lung disease, 619 as drug reaction, 254 Neurology, 450–504 NF1/NF2 genes, 230 Neonates drugs causing, 413 anatomy/physiology, 453–475 NF-κB, 212 ABO hemolytic disease of, 382 inhaled anesthetics as cause, 502 embryology, 450–452 N-formylmethionine (fMet), 53 Apgar score, 581 streptomycin as cause, 180 ophthalmology, 482–489 Niacin Candida albicans in, 137 sulfonamides as cause, 177 pathology, 491–498 cutaneous flushing caused by, 251 Chlamydia trachomatis in, 134 tacrolimus as cause, 212 pharmacology, 498–505 gout caused by, 253 conjunctivitis in, 126, 134 vancomycin as cause, 173 Neuromuscular blocking drugs, 503 hyperglycemia caused by, 252 C-section delivery, flora and, 161 Nerve blockade in local Neuromuscular junction myopathy caused by, 253 deprivation effects, 510 anesthetics, 503 diseases, 436 Nicardipine, 298 esophageal atresia in, 338 Nerve fibers, 454 Neuromuscular paraneoplastic Nicotinamides, 86 galactosemia in, 91 Nerves syndromes, 229 Nicotine intoxication and 522 gastroenteritis in, 152 lower extremity, 422 Neuronal tumors, 60 withdrawal, Nicotinic acetylcholine gray baby syndrome in, 175 upper extremity, 419 Neuron migration failure, 644 receptors, 150, 241 hemolytic anemia in, 392 Nerve trunk, 454 Neurons, 453 Niemann-Pick disease, 100, 630, 632 herpes in, 149 Net filtration pressure, 535 Huntington disease effect on, 462 Nifedipine, 298, 590 HIV in, 158 Neural crest, 450 Neuropathy Nifurtimox, 183 hyperthermia in, 245 derivatives of, 563 amyloidosis and, 225 for Chagas disease, 142 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Schwann cells derived from, 453 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 Night sweats, 631 in, 339 Neural crest cells, 450 Neurosyphilis Night terrors, 457, 501 indirect inguinal hernia in, 349 neuroblastomas in, 319 dementia caused by, 513 Nigrostriatal pathway, 458 jaundice in, 369 Neural development, 450 syphilis as cause, 131 Nikolsky sign, 442 Listeria monocytogenes in, 123 Neural fold, 450 Neurotoxicity in pemphigus vulgaris, 443 low birth weight, 581 Neural plate, 450 cladribine as cause, 409 Nimodipine, 298 meningitis in, 123, 165 Neural tube, 450 cyclosporine as cause, 212 for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 469 N-acetylglutamate synthase in fetal development, 562 fetal methylmercury exposure as Nipple 94 451 564 deficiency in, Neural tube defects, cause, discharge, with intraductal 628 pneumonia in, 134 maternal diabetes as cause, 564 methylxanthines as cause, papilloma, 595 primitive reflexes in, 476 prevention of, 79, 640 vincristine as cause, 411 eczematous patches on, 596 Rh hemolytic disease of, 382 as teratogenic effect, 564 Neurotransmitters, 455 rash on, 633 sickle cell anemia in, 392 valproic acid as cause, 500 disease changes to, 511 Nissl bodies, 58 Streptococcus agalactiae in, 121 Neuraminidase, 153 tyramine and, 243 Nissl substance Vitamin D for, when breastfed, 81 Neuraminidase inhibitors, 255 Neurovascular pairing, 423 in chromatolysis, 220 Vitamin K for, 81 Neuroblastomas, 319, 645 Neutralization, antibody, 196 neurons and, 453 Neoplasia, 226 neurofilament stain for, 60 Neutropenia Nitazoxanide, 139 pathology of, 226–233 oncogenes and, 230 ganciclovir as cause, 185 Nitrates, 287, 299 progression of, 227 opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia interferons as cause, 187 , 350 Neostigmine, 244, 503 syndrome and, 229 rheumatoid arthritis as cause, 430 as derivative, 94 Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome, 545 Neurocutaneous disorders, 495 Neutropenias, 394 free radical injury and, 221 Nephritic syndrome, 545, 546–547, Neurocysticercosis, 144 ticlopidine as cause, 407 Nitric oxide synthase, 425 548 Neuroectoderm, 450 Neutrophil chemotaxis Nitrites Nephritis, 557 astrocytes derived from, 453 complement and, 199 methemoglobin and, 612 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 328 derivatives of, 563 endotoxins and, 117 in urinary tract infections, 164 Nephrolithiasis, 551 pituitary gland and, 307 Neutrophils, 378 Nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction Nephron physiology, 537 in teratomas, 593 corticosteroid effect on, 394 test, 209 Nephropathy Neuroendocrine tumors, 319 IL-8 and, 200 Nitrofurantoin diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 Neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer inflammation and, 219 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency hypertension as cause, 284 disease, 491 innate immunity and, 192 caused by, 252 in lupus, 642 Neurofibromatosis type 1, 495 in leukocyte adhesion pulmonary fibrosis caused by, 254 protease inhibitors as cause, 186 autosomal dominance of, 71 deficiency, 209 Nitroglycerin, 299 transplant rejection as cause, 211 chromosome associated with, 75 in megaloblastic anemia, 390 for acute coronary syndromes, 290 Nephrotic syndrome, 545, 548 presentation of, 630 in MI, 288 for angina, 287 amyloidosis and, 225 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 necrosis and, 217 for stable angina, 641 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Nitroprusside, 298 acute interstitial nephritis caused Novobiocin PCOS and, 591 Nitrosamines by, 554 as Gram-positive antibiotic test, 118 Prader-Willi syndrome as cause, 69 as carcinogens, 231 aplastic anemia caused by, 252 Staphylococcus epidermidis prednisone as cause, 412 stomach cancer and, 356 for calcium pyrophosphate sensitivity to, 119 renal cell carcinoma and, 550 Nitrosoureas, 410 deposition disease, 431 Novobiocin response, 637 sleep apnea and, 621 , 502 for endometriosis, 594 NPH insulin, 334. See also Insulin stress incontinence and, 551 Nizatidine, 374 gastric ulcers caused by, 357 NSE hormone, 319 Obesity hypoventilation N-myc oncogene, 319 gastritis caused by, 356 Nuclear envelope, 59 syndrome, 621 Nocardia spp. for gout, 431, 448 Nucleic acids Obligate intracellular organisms, 112 vs. Actinomyces spp., 123 interstitial nephritis caused by, 253 as pathogen-associated molecular Oblique fissure, 609 as aerobic organism, 111 loop diuretics and, 557 pattern (PAMP), 192 Oblique muscles, 488 as catalase-positive organism, 112 for lupus, 434 synthesis of, 181 Observational studies, 32 chronic granulomatous disease membranous nephropathy and, 548 in viruses, 146 errors in, 36 and, 209 for migraine headaches, 494, 640 Nucleosides, 49 types of, 32 in Gram-positive algorithm, 118 for osteoarthritis, 430 Nucleotide excision repair, 53 Observer-expectancy bias in in immunodeficient patients, 210 prostaglandin synthesis and, 541 Nucleotides, 49 studies, 36 morphology of, 109 renal papillary necrosis and, 554 Nucleotide synthesis, 83 Obsessive-compulsive disorder necrosis and, 217 for rheumatoid arthritis, 430 Nucleotide triphosphate, 64 (OCD), 517 sulfonamides for, 177 for tension headaches, 494 Nucleus ambiguus, 479 antipsychotic drugs for, 525 as urease-positive organism, 112 Non-ST-segment elevation MI Nucleus pulposus atypical antipsychotics for, 525 Ziehl-Neelsen stain for, 110 (NSTEMI), 287, 289 collagen in, 61 drug therapy for, 524 Nocturia, 599 presentation of, 630 fetal precursor to, 264 Selective serotonin reuptake Nocturnal enuresis, 311, 457 treatment for, 290 Nucleus solitarius, 479 inhibitors (SSRIs) for, 527 Nodes of Ranvier, 453 Noradrenergic drugs, 243 Null hypothesis, 37 Tourette syndrome and, 511 Nodular phlebitis, 296 Norepinephrine (NE), 246, 455. See Nulliparity, and endometrial tricyclic antidepressants for, 527 594 527 Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin also Catecholamines cancer, for, Number needed to harm (NNH), 34, lymphoma, 645 adrenal medulla secretion of, 306 Obsessive-compulsive personality 646 disorder, 519 Noise-induced hearing loss, 481 amphetamines and, 243 Number needed to treat (NNT), 34, Obstructive jaundice, 373 Nonadherent patients, 42 in anxiety, 511 646 Obstructive lung diseases, 618 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 367 bupropion effect on, 528 Nutmeg liver, 292, 368, 637 flow volume loops in, 619 Nonbacterial thrombotic circadian rhythm and, 457 Nutrition, in biochemistry, 76–83 Obstructive shock, 292 endocarditis, 229 in depression, 511 Nyctalopia, 77 Obstructive sleep apnea, 621 Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, 501 as derivative, 94 Nystagmus pulse pressure in, 266 Noncaseating granulomas vs. isoproterenol, 247 cerebellum and, 459 pulsus paradoxus in, 294 as restrictive lung disease, 619 in male sexual response, 575 Friedreich ataxia as cause, 475 Obturator artery, in osteonecrosis, 427 in sarcoidosis, 435 MAO inhibitor effect on, 528 internuclear ophthalmoplegia as Obturator nerve, 422 Noncommunicating in nervous system, 241 cause, 490 Occipital cortex, 467 hydrocephalus, 471 in noradrenergic drugs, 243 multiple sclerosis as cause, 492, 632 Occipital lobe, 462 Dandy-Walker syndrome and, 451 opioid effect on, 499 PCP as cause, 523 Occipital sinus, 470 Noncompetitive agonists, 240 phenoxybenzamine and, 240 stroke effect on, 467 Occult bleeding, 363 236 Noncompetitive inhibitors, pheochromocytoma secretion vertigo caused by, 495 Octreotide, 336, 350, 375 320 Nondepolarizing paralytic drugs, 255 of, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome as for acromegaly, 327 Nondisjunction in meiosis, 74 REM sleep, effect on, 457 cause, 464 for carcinoid syndrome, 332, 639 Nondominant parietal cortex tramadol effect on, 499 Nystatin, 181, 182 for GH excess, 311 lesions, 464 tricyclic antidepressant effect for Candida albicans, 137, 639 for glucagonomas, 332 Nonhemolytic anemia, 391 on, 527 Ocular albinism, 72 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 400 in tyrosine catabolism, 95 O Ocular hyperemia, 498 Hashimoto thyroiditis and, 322 vitamin B6 and, 78 Obesity Ocular motility, 488 HIV and, 160 Norethindrone, 602 acanthosis nigricans and, 444 Oculomotor nerve (3rd cranial vs. Hodgkin lymphoma, 399 Norfloxacin, 178 amphetamines for, 246 nerve), 479 key associations, 646 Normal distribution, 37 anovulation caused by, 591 in cavernous sinus, 481 oncogenes and, 230 Normal pressure hydrocephalus, 471 breast cancer and, 596 location in brain stem, 477 prednisone for, 412 Normal splitting, 271 breast milk as risk reduction ocular motility and, 488 rituximab for, 214, 412 , 95 for, 581 palsy of, 469, 489 vinca alkaloids for, 411 Normocytic anemia, 388, 391 cholelithiasis and, 372 pathway for, 478 Nonhomologous end joining, 53 Norovirus, 151 Cushing syndrome as cause, 317 in pupillary contraction, 487 Nonmaleficence, as ethical watery diarrhea caused by, 162 diabetes mellitus type 2 and, 331 Odds ratio, 32, 34, 646 principle, 39 Northern blot, 65 empty sella syndrome and, 329 Odontoblasts, 563 Nonmegaloblastic macrocytic , 527 endometrial cancer and, 594 Ofloxacin, 178 anemia, 390 Nosocomial infections, 46, 162, 168 esophageal cancer and, 355 Okazaki fragments, 51 Nonnormal distributions, 37 Ebola as, 156 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis , 525 Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, 316 Klebsiella as cause, 128 and, 548 Olfactory bulb, 477 Non-response bias in studies, 36 pneumonia as, 644 glucocorticoids as cause, 212 Olfactory hallucinations, 513 Nonsense mutations, 52 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 127 hypertension and, 284 Olfactory nerve (1st cranial Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs UTIs as, 164 leptin gene mutation as cause, 311 nerve), 479 (NSAIDs), 447 Notochord, 450 olanzapine as cause, 525 location in brain stem, 477 for acute gout attack, 638 postnatal derivative of, 264 osteoarthritis and, 430 pathway for, 478 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 731 11/3/15 4:54 PM 732 INDEX INDEX

Olfactory tract, 477 Optic gliomas Ornithine Osteomyelitis, 163 Oligoclonal bands, 492 neurofibromatosis type 1 as in cystinuria, 96 key associations, 644 Oligodendrocytes, 453 cause, 71, 630 kidney stones and, 549 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 127 in progressive multifocal neurofibromatosis type I as in urea cycle, 93 sickle cell anemia as cause, 392 leukoencephalopathy, 493 cause, 495 Ornithine transcarbamylase, 85 Staphylococcus aureus as cause, 119 Oligodendroglia, 450, 454 presentation of, 630 Ornithine transcarbamylase Osteonecrosis, 427 Oligodendrogliomas, 496 Optic nerve (2nd cranial nerve), 479 deficiency, 94 bisphosphonates as cause, 447 Oligohydramnios, 589 embryologic derivatives of, 563 as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 Osteopenia, 427 in Potter sequence, 530 in eye anatomy, 482 Orotic acid, 94 Osteopetrosis, 426, 428 Oligomenorrhea, 579 location in brain stem, 477 Orotic aciduria, 390 Osteophytes, 430 antipsychotics as cause, 525 Marcus Gunn pupil and, 487 in anemia taxonomy, 388 Osteoporosis, 426 PCOS as cause, 591 pathway for, 478 “Orphan Annie” eyes nuclei, 324, bisphosphonates for, 447 Oligomycin Optic neuritis, 492 636 Cushing syndrome as cause, 317 as ATP synthase inhibitor, 89 Optic neuropathy, 180 Orthomyxoviruses denosumab for, 214 in electron transport chain, 89 Optic tract, 477 characteristics of, 151 as drug reaction, 253 Oligospermia, 375 Optochin influenza viruses as, 153 estrogen and, 425 Oliguria, 546 as Gram-positive antibiotic test, 118 as negative-stranded, 152 Gaucher disease as cause, 100, 631 Omalizumab, 214, 628 organisms resistant to, 118, 637 as segmented, 152 glucocorticoids as cause, 212 Omental foramen, 340 organisms sensitive to, 118, 637 Orthopnea, 292 heparin as cause, 405 Omeprazole, 374 viridans streptococci and, 120 Orthostatic hypotension homocystinuria as cause, 96 Omphalocele, 338 Oral advance directives, 41 adrenal insufficiency as hormone replacement therapy Omphalomesenteric cysts, 361 Oral contraceptives (OCPs) cause, 318 for, 601 Onchocerca volvulus, 143 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 alpha-blockers as cause, 248 lab values in, 428 infection routes, 142 for endometriosis, 594 phenoxybenzamine as cause, 248 menopause as cause, 582 Oncogenes, 230 hepatic adenomas and, 368 Oseltamivir, 184 pituitary prolactinomas as Oncogenic microbes, 231 melasma and, 439 for influenza, 640 cause, 309 Ondansetron, 376 ovarian neoplasms and, 592 Osler nodes, 632 prednisone as cause, 412 torsades de pointes caused by, 251 for PCOS, 591 bacterial endocarditis as cause, 293 raloxifene for, 413, 601

1,25-(OH)2D3, 541 prolactin, effect on, 310 Osmotic demyelination teriparatide for, 447 Onychomycosis reproductive hormones and, 600 syndrome, 492 thiazides for, 558 terbinafine for, 182 SHBG, effect on, 316 SIADH and, 328 treatments for, 640 tinea unguium as cause, 136 thrombotic complications caused Osmotic diarrhea, 358 vertebral compression fractures Oogenesis, 578 by, 252 Osmotic diuresis, 330 caused by, 646 Oophorectomy, 574 Oral glucose tolerance test, 330 Osmotic laxatives, 375 Osteosarcomas, 429 Open-angle glaucoma, 484 Oral hairy leukoplakia, 160 Ossicles, 481 nomenclature for, 228 carbachol for, 244 Oral rehydration therapy, for Vibrio cholesteatoma and, 482 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 epinephrine for, 246 cholerae, 129 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 326, 425, 428, Otitis externa, 127 pilocarpine for, 244 Oral thrush, 160 635 Otitis media Opening snap, 644 Orange body fluids, caused by Osteoarthritis, 430 bacteria causing, 113 Operant conditioning, 508 rifamycins, 179 anatomy of, 430 brain abscesses caused by, 163 Ophthalmology, 482–489 Orchitis, 155 celecoxib for, 447 Haemophilus influenzae as Ophthalmoplegia Orexigenic effect, 311 presentation of, 634 cause, 126 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome as Orexin, 521 Osteoblasts, 425 Langerhans cell histiocytosis as cause, 77, 464, 523 Organ failure, in acute bone formation and, 425 cause, 403 Opioids, 499 pancreatitis, 373 cortisol effect on, 313 Streptococcus pneumoniae as intoxication and withdrawal, 522 Organogenesis in Paget disease of bone, 427 cause, 120 as intravenous anesthetics, 502 errors in, 563 teriparatide effect on, 447 Wegener granulomatosis as pentazocine and, 499 teratogens and, 564 Osteochondromas, 429 cause, 296 sleep apnea caused by, 621 timing of, 562 Osteoclasts, 425 Ototoxicity toxicity treatment for, 251 Organomegaly, 551 bisphosphonate effect on, 447 aminoglycosides as cause, 174, 187 Opponens digiti minimi muscle, 421 Organophosphates bone formation and, 425 cisplatin/carboplatin as cause, 411 Opponens pollicis muscle, 421 poisoning by, 244 in Paget disease of bone, 427 as drug reaction, 254 Opportunistic fungal infections, 137– toxicity treatment for, 251 Osteodystrophy, 375 ethacrynic acid as cause, 557 138 Organ transplants Osteogenesis imperfecta, 63 loop diuretics as cause, 557 Oppositional defiant disorder, 511 azathioprine for, 409 bisphosphonates for, 447 as teratogenic effect, 564 Oprelvekin, 213 cytomegalovirus and, 169 collagen and, 62 vancomycin as cause, 173 Opsoclonus-myoclonus hairy leukoplakia and, 442 presentation of, 630 Ouabain, 61 syndrome, 229, 319 immunosuppressants and, 212 Osteogenic sarcomas, 427 Outcome, as quality measurement, 46 Opsonins, 199 of kidneys, 532 Osteomalacia, 427 Outer membrane, 108 Opsonization, antibody, 196 rejection, 211 hypophosphatemia as cause, 542 Outflow tract formation, 263 Optic atrophy, in Krabbe disease, 493 WBC casts in, 544 lab values in, 428 Ovarian artery, 574 Optic canal, 478 Organum vasculosum of the lamina treatments for, 640 Ovarian cancer Optic chiasm, 477 terminalis (OVLT), 456 vitamin D deficiency as cause, 81, breastfeeding and, 581 in circle of Willis, 466 Orientation, 512 313 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 411 in pupillary contraction, 487 Origin of replication, 51 Osteomas epidemiology of, 590 Optic disc, 482 Orlistat, 376 Gardner syndrome as cause, 632 hypercalcemia and, 229 papilledema in, 486 diarrhea caused by, 252 nomenclature for, 228 irinotecan/topotecan for, 411 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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key associations, 642, 644 lab values in, 428 GLP-1s as cause, 335 Paralytic ileus, 411 lab findings in, 637 osteosarcomas and, 429 hyperchylomicronemia as Paramedian pontine reticular Lynch syndrome and, 363 presentation of, 630 cause, 105 formation lesions, 464 oncogenes and, 230 woven bone in, 425 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 326 Paramesonephric duct, 571 paclitaxel for, 411 Paget disease of breast, 596 hypertriglyceridemia as cause, 105 Paramyxoviruses, 153 Psammoma bodies in, 232 location of, 595 key associations, 644 characteristics of, 151 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 presentation of, 633 mumps as cause, 155 croup caused by, 154 Ovarian cysts, 592 Pain receptors, 454 necrosis and, 217 measles caused by, 154 Ovarian dysgenesis, 585 Palatine shelves, 570 pancreas divisum as cause, 339 mumps as, 155 Ovarian ligament, 574 Pale infarcts, vs. red, 219 pancreatic insufficiency caused as negative-stranded, 152 Ovarian teratomas, 229 Paliperidone, 525 by, 358 Paraneoplastic cerebellar Ovarian tumors, 592–593 Palivizumab, 214 valproic acid as cause, 500 degeneration, 229 Ovaries as pneumonia prophylaxis, 153 Pancuronium, 503 Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis, 229 anatomy of, 574 for RSV, 187 Pancytopenia, 391 Paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 descent of, 573 Pallor, in aplastic anemia, 391 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome as lung cancer and, 626 embryologic derivatives of, 563 Palmar crease, in Down cause, 209 renal cell carcinoma and, 550 epithelial histology of, 574 syndrome, 633 cytarabine as cause, 409 renal tumors and, 645 estrogen production by, 577 Palmar erythema, 365 Gaucher disease as cause, 100, 631 Paranoia lymphatic drainage of, 573 Palmar interossei, muscle, 421 leishmaniasis as cause, 142 amphetamines as cause, 522 premature failure of, 591 Palmar reflex, 476 osteopetrosis and, 426 LSD as cause, 523 Overflow incontinence, 551 Panacinar emphysema, 618 paroxysmal nocturnal Paranoid personality disorder, 519 Oviducts, 571 p-ANCA hemoglobinuria as Parasites Ovotesticular disorder of sex autoantibody to, 207 cause, 392 eosinophilia caused by, 379 development, 585 sclerosing cholangitis and, 371 Pandemics, 153 hints for, 145 Ovulation, 578 Pancoast tumor, 625 Panic disorder, 516, 517 Parasitology, 139–145 anovulation causes, 591 Horner syndrome and, 487 drug therapy for, 524 Parasympathetic nervous system, 241 mittelschmerz, 578 lab findings in, 635 Selective serotonin reuptake male erection and, 575 progesterone and, 577 lung cancer and, 626 inhibitors (SSRIs) for, 527 Parasympathetic receptors, 242 prolactin effect on, 310 superior vena cava syndrome as venlafaxine for, 527 Parathyroid adenomas Owl eye inclusions, 636 cause, 625 Pansystolic murmur, 272 hyperparathyroidism caused by, 326 Oxacillin, 170 thoracic outlet syndrome caused Pantoprazole, 374 MEN 1 syndrome as cause, 333 characteristics of, 171 by, 420 Papillary carcinomas, 228 MEN 2A as cause, 333 for Staphylococcus aureus, 641 Pancreas Papillary thyroid carcinomas, 324, 645 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 314 Oxazepam, 501 biliary structures and, 347 carcinogens causing, 231 in bone disorders, 428 Oxazolidinones, 176 blood supply and innervation lab findings in, 636, 637 in bone formation, 425 Oxidative phosphorylation, 89 of, 342 Psammoma bodies in, 232 calcitonin and, 315 location of in cell, 83 embryology, 339 Papilledema, 486 in hyperparathyroidism, 326 poisons, 89 Pancreas divisum, 339 hypertensive emergency and, 284 kidney effects, 541 Oxybutynin, 245 Pancreatic buds, 339 pseudotumor cerebri as cause, 471 in nephron physiology, 537 Oxygen Pancreatic cancer, 373 Papillomas, 228 in osteomalacia/rickets, 427 in blood, 613 5-fluorouracil for, 409 Papillomaviruses in Paget disease of bone, 427 for carbon monoxide adenocarcinomas, 373 characteristics of, 148 pseudohypoparathyroidism poisoning, 251 biliary cirrhosis and, 371 as DNA viruses, 147 and, 325 for carboxyhemoglobin, 612 carcinogens causing, 231 genome of, 147 signaling pathways of, 316 for cluster headaches, 494 hyperbilirubinemia caused by, 369 as naked viruses, 147 in thymic aplasia, 208 deprivation of, 614 liver metastases in, 644 PAPP-A vitamin D and, 313, 314 exercise and, 615 MEN 1 and, 633 in Down syndrome, 74 Parathyroid tumors, 633 hemoglobin and, 611 metastases of, 233 in Edwards syndrome, 74 Paraumbilical vein, 344 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation nonbacterial thrombotic in Patau syndrome, 74 Paresthesias curve, 612 endocarditis and, 229 Pap smear, 591 panic disorder as cause, 517

Oxygen toxicity, 221 oncogenes and, 230 Papules, 438 vitamin B12 deficiency as cause, 80 Oxytocin, 336 presentation of, 633 Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), 534 Parietal cells, 207 hypothalamus production of, 456 Trousseau’s syndrome and, 229 Para-aortic lymph nodes, 190 Parietal lobe, 462 lactation and, 581 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 135 Parietal peritoneum, 348 pituitary gland and, 307 Pancreatic cells, 307. See also α cells; Paracortex, lymph node, 190 Parinaud syndrome, 477 signaling pathways for, 316 β cells; Δ cells Paracrine, 541 pinealomas as cause, 497 Pancreatic ducts, 339, 347 Paradoxical splitting, 271 Parkinson disease, 461 P Pancreatic insufficiency, 358 Paraesophageal hernias, 349 basal ganglia lesions in, 464 P-450, 180 chronic pancreatitis as cause, 373 Parainfluenza benztropine for, 245 Pacemaker action potential, 275 Pancreatic lipase, 104 croup and, 154 dopaminergic pathways and, 458 Pacinian corpuscles, 454 Pancreatic secretions, 352 paramyxovirus as cause, 151, 153 drug therapy for, 504 Paclitaxel, 411 Pancreatitis, 373 Parakeratosis, 439 lab findings in, 635 in cell cycle, 408 acute respiratory distress syndrome Paralysis neurotransmitter changes in, 511 microtubules and, 60 as cause, 621 conversion disorder as cause, 518 neurotransmitters for, 455 targets of, 408 alcoholism as cause, 523 Guillain-Barré syndrome as presentation of, 633 Paget disease of bone, 427 DIC and, 643 cause, 493 proteasome and, 59 bisphosphonates for, 447 as drug reaction, 252 rabies as cause, 155 resting tremor in, 461 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 733 11/3/15 4:54 PM 734 INDEX INDEX

Parkinsonism neonatal respiratory distress Pegloticase, 448, 639 Pentostatin, 402 frontotemporal dementia as syndrome and, 607 Pegvisomant, 327 PEP carboxykinase, 85 cause, 491 treatments for, 640 Pellagra Pepsin, 351 Lewy body dementia as cause, 491 Patent foramen ovale, 262 presentation of, 631 Pepsinogen

nigrostriatal pathway and, 458 vs. atrial septal defect, 283 vitamin B3 deficiency as cause, 78 location of, 351 Wilson disease as cause, 371 Patent urachus, 567 Pelvic fracture, nerve injury caused somatostatin and, 350 Parkinson-like syndrome, 253 Pathogen-associated molecular by, 422 Peptic ulcer disease, 357 Parotid gland patterns (PAMPs), 192 Pelvic inflammatory disease cholinomimetic agents and, 244 embryologic derivatives of, 563 Pathogenic Escherichia coli (PID), 167 glucocorticoids as cause, 336 enlargement of, 432 (EPEC), 128 Actinomyces as cause, 123 glycopyrrolate for, 245

tumors in, 353 Pathologic grief, 516 chlamydia as cause, 134, 167 H2 blockers for, 374 Parotitis Pathology, 215–233 Chlamydia trachomatis as Helicobacter pylori and, 356 bulimia nervosa as cause, 520 cardiovascular, 282–296 cause, 134 Helicobacter pylori as cause, 130 mumps as cause, 155 endocrinal, 317–333 copper IUD as cause, 602 key associations, 642 , 527 gastrointestinal, 353–374 ectopic pregnancy and, 589 misoprostol for, 375 Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, 292 hematologic/oncologic, 386–406 gonococci as cause, 126 prednisone as cause, 412 Paroxysmal nocturnal inflammation, 216–225 gonorrhea as cause, 167 proton pump inhibitors for, 374 hemoglobinuria, 392 musculoskeletal, 426–434 key associations, 644 Peptidoglycan synthesis, 170 in anemia taxonomy, 388 neoplasia, 226–233 Pelvic pain Peptidoglycan synthesis DAF deficiency and, 199 neurological, 491–498 endometriomas as cause, 592 inhibitors, 255 eculizumab for, 214 psychiatric, 510–524 endometriosis as cause, 594 Peptostreptococcus spp. flow cytometry diagnosis, 66 renal, 544–555 Pelvic surgery, 422 alcoholism and, 162 intravascular hemolysis caused reproductive, 585–599 Pemphigus vulgaris, 443 lung abscesses caused by, 624 by, 391 respiratory, 616–626 acantholysis and, 439 Perforation, caused by ulcers, 357 presentation of, 633 USMLE Step 1 preparation autoantibody associated with, 207 Perforin Pars planitis, 484 for, 259 lab findings in, 634 cytotoxic T cells and, 194 Partial agonists, 240 Pavlovian conditioning (classical as type II hypersensitivity extrinsic pathway and, 216 Partial pressure, 613 conditioning), 508 reactions, 204 natural killer cells and, 193

Partial seizures, 494 PCO2, 610 Penicillamine Performance anxiety, in sexual Parvovirus PCP () intoxication and for copper toxicity, 251 dysfunction, 520 characteristics of, 148 withdrawal, 523 for gold poisoning, 251 Perfusion, and ventilation, 614 as DNA viruses, 147 PDE-5 inhibitors, 603 for lead poisoning, 251 Perfusion-limited gas exchange, 613 genome of, 147 for benign prostatic membranous nephropathy and, 548 Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath as naked viruses, 147 hyperplasia, 638 myopathy caused by, 253 (PALS), 191 Parvovirus B19 for BPH, 599 for Wilson disease, 371 Pericardial cavity, 265 aplastic anemia caused by, 391 naming convention for, 255 Penicillin, 170 Pericardial effusion, 626 hereditary spherocytosis and, 392 PDGF. See Platelet-derived growth for Actinomyces spp., 123 Pericardial tamponade, 636 hydrops fetalis caused by, 165 factor (PDGF) antipseudomonal, 171 Pericarditis presentation of, 630 PDSA cycle, 45 Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia acute, 294 rash caused by, 166 Pearson correlation coefficient (r), 39 caused by, 252 jugular venous pulse in, 270 Passive aggression, 509 Peau d’orange appearance of breast for Neisseria meningitidis, 640 Kussmaul sign in, 295 Passive immunity, 203 cancer, 596 penicillinase-resistant, 171 pulsus paradoxus in, 294 Pasteurella spp. Pectinate line, 345 penicillinase-sensitive, 171 rheumatoid arthritis as cause, 430 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 Pectus excavatum, 71 as prophylaxis, 181 Pericardium, 265 morphology of, 109 Pediatric patients for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 640 Perinephric abscesses, 552 Pasteurella multocida aspirin use for, avoiding, 366 rash caused by, 253 Perineurium, 454 animal transmission of, 132, 169 brain tumors in, 497 for rheumatic fever, 294 Periodic acid-Schiff stain, 110 osteomyelitis caused by, 163 cystic fibrosis in, 72 for Streptococcus bovis, 641 glycogen storage diseases and, 99 presentation of, 631 dactinomycin for, 410 for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 641 Periorbital edema Patau syndrome, 74 disorders of, 511 for Streptococcus pyogenes, 641 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 633 cataracts and, 483 intussusception in, 362 for Treponema pallidum, 641 Trichinella spiralis and, 145 chromosome associated with, 75 juvenile polyposis syndrome in, 363 Penicillinase-resistant penicillins, 171 Peripartum cardiomyopathy, 291 hCG in, 580 Munchausen syndrome by proxy Penicillinase-sensitive penicillins, 171 Peripheral edema, 292 holoprosencephaly and, 451 in, 518 Penicillin G, 170 calcium channel blockers as horseshoe kidney and, 531 nephrotic syndrome in, 548 for meningococci, 126 cause, 298 presentation of, 632 neuroblastomas in, 319 as prophylaxis, 181 cirrhosis as cause, 365 Patches, 438 precocious puberty in, 69, 312 Penicillin V, 170, 181 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 633 Patellar reflex, 476 rashes in, 166 Penile cancer, 231 Peripheral nerves, 454 disc herniation and, 423 rhabdomyomas in, 295 Penis Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 241 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 283 sleep terror disorder in, 520 congenital abnormalities of, 573 embryologic derivatives of, 563 congenital rubella as cause, 284 staphylococcal scalded skin female homolog of, 572 origins of, 450 cyanosis caused by, 642 syndrome in, 442 lymphatic drainage of, 573 Peripheral neuropathy fetal alcohol syndrome as strawberry hemangiomas in, 441 pathology of, 597 alcoholism as cause, 523 cause, 284 tetracycline side effects in, 175 Peyronie disease and, 631 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome heart murmur caused by, 273, 631 unvaccinated, organisms , 138 and, 209 indomethacin for, 447 affecting, 169 Pentazocine, 499 epilepsy drugs causing, 500 misoprostol for, 375 Wilms tumors in, 551 , 501 Fabry disease as cause, 100 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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Krabbe disease as cause, 100, 493 endocrinal, 334–336 phenoxybenzamine for, 248 Pigment stones, 372 oxazolidinones as cause, 176 gastrointestinal, 374–376 polycythemia and, 229 Pilocarpine, 244 sorbitol as cause, 92 hematologic/oncologic, 405–413 presentation of, 630 for glaucoma, 498 tricyclic antidepressants for, 527 musculoskeletal, 446–448 treatments for, 640 Pilocytic astrocytomas, 497 vincristine as cause, 413 neurology, 498–505 von Hippel-Lindau disease as Pilus, 108

vitamin B6 deficiency as cause, 78 pharmacodynamics, 238–240 cause, 495, 633 Pimozide, 511, 524 Peripheral resistance, 247 , 236–237 Philadelphia chromosome, 644, 645 Pindolol, 249, 299 Peripheral tissue, 615 psychiatric, 524–528 in myeloproliferative disorders, 404 Pineal gland, 477 Peripheral vascular disease, 286 renal, 556–559 translocations of, 403 Pinealomas, 497 Peripheral vertigo, 495 reproductive, 600–603 Phlebotomy, 371 Pinworms, 143 Periplasm, 108 respiratory, 627–628 Phobias, 516, 517 Pioglitazone, 334 Perirenal space, 339 toxicities and side effects, 251–254 Phocomelia, 564 Piperacillin, 170 Peristalsis USMLE Step 1 preparation Phosphatases, 84 characteristics of, 171 motilin receptor agonists and, 350 for, 259 Phosphate, in bone disorders, 428 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127 parasympathetic receptors and, 242 Pharyngitis Phosphoenolpyruvate Piroxicam, 447 Peritoneum, 339 adenoviridae as cause, 148 carboxykinase, 89 Pisiform bone, 418 hernias and, 349 diphtheria as cause, 123 Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) Pitting edema, in heart failure, 292 Peritonitis mononucleosis as cause, 149 glycolysis and, 84 Pituitary adenomas, 326, 496 appendicitis as cause, 360 Streptococcus pyogenes as in metabolic pathways, 85 acromegaly caused by, 327

diverticulitis as cause, 360 cause, 120 Phospholipase A2 Cushing syndrome and, 642 Peritubular capillaries, 535 in unvaccinated children, 169 autoantibody to, 207 GH and, 311 Permanent cells, 58 Pharynx glucocorticoid effect on, 336 goiter caused by, 321 Permethrin, 145, 183 blood supply and innervation Phospholipids, 352 hypopituitarism caused by, 329, Permissive drug interactions, 237 of, 342 Phosphorus, in Paget disease of 643 Pernicious anemia in respiratory tree, 608 bone, 427 Pituitary apoplexy, 329 autoantibody associated with, 207 Phenacetin, 551 Phosphorylases, 84 Pituitary drugs, 336

B12 deficiency caused by, 390 , 528 Phosphorylation, 57 Pituitary gland, 307 HLA-DR5 and, 193 Phenobarbital, 501 Photophobia Pituitary hormones, 255 as type II hypersensitivity cytochrome P-450 and, 254 leptospirosis as cause, 130 Pituitary prolactinomas, 309 reactions, 204 for epilepsy, 500 migraine headaches as cause, 494 Pituitary tumors

vitamin B12 deficiency caused as teratogen, 564 rabies as cause, 155 diabetes insipidus caused by, 328 by, 80 as weak acid, 238 Photosensitivity key associations, 644 Peroxisome, 59 Phenotypic mixing, 146 demeclocycline as cause, 336 MEN 1 and, 333, 633 Persistent cervical sinus, 568 Phenoxybenzamine, 248. See as drug reaction, 253 Pityriasis rosea, 444 Persistent depressive disorder, 515 also α-antagonists lupus as cause, 434 Pityrosporum spp., 136 Persistent fetal circulation, 581 norepinephrine and, 240 porphyria as cause, 395 PKD genes Persistent thyroglossal duct, 306 for pheochromocytomas, 320, 640 simeprevir as cause, 187 polycystic kidney disease and, 71 Persistent truncus arteriosus, 263, 282 Phentolamine, 248 sulfonamides as cause, 177 renal cyst disorders and, 555 Personality, 518 Phenylalanine, 92 tetracyclines as cause, 175 , 36 Personality disorders, 518, 519–520 derivatives of, 94 Phototherapy for jaundice, 369 Placenta, 566 Personality traits, 518 in tyrosine catabolism, 95 Phrenic nerve, 609 estrogen production by, 577 Pertussis toxin, 116, 127 Phenylbutyrate, 93 Phyllodes tumors, 595 maternal-fetal blood barrier of, 455 Pes cavus Phenylephrine, 246, 627 Physician-assisted suicide, 42 progesterone production in, 577 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease as α-blockade of, 248 Physiologic dead space, 610, 647 Placenta accreta/increta/percreta, 588 cause, 493 Phenylketones, 95 Physiologic neonatal jaundice, 369 Placental abruption, 588 Friedreich ataxia as cause, 475 Phenylketonuria, 95 Physiology cocaine use during pregnancy as Petechiae Phenytoin cardiovascular, 266–280 cause, 564 aplastic anemia as cause, 391 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 endocrinal, 308–316 diffuse cortical necrosis and, 552 cirrhosis as cause, 365 for epilepsy, 500 gastrointestinal, 350–354 preeclampsia as cause, 590 fat emboli as cause, 617 erythema multiforme caused hematologic/oncologic, 381–385 Placental aromatase deficiency, 586 scurvy as cause, 634 by, 443 neurological, 453–475 Placental insufficiency Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 228, 363 folate deficiency caused by, 390 renal, 533–544 oligohydramnios and, 589 colonic polyps and, 363 gingival hyperplasia caused by, 253 reproductive, 577–584 Potter sequence caused by, 530 presentation of, 631 lupus-like syndrome caused by, 253 respiratory, 610–615 Placenta previa, 588 Peyer patches, 341, 352 megaloblastic anemia caused USMLE Step 1 preparation Plague, 132 bacterial GI infections and, 129 by, 252 for, 258 Plantar reflex, 476 IgA antibody production in, 197 as teratogen, 564 Physostigmine, 244 Plaques, skin, 438 intussusception and, 362 for tonic-clonic seizures, 641 for glaucoma, 498 Plasma cells, 381

Peyronie disease, 597, 631 vitamin B9 deficiency caused by, 79 Physostigmine salicylate, 251 Plasma membrane composition, 61 PGI2, 446 zero-order elimination of, 238 Pick bodies, 637 Plasma membrane damage, 218 P-glycoprotein, 232 Pheochromocytomas, 320, 645 Picornaviruses, 152 Plasma osmolality, 330 Phagocytes, 209 causes of, 630 characteristics of, 151 Plasmapheresis, 493 Phagocytosis, 113 MEN 2A as cause, 333 genomes of, 147 Plasma protein concentration, 535 Pharmacokinetics, 237 MEN 2B and, 634 as naked viruses, 147 Plasminogen, 384 Pharmacology, 236–255 MEN 2B syndrome as cause, 333 Pierre Robin sequence, 569 Plasmodium spp. autonomic drugs, 241–250 neurofibromatosis type 1 as Pigmented skin disorders, 439 chloroquine for, 183 cardiovascular, 298–304 cause, 71, 495 Pigment-producing bacteria, 113 Giemsa stain for, 110 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 735 11/3/15 4:54 PM 736 INDEX INDEX

Plasmodium falciparum, 141, 183 Pneumonitis Polymyxins, 181 Posterior horn, 471 Plasmodium malariae, 141 as granulomatous disease, 223 Polyneuritis, 77 Posterior hypothalamus, 456 Plasmodium ovale, 141 HIV and, 160 Polyneuropathy, 395 Posterior inferior cerebellar artery Plasmodium vivax, 141 Pneumothorax, 622, 623 Polyomaviruses in circle of Willis, 466 Platelet-activating factor, 378 Pneumovax, 112 characteristics of, 148 stroke, effect on, 467 Platelet-derived growth factor Podagra as DNA viruses, 147 Posterior pituitary gland, 307 (PDGF) in gout, 431 genome of, 147 Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal in wound healing, 223 presentation of, 634 as naked viruses, 147 arteries, 343 signaling pathways for, 316 Podocyte fusion, 637 Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, 69, 630 Posterior tibial artery, 423 Platelet plug formation, 385 Podocytes, 532 Polyposis syndromes, 363 Posterior to medial malleolus, 423 Platysma muscle, 569 in filtration, 535 Polyps, endometrial, 594 Posterior uveitis, 484 Play therapy, for separation anxiety glomerular filtration barrier Polyuria Postoperative ileus, 244 disorder, 511 and, 533 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 Postpartum blues, 516 Pleiotropy, 68 in nephrotic syndrome, 548 Fanconi syndrome as cause, 633 Postpartum depression, 516 Pleomorphic adenomas, 353 , 378 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia Postpartum hemorrhage, 589 Pleomorphic bacteria, 109 pol gene, 158 nonketotic syndrome as Postpartum mood disturbances, 516 Pleural effusion, 622, 623 Poliomyelitis, 475 cause, 332 Postpartum psychosis, 516 lung cancer and, 626 as restrictive lung disease, 619 lithium as cause, 526 Postrenal azotemia, 553 Pleuritis, 430 vaccine for, 203 Pompe disease, 99, 632 Posttranslational modifications, 57 Plicae circulares, 341 Poliovirus, 151 Pons, 477 Post-traumatic stress disorder Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 354, in immunodeficient patients, 210 development of, 450 (PTSD), 516, 517 388, 631 as picornavirus, 152 stroke effect on, 467 dissociative identity disorder Pneumatosis intestinalis, 362 poliomyelitis caused by, 475 , 127 and, 512 Pneumococcal vaccine, 112 in unvaccinated children, 169 Pontine reticular formation, 467 drug therapy for, 524 Pneumoconioses, 619, 620 Polyadenylation signal, 54 “Pope’s blessing” (median nerve prazosin for, 248 419 421 Pneumocystis spp., 209 Polyarteritis nodosa, 296 injury), , Selective serotonin reuptake Popliteal artery, 423 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 138 necrosis and, 217 inhibitors (SSRIs) for, 527 atherosclerosis in, 286, 645 AIDS and, 644 Polyarthralgias venlafaxine for, 527 Popliteal fossa, 423 dapsone for, 177 gonococcal arthritis as cause, 432 Postural hypotension Popliteal lymph nodes, 190 HIV and, 160 rubella as cause, 165 midodrine for, 246 Porcelain gallbladder, 372 immunocompromised patients Polyarthritis trazodone as cause, 528 Porphobilinogen deaminase, 395 and, 162 rheumatic fever and, 120 Postviral infections, 162 Porphyria, 395, 501 silver stain for, 110 rubella as cause, 165 Potassium Porphyria cutanea tarda, 395 TMP-SMX for, 177 Polycystic ovarian syndrome amphotericin B and, 182 Porphyrin derivatives, 94 treatments for, 640 (PCOS), 591 in cardiac muscle, 274 Portal hypertension, 365 anovulation caused by, 591 for diabetic ketoacidosis, 331, 639 autosomal recessive polycystic antimicrobial prophylaxis antiandrogens for, 603 in diabetic ketoacidosis, 331 kidney disease and, 555 for, 181 endometrial hyperplasia and, 594 PTH and, 314 pulmonary arterial hypertension HIV and, 160 ovarian neoplasms and, 592 shifts in, 542 caused by, 622 607 608 Polycythemia, 404 277 Pneumocytes, , Schistosoma spp. as cause, 145 torsades de pointes and, 624 613 313 Pneumonia, blood oxygen in, serum markers for, 366 vitamin D and, acute respiratory distress syndrome bronchitis as cause, 618 varices and, 344 Potassium channel blockers, 303 as cause, 621 chronic bronchitis as cause, 632 Portal triad, 340, 346 Potassium channels adenoviridae as cause, 148 Eisenmenger syndrome as Portal vein, 340, 346 meglitinides and, 335 chlamydiae as cause, 134 cause, 283 in fetal circulation, 264 myocardial action potential coccidioidomycosis as cause, 135 ESR in, 224 Portal vein thrombosis, 365 and, 274 common causes of, 162 hepatocellular carcinoma as Portosystemic anastomoses, 344 opioid effect on, 499 compliance in, 611 cause, 368 Port-wine stain of face, 495, 634 sulfonylurea effect on, 334 Haemophilus influenzae as low birth weight and, 581 Positive predictive value (PPV), 33, Potassium chloride, 252 cause, 126 renal cell carcinoma as cause, 550 646 Potassium iodide as inhalational injury, 222 Polycythemia vera, 404 Positive reinforcement, 508 for Sporothrix schenckii, 138 key associations, 644 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 368 Positive skew distribution, 37 for thyroid storm, 323 Mycoplasma pneumoniae as Polydactyly, 74, 632 Postcapillary venule, in lymph Potassium-sparing diuretics, 556, 558 cause, 134 Polydipsia, 330 node, 190 Potency of drugs, vs. efficacy, 239 Pneumocystis jirovecii as Polyenes, 181 Posterior cerebral artery, 466, 467 Pott disease, 163 cause, 138 Polyethylene glycol, 375 Posterior chamber of eye, 482 Potter sequence, 530 proton pump inhibitors and, 374 Polyhydramnios, 589 Posterior circumflex artery, 423 autosomal recessive polycystic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 127 anencephaly and, 451 Posterior communicating artery kidney disease and, 555 Q fever as cause, 133 esophageal atresia as cause, 338 in circle of Willis, 466 oligohydramnios as cause, 589 readmissions caused by, 45 Polymenorrhea, 579 saccular aneurysm effect on, 468 Potter syndrome, 606 Staphylococcus aureus as Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 64 Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Poxviruses cause, 119 Polymyalgia rheumatica, 435, 645 injury, 416 characteristics of, 148 Streptococcus pneumoniae as ESR in, 224 Posterior descending artery, 265 as DNA viruses, 147 cause, 120 giant cell arteritis and, 296 Posterior drawer sign, 416 molluscum contagiosum caused Streptococcus agalactiae as Polymyositis, 436 Posterior fossa by, 442 cause, 121 autoantibody associated with, 207 malformations of, 451 PPAR-γ, 335 VZV as cause, 149 Polymyxin B, 127 pilocytic astrocytomas in, 497 PPAR-γ activators, 255 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 736 11/3/15 4:54 PM INDEX INDEX 737

PPD test for tuberculosis, 124 parental consent for minors and, 40 Primary glomerular disease, 544 lactation and, 581 Practice tests for USMLE Step 1 phenylketonuria in, 95 Primary hemostasis, 385 in pregnancy, 580 exam, 18–19 prolactin, effect on, 310 Primary hyperaldosteronism, 318 secretion of, 307 Prader-Willi syndrome, 69 propylthiouracil in, 335 hypertension caused by, 284 signaling pathways for, 316 chromosome associated with, 75 pyelonephritis and, 552 lab findings in, 636 tuberoinfundibular pathway ghrelin in, 311, 350 pyogenic granulomas and, 441 markers in, 542 and, 458 Pralidoxime, 244 Rh factor in, 382 Primary hyperparathyroidism, 325, Prolactinomas, 644 Pramlintide, 252, 335 SHBG, effect on, 316 326 dopamine agonists for, 310 Prasugrel, 385, 407 stillbirth, 165 Primary hypertension, 298 pituitary adenomas as, 326, 496 Pravastatin, 300 Streptococcus agalactiae in, 121 Primary hypogonadism, 586 treatments for, 640 Praziquantel, 183 syphilis in, 131 Primary hypoparathyroidism, 325 Proliferative glomerular for tapeworms, 144 termination of, 602 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 371 disorders, 544 for trematodes, 144 ToRCHeS infections in, 165 autoantibody associated with, 207 Proliferative phase of menstrual Prazosin, 248 Turner syndrome and, 585 ulcerative colitis as cause, 359 cycle, 579 Precision vs. accuracy, 35 twinning in, 565 Primary spontaneous Prometaphase, 58 Precocious puberty urinary tract infections in, 164 pneumothorax, 623 Promoters, in gene expression, 54

adrenal steroids and, 312 vitamin B9 deficiency in, 79 Primase, 51 Promyelocytic leukemia, 77 leuprolide for, 601 Pregnancy-induced hypertension, 590 Primidone, 461 Pronephros, 530 McCune-Albright syndrome as Pregnenolone, 312 Primitive atrium, 262 Proopiomelanocortin, 307 cause, 69, 630 Preload, in cardiac output, 267 Primitive pulmonary vein, 262 Propafenone, 302 pinealomas as cause, 497 Premature ejaculation, 527 Primitive reflexes, 476 Propanolol, 323 Precontemplation stage of Premature labor and delivery Primitive ventricle, 262 Proper hepatic artery, 340 overcoming addiction, 521 as common cause of death, 45 Pringle maneuver, 340 Prophase, 58 Prednisolone, 412 cryptorchidism and, 597 PR interval, 278 Propionibacterium spp. arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 heart murmur caused by, 273 Prinzmetal angina, 287 morphology of, 109 for thyroid storm, 323 low birth weight caused by, 581 calcium channel blockers for, 298 Propionibacterium acnes, 440 Prednisone, 336, 412. See necrotizing enterocolitis and, 362 propranolol and, 303 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase also Glucocorticoids neonatal respiratory distress Prions, 161 in metabolic pathways, 85

arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 syndrome and, 607 in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 491 vitamin B7 and, 79 Preeclampsia, 590 smoking as cause, 564 Privacy, and confidentiality, 41 Propofol, 502 hydatidiform moles and, 587 Premature ovarian failure, 591 Probenecid, 254 Propranolol, 249, 303 placental abruption and, 588 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder cidofovir and, 185 for essential tremor, 461 Prefrontal cortex, 462 (PMDD), 527 for gout, 448, 639 for migraines, 640 Pregnancy, 580 Premotor cortex, 462 Procainamide, 302 Proprioception advanced maternal age, and Down Preneoplastic and neoplastic cellular lupus-like syndrome caused by, 253 dorsal column and, 473 syndrome risk, 74 changes, 226 Procaine, 503 in Friedreich ataxia, 475 aminoaciduria in, 536 Prepatellar bursitis, 417 Procarbazine, 254 Propylthiouracil, 335. See amniotic fluid abnormalities, 589 Preprocollagen, 62 Procedure bias in studies, 36 also Thionamides anemia caused by, 388 Preproinsulin, 308 Process, as quality measurement, 46 agranulocytosis caused by, 252 antimicrobials to avoid in, 187 Prepuce, 575 Processus vaginalis, 573 aplastic anemia caused by, 252 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 418 Prerenal azotemia, 553 Procoagulation, 384 as inhibitor, 315 choriocarcinomas and, 587 Presbycusis, 44 Progesterone, 577 for thyroid storm, 323 complications of, 588–589 Presbyopia, 483 Granulosa cell tumors and, 593 Prosencephalon, 450 diabetes in. See Gestational Presenilin proteins, 491 lactation and, 581 Prostacyclin, 446 diabetes mellitus Pressors, for shock, 292 in menstrual cycle, 579 Prostaglandin analogs, 255 ESR in, 224 Pressure-volume loops, 270 in ovulation, 578 Prostaglandins estrogen in, 577 Pretectal nuclei, 487 in pregnancy, 580 arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 as ethical situation, 42 Pretest probability, 33 signaling pathways for, 316 aspirin effect on, 447 fetal circulation, 264 Prevalence vs. incidence, 33 Progestin, 602 cortisol effect on, 313 fetal hemoglobin, 611 Prevnar, 112 for contraception, 602 for glaucoma, 498 fetal respiration in, 606 Prevotella spp., 162 for endometriosis, 594 kidney functions, 541 fibroid tumors in, 594 Priapism, 597 Progressive multifocal PDA and, 264 folate deficiency caused by, 390 sickle cell anemia as cause, 392 leukoencephalopathy Prostate cancer, 644 folic acid supplementation in, 79 trazodone as cause, 528 (PML), 493 adenocarcinomas, 599 glucosuria in, 536 Primaquine HIV and, 160 bone metastases in, 644 heparin in, 405 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency oligodendroglia in, 454 estrogens for, 601 hypertension in, 590 caused by, 252 polyomaviruses as cause, 148 incidence/mortality of, 228 hypertension treatment in, 247, 298 for malaria, 141, 640 rituximab as cause, 412 leuprolide for, 601 hypothyroidism in, 322 Primary adrenal insufficiency, 318 Proguanil metastases of, 233 insulin in, 308 Primary amyloidosis, 637 for malaria, 640 treatments for, 640 Listeria monocytogenes in, 123 Primary biliary cirrhosis, 371 for P. falciparum, 183 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 lithium in, cardiac defects autoantibody associated with, 207 Projection, as ego defense, 509 Prostate gland, 575 associated with, 284 as granulomatous disease, 223 Prokaryotes female homolog of, 572 lithium in, Ebstein anomaly caused lab findings in, 634 DNA replication in, 51 lymphatic drainage of, 573 by, 282 ursodiol for, 376 RNA polymerases in, 54 Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), 599 melasma in, 439 Primary central nervous system Prolactin, 309, 310 Prostatitis, 599 ovarian neoplasms and, 592 lymphoma (PCL), 400 circadian rhythm and, 457 gonorrhea as cause, 167 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 737 11/3/15 4:54 PM 738 INDEX INDEX

Prosthetic devices hematologic infections, 141 osteomyelitis caused by, 163 PTEN gene, 230 osteomyelitis and, 163 miscellaneous, 142 pneumonia caused by, 644 Pterygoid muscles, 569 Staphylococcus epidermidis watery diarrhea caused by, 162 tricuspid valve endocarditis PTH. See Parathyroid hormone infection of, 119 Ziehl-Neelsen stain for, 110 and, 293 (PTH) Prosthetic heart valves, 393 Proximal convoluted tubules type III secretion system of, 113 PTH-independent Protamine sulfate, 251, 405, 639 defects in, 538 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 127 hypercalcemia, 325 Protease inhibitors, 184 diuretics and, 556 as aerobic organism, 111 PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), 314 acute pancreatitis caused by, 373 dopamine secretion by, 541 biofilm produced by, 113 PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related fat redistribution caused by, 253 glucose clearance and, 536 as encapsulated bacteria, 112 protein), 229 for HIV, 186 ischemia susceptibility, 218 exotoxin produced by, 116 Ptosis hyperglycemia caused by, 252 physiology of, 537 in immunodeficient patients, 210 Horner syndrome as cause, 487, naming convention for, 255 relative concentrations along, 539 multidrug-resistant, 181 633 Proteases, 352 renal cell carcinoma and, 550 as nosocomial infection, 168 myasthenia gravis as cause, 436 Proteasome, 59 renal tubular acidosis of, 544 pigment produced by, 113, 127 Pancoast tumor as cause, 625 Protein A, 113 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) pyocyanin of, 201 saccular aneurysm as cause, 468 Proteinases, 378 joints, 421 splenic dysfunction and, 191 Puberty Protein kinase A Proximal vagina, 573 treatments for, 640 GH secretion in, 311 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 87 PRPP (glutamine-phosphoribosyl- UTIs caused by, 164 GnRH and, 309 in glycogen regulation, 97 pyrophosphate) amidotrans- Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly, 401 Kallmann syndrome and, 586 Protein metabolism, 85 ferase, 84 Pseudopseudohypoparathyroid- precocious, 69, 312 Protein phosphatase, 97 Pruritus ism, 325 Tanner stages, 584 Proteins biliary tract disease as cause, 371 Pseudotumor cerebri, 471 Public health, 44–46 free radical effect on, 221 chloroquine as cause, 183 acetazolamide for, 557 Pudendal nerve, 422 in HIV, 158 histamine receptors and, 242 vitamin A toxicity as cause, 77 Pulmonary anthrax, 121 Protein synthesis, 57, 170, 184 Prussian blue stain, 620 Pseudovirion, phenotypic mixing Pulmonary arterial hypertension 308 232 insulin and, Psammoma bodies, in, 146 (PAH), 622 83 calcification and, 220 location of in cell, Psittacosis, 132 bronchitis as cause, 618 Protein synthesis inhibitors, 174, 255 causes of, 637 Psoriasis, 440 high altitude and, 615 in meningiomas, 496 arthritis and, 433 treatments for, 640 ACE inhibitors for, 559 in mesotheliomas, 624 cyclosporine for, 212 Pulmonary artery, 568 angiotensin II receptor blockers in papillary thyroid carcinoma, 324 etanercept for, 448 in fetal circulation, 264 for, 559 in serous cystadenocarcinomas, 593 hyperkeratosis/parakeratosis in, 439 Pulmonary artery stenosis, 284 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 PSA (prostate-specific antigen), 232 infliximab/adalimumab for, 448 Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure nephritic syndrome and, 546 Pseudoappendicitis, 129 methotrexate for, 409 (PCWP), 280, 614 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 545, Pseudocyesis, 518 as skin plaque, 438 Pulmonary circulation, 613 548, 633 Pseudocyst, 373 skin scales in, 438 Pulmonary edema, 292 preeclampsia as cause, 590 Pseudoephedrine, 627 therapeutic antibodies for, 214 acute respiratory distress syndrome serum sickness as cause, 205 Pseudoglandular lung Psoriatic arthritis, 433 as cause, 621 Proteolysis development, 606 HLA-B27 and, 193, 643 compliance in, 611 cortisol and, 313 Pseudogout, 431, 637 leflunomide for, 447 consolidation in, 622 in insulin deficiency, 330 Pseudohermaphrodites, 586 psoriasis and, 440 557 Proteus spp. Pseudohyperaldosteronism loop diuretics for, 510 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 Cushing syndrome and, 317 Psychiatric genetics, mannitol as cause, 557 morphology of, 109 Pseudohypoparathyroidism, 325 Psychiatry, 508–530 nitrates for, 299 as nosocomial infection, 168 Pseudomembranous colitis pathology, 510–524 opioids for, 499 as urease-positive organism, 112 bacteria causing, 114 pharmacology, 524–528 renal failure as cause, 553 Proteus mirabilis clindamycin as cause, 175 psychology, 508–509 Pulmonary embolism, 617 cephalosporins for, 172 Clostridium difficile as cause, 122 Psychoactive drug intoxication and bacterial endocarditis as cause, 293 kidney stones caused by, 549 as drug reaction, 252 withdrawal, 522–523 deep venous thrombosis and, 616 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins penicillinase-sensitive penicillins as Psychology, 508–509 direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 407 for, 171 cause, 171 Psychosine, 493 heparin for, 405 urinary tract infections caused vancomycin for, 173 Psychosis, 513 lab findings in, 636 by, 552 watery diarrhea caused by, 162 antipsychotic drugs for, 525 respiratory alkalosis caused by, 543 UTIs caused by, 164 Pseudomembranous pharyngitis diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 331 shock caused by, 292 Prothrombin diphtheria as cause, 123 glucocorticoids as cause, 212, 336 tamoxifen/raloxifene and, 413 as liver marker, 366 Pseudomonas spp. LSD as cause, 523 thrombolytics for, 407 warfarin effect on, 406 antipseudomonal penicillins lupus as cause, 434 Pulmonary fibrosis Protofilament, 60 for, 171 PCP as cause, 523 amiodarone as cause, 303 Proton pump inhibitors, 374 as catalase-positive organism, 112 prednisone as cause, 412 bleomycin as cause, 410 acute interstitial nephritis caused ceftazidime for, 172 Psychotherapy busulfan as cause, 410 by, 554 chronic granulomatous disease for anorexia/bulimia nervosa, 520 compliance in, 611 gastrin and, 350 and, 209 for anorexia nervosa, 638 diffusion in, 613 for Helicobacter pylori, 130 cystic fibrosis and, 72, 162, 635 for conduct disorder, 511 as drug reaction, 254 metronidazole and, 178 fluoroquinolones for, 178 for oppositional defiant drugs causing, 413 naming convention for, 255 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 disorder, 511 lab findings in, 636 Protozoa morphology of, 109 Psychotic disorders methotrexate as cause, 409 CNS infections, 140 as nosocomial infection, 162 postpartum psychosis and, 516 as restrictive lung disease, 619 GI infections, 139 osteomyelitis and, 644 readmissions caused by, 45 Pulmonary hemorrhage, 121 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 738 11/3/15 4:54 PM INDEX INDEX 739

Pulmonary hypertension, 613, 622 Pyramidal decussation, 477 Radiation exposure Rationalization, as ego defense, 509 drug therapy for, 627 Pyramidalis muscle, 348 acute myelogenous leukemia Raynaud phenomenon, 437 key associations, 645 Pyrantel pamoate, 183 and, 402 Buerger disease as cause, 296 PDE-5 inhibitors for, 603 Pyrazinamide, 180 aplastic anemia caused by, 391 calcium channel blockers for, 298 Schistosoma as cause, 144 gout caused by, 253 apoptosis caused by, 216 in CREST syndrome, 437 sleep apnea as cause, 621 hepatitis caused by, 252 as carcinogen, 231 lupus as cause, 630 Pulmonary hypoplasia, 606 for Mycobacterium free radical injury caused by, 221 presentation of, 632 in Potter sequence, 530 tuberculosis, 179, 640 hypopituitarism caused by, 329 Rb, 58 Pulmonary Langerhans cell Pyridostigmine, 244 myelodysplastic syndromes caused Rb gene, 230 histiocytosis, 619 Pyridoxal phosphate, 78 by, 401 Reabsorption rate, 535 Pulmonary surfactant Pyrimethamine, 183 Radiation therapy Reaction formation, as ego compliance and, 611 pyrimidine synthesis and, 49 acute pericarditis caused by, 294 defense, 509 composition of, 607 for Toxoplasma gondii, 641 angiosarcomas and, 441 Reactive arthritis, 433 pneumocytes and, 607 Pyrimidine dimers, 53 lymphopenia caused by, 394 Campylobacter jejuni as cause, 128 Pulmonary trunk, 262 Pyrimidines, 49 for Nelson syndrome, 326 chlamydia as cause, 167 Pulmonary vascular resistance Pyrimidine synthesis, 447 neutropenia caused by, 394 chlamydiae as cause, 134 (PVR), 614, 647 Pyruvate carboxylase, 88, 89 osteosarcomas and, 429 HLA-B27 and, 193, 643 chest wall and, 611 in metabolic pathways, 85 for pancreatic cancer, 373 presentation of, 634

Pulmonic regurgitation, 272 vitamin B7 and, 79 papillary thyroid carcinoma risk Reactive attachment disorder, 510 Pulmonic stenosis Pyruvate dehydrogenase, 87 and, 324 Reactive cellular changes, 226 carcinoid syndrome as cause, 332 deficiency in, 88 readmissions caused by, 45 Readmissions, causes of, 45 systolic ejection murmur in, 272 diagram of, 88 restrictive/infiltrative Reassortment, viral, 146 wide splitting in, 271 in metabolic pathways, 85 cardiomyopathy caused Recall bias in studies, 36

Pulmonic valves, 262 vitamin B1 and, 77 by, 291 Receptor binding, 240 “Pulseless disease,” 296 Pyruvate kinase, 85 Radon Receptors, viral, 150 Pulse pressure, 266 Pyruvate kinase deficiency, 392 as carcinogen, 231 Receptor tyrosine kinase Pulsus paradoxus, 294 in anemia taxonomy, 388 lung cancer and, 626 as endocrine hormone asthma as cause, 618 echinocytes in, 386 Ragged red muscle fibers, 70 messenger, 316 croup as cause, 154 Pyruvate metabolism, 88 Rales, in heart failure, 292 as oncogene product, 230 Punched-out ulcers, 354 Pyuria, 554 Raloxifene, 413, 601 Recessive inheritance, 70 Punishment, 508 Raltegravir, 184, 186 Recombinant cytokines, 213 Pupil, 482 Q Ramipril, 559 Recombination, viral, 146 Pupillary control, 487 Q fever, 133 Ramsay Hunt syndrome, 480 Recruiting study participants, 36 Pupillary light reflex, 479, 487 animal transmission of, 132 Ranibizumab, 214 Rectal veins, 344 in CN III palsy, 489 bacteria causing, 114 for macular degeneration, 485 Rectum Pure red cell aplasia, 229 QRS complex, in EKG, 276 Ranitidine, 374 anastomosis at, 344 Purines, 49, 177 QT interval RANK-L, 314 ischemia susceptibility, 218 de novo synthesis of, 49 atypical antipsychotic effect on, 525 Ranolazine, 299 Rectus abdominis muscle, 348 salvage deficiencies, 50 Class IA antiarrhythmic effect Rapid-eye movement (REM), 457 Rectus muscles, 488 Purkinje cells on, 302 Rapidly progressive Recurrent branch of median of cerebellum, 218 congenital long QT syndrome, 277 glomerulonephritis nerve, 419 cerebellum and, 459 on EKG, 276 (RPGN), 546 Recurrent laryngeal nerves, 568 in paraneoplastic cerebellar ondansetron effect on, 376 Rapid squatting, effect on Red cell casts, 296 degeneration, 229 in torsades de pointes, 277 auscultation, 272 Red-green color blindness, 180 Purkinje fibers, 276 Quality measurements, 46 Rasagiline, 505 Red infarcts, vs. pale, 219 Purpura Quantifying risk, 34 Rasburicase, 448, 549 Red man syndrome, 173 aplastic anemia as cause, 391 , 525 RAS gene, 324 Redox reactions cirrhosis as cause, 365 Quiescent cells, 58 Rashes free radical injury and, 221

Pustular psoriasis, 438 Quinidine, 302 bull’s-eye, in Lyme disease, 632 vitamin B2 and, 78 Pustules, 438 cinchonism caused by, 253 carbapenems as cause, 173 Red pulp, in spleen, 191 Putamen, 462 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 of childhood, 166 Red rashes of childhood, 166 Pyelonephritis, 552 diarrhea caused by, 252 cytomegalovirus as cause, 165 Reduviid bug, as disease vector, 142 kidney stones as cause, 549 for malaria, 141, 183 fluoroquinolones as cause, 178 Reed-Sternberg cells, 399, 636 lab findings in, 638 Quinine Kawasaki disease as cause, 296 Refeeding syndrome, 520 urinary tract infections as cinchonism caused by, 253 lupus as cause, 434 Reflex bradycardia, 540 cause, 164 for malaria, 183 macrolides as cause, 176 Reflexes WBC casts in, 544 Quinolone, 127, 170 measles as cause, 154, 631 clinical, 476 Pygmalion effect, 36 Quinupristin, 170, 181 nematodes as cause, 143 cranial nerve, 479 Pyknosis, in cell injury, 218 on palms/soles, 633 as motor neuron sign, 473 Pyloric sphincter, 351 R penicillinase-sensitive penicillins as primitive, 476 Pyloromyotomy, 339 Rabies, 155 cause, 171 Reflex , 248 Pyoderma gangrenosum killed vaccine for, 146 in Rickettsial diseases, 133 Refractive errors (vision), 483 Crohn disease as cause, 359 passive antibodies for, 203 rubella as cause, 153, 165 Refractory hypertension, 603 ulcerative colitis as cause, 359 receptors for, 150 simeprevir as cause, 187 Regadenoson, 287 Pyogenic granulomas, 441 as rhabdovirus, 151 syphilis as cause, 131, 167 Regan-Lowe medium, 111 Pyogenic osteomyelitis, 637 vaccine for, 203 in unvaccinated children, 169 Regional specification of developing Pyramidal cells, 218 Radial nerve, 419 Rathke pouch, 307 brain, 450 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 739 11/3/15 4:54 PM 740 INDEX INDEX

Registering for USMLE Step 1 Renal oncocytomas, 550 Respiratory alkalosis, 543 retinal vein occlusion as cause, 485 exam, 5–6, 7 Renal osteodystrophy, 326, 553 causes of, 543 Roth spots as, 633 Regression, as ego defense, 509 Renal papillary necrosis, 554 high altitude and, 615 Retinal vein, 482 Regular insulin, 334. See also Insulin pyelonephritis and, 552 pulmonary embolism and, 617 Retinal vein occlusion, 485 Regulation of gene expression, 54 sickle cell anemia as cause, 392 Respiratory burst, 201 Retinitis, 484, 486 Regulatory T cells, 194 Renal pelvis, 532 free radical injury and, 221 cidofovir for, 185 cell surface proteins, 202 Renal plasma flow, 534 Respiratory depression foscarnet for, 185 Regurgitation, in GERD, 354 glomerular dynamics, effect barbiturates as cause, 501, 522 HIV and, 160 Reheated rice syndrome, 122 on, 535 benzodiazepines as cause, 500, 522 Retinitis pigmentosa, 486 Reichert cartilage, 569 Renal toxicity, medications epilepsy drugs causing, 500 Retinoblastomas Reid index in chronic bronchitis, 618 causing, 185 inhaled anesthetics as cause, 502 osteosarcomas and, 429 Reinke crystals, 598, 637 Renal tubular acidosis, 544 opioids as cause, 499 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 Relapse stage of addiction, 521 Fanconi syndrome as cause, 633 tricyclic antidepressants as Retinoids, 440 Relapsing fever metabolic acidosis caused by, 543 cause, 527 Retinopathy animal transmission of, 132 Renal tubules Respiratory distress syndrome, 581 Alport syndrome as cause, 547 lice transmission of, 145 anatomy of, 532 Respiratory drug reactions, 254 chloroquine as cause, 183 Relative risk reduction (RRR), 34, 646 defects in, 538 Respiratory rate (RR), 610 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 Relative risk (RR), 32, 34, 646 in nephron physiology, 537 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hypertension as cause, 284 Reliability, 35 PTH and, 314 as paramyxovirus, 151 of prematurity, 221, 607 Renal artery, 342, 532 Renal vascular smooth muscle, 242 paramyxoviruses as cause, 153 sorbitol as cause, 92 in horseshoe kidney, 531 Renal vein, 532 pneumonia caused by, 162, 624 Retrognathia, in Potter sequence, 530 Renal blood flow, 532, 647 Renin, 540 prophylaxis for, 214 Retrograde amnesia, 512 dopamine, effect on, 541 ACE inhibitor effect on, 559 ribavirin for, 187 Retroperitoneal fibrosis, 550 prostaglandins, effect on, 541 aliskiren effect on, 559 , 606–629 Retroperitoneal structures, 339 Renal cell carcinomas, 550, 645 in hyperaldosteronism, 318 anatomy, 608–609 Retrospective studies, 36 214 412 bevacizumab for, , in renal disorders, 542 embryology, 606–607 Retroviruses 231 carcinogens causing, sympathetic receptors and, 242 pathology, 616–626 characteristics of, 151 chromosome associated with, 75 Renin-angiotensin, 306 pharmacology, 627–628 genomes of, 147 horseshoe kidney and, 531 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone physiology, 610–615 Rett syndrome, 511 hypercalcemia and, 229 system, 540 infections, 199 X-linked dominant inheritance IFN-α for, 187 Renin secreting tumors, 542 Respiratory tree, 608 of, 70 key associations, 645 Renshaw cells, 116, 122 Respiratory zone of respiratory Reverse transcriptase, 158 metastases of, 233 Reoviruses tree, 608 Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 184 recombinant cytokines for, 213 characteristics of, 151 Resting tremor, 461, 633 Reye syndrome, 366 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 genome of, 147 Restrictive cardiomyopathy, 291 Rhabdomyolysis von Hippel-Lindau disease as as naked viruses, 147 amyloidosis and, 225 daptomycin as cause, 178 cause, 495, 633 as segmented, 152 S4 heart sound and, 645 hyperkalemia caused by, 542 Renal clearance, 533, 647 Repaglinide, 335 Restrictive lung diseases, 619 Rhabdomyomas, 295, 642 Renal cortex, 532 Reperfusion injury, 219, 288 flow volume loops in, 619 nomenclature for, 228 in hydronephrosis, 550 Reperfusion therapy, 290 sarcoidosis and, 435 tuberous sclerosis as cause, 495 Renal cyst disorders, 555 51 Reteplase, 383, 407 Renal disease Replication fork, Rhabdomyosarcomas 147 575 ESR in, 224 Replication, viral, Rete testis, dactinomycin for, 410 lupus and, 434 Repression, as ego defense, 509 RET gene, 230 desmin stain for, 60 maintenance and loading dose Repressor proteins, 52 Hirschsprung disease and, 361 nomenclature for, 228 in, 237 Reproductive anatomy medullary thyroid carcinoma Rhabdoviruses waxy casts in, 544 female, 574 and, 324 characteristics of, 151 Wilson disease as cause, 371 male, 575 multiple endocrine neoplasias as negative-stranded, 152 Renal disorder markers, 542 Reproductive hormones, 600 and, 71 Rhagades, in congenital syphilis, 131 Renal drug reactions, 253 Reproductive system, 562–603 papillary thyroid carcinoma Rh blood classification, 382 Renal failure, 553 anatomy, 573–576 and, 324 Rheumatic fever, 294 consequences of, 553 drug reactions in, 252 pheochromocytomas and, 320 criteria for, 120 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 embryology, 562–573 Reticular activating system heart murmur caused by, 273 doxycycline in, 175 pathology, 585–599 lesions, 464 Streptococcus pyogenes as Fabry disease as cause, 100 pharmacology, 600–603 Reticular fibrous framework of cause, 120 lab findings in, 637 physiology, 577–584 spleen, 191 streptolysin O and, 117 myoclonus in, 461 Reptiles, as disease vectors, 132 Reticulate bodies in chlamydiae, 134 as type II hypersensitivity NSAIDs as cause, 541 Rescheduling USMLE Step 1 Reticulin, collagen in, 61 reactions, 204 preeclampsia as cause, 590 exam, 6 Reticulocytes, 378 Rheumatic heart disease, 644 prolactin elimination in, 310 in aplastic anemia, 391 Rheumatoid arthritis, 430 renal cyst disorders as cause, 555 for Huntington disease, 505 in intravascular hemolysis, 391 AA amyloidosis and, 225 vitamin D deficiency caused as noradrenergic drug, 243 Retina, 482 anatomy of, 430 by, 313 Parkinson-like syndrome caused embryologic derivatives of, 563 anemia of chronic disease and, 391 waxy casts in, 544 by, 253 Retinal artery, 482 autoantibody associated with, 207 Renal hypoxia, 612 Residual volume (RV), 610, 619 Retinal detachment, 485 azathioprine for, 212, 409 Renal ischemia, 447 Resistance equation, 647 Retinal hemorrhage biliary cirrhosis and, 371 Renal medulla, 532 Resistance, pressure, flow, 268 as child abuse sign, 510 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 418 in hydronephrosis, 550 Respiratory acidosis, 543 hypertensive emergency and, 284 celecoxib for, 447 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 740 11/3/15 4:54 PM INDEX INDEX 741

cyclosporine for, 212 for Haemophilus influenzae type RNA Saccular lung development, 606 etanercept for, 448 B, 639 interference, 68 Sacrococcygeal teratomas, 598 HLA-DR4 and, 193, 643 for Hansen disease, 125 microRNAs, 55 Saddle nose infliximab/adalimumab for, 448 hepatitis caused by, 252 processing (eukaryotes), 54 congenital syphilis as cause, 131 lab findings in, 634 for Mycobacterium leprae, 179 protein synthesis direction, 53 Laron syndrome as cause, 327 leflunomide for, 447 for Mycobacterium RNA polymerases, 54 syphilis as cause, 165 methotrexate for, 409 tuberculosis, 179, 640 RNA viruses, 151 Safety culture, 45 rituximab for, 214, 412 for Neisseria meningitidis, 640 genome of, 147 Salicylates therapeutic antibodies for, 214 as prophylaxis, 181 replication of, 147 metabolic acidosis caused by, 543 uveitis and, 484 protease inhibitors and, 186 Robertsonian translocation, 75 respiratory alkalosis caused by, 543 Rheumatoid factor, 207 RNA polymerase inhibition by, 54 Rocker-bottom feet toxicity treatment for, 251 Rh hemolytic disease of the Rifamycins, 179 Edwards syndrome as cause, 74, Saline, for β-blocker overdose, 303 newborn, 382 Rifaximin, 93, 367 632 Saliva, effect of pilocarpine on, 244 Rhinitis Rift Valley fever, 151 Patau syndrome as cause, 74 Salivary gland tumors, 353 phenylephrine for, 246 Right anopia, 489 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 133 Salk polio vaccine, 146 as type I hypersensitivity Right anterior cardinal vein, 262 animal transmission of, 132 Salmeterol, 246, 628 reaction, 204 Right bundle branch, 276 chloramphenicol for, 175 Salmonella spp. Rhinosinusitis, 616 Right bundle branch block, 271 presentation of, 633 animal transmission of, 132 Rhinovirus, 151, 152 Right common cardinal vein, 262 Rocuronium, 503 bloody diarrhea caused by, 162 as picornavirus, 152 Right coronary artery, 265 Rod bacteria, 109 as encapsulated bacteria, 112 receptors for, 150 myocardial infarction and, 288 Romaña sign, 142 food poisoning caused by, 161 Rhizopus spp., 137, 630 Right external iliac artery, 342 Romano-Ward syndrome, 277 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 RhoGAM, 382 Right gastroepiploic artery, 343 Romberg sign, 131, 474 in immunodeficient patients, 210 Rhombencephalon, 450 Right horn of sinus venosus, 262 Romiplostim, 213 as intracellular organism, 112 Rhomboid crystals, 637 Right inferior phrenic artery, 342 Root cause analysis, for medical morphology of, 109 Ribavirin Right internal iliac artery, 342 errors, 46 osteomyelitis and, 163, 644 for hepatitis, 639 Right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, 361 Rooting reflex, 476 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins for hepatitis C, 187 Right lymphatic duct, 190 Rosacea, 440 for, 171 in pregnancy, avoiding, 187 Right marginal artery, 265 Rose gardener’s disease, 138 reactive arthritis and, 433 purine synthesis, effect on, 49 Right recurrent laryngeal nerve, 568 Rosenthal fibers, 497 vs. Shigella spp., 129 Rib notching, 637 Right renal artery, 342 Roseola splenic dysfunction and, 191 Ribose, 90 Right subclavian artery, 568 HHV-6/HHV-7 as cause, 149 TMP-SMX for, 177 Ribosomes, 58 Right-to-left shunts, 282 rash caused by, 166 type III secretion system of, 113 Rice-water diarrhea, 162 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Rosiglitazone, 334 Salmonella typhi, 129 arsenic toxicity as cause, 87 pain, 372 Rostral fold closure defects, 338 Salpingitis cholera toxin as cause, 116 Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) Rosuvastatin, 300 ectopic pregnancy and, 589 Vibrio cholerae as cause, 129 high altitude and, 615 Rotator cuff muscles, 417 pelvic inflammatory disease as Richter transformation, 402 pulmonary hypertension as Rotavirus, 152 cause, 167 Rickets, 427 cause, 622 diarrhea caused by, 151, 162 Sampling bias in studies, 36 Fanconi syndrome as cause, 633 Rigidity, in Parkinson disease, 633 live attenuated vaccine for, 146 Sandflies, as disease vectors, 142 hypophosphatemia as cause, 542 Riluzole, 505 Rotenone, 89 Sandfly fever, 151 lab values in, 428 for amyotrophic lateral Roth spots, 293, 633 Saquinavir, 184, 186 treatments for, 640 sclerosis, 474 Rotor syndrome, 369 Sarcoidosis, 435 vitamin D deficiency as cause, 81, , 184 Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 58 acute interstitial nephritis caused 313 Ringed sideroblasts, 387 formation, 401, 638 by, 554 X-linked dominant inheritance Ringworm Round ligament of uterus, 574 cardiomyopathy caused by, 291 of, 70 griseofulvin for, 183 Rovsing sign, 360, 633 erythema nodosum and, 444 Rickettsia spp. tinea corporis as cause, 136 Rubella, 151, 153 facial nerve palsy caused by, 480 Giemsa stain for, 110 Risedronate, 447 cardiac defects associated with, 284 as granulomatous disease, 223 as intracellular organism, 112 Risk, quantifying, 34 cataracts and, 483 hypervitaminosis D caused by, 428 tetracyclines for, 175 Risperidone, 514, 525 heart murmur caused by, 273 macrophages and, 379 Rickettsial diseases, 133 Ristocetin, 385 rash caused by, 166 presentation of, 630 morphology of, 109 Risus sardonicus as ToRCHeS infection, 165 restrictive/infiltrative Rickettsia prowazekii, 133 Clostridium tetani as cause, 122 in unvaccinated children, 169 cardiomyopathy caused animal transmission of, 132 tetanospasmin as cause, 116 Ruffini corpuscles, 454 by, 291 lice transmission of, 145 Ritodrine, 602 Russell sign, 520 as restrictive lung disease, 619 Rickettsia rickettsii, 133 Ritonavir, 184 Ryanodine receptor, 424 uveitis and, 484 animal transmission of, 132 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 Sarcoma botryoides, 591 chloramphenicol for, 175 for HIV, 186 S Sarcomas treatments for, 640 Rituximab, 214, 412, 493 Saber shins metastases of, 233 Rickettsia typhi, 132, 133 Rivaroxaban, 407 congenital syphilis as cause, 131 methotrexate for, 409 Riedel thyroiditis, 322 as anticoagulant, 383 syphilis as cause, 165 nomenclature of, 228 Rifabutin, 179 for deep venous thrombosis, 616 Sabin polio vaccine, 146 vimentin stain for, 60 Rifampin, 170, 179 for long-term anticoagulation, 640 Sabouraud agar, 111, 137 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 424 acute interstitial nephritis caused Rivastigmine, 244 Saccular aneurysms, 468 Sargramostim, 213 by, 554 for Alzheimer disease, 505 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and, 63 SARS (sudden acute respiratory cytochrome P-450 and, 254 River blindness, 143 renal cyst disorders and, 555 syndrome), 151 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 741 11/3/15 4:54 PM 742 INDEX INDEX

Sartorius muscle, 347 Sclerodactyly, 437 medium-chain acyl-CoA shock caused by, 292 Saturday night palsy, 419 Scleroderma, 437 dehydrogenase deficiency as Streptococcus agalactiae as Saxagliptin, 335 autoantibody associated with, 207 cause, 101 cause, 121 Scabies, 145, 183 lab findings in, 634, 635 meningiomas as cause, 496 Septate uterus, 572 Scalded skin syndrome Sclerodermal esophageal meropenem as cause, 173 Septation of heart chambers, 262 Staphylococcus aureus as cause, 119 dysmotility, 354 PCP as cause, 523 Septic arthritis, 432 toxic shock syndrome toxin as Sclerosing adenosis, 595 phenylketonuria as cause, 95 gonococci as cause, 126 cause, 117 Sclerosing cholangitis, 369, 371 serotonin syndrome as cause, 527 Staphylococcus aureus as cause, 119 Scales, skin, 438 ulcerative colitis as cause, 359 Taenia solium and, 145 Septicemia Scaling, in tinea capitis, 136 Scombroid poisoning, 250 tramadol and, 499 Listeria monocytogenes as Scaphoid bone, 418 Scopolamine, 245 tuberous sclerosis as cause, 495 cause, 123 Scar formation, 219, 222 Scoring of USMLE Step 1 exam, 7, Selection bias in studies, 36 readmissions caused by, 45 Scarlet fever 9–10 Selective estrogen receptor Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome presentation of, 120, 634 Scorpion sting, pancreatitis caused modulators (SERMs), 413, and, 318 rash caused by, 166 by, 373 426, 601 Septic shock Streptococcus pyogenes as Scotoma, 489 Selective IgA deficiency, 208 diffuse cortical necrosis and, 552 cause, 120 Scrotum, 575 Selective media, 110 macrophages and, 379 S cells, 350 female homolog of, 572 Selective serotonin reuptake norepinephrine for, 246 Schiller-Duval bodies, 593, 636 lymphatic drainage of, 573 inhibitors (SSRIs), 527 Septum primum, 262 Schilling test, 390 masses in, 598 for adjustment disorder, 517 Septum secundum, 262 Schistocytes, 387 varicoceles in, 597 for anxiety disorders, 516 Sequence, in organogenesis, 563 in HELLP syndrome, 590 Scurvy for atypical depression, 515 , 230 in intravascular hemolysis, 391 collagen synthesis and, 62 for binge eating disorder, 520 Seronegative spondyloarthritis, 433 in microangiopathic anemia, 393 presentation of, 634 conditions used for, 524 Serosa, 341 Schistosoma spp., 144, 145 vitamin C deficiency as cause, 80 for depression, 639 Serositis, 434 Schistosoma haematobium, 144 Seafood toxins, 250 diarrhea caused by, 252 Serotonin, 455 diseases associated with, 145 Seborrheic keratosis, 440 for generalized anxiety in carcinoid syndrome, 332 as oncogenic microbe, 231 Sebum, 440 disorder, 517, 639 derivatives of, 94

squamous cell carcinoma of Secobarbital, 501 for major depressive disorder, 515 vitamin B6 and, 78 bladder and, 551 Secondary adrenal insufficiency, 318 mechanism of, 526 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake Schistosoma mansoni, 144 Secondary biliary cirrhosis, 371 naming convention for, 255 inhibitors (SNRIs), 527 Schistosomiasis Secondary glomerular disease, 544 for obsessive-compulsive conditions used for, 524 calcification and, 220 Secondary hyperaldosteronism, 318 disorder, 517 for fibromyalgia, 435 as granulomatous disease, 223 Secondary hyperparathyroidism, 325, for panic disorder, 517 for generalized anxiety portal hypertension caused 326 for phobias, 517 disorder, 517, 639 by, 365 Secondary hypertension, 643 for postpartum depression, 516 for major depressive disorder, 515 pulmonary arterial hypertension Secondary spontaneous for PTSD, 517 mechanism of, 526 caused by, 622 pneumothorax, 623 sexual dysfunction caused serotonin syndrome caused by, 527 Schizoaffective disorder, 514 Secondary syphilis, 634 by, 520 Serotonin syndrome, 527 Schizoid personality disorder, 519 Second-wind phenomenon, 99 SIADH caused by, 253 dextromethorphan as cause, 627 Schizophrenia, 514 Secretin, 350 Selegiline, 504, 505, 528 MAO inhibitors as cause, 528 antipsychotic drugs for, 525 location of, 351 Selenium sulfide, 136 MDMA as cause, 523 atypical antipsychotics for, 525 somatostatinomas and, 332 Self-fulfilling prophecies, 36 oxazolidinones as cause, 176 drug therapy for, 524 Secretion rate, 535 Seminal vesicles, 571, 575 tramadol as cause, 499 genetic risk of, 510 Secretory phase of menstrual Seminiferous tubules, 575, 576 Serous cystadenocarcinomas, 592, neurotransmitter changes in, 511 cycle, 579 spermatogenesis in, 583 593, 644 neurotransmitters for, 455 Secretory vesicles, 59 Seminomas, 598, 645 Serous cystadenomas, 592, 644 readmissions caused by, 45 Segmental artery, 532 Semustine, 410 Serous papillary cystadenocarcinomas treatments for, 640 Segmented viruses, 152 Senile plaques, 636 of ovary, 232 Schizophreniform disorder, 514 Seizures, 494 Sensitivity equation, 646 Serrated colonic polyps, 363 Schizotypal personality disorder, 519 aluminum hydroxide as cause, 375 Sensitivity, in diagnostic tests, 33 Serratia spp. Schüffner stippling, 141 amphetamines as cause, 522 Sensorineural hearing loss, 481 as catalase-positive organism, 112 Schwann cells, 453 Angelman syndrome as cause, 69 Sensory cortex, 467 chronic granulomatous disease in Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 barbiturates for, 501 Sensory receptors, 454 and, 209 origin of, 450 benzodiazepine withdrawal as thalamus and, 458 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 Schwannomas, 453, 496, 642 cause, 522 Separation anxiety disorder, 511 in immunodeficient patients, 210 Sciatic nerve, 422 β-blockers as cause, 249 Separation anxiety in infants, 43 lactose fermentation by, 126 SCID (severe combined bupropion as cause, 528 morphology of, 109 immunodeficiency cytomegalovirus as cause, 165 acute respiratory distress syndrome Serratia marcescens disease), 209 delirium tremens as cause, 524 as cause, 621 cephalosporins for, 172 adenosine deaminase deficiency as as drug reaction, 253 acute tubular necrosis caused pigment produced by, 113 cause, 50 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia by, 554 UTIs caused by, 164 hypoplastic thymus in, 191 nonketotic syndrome as findings associated with, 643 Serratus anterior muscle, 420 lymphopenia caused by, 394 cause, 332 in immunodeficient patients, 210 Sertoli cells, 571, 576 Sclerae, 482 hypocalcemia as cause, 542 lymphopenia caused by, 394 Sertoli cell tumors, 598 blue, in osteogenesis imperfecta, 63 hyponatremia as cause, 542 neutropenia caused by, 394 , 527 Scleritis, in rheumatoid arthritis, 430 lupus as cause, 434 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 127 Serum amyloid A, 198 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 742 11/3/15 4:54 PM INDEX INDEX 743

Serum lactate, 330 acute tubular necrosis caused Simeprevir Skip lesions, 359, 641 Serum markers of liver pathology, 366 by, 554 for hepatitis, 639 Slapped cheek rash, 166, 630 Serum osmolarity dopamine for, 246 for hepatitis C, 187 Sleep apnea, 621 antidiuretic hormone regulation Ebola as cause, 156 Simple pneumothorax, 622 pulse pressure in, 266 of, 311 norepinephrine for, 246 Simple renal cysts, 555 pulsus paradoxus in, 294 in hyperosmolar hyperglycemia placental abruption as cause, 588 Simvastatin, 300 Sleep physiology, 457 nonketotic syndrome, 332 pulmonary anthrax as cause, 121 Single nucleotide polymorphisms Sleep problems Serum sickness, 205 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (SNPs), 66 apnea, 621 Serum tumor markers, 232 and, 318 Single-stranded binding proteins, 51 benzodiazepines and, 457, 522 17α-hydroxylase, 312 Short gastric arteries, 343 β-blockers as cause, 249 , 502 Shortness of breath, in panic brain abscesses caused by, 163 delirium and, 512 Sex chromosome disorders, 585 disorder, 517 C3 deficiency and, 199 generalized anxiety disorder as Sex hormone-binding globulin Shuffling gait, in Parkinson Kartagener syndrome as cause, 60, cause, 517 (SHBG), 316 disease, 461 633 in geriatric patients, 44 Sex hormones SIADH, 328 Wegener granulomatosis as ghrelin in, 311 adrenal cortex secretion of, 306 ADH antagonists for, 336 cause, 296 leptin in, 311 disorders of, 586 carbamazepine as cause, 500 Sinusoids of spleen, 191 major depressive disorder as Sex pilus, in bacterial genetics, 114 demeclocycline for, 336 Sinus venosus, 262 cause, 515 Sex steroids, for hypopituitarism, 329 as drug reaction, 253 Sirolimus menopause as cause, 582 Sexual abuse, 512 key associations, 645 as immunosuppressant, 212 paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, 292 Sexual development stages, 584 markers in, 542 targets of, 213 stimulant withdrawal as cause, 522 Sexual dysfunction, 520 small cell lung cancer as cause, 626 Sister Mary Joseph nodules, 356 varenicline as cause, 528 β-blockers as cause, 249, 303 treatments for, 640 Sitagliptin, 335 Sleep terror disorder, 520 cimetidine as cause, 374 Sialyl-Lewisx, 221 Situs inversus, 60, 633 Sleepwalking, 457, 501 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Sibling studies, 32 6-mercaptopurine, 409 Sliding hiatal hernias, 349 436 syndrome as cause, Sickle cell anemia, 392 allopurinol and, 448 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 427 603 PDE-5 inhibitors for, in anemia taxonomy, 388 azathioprine and, 212 Slow twitch muscle fibers, 424 Peyronie disease and, 597 ESR in, 224 in cell cycle, 408 Small bowel disease, 352 sildenafil for, 627 hydroxyurea for, 411 purine synthesis and, 49 Small cell lung cancer, 626, 645 treatments for, 639 sickle cells in, 387 targets of, 408 carcinogens causing, 231 tuberoinfundibular pathway Sickle cell disease toxicities of, 413 Cushing syndrome and, 229 and, 458 autosplenectomy and, 641 for ulcerative colitis, 359, 641 hyponatremia and, 229 Sexually transmitted infections chromosome associated with, 75 6-thioguanine, 408 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic (STIs), 167 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Sjögren syndrome, 244, 432 syndrome and, 436 key associations, 645 and, 548 acute interstitial nephritis caused neuromuscular paraneoplastic parental consent for minors and, 40 lab findings in, 636 by, 554 syndromes and, 229 sexual dysfunction caused by, 520 missense mutation as cause, 52 autoantibody associated with, 207 topotecan for, 411 Sexual response, innervation of, 575 osteomyelitis and, 163 biliary cirrhosis and, 371 Small intestine, 350 Sézary syndrome, 400, 631 osteonecrosis caused by, 427 pilocarpine for, 244 Small lymphocytic lymphoma SGLT-2 inhibitors, 335 priapism caused by, 597 presentation of, 631 (SLL), 402 Shagreen patches, 495 554 430 “Shawl and face” rash, 436 renal papillary necrosis and, rheumatoid arthritis as cause, Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins SHBG. See Sex hormone-binding treatments for, 641 Skeletal muscles (snRNPs), 55 globulin (SHBG) Sickle cells, 387 ACh receptors in, 241 Smallpox, 146, 148 Sheehan syndrome, 329, 588, 632 Sideroblastic anemia, 387, 389 autoregulation of, 280 Smoke inhalation, 222 Sheep, as disease vectors, 144 in anemia taxonomy, 388 glycogen metabolism in, 98 Smoking Shield chest, in Turner lab findings in, 635 in nervous system, 241 abdominal aortic aneurysms syndrome, 585 lead poisoning as cause, 389 Skin and, 286 Shiga-like toxin, 116, 128 vitamin B6 deficiency as cause, 78 autoregulation of, 280 angina caused by, 287 Shiga toxin, 114, 116 Sigmoid colon, 360, 645 collagen in, 61 atherosclerosis and, 286 Shigella spp. Sigmoid sinus, 470 dermatology, 437–445 Buerger disease and, 296, 639 bloody diarrhea caused by, 162 Signaling pathways morphology of, 438 bupropion for cessation, 528 exotoxin produced by, 116 of endocrine hormones, 316 vascular tumors of, 441 carcinogenic nature of, 231 morphology of, 109 of steroid hormones, 316 wrinkles of aging, 64 cataracts and, 483 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins Signal recognition particle (SRP), 59 Skin cancer, 445 cervical cancer and, 591 for, 171 Signet cell adenocarcinomas, 593 albinism and, 439 colorectal cancer and, 364 reactive arthritis and, 433 Signet ring cells, 356 Lynch syndrome and, 363 emphysema and, 618 vs. Salmonella spp., 129 Sign of Leser-Trélat, 229 sunburn and, 444 esophageal cancer and, 355 TMP-SMX for, 177 Sildenafil, 603 Skin disorders, 440, 443, 444 head and neck cancer and, 616 type III secretion system of, 113 for erectile dysfunction, 639 Skin drug reactions, 253 hormonal contraception Shigella boydii, 129 priapism caused by, 597 Skin flora, 161 contraindication, 602 Shigella dysenteriae, 129 for pulmonary arterial Skin infections, 127, 442 Legionnaires’ disease and, 127 Shigella flexneri, 129 hypertension, 640 Skin layers, 437 lung cancer and, 626 Shigella sonnei, 129 for pulmonary hypertension, 627 Skin lesions pancreatic cancer and, 373 Shingles, 149 Silencers, in gene expression, 54 Crohn disease as cause, 359 placental abruption and, 588 Shock, 292 Silent mutations, 52 kwashiorkor as cause, 82 renal cell carcinoma and, 550 acute respiratory distress syndrome Silicosis, 619, 620 ulcerative colitis as cause, 359 renal tumors and, 645 as cause, 621 Silver stain, 110, 127 Skin ulcers, 142 saccular aneurysms and, 468 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 743 11/3/15 4:54 PM 744 INDEX INDEX

Smoking (continued) Spastic paralysis, 473 cirrhosis as cause, 365 Staphylococcus spp. squamous cell carcinoma of Clostridium tetani as cause, 122 hairy cell leukemia as cause, 402 antibiotic tests for, 118 bladder and, 551 tetanospasmin as cause, 116 hereditary spherocytosis as as catalase-positive organism, 112 stomach cancer and, 356 Specificity equation, 33, 646 cause, 392 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome teratogenic effects of, 564 Spectrin, 71 rheumatoid arthritis as cause, 430 and, 209 transitional cell carcinoma Spermatic cord, 348 Splenorenal ligament, 340 chronic granulomatous disease and, 551 Spermatoceles, 598 Spliceosome, 55 and, 209 varenicline for cessation, 528 Spermatocytes, 576 Splice site mutations, 52 in Gram-positive algorithm, 118 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 58 Spermatogenesis, 576, 583 Splicing of pre-mRNA, 55 morphology of, 109 Smooth muscle cryptorchidism and, 597 Splinter hemorrhages, 293, 634 Staphylococcus aureus, 119 autoantibody to, 207 prolactin effect on, 310 Splitting, as ego defense, 509 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 181 contraction of, 425 Sertoli cells and, 576 in borderline personality bacterial endocarditis caused in nervous system, 241 Spermatogonia, 576 disorder, 519 by, 293 in respiratory tree, 608 Sperm, ejaculation pathway, 575 Splitting, in heart sounds, 271 β-hemolytic nature of, 119 tumor nomenclature in, 228 Sphenomandibular ligament, 569 Spondyloarthropathy, 225 brain abscesses caused by, 163 Snuffles, in congenital syphilis, 131 Sphenoparietal sinus, 470 Spongiform cortex, in Creutzfeldt- cephalosporins for, 172 Soap bubble on X-ray, 638 Spherical bacteria, 109 Jakob disease, 491 chronic granulomatous disease Social anxiety disorder, 517 Spherocytes, 387 Spongiosis, 439 and, 643 drug therapy for, 524 in extravascular hemolysis, 391 Spontaneous abortion cystic fibrosis and, 72, 162 Selective serotonin reuptake Sphincter of Oddi, 347, 350 antiphospholipid syndrome as dapsone for, 178 inhibitors (SSRIs) Sphingolipidoses, 100 cause, 434 exotoxin produced by, 117 for, 527 Sphingomyelin, 100 fibroid tumors as cause, 594 food poisoning caused by, 161, 643 venlafaxine for, 527 Sphingomyelinase, 100 Listeria monocytogenes as immunocompromised patients Sodium channel blockers, 302 Spider angiomas cause, 123 and, 162 Sodium channels ataxia-telangiectasia as cause, 209 syphilis as cause, 165 influenza and, 153 564 cystic fibrosis and, 72 cirrhosis as cause, 365 Vitamin A overdose as cause, IV drug use and, 162 warfarin as cause, 564 epilepsy drug effects on, 500 “Spike and dome” cells, 548 lactational mastitis caused by, 595 Spore-forming bacteria, 114 glucose and, 308 Spikes on basement membrane, 638 lung abscesses caused by, 624 Spores, 108 local anesthetic effects on, 503 Spina bifida as nosocomial infection, 162, 168 Sporothrix schenckii, 138, 641 pacemaker action potential Dandy-Walker syndrome and, 451 osteomyelitis and, 163, 644 Sporotrichosis, 138 and, 275 lab findings in, 636 penicillinase-resistant penicillins Sprue permethrin and, 183 Spina bifida occulta, 451 for, 171 fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies Sodium oxybate, 521 Spinal cord, 472 pigment produced by, 113 and, 76 Sodium-potassium channels, 241 embryologic derivatives of, 563 pneumonia caused by, 624, 644 vitamin B deficiency caused Sodium-potassium pump, 61 hemisection of, 475 12 as postviral infection, 162 by, 80 cell injury and, 218 lesions of, 474 septic arthritis caused by, 432 Squalene epoxidase, 181, 182 Sodium stibogluconate, 183 lower extent, 472 skin infections caused by, 442 Squamous cell carcinomas for leishmaniasis, 142 Spinal nerves, 472 T cells, effect on, 202 of bladder, 144, 551 Sofosbuvir, 187, 639 Spinal tap, bloody/yellow, 635, 638 treatments for, 641 carcinogens causing, 231 Solifenacin, 245 Spinal tract anatomy and Staphylococcus epidermidis, 119 of cervix, 591 531 473 Solitary functioning kidney, functions, cytokeratin stain for, 60 bacterial endocarditis caused 279 496 293 Solitary nucleus of medulla, Spindle cells, of esophagus, 354, 355, 643 by, Somatic hypermutation, 193 Spinothalamic tract, 473 of head and neck, 616 Gram-positive testing, 118 Somatic mosaicism, 69 Spiral bacteria, 109 HIV and, 160 in vivo biofilm produced by, 113 Somatic symptom disorder, 518 Spirochetes, 130 hypercalcemia and, 229 as normal flora, 161 Somatosensory cortex, 462 Spironolactone, 558, 603 lab findings in, 636 as nosocomial infection, 168 Somatostatin, 309, 336, 350 gynecomastia caused by, 595 of lungs, 626 novobiocin response, 637 glucagon and, 309 for heart failure, 292 pectinate line and, 345 osteomyelitis caused by, 163 location of, 351 for hyperaldosteronism, 639 of penis, 597 vancomycin for, 173 production of, 307 metabolic acidosis caused by, 543 of skin, 445 Staphylococcus gallolyticus, 121 Somatostatinomas, 332 for PCOS, 591 sunburn and, 444 Staphylococcus pneumoniae, 616 Somatotroph hyperplasia, 496 reproductive hormones and, 600 of vagina, 591 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 120 Somatotropic adenomas, 644 Splay, in glucose clearance, 536 Squamous epithelium, 608 Gram-positive testing, 118 Somatotropin. See Growth hormone Spleen SRY gene, 571 kidney stones caused by, 549 (GH) blood supply and innervation Stable angina, 287, 641 novobiocin response, 637 Sonic hedgehog gene, 562 of, 342 Stable cells, 58 as urease-positive organism, 112 Sonic hedgehog signaling diagram of, 191 Stab wounds, winged scapula caused urinary tract infections caused pathway, 451 embryology, 339 by, 420 by, 552, 646 Sorbitol, 92 in gastrointestinal anatomy, 340 Staghorn calculi, 549 UTIs caused by, 164 Sorbitol dehydrogenase, 92 ischemia susceptibility, 218 Stains, bacterial, 110 Starling curve, 268 Sotalol, 303 sinusoids of, 191 Standard deviation, 37 Starling forces, 281 Southern blot, 65 thrombocytes in, 378 Standard error of the mean, 37 “Starry sky” appearance of B cells, 400 Southwestern blot, 65 Splenectomy, 71, 392 Stapedial artery, 568 Start and stop codons, 53 Space of Disse, 346 Splenic artery, 343 Stapedius muscle, 569 Starvation, metabolism in, 103 Spaghetti and meatballs appearance Splenomegaly Stapes bone, 481, 569 Statins of tinea versicolor, 136 amyloidosis and, 225 Staphylococcal scalded skin for acute coronary syndromes, 290 Spasticity, 501 anemia as cause, 141 syndrome, 442 cholesterol synthesis and, 103 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 744 11/3/15 4:54 PM INDEX INDEX 745

hepatitis caused by, 252 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome Streptolysin O, 117 Subcutaneous nodules, 120 for hypercholesterolemia, 640 and, 209 Streptomycin, 170, 174, 180 Subcutis, 437 myopathy caused by, 253 in Gram-positive algorithm, 118 Streptozocin, 410 Subdural hematomas, 469 Statistical distribution, 37 morphology of, 109 Stress, as asthma trigger, 618 as child abuse sign, 510 Statistical hypotheses, 37, 38, 39 septic arthritis caused by, 432 Stress incontinence, 551 key associations, 643 Statistical tests, 39 Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Striated muscle, 228 Subendocardium, 218 Status epilepticus, 494 strep), 121 Striatum, 460, 467 Sublimation, as ego defense, 509 benzodiazepines for, 501 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 181 “String sign” on barium swallow, 359 Submucosa, 341 drug therapy for, 500 bacitracin response, 635 Stroke, 467 Submucosal gland, 341 Stavudine, 184, 186 bacterial meningitis caused by, 642 ADP receptor inhibitors for, 407 Subscapularis muscle, 417 Steady state, in dosage β-hemolytic nature of, 119 atrial fibrillation as precursor, 278 Substance abuse calculations, 237 as encapsulated bacteria, 112 central post-stroke pain adult T-cell lymphoma and, 400 Steatohepatitis, 365 Gram-positive testing, 118 syndrome, 468 Candida albicans and, 137 Steatorrhea in immunodeficient patients, 210 cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 407 delirium caused by, 512 cystic fibrosis as cause, 72 meningitis caused by, 163 direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 407 dementia caused by, 513 malabsorption syndromes as in neonates, 165 eclampsia as cause, 590 dissociative identity disorder cause, 358 pneumonia caused by, 162 homocystinuria as cause, 96 and, 512 octreotide as cause, 375 splenic dysfunction and, 191 hypertension as cause, 284 loss of orientation caused by, 512 orlistat as cause, 376 Streptococcus bovis, 121 hypertensive emergency and, 284 parental consent for minors somatostatinomas as cause, 332 bacterial endocarditis caused sickle cell anemia as cause, 392 and, 40 on X-ray, 154, 638 by, 293 syphilis as cause, 131 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 127 Stellate cells, 346 colon cancer and, 638 thrombolytics for, 407 stages of change in Stellate infiltration of ductal colorectal cancer and, 364 vertigo caused by, 495 overcoming, 521 carcinoma, 596 treatments for, 641 warfarin for, 406 suicide and, 516 Stem cells, in aplastic anemia, 391 Streptococcus mitis, 120 Stroke volume, 267, 647 torsades de pointes caused by, 277 353 Stercobilin, Streptococcus mutans Stroma, diseases affecting, 595 tricuspid valve endocarditis caused Steroid hormone signaling biofilm produced by, 113 Strongyloides spp., 142 by, 293 pathways, 316 dental caries caused by, 120 Strongyloides stercoralis, 143 Substance P, 499 Steroids as normal flora, 161 ST-segment elevation MI Substance use disorder, 521 acute pancreatitis caused by, 373 optochin response, 637 (STEMI), 287, 289 Substantia nigra, 635 adrenal insufficiency caused Streptococcus pneumoniae, 120 treatments for, 290 Substantia nigra pars compacta, 460 by, 318 α-hemolytic nature of, 119 ST segment, in EKG, 276 Subthalamic nucleus, 460 for berylliosis, 620 bacterial meningitis caused by, 642 Studies lesions in, 464 CRH levels in, 309 chloramphenicol for, 175 errors in, 36 Subunit vaccines, 146 for lupus, 434 cystic fibrosis and, 162 types of, 32 Succimer for multiple sclerosis, 492 as encapsulated bacteria, 112 Studying for USMLE Step 1 exam for arsenic toxicity, 251 osteoporosis and, 426 Gram-positive testing, 118 materials for, 18–19 for gold poisoning, 251 for polymyositis/ IgA protease and, 113 in preclinical years, 12–13 for lead poisoning, 251, 389 dermatomyositis, 436 in immunodeficient patients, 210 timeline for, 14–17 for mercury poisoning, 251 for sarcoidosis, 435 influenza and, 153 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 495, 634 Succinate dehydrogenase, 78, 89 for temporal arteritis, 641 IV drug use and, 162 Stylohyoid ligament, 569 503 Steroid synthesis, 83 Succinylcholine, 163 569 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 443 meningitis caused by, Stylohyoid muscle, Succinyl-CoA as drug reaction, 253 optochin response, 637 Styloid process, 569 in gluconeogenesis, 89 epilepsy drugs causing, 500 penicillin G/V for, 170 Stylopharyngeus, 569 in TCA cycle, 88 ethosuximide as cause, 500 pneumonia caused by, 162, 624 Subacute cerebellar Sucking reflex, 476 sulfa drug allergies as cause, 254 as postviral infection, 162 degeneration, 626 Sucralfate, 375 Stimulants, for ADHD, 511 splenic dysfunction and, 191 Subacute combined degeneration, 80 Sudan stain, 358 St. John’s wort, 254 transformation in, 114 Subacute endocarditis Sudden cardiac death, 287 St. Louis encephalitis, 151 treatments for, 641 enterococci as cause, 121 Sudden infant death syndrome Stomach Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Staphylococcus gallolyticus as (SIDS), 581 cholecystokinin effect on, 350 strep), 120 cause, 121 Suicidal patients, 42 in gastrointestinal anatomy, 340 acute poststreptococcal Subacute granulomatous confidentiality exceptions and, 41 histology of, 341 glomerulonephritis and, 546 thyroiditis, 322 elderly, 44 sclerosis of, 437 bacitracin response, 635 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Suicide secretin effect on, 350 β-hemolytic nature of, 119 (SSPE), 154 bipolar disorder and, 515 “Stone” bone appearance, 426 clindamycin for, 175 Subacute thyroiditis, 223 borderline personality disorder Straight sinus, 470 exotoxin produced by, 117 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 468, 469 and, 519 Stranger anxiety in infants, 43 Gram-positive testing, 118 headache caused by, 494 as common cause of death, 45 Strawberry cervix, 142, 164, 167 M protein and, 113 lab findings in, 635, 638 major depressive disorder and, 515 Strawberry hemangiomas, 441, 645 penicillin G/V for, 170 nimodipine for, 298 physician-assisted, 42 Strawberry tongue rash caused by, 166 presentation of, 634 risk factors for, 516 causes of, 634 skin infections caused by, 442 Subarachnoid space, 472 schizophrenia and, 514 Kawasaki disease as cause, 296 T cells, effect on, 202 in cavernous sinus, 481 Sulbactam, 171 in scarlet fever, 120 treatments for, 641 in neural tube defects, 451 Sulci, in Alzheimer disease, 491 Streak ovaries, 634 Streptococcus sanguinis, 113, 637 Subclavian arteries, 466, 568 Sulfadiazine, 177 Streptococcus spp. Streptogramins, 170, 181 Subcutaneous fat, 437 functioning of, 170 antibiotic tests for, 118 Streptokinase, 383, 407 erythema nodosum in, 444 for Toxoplasma gondii, 140, 641 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 745 11/3/15 4:54 PM 746 INDEX INDEX

Sulfa drugs, 254 Suppression, as ego defense, 509 Systole, 270 Taxonomy, bacterial, 109 acute pancreatitis caused by, 373 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 456 heart failure and, 292 Tay-Sachs disease, 100 erythema multiforme caused sleep physiology and, 457 heart murmurs of, 272, 273 frameshift mutation as cause, 52 by, 443 Supraclavicular node heart sounds of, 272 presentation of, 630 G6PD deficiency caused by, 392 enlargement, 631 Systolic ejection, 270 Tazobactam, 171 lupus-like syndrome caused by, 253 Suprarenal arteries, 342 Systolic murmur, 291 TBG. See Thyroid-binding globulin megaloblastic anemia caused Suprascapular nerve, 417 Systolic pressure, 266 (TBG) by, 252 Supraspinatus muscle, 417 TCA cycle, 88 rash caused by, 253 in Erb palsy, 420 T diagram of, 85 Sulfamethoxazole, 170, 177 Supratentorial mass, 498 Tabes dorsalis hyperammonemia and, 93 Sulfapyridine, 375 Supraventricular tachycardia lab findings in, 635 location of in cell, 83 Sulfasalazine, 254, 375, 430 adenosine for diagnosing, 304 spinal cord lesions in, 474 pyruvate metabolism and, 88 Sulfatides, 124, 493 β-blockers for, 249, 303 syphilis as cause, 131, 167 rate-determining enzyme for, 84 Sulfisoxazole, 170, 177 calcium channel blockers for, 304 Tachyarrhythmia T cells, 380 Sulfonamides, 177 Suramin, 140, 183 isoproterenol for evaluating, 246 activation of, 195 acute interstitial nephritis caused Surface F protein, 153 thyroid storm as cause, 323 adaptive immunity and, 192 by, 554 Surfactant, 611 Tachycardia anergy, 202 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 Surgical neck of humerus, 423 alcohol withdrawal as cause, 523 cell surface proteins, 202 functioning of, 170 Surrogate decision-maker, 41 amphetamines as cause, 522 cytokines secreted by, 200 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency Swan-Ganz catheter, 280 delirium tremens as cause, 524 cytotoxic, 194 caused by, 252 Swarming, in Pseudomonas fenoldopam as cause, 298 differentiation of, 194 hypothyroidism caused by, 252 aeruginosa, 164 hydralazine as cause, 298 disorders of, 208, 209 for Nocardia spp., 123 Sweat, effect of pilocarpine on, 244 MDMA as cause, 523 function of, 380 photosensitivity caused by, 253 Sweat glands metronidazole as cause, 178 glucocorticoids effect on, 212 in pregnancy, avoiding, 187 embryologic derivatives of, 563 nitrates as cause, 299 helper, 194 trimethoprim and, 177 in nervous system, 241 PCP as cause, 523 in HIV, 159

vitamin B9 deficiency caused Swiss cheese model, 46 phenoxybenzamine as cause, 248 leflunomide effect on, 447 by, 79 Sydenham chorea, 120, 294 pulmonary embolism as in lymph node, 190 Sulfonylureas, 254, 334 Sylvian fissure, 462 cause, 617 major functions of, 193 disulfiram-like reaction caused Sympathetic nervous system, 241 stimulants as cause, 522 regulatory, 194 by, 254 male sexual response and, 575 thyroid hormones as cause, 335 sirolimus effect on, 212 insulin and, 308 Sympathetic receptors, 242 tricyclic antidepressants as in spleen, 191 Sulfur granules, 113, 123 Sympatholytic drugs, 247 cause, 527 in thymus, 191 Sumatriptan, 505 Sympathomimetic drugs, 246 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Tears, effect of pilocarpine on, 244 for cluster headaches, 494 Symphysis pubis, 575 as cause, 277 Telangiectasias coronary vasospasm caused by, 251 Syncope, 273 Tachyphylactic drug interactions, 237 autosomal dominance of, 71 for migraines, 640 Syncytiotrophoblasts, 566 Tachypnea in basal cell carcinomas, 445 Sunburn, 444 β-hCG and, 232 asthma as cause, 618 in CREST syndrome, 437 Superficial inguinal lymph nodes, 190 choriocarcinomas and, 587 pulmonary embolism as cause, 617 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome as Superficial inguinal ring, 348 hCG secretion by, 580 Tacrine, 505 cause, 634 Superior cerebellar artery, 466 Syndrome of apparent Tacrolimus Telencephalon, 450 Superior colliculi, 477 mineralocorticoid hyperglycemia caused by, 252 Tellurite agar, 111 Superior gluteal nerve, 422 excess, 538 as immunosuppressant, 212 Telomerase, 51 Superior lobe, 609 Syndrome of inappropriate targets of, 213 Telophase, 58 Superior mesenteric artery, 342 antidiuretic hormone Tactile hallucinations, 513 Temazepam, 501 Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) secretion. See SIADH cocaine as cause, 522 Temperature receptors, 454 syndrome, 342 Synergistic drug interactions, 237 Tadalafil, 603, 639 Temperature regulation, 456 Superior mesenteric lymph Syngeneic grafts, 210 Taenia solium, 144, 145 Temporal arteritis nodes, 190 Syphilis, 131 Takayasu arteritis, 223, 296 ESR in, 224 Superior mesenteric vein, 344 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 181 Talcosis, 223 as granulomatous disease, 223 Superior oblique muscle, 488 aortic aneurysms and, 641 Talking, as developmental key associations, 645 Superior ophthalmic vein, 470 dementia caused by, 491 milestone, 43 necrosis and, 217 Superior orbital fissure, 478 as granulomatous disease, 223 Tamoxifen, 413, 601 polymyalgia rheumatica and, 435 Superior rectal artery, 345 presentation of, 633, 634 for breast cancer, 639 treatments for, 641 Superior rectal vein, 344 as STI, 167 hot flashes caused by, 252 Temporalis muscle, 569 Superior rectus muscle, 488 tabes dorsalis caused by, 474 Tamsulosin, 248, 599, 603 Temporal lobe, 462, 467 Superior sagittal sinus, 470 testing for, 131 Tanner stages of sexual Temporal lobe encephalitis, 149 Superior sulcus tumors, 625 thoracic aortic aneurysms development, 584 Temporal retina, 487 Superior vena cava and, 286 Tarasoff decision, 41 Tendinopathy of rotator cuff, 417 EKG and, 276 as ToRCHeS infection, 165 Tardive dyskinesia, 525 Tendinous xanthomas, 285 embryological development of, 262 Syphilitic heart disease, 294 as drug reaction, 253 familial hypercholesterolemia as in fetal circulation, 264 Syringomyelia, 452 metoclopramide for, 376 cause, 71, 105 Superior vena cava syndrome, 625 Horner syndrome and, 487 nigrostriatal pathway and, 458 Tendonitis lung cancer and, 626 spinal cord lesions in, 474 Target cells, 191, 387 as drug reaction, 253 Pancoast tumor as cause, 625 Systemic mycoses, 135 Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 422 fluoroquinolones as cause, 178 Superoxide dismutase, 201 Systemic primary carnitine TATA box, 54 Tendons, collagen in, 61 free radical elimination by, 221 deficiency, 101 Tau proteins, 637 Tenecteplase, 383, 407 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 746 11/3/15 4:54 PM INDEX INDEX 747

Teniposide, 411 Leydig cell secretion of, 576 Thiazolidinediones, 334 Thrombotic complications, 252 in cell cycle, 408 pharmacologic control of, 600 Thick ascending loop of Henle Thrombotic endocarditis, 642 as topoisomerase inhibitor, 51 Sertoli cells and, 576 Bartter syndrome and, 538 Thrombotic stroke, 470 Tennis elbow, 417 SHBG effect on, 316 ethacrynic acid effect on, 557 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic Tenofovir, 184 signaling pathways for, 316 loop diuretics effect on, 557 purpura (TTP), 387 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 538 in spermatogenesis, 576 in nephron physiology, 537 Thromboxane, 446 for HIV, 186 Testosterone-secreting tumors, 586 Thin descending loop of Henle, 537 Thrush Tenosynovitis, 432 Testosterone synthesis, 182 Thionamides, 335 Candida albicans as cause, 137 Tension headaches, 494 Tetanospasmin, 116, 122 Thiopental, 501, 502 vs. hairy leukoplakia, 442 Tension pneumothorax, 622, 623 Tetanus Thioridazine, 525 HIV and, 160 Tensor fascia latae muscle, 422 bacteria causing, 114 Thirst nystatin for, 182 Tensor tympani muscle, 569 exotoxins as cause, 115 hypothalamus and, 456 SCID as cause, 209 Tensor veli palatini muscle, 569 vaccine for, 122 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone on X-ray, 126 Tentorium cerebelli, 498 Tetanus toxin, 122, 203 system and, 540 Thumb sign on X-ray, 638 Teratogens, 564 Tetany 30S inhibitors, 174 Thymic aplasia, 76, 208, 570 ACE inhibitors as, 559 hypocalcemia as cause, 542 Thoracentesis, 623 22q11 deletion syndromes as aminoglycosides as, 174 hypoparathyroidism as cause, 325 Thoracic aortic aneurysm, 284, 286 cause, 76 angiotensin II receptor blockers thymic aplasia as cause, 208 Thoracic duct, 190 chromosome associated with, 75 as, 559 Thoracic outlet syndrome, 420 DiGeorge syndrome as cause, 570 carbamazepine as, 500 for Huntington disease, 505 Threadworms, 143 hypoparathyroidism caused by, 325 griseofulvin as, 183, 187 for Tourette syndrome, 511, 524 Threonine, 92 hypoplastic thymus in, 191 leflunomide as, 447 Tetracaine, 503 Threonine kinase, 230 lymphopenia caused by, 394 lithium as, 526 Tetracyclines, 170, 175 Thrombi Thymic cortex methimazole as, 335 esophagitis caused by, 252 atherosclerosis as cause, 286 T cell selection in, 194 ribavirin as, 187 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 253, calcification and, 220 Thymic hyperplasia, 436 405 209 vitamin A, 77 538 Thrombin, Thymic shadow, Thrombocytes, 378 177 warfarin as, 406 photosensitivity caused by, 253 Thymidine, in essential thrombocythemia, 404 Thymidine kinase, 184 Teratomas, 598 as protein synthesis inhibitors, 174 as liver marker, 366 Thymidylate, 49 Terazosin, 248, 599 pseudotumor cerebri and, 471 in myeloproliferative disorders, 404 Thymomas Terbinafine, 181, 182 as teratogens, 187, 564 in platelet plug formation, 385 Good syndrome and, 229 Terbutaline, 602 tooth discoloration caused by, 253 in wound healing, 223 myasthenia gravis and, 229, 436 Teres minor, 417 Tetrahydrofolic acid, 79, 177 Thrombocytopenia, 378 pure red cell aplasia and, 229 Teriparatide, 426, 447 Tetralogy of Fallot, 263, 282 azathioprine as cause, 212 Thymus, 191 Terminal bronchioles, 606 22q11 syndromes as cause, 284 blood transfusion therapy for, 399 in fetal development, 306 Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase cyanosis caused by, 642 cirrhosis as cause, 365 T cell differentiation in, 194 (TdT), 196 fetal alcohol syndrome as Class IA antiarrhythmics as T cell origination in, 380 Terminal ducts (breast), diseases cause, 284 cause, 302 Thymus-dependent antigens, 197 affecting, 595 lab findings in, 635 cytarabine as cause, 409 Thymus-independent antigens, 197 Termination of protein synthesis, 57 thymic aplasia as cause, 208 as drug reaction, 252 Thyroglobulin Tertiary adrenal insufficiency, 318 Tetrodotoxin, 250 ganciclovir as cause, 185 autoantibody to, 207 326 Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, TGF-β glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors as function of, 315 Tertiary syphilis regulatory T cells and, 194 cause, 407 Thyroglossal duct cyst, 306 aortic aneurysms and, 641 in wound healing, 223 heparin as cause, 405 Thyroid adenomas, 321, 324 as granulomatous disease, 223 Thalamus, 450, 458 oxazolidinones as cause, 176 Thyroid cancer, 324 Tesamorelin, 309 Thalassemia, 388 recombinant cytokines for, 213 bone metastases in, 644 Testes, 575 in anemia taxonomy, 388 sirolimus as cause, 212 carcinogens causing, 231 descent of, 573 lab findings in, 636 sulfa drug allergies as cause, 254 goiter caused by, 321 embryologic derivatives of, 563 target cells in, 387 ToRCHeS infections as cause, 165 key associations, 645 lymphatic drainage of, 573 Thalidomide, 564 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome as MEN 2B and, 634 progesterone production in, 577 Thayer-Martin agar, 110, 111 cause, 209 metastases of, 233 Testicular atrophy Theca interna cells, 577 Thrombocytosis, 191 Psammoma bodies in, 232 alcoholism as cause, 523 Theca-lutein cysts, 587, 592 Thrombogenesis, 385 Thyroid cartilage, 569 cirrhosis as cause, 365 Thecomas, 592 Thrombolytic drugs, 383, 407 Thyroid cysts, 321 muscular dystrophy as cause, 73 Thenar muscles, 420, 421 Thrombomodulin Thyroid development, 306 Testicular cancer Theophylline, 628 in thrombogenesis, 385 Thyroidectomy, 324 bleomycin for, 410 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 Thrombophlebitis Thyroid hormones, 315 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 411 therapeutic index value of, 240 pancreatic cancer as cause, 373 signaling pathways for, 316 gynecomastia caused by, 595 Therapeutic antibodies, 214 vancomycin as cause, 173 in toxic multinodular goiter, 323 key associations, 645 Therapeutic index, 240 Thrombopoietin receptor Thyroiditis, 223 Testicular lymphomas, 598 Therapeutic privilege, and informed agonists, 213 Thyroid lymphomas, 324 Testicular/ovarian arteries, 342 consent, 40 Thrombopoietin signaling Thyroid peroxidase Testicular tumors, 598 Thermogenin, 89 pathways, 316 function of, 315 Testosterone, 582, 603 Thiazides, 254, 558 Thrombosis thionamide effect on, 335 in androgen insensitivity gout caused by, 253 celecoxib as cause, 447 thyroid hormones and, 315 syndrome, 586 for heart failure, 292 essential thrombocythemia as Thyroid-regulating hormone (TRH) in cryptorchidism, 597 for hypertension, 298 cause, 404 signaling pathways for, 316 in Klinefelter syndrome, 585 site of action, 556 homocystinuria as cause, 96 thyroid hormones and, 315 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 747 11/3/15 4:54 PM 748 INDEX INDEX

Thyroid replacement therapy, 426 Tobramycin, 170, 174 Toxic multinodular goiter, 323 gene, 225 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Togaviruses Toxic shock-like syndrome, 120 Transudate pleural effusion, 623 Graves disease and, 323 characteristics of, 151 Toxic shock syndrome, 117 Transudate, vs. exudate, 224 in hyperthyroidism, 321 genomes of, 147 exotoxin A as cause, 117 Transversalis fascia, 339, 348 in hypothyroidism, 321 rubella as, 153 presentation of, 119 Transverse sinus, 470 secretion of, 307 Tolbutamide, 334 Staphylococcus aureus as cause, 119 Transversion (mutation), 52 signaling pathways of, 316 Tolcapone, 504 Toxic shock syndrome toxin, 117 Transversus abdominis muscle, 348 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 192 Toxocara spp., 142 Transvestism, 520 receptor, 207 Tolterodine, 245 Toxocara canis, 143 Tr antigens, 229 Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin Tolvaptan, 328, 336, 640 Toxoplasma spp., 163 , 528 (TSI), 315, 323 Tone, as motor neuron sign, 473 Toxoplasma gondii, 140 Trapezium bone, 418 Thyroid storm, 323 Tongue development, 452 HIV and, 160 Trapezoid bone, 418 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Tonic-clonic seizures, 494 lab findings in, 637 TRAP stain, 402 (TRH), 309, 310 drug therapy for, 500 as ToRCHeS infection, 165 Trastuzumab, 214, 413 Thyroxine, 329 treatments for, 641 treatments for, 641 for breast cancer, 639 Thyroxine-binding globulin Tonic seizures, 494 Toxoplasmosis, 140 toxicities of, 413 (TBG), 315 Tonsils, in X-linked antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 181 Trauma Tiagabine, 500 agammaglobulinemia, 208 calcification and, 220 DIC and, 643 TIBC Tooth problems congenital, presentation of, 630 pneumothorax caused by, 623 in anemia, 394 bulimia nervosa as cause, 520 vs. PCL, 400 Traumatic aortic rupture, 286 in anemia of chronic disease, 391 congenital syphilis as cause, 131 pyrimethamine for, 183 Traumatic pneumothorax, 623 lab values in anemia, 394 demeclocycline as cause, 336 trimethoprim prophylaxis for, 177 Travelers’ diarrhea, 128 Tibial nerve, 422 dental caries, 120 TP53 gene, 230 Trazodone, 528 Ticagrelor, 407 dentinogenesis imperfecta, 63 Trabecula mechanism of, 526 Ticarcillin, 170 discoloration, from in lymph node, 190 priapism caused by, 597 171 175 187 253 characteristics of, tetracyclines, , , in spleen, 191 Treacher Collins syndrome, 569 127 fetal tetracycline exposure as for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trabecular outflow, 483 Trematodes, 144 Ticks, as disease vectors, 132, 141, 133 cause, 564 Tremor Ticlopidine, 385, 407 Gardner syndrome as cause, 363 anatomy of, 609 immunosuppressants as cause, 212 Tics, in Tourette syndrome, 511 primary teeth retention, in Job bifurcation of, 609 resting, 461, 633 Tidal volume (TV), 610 syndrome, 208 in fetal development, 306 Trench fever, 145 Tigecycline, 181 Sjögren syndrome as cause, 432 in respiratory tree, 608 Trendelenburg sign, 422 Tight junctions, 438, 455 Tophi, in gout, 634 Tracheoesophageal anomalies, 338 Treponema spp., 130 Time course of untreated HIV Tracheoesophageal fistula, 338 Treponema pallidum infection, 159 for epilepsy, 500 Tramadol, 499 granulomatous diseases caused Timolol, 249, 303, 498 for migraine headaches, 494, 640 seizures caused by, 253 by, 223 Tinea, 136, 183 for pseudotumor cerebri, 471 Transcortical aphasia, 463 penicillin G/V for, 170 Tinea capitis, 136 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 408 Transcription factor, 230 presentation of, 632 Tinea corporis, 136 Topoisomerases, 178 Transduction, 114 as STI, 167 Tinea cruris, 136 Topotecan, 408, 411 Transference, 508 syphilis caused by, 131 Tinea pedis, 136 ToRCHeS infections, 165 Transferrin 641 Tinea unguium, 136 cataracts and, 483 treatments for, 198 Tinea versicolor, 136 rubella as, 153 as acute-phase reactant, TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing Tinel sign, 419 Torsades de pointes, 277 in anemia, 394 hormone (TRH) Tinnitus Class IA antiarrhythmics as free radical elimination by, 221 Triamcinolone, 336, 446. See Meniere disease as cause, 631 cause, 302 lab values in anemia, 394 also Glucocorticoids streptomycin as cause, 180 as drug reaction, 251 Transformation, 114 Triamterene, 537, 558 Tiotropium, 245 hypomagnesemia as cause, 542 Transformation zone, 574 Triazolam, 501 Tirofiban, 385, 407 ibutilide as cause, 303 Transient arthritis, 130 Triceps reflex, 476 Tissue factor pathway, 383 magnesium for, 304 Transient ischemic attacks Trichinella spp., 142 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) sotalol as cause, 303 (TIAs), 407, 470 Trichinella spiralis, 143, 145 for ischemic stroke, 470 Torsemide, 557 Transitional cell carcinomas, 231, 551 Trichinosis, 143 TMP-SMX, 177 Total anomalous pulmonary venous Transition metals, free radical injuries Trichomonas spp. as HIV prophylaxis, 181 return (TAPVR), 282 and, 221 metronidazole for, 178 hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis Total lung capacity (TLC), 610 Transition (mutation), 52 vaginitis caused by, 164 caused by, 544 in flow volume loops, 619 Transjugular intrahepatic Trichomonas vaginalis, 142 for Pneumocystis jirovecii, 138, Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 372 portosystemic shunt as STI, 167 640 Total peripheral resistance, 266, 269 (TIPS), 344 treatments for, 641 as prophylaxis, 181 Tourette syndrome, 511 Transketolase Trichomoniasis, 167 as UTI prophylaxis, 641 antipsychotic drugs for, 525 in metabolic pathways, 85 Trichophyton spp., 136 TNF-α, 200 atypical antipsychotics for, 525 vitamin B1 and, 77 Tricuspid atresia, 263, 282 endotoxins and, 117 drug therapy for, 524 Transpeptidases, 170 Tricuspid insufficiency, 270 extrinsic pathway and, 216 obsessive-compulsive disorder Transposition, 114 Tricuspid regurgitation in granulomatous diseases, 223 and, 517 Transposition of great vessels, 263, 282 carcinoid syndrome as cause, 332 Graves disease and, 323 sympatholytic drugs for, 247 cyanosis caused by, 642 Ebstein anomaly and, 282 TNF-α inhibitors, 430, 448 Toxic dose, 240 diabetes in pregnancy as cause, 284 heart murmurs caused by, 273 TNF (tumor necrosis factor), 232 Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 443 Transsexualism, 520 holosystolic murmur and, 643 TNM staging system, 228 Toxicities, 251 Transtentorial herniation, 498 pansystolic murmur in, 272 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 748 11/3/15 4:54 PM INDEX INDEX 749

Tricuspid stenosis, 272 Trousseau syndrome Tumor suppressor genes, 230 insulin and, 308 Tricuspid valve endocarditis, 293, lab findings in, 636 Tumor suppressors, 58 as oncogene product, 230 643 pancreatic cancer as cause, 373 Tunica albuginea, 575, 597 Tyrosinemia, 538 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 527 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 Tunica muscularis externa, 341 Tyrosine phosphorylation, 308 antimuscarinic reaction caused True-negative rate, 33 Tunica serosa, 341 Tzanck test, 150 by, 254 True-positive rate, 33 Tunica submucosa, 341 for fibromyalgia, 435 Truncal ataxia, 459 Tunica vaginalis, 573 U for generalized anxiety Truncus arteriosus, 262 Turcot syndrome, 363 Ubiquitination, 57 disorder, 517 22q11 syndromes as cause, 284 Turner syndrome, 585 UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, 98 mechanism of, 526 cyanosis caused by, 642 amenorrhea caused by, 645 UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase, 353 naming convention for, 255 thymic aplasia as cause, 208 cardiac defects associated with, 284 Ulcerative colitis, 359 as noradrenergic drug, 243 Trypanosoma brucei, 140, 183 coarctation of aorta and, 283 HLA-B27 and, 643 serotonin syndrome caused Trypanosoma cruzi, 142 cystic hygromas and, 441 lab findings in, 636 by, 527 achalasia and, 354 GH for, 336 spondyloarthritis and, 433 torsades de pointes caused by, 251 nifurtimox for, 183 horseshoe kidney and, 531 sulfasalazine for, 375 toxicity treatment for, 251 Trypanosomes, stain for, 110 presentation of, 634 treatments for, 641 as weak bases, 238 Trypsin, 352 T wave, in ECG, 276 Ulcers Trientine, 371 Trypsinogen, 352 21-hydroxylase, 312 bismuth/sucralfate for, 375 Trifluoperazine, 525 Tryptase, 379 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 642 complications of, 357 Trigeminal nerve (5th cranial , 92, 94 22q11 deletion syndromes, 76, 284 glucocorticoids as cause, 336 nerve), 479 TSC1/TSC2 genes, 230 Twin concordance studies, 32 Helicobacter pylori as cause, 130 as branchial arch derivative, 569 Tsetse flies, as disease vectors, 140 Twinning, 565 Ulipristal, 602 lesion in, 480 TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating 2-naphthylamine, 231 Ulnar claw, 419, 421 Ulnar nerve, 418, 419 location in brain stem, 477 hormone (TSH) TXA2 migraine headaches and, 494 t-tests, 39 aspirin effect on, 447 Ulnar nerve injury, 418, 421 pathway for, 478 T-tubule membrane, 424 in platelet plug formation, 385 Umbilical artery, 264, 566, 567 567 in tongue, 452 Tubal ligation, 592 in thrombogenesis, 385 Umbilical cord, Umbilical vein, 566, 567 Trigeminal neuralgia, 494 Tuberculoid Hansen disease, 125 Type 1 muscle fibers, 424 blood in, 264 pain produced by, 494 Tuberculosis, 124 Type 2 muscle fibers, 424 postnatal derivative of, 264 treatments for, 641 Addison disease caused by, 318 Type I errors in statistical hypothesis Umbilicus, 344 Triglycerides, 105 calcification in, 220 testing, 38 Umbliical cord separation delay, 209 in chylothorax, 623 constrictive pericarditis and, 642 Type I hypersensitivity reactions, 204 UMP synthase, 390 insulin and, 308 corticosteroids and, 313 to helminths, 142 Unambiguous genetic code, 50 in Von Gierke disease, 99 erythema nodosum and, 444 IgE antibodies and, 197 Uncal herniation, 498 Trigone, 532 as granulomatous disease, 223 mast cells and, 379 Uncinate process, 339 , 335. See isoniazid for, 180 Type II errors in statistical hypothesis Unconjugated also Thyroid hormones macrophages and, 379 testing, 38 hyperbilirubinemia, 369 Trimethoprim, 170, 177 necrosis and, 217 Type II hypersensitivity reactions, 204 Uncoupling agents, 89 folate deficiency caused by, 390 presentation of, 124 to blood transfusions, 206 Uncus, 498 pyrimidine synthesis and, 49 primary and secondary, 124 to helminths, 142 Undifferentiated thyroid 564 620 211 as teratogen, silicosis and, to organ transplants, carcinomas, 324 614 Trimming, in protein synthesis, 57 V/Q mismatch and, rheumatic fever as, 294 Undulant fever, 132 Trinucleotide repeat expansion Tuberin protein, 230 Type III hypersensitivity “Unhappy triad” in knee injuries, 417 diseases, 73 Tuberoinfundibular pathway, 458 reactions, 205 Unilateral renal agenesis, 531 Triose kinase, 91 Tuberous sclerosis, 495 acute poststreptococcal Uniparental disomy, 69 Triple-blinded studies, 32 autosomal dominance of, 71 glomerulonephritis as, 546 Universal electron acceptors, 86 Triptans, 505 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 C3 deficiency and, 199 Universal genetic code, 50 angina caused by, 287 Tubocurarine, 503 to organ transplants, 211 Unnecessary procedures desired by for migraine headaches, 494 Tubular necrosis, 553 Type III secretion system, 113 patient, 42 Triquetrum bone, 418 Tubulointerstitial inflammation Type IV hypersensitivity Unstable angina, 287, 290 tRNA, 56 WBC casts in, 544 reactions, 205 Unvaccinated children, 169 Trochlea, 488 Tularemia, 132 allergic contact dermatitis as, 440 Upper extremity nerves, 419 Trochlear nerve (4th cranial Tumor lysis syndrome graft-versus-host disease as, 211 Upper motor neuron (UMN) nerve), 479 gout and, 431 Typhoid fever, 129 lesions, 480, 632 in cavernous sinus, 481 hyperkalemia caused by, 542 Typhus, 133 Upper respiratory infections (URIs) location in brain stem, 477 lab findings in, 636 animal transmission of, 132 asthma triggered by, 618 ocular motility and, 488 rasburicase for, 448 lice transmission of, 145 rhinosinusitis caused by, 616 palsy of, 489 Tumor markers, 232 Tyramine, 243 Urachal cysts, 567 pathway for, 478 for acute lymphoblastic Tyrosinase, 439 Urachus, 264, 567 Tropheryma whipplei, 110, 358 leukemia, 402 Tyrosine Uracil, 49 Tropical sprue, 358 for pancreatic derivatives of, 94 Urea, 94 Tropicamide, 245 adenocarcinomas, 373 as noradrenergic drug, 243 Urea cycle, 93 Troponin C, 424 Tumors Tyrosine catabolism, 95 diagram of, 85 Troponins benign vs. malignant, 228 Tyrosine kinase location of in cell, 83 in MI, 289 grade vs. stage, 228 as endocrine hormone ornithine transcarbamylase in myocardial infarction, 287 nomenclature of, 228 messenger, 316 deficiency and, 94 Trousseau sign, 325, 542 TNM staging system for, 228 in glycogen regulation, 97 rate-determining enzyme for, 84 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 749 11/3/15 4:54 PM 750 INDEX INDEX

Ureaplasma spp. SGLT-2 inhibitors as cause, 335 Uveoscleral outflow, 483 Valproic acid morphology of, 109 Staphylococcus saprophyticus as Uvula, in cleft palate, 570 for bipolar disorder, 515, 524, 638 as urease-positive organism, 112 cause, 120 U wave, in ECG, 276 for epilepsy, 500 Urease, 164 sulfa drug allergies as cause, 254 necrosis caused by, 252 Urease-positive organisms, 112 sulfonamides for, 177 V pancreatitis caused by, 252 Uremia TMP-SMX for, 177 Vaccines, 203 Valsalva maneuver, effect on acute pericarditis caused by, 294 Urinary tract obstructions, 644 for Bordetella pertussis, 127 auscultation, 272 acute respiratory distress syndrome Urine for diphtheria, 123 Valsartan, 559 as cause, 621 bilirubin and, 353 for encapsulated bacteria, 112 Valvular dysfunction, 292 metabolic acidosis as cause, 543 casts in, 544 for Haemophilus influenzae, 126, Vancomycin, 173 renal failure as cause, 553 concentration of, 537 163 for Clostridium difficile, 122, 639 Ureter, 532, 571, 575 diuretics, effect on, 558 inactivated, 203 cutaneous flushing caused by, 251 anatomy of, 574 Urine pH, and drug elimination, 238 live attenuated, 146, 203 for enterococci, 639 constriction of, 535 Urobilin, 353 organisms affecting unvaccinated functioning of, 170 course of, 532 Urobilinogen children, 169 for meningitis, 163 in horseshoe kidney, 531 in extravascular hemolysis, 391 for rabies, 155 for MRSA, 181 transitional cell carcinoma in, 551 intravascular hemolysis as for rotavirus, 152 for Staphylococcus aureus, 641 Y-shaped bifid, 531 cause, 391 for Salmonella typhi, 129 for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 641 Ureteral orifice, 532 Urogenital fold, 572 for tetanus, 122 toxicity caused by, 254 Ureteric bud Urogenital sinus, 530 viral, 146 Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) bifurcation of, 531 Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, 395 Vagal nuclei, 479 in neuroblastomas, 319 development problems, 531 Urosepsis, 552 Vagina in tyrosine catabolism, 95 Ureteropelvic junction Ursodiol, 376 anatomy of, 574 Vanishing bile duct syndrome, 211 obstruction, 531 Urticaria, 440 epithelial histology of, 574 Vardenafil, 603, 639 Urethra, 575 ethosuximide as cause, 500 in genital embryology, 571 Varenicline, 522, 528 benign prostatic hyperplasia scombroid poisoning as cause, 250 Vaginal atrophy Variable expressivity, 68 and, 599 serum sickness as cause, 205 hormone replacement therapy Variance, 37 for, 601 injury to, 575 as skin wheals, 438 Variant angina, 287 menopause as cause, 582 Urethral orifice, 532 sulfa drug allergies as cause, 254 Variceal bleeding, 249 Vaginal bleeding Urethritis as type I hypersensitivity Varicella zoster virus (VZV), 146, cervical cancer as cause, 591 chlamydia as cause, 134, 167 reaction, 204 149, 442 endometrial cancer as cause, 594 Chlamydia trachomatis as USMLE Step 1 exam guanosine analogs for, 184 endometrial hyperplasia as cause, 134 check-in process, 8 in immunodeficient patients, 210 cause, 594 gonorrhea as cause, 167 clinical vignette strategies, 20 live attenuated vaccine for, 146 endometriosis as cause, 594 LMN facial nerve palsy as content areas covered in, 3 meningitis caused by, 163 granulosa cell tumors as cause, 593 cause, 634 failing, 21–22 passive antibodies for, 203 hydatidiform moles as cause, 587 in reactive arthritis, 433 goal-setting for, 12 rash caused by, 166 thecomas as cause, 592 Ureteropelvic junction, 530 leaving exam early, 8 Reye syndrome and, 366 Vaginal candidiasis Urge incontinence, 551 overview of, 2 as skin vesicles, 438 nystatin for, 182 drug therapy for, 245 passing rates for, 10 vaccine for, 203 SGLT-2 inhibitors as cause, 335 10 18–19 Uric acid practice exams for, , Vaginal clear cell Varices, in Budd-Chiari 448 5–6 7 368 in gout, registering for, , adenocarcinomas, 564 syndrome, in Von Gierke disease, 99 rescheduling, 6 Vaginal epithelial stippling, 638 Varicocelectomy, 597 Urinary incontinence, 551 score notifications for, 7 Vaginal infections, 164 Varicoceles, 576, 597 drug therapy for, 245 scoring of, 9–10 Vaginal tumors, 591 Vasa previa, 589 ephedrine for, 246 studying for, 12–13, 14–17, 18–19 Vaginismus, 520 Vasa vasorum hydrocephalus as cause, 471 testing agencies, 22 Vaginitis, 142 aortic aneurysms and, 641 multiple sclerosis as cause, 492 testing locations, 7 treatment for, 639 syphilis and, 131 test-taking strategies, 19–20 Trichomonas as cause, 164 Vascular dementia, 491 atropine as cause, 245 time budgeting during, 7–8 trichomoniasis as cause, 167 Vascular function curves, 269 bethanechol for, 244 types of questions on, 8 Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve), 479 Vascular inflammation, 219 delirium caused by, 512 Uterine artery, 532, 574 baroreceptors/chemoreceptors Vascular tumors of skin, 441 neostigmine for, 244 Uterine fibroids, 640 and, 279 Vasculitides, 296–297 tricyclic antidepressants as Uteroplacental insufficiency, 590 as branchial arch derivative, 569 Vasculitis cause, 527 Uterus lesion in, 480 intraparenchymal hemorrhage Urinary tract infections (UTIs), 164, anomalies of, 572 location in brain stem, 477 caused by, 469 552 collagen in, 61 location of in gastrointestinal methotrexate for, 409 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 181 epithelial histology of, 574 system, 351 Vas deferens, 532, 571, 575 BPH as cause, 599 in genital embryology, 571 pathway for, 478 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide duplex collecting system and, 531 zygote implantation in, 580 in tongue, 452 (VIP), 350 enterococci as cause, 121 Uterus didelphys, 572 Valacyclovir, 184 Vasoconstriction, 540 key associations, 646 Uveitis, 484 Validity, 35 Vasoconstrictors, 503 Klebsiella as cause, 128 Crohn disease as cause, 359 Valine, 92, 95 Vasodilation organisms causing, 164 sarcoidosis as cause, 435, 630 Valproate cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 407 prophylaxis for, 641 seronegative spondyloarthritis as for migraine headaches, 494 sympathetic receptors and, 242 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 127 cause, 433 as teratogen, 564 Vasodilators pyelonephritis caused by, 552 ulcerative colitis as cause, 359 for tonic-clonic seizures, 641 afterload, effect on, 267 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 750 11/3/15 4:54 PM INDEX INDEX 751

for aortic dissections, 287 Vertigo, 495 replication of, 147 Vitamin B6 atrial natriuretic peptide as, 279 Meniere disease as cause, 631 segmented, 152 isoniazid and, 180 for coronary steal syndrome, 287 streptomycin as cause, 180 structure of, 146 for sideroblastic anemia, 389 nitrates as, 299 Vesamicol, 243 vaccines for, 146 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 80 Vasogenic edema, 455 Vesicles, 438 watery diarrhea caused by, 162 free radical elimination by, 221 Vasopressin. See Antidiuretic Vesicourachal diverticulum, 567 Visceral larva migrans, 143 for methemoglobinemia, 612 hormone (ADH) Vesicoureteral reflux Visceral leishmaniasis, 142 for methemoglobin toxicity, 251 Vasopressin receptors, 242 hydronephrosis caused by, 550 Vision loss water solubility of, 76 V(D)J recombination, 192 pyelonephritis and, 552 hyperammonemia as cause, 93 Vitamin D, 81, 313. See VDRL false positives, 131 Vesicular trafficking proteins, 59 retinal detachment as cause, 485 also Cholecalciferol Vecuronium, 503 Vestibular bulbs, 572 Visual cortex, 462, 467 fat solubility of, 76 Visual field defects, 489 Veganism, B12 deficiency caused Vestibular schwannomas, 453 function of, 314 by, 80, 390 Vestibulocochlear nerve (8th cranial Visual hallucinations, 513 for osteomalacia/rickets, 640 VEGF (vascular endothelial growth nerve), 479 Vital capacity (VC), 610 for osteoporosis prophylaxis, 426 factor), 223 acoustic neuromas and, 453 Vitamin A (retinol), 77 for osteoporosis, 640 Velocardiofacial syndrome, 76 location in brain stem, 477 fat solubility of, 76 PTH and, 314 Vemurafenib, 413, 445 pathway for, 478 free radical elimination by, 221 signaling pathways for, 316 Venlafaxine, 527 schwannomas and, 496 pseudotumor cerebri and, 471 Vitamin D deficiency, 313, 325 conditions used for, 524 VHL gene, 230 as teratogen, 564 hyperparathyroidism caused by, 428 for panic disorder, 517 pheochromocytomas and, 320 Vitamin B1 deficiency osteomalacia/rickets caused by, 427 for phobias, 517 von Hippel-Lindau disease and, 71 brain lesions and, 464 Vitamin deficiencies, 646 for PTSD, 517 Vibrio spp., 109 dementia caused by, 491 Vitamin E, 81 Venodilators, 267 Vibrio cholerae, 129 Korsakoff syndrome caused by, 512 fat solubility of, 76 Venous gonadal drainage, 573 exotoxin produced by, 116 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome free radical elimination by, 221 Venous return, 269 in Gram-negative algorithm, 125 caused by, 523 Vitamin K, 81 77 Venous sinus thrombosis, 470 watery diarrhea caused by, 162 Vitamin B1 (thiamine), in coagulation cascade, 384 Venous thromboembolism, 406 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 161 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex fat solubility of, 76 and, 87 Venous thrombosis, 392 Vibrio vulnificus, 161 for warfarin reversal, 641 water solubility of, 76 Ventilation, 610 Vigabatrin, 500 for warfarin toxicity, 251, 406 Vitamin B (riboflavin), 78 high altitude and, 615 Vimentin 2 Vitamin K deficiency, 384, 396 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex perfusion and, 614 as cytoskeletal element, 60 cephalosporins as cause, 172 and, 87 Ventral lateral (VL) nucleus, 458 as stain, 60 Vitamin/mineral absorption, 352 water solubility of, 76 Ventral pancreatic bud, 339 Vinblastine, 411 Vitamins, 76–82 Vitamin B deficiency, 491 Ventral posterolateral (VPL) in cell cycle, 408 3 fat-soluble, 76 Vitamin B (niacin), 78 nucleus, 458 microtubules and, 60 3 water-soluble, 76 derivatives of, 94 Ventral posteromedial (VPM) Vinca alkaloids, 408 Vitelline duct, 567 as lipid-lowering agent, 300 nucleus, 458 Vincristine, 411 Vitelline fistula, 567 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Ventricles in cell cycle, 408 Vitiligo, 439 and, 87 embryology, 262 microtubules and, 60 Vitreous bodies, collagen in, 61 vitamin B and, 78 morphogenesis of, 263 toxicities of, 413 6 Vitreous chamber, 482 water solubility of, 76 288 Ventricular arrhythmia, Vinyl chloride Vitamin B (pantothenic acid), 78 VLDL (very low-density 368 441 5 105 Ventricular fibrillation angiosarcomas caused by, , pyruvate dehydrogenase complex lipoprotein), ECG tracing for, 278 as carcinogen, 231 and, 87 Volume of distribution, 237, 646 torsades de pointes as VIPomas, 350 water solubility of, 76 Volvulus, 362 precursor, 277 MEN 1 syndrome as cause, 333 malrotation as cause, 361 Vitamin B6 deficiency, 389 Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 263, octreotide for, 375 isoniazid as cause, 180 Meckel diverticulum as cause, 361 283, 642 Viral encephalitis, 646 Vomiting Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), 76, 78 congenital rubella as cause, 284 Viral envelopes, 147 arsenic toxicity as cause, 87 Vitamin B7 (biotin), 76, 79 cri-du-chat syndrome as cause, 75 Virchow nodes, 356, 631 diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 331 Vitamin B9 deficiency, 390 cyanosis caused by, 642 Virchow triad, 616, 643 in anemia taxonomy, 388 fructose intolerance as cause, 91 Down syndrome as cause, 284 Viridans streptococci, 118, 120 neutrophils in, 378 hyperammonemia as cause, 93 fetal alcohol syndrome as α-hemolytic nature of, 119 iron poisoning as cause, 396 Vitamin B9 (folate), 79 cause, 284 bacterial endocarditis caused absorption of, 352 Mallory-Weiss syndrome as heart murmurs caused by, 273 by, 293 deficiency in, 646 cause, 354 holosystolic murmur and, 643 biofilm produced by, 113 water solubility of, 76 maple syrup urine disease as pansystolic murmur in, 272 brain abscesses caused by, 163 cause, 95 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 80 Ventricular system, 471 as normal flora, 161 absorption of, 352 medium-chain acyl-CoA Ventriculomegaly, 514 Virilization, 312 water solubility of, 76 dehydrogenase deficiency as Ventromedial area of Virology, 146–161 cause, 101 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 390 hypothalamus, 456 Viruses, 146–161 in anemia taxonomy, 388 metabolic alkalosis caused by, 543 Verapamil, 298, 299, 304, 494 enveloped, 146 dementia caused by, 491, 513 metoclopramide for, 376 Vermal cortex lesions, 459 genetics of, 146 Diphyllobothrium latum as MI as cause, 288 Verrucae, 440 immunocompromised patients cause, 144, 145 in neonates, 339 Vertebrae, and diaphragm, 609 and, 162 neutrophils in, 378 ondansetron for, 376 Vertebral artery, 466 negative-stranded, 152 spinal cord lesions in, 474 Reye syndrome as cause, 366

Vertebral compression fractures, 426, pneumonia caused by, 162 Vitamin B1 (thiamine) trichinosis as cause, 143 646 receptors for, 150 for maple syrup urine disease, 95 vitamin C toxicity as cause, 80 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

NTC_FAS1_2016_24_Index_687-760.indd 751 11/3/15 4:54 PM 752 INDEX

Von Gierke disease, 99 Waxy casts, 544, 638 Western blot, 65 X gout and, 431 Weakness, as motor neuron sign, 473 HIV diagnosis with, 158 Xanthine, 448 presentation of, 632 Wegener granulomatosis, 296 Western equine encephalitis, 151 Xanthine oxidase, 448 Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 495 autoantibody associated with, 207 West Nile virus, 151 Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 431, 639 autosomal dominance of, 71 as granulomatous disease, 223 meningitis caused by, 163 Xanthochromia, 638 chromosome associated with, 75 lab findings in, 634, 637 Wet beriberi, 77 Xanthochromic spinal tap, 469 hemangioblastomas and, 496 as restrictive lung disease, 619 presentation of, 631 Xanthogranulomatous presentation of, 633 RPGN and, 546 Wharton jelly, 567 pyelonephritis, 552 renal cell carcinoma and, 550 treatments for, 639 Wheals, 438 Xanthomas renal tumors and, 645 Weibel-Palade bodies Wheezing hyperchylomicronemia as 230 tumor suppressor genes and, in platelet plug formation, 385 asthma as cause, 618 cause, 105 385 643 Von Willebrand disease, , Weight gain bronchial carcinoid tumor as hyperlipidemia as cause, 285 Voriconazole, 181, 182 atypical antipsychotics as cause, 626 Xenografts, 210 V/Q mismatch, 614, 617 cause, 525 lung cancer as cause, 626 Xeroderma pigmentosum, 53 V/Q ratio, 615 Cushing syndrome as cause, 317 Whipple disease, 358 Xerosis cutis, 77 VRE (vancomycin-resistant danazol as cause, 602 periodic acid-Schiff stain for, 110 Xerostomia, 244 enterococci), 121 duodenal ulcers as cause, 357 presentation of, 634 Xerostomia, in Sjögren syndrome, 432 antimicrobials for, 181 glitazone/thiazolidinediones as Whipple procedure X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 208 daptomycin for, 178 cause, 334 for pancreatic cancer, 373 X-linked dominant inheritance, 70 oxazolidinones for, 176 hypothyroidism as cause, 321 White pulp, in spleen, 191 X-linked recessive inheritance, 70 V , 236 max major depressive disorder as Whooping cough X-rays, teratogenic effects of, 564 Vulnerable child syndrome, 510 cause, 515 Bordetella pertussis as cause, 127 Vulva, lymphatic drainage of, 573 mirtazapine as cause, 528 pertussis toxin and, 116 Y Vulvovaginitis, 137, 164 prednisone as cause, 412 Wickham striae, 444 Yellow cerebrospinal fluid, 638 vWF sulfonylureas as cause, 334 Wide splitting, 271 Yellow fever, 151, 152 in platelet plug formation, 385 valproic acid as cause, 500 Williams syndrome, 75 live attenuated vaccine for, 146 receptor for, 378 Weight loss cardiac defects associated with, 284 liver anatomy and, 346 in thrombocytes, 378 adrenal insufficiency as cause, 318 chromosome associated with, 75 vaccine for, 203 in thrombogenesis, 385 anorexia nervosa as cause, 520 Wilms tumor, 551 Yellow spinal tap, 635 W cholelithiasis and, 372 chromosome associated with, 75 Yersinia spp. chronic mesenteric ischemia as dactinomycin for, 410 125 WAGR complex, 551 in Gram-negative algorithm, cause, 362 vs. neuroblastomas, 319 109 “Waiter’s tip” (Erb palsy), 420 morphology of, colorectal cancer as cause, 364 tumor suppressor genes and, 230 Waiver to informed consent, 40 reactive arthritis and, 433 diabetes mellitus as cause, 330 Wilson disease, 371 Waiving right to confidentiality, 41 Yersinia enterocolitica, 129, 162 esophageal cancer as cause, 355 chromosome associated with, 75 Waldenström macroglobulinemia Yersinia pestis gastric ulcers as cause, 357 dementia caused by, 491 lab findings in, 637 animal transmission of, 132 hyperthyroidism as cause, 321 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 538 vs. multiple myeloma, 401 as intracellular organism, 112 lymphoma as cause, 631 free radical injury and, 221 Walking, as developmental Yo antigens, 229 major depressive disorder as lab findings in, 637 milestone, 43 Yolk sac tumors, 593, 598 cause, 515 liver cancer and, 645 Walking pneumonia, 134 631 Z Wallenberg syndrome, 467 malabsorption syndromes as presentation of, 358 420 Wallerian degeneration of cause, Winged scapula, Zafirlukast, 628 neurons, 453 metformin as cause, 334 Winters formula, 543, 647 arachidonic acid pathway and, 446 Wall tension, 267 orlistat for, 376 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 209 Zaleplon, 501 Warfarin, 406 pancreatic cancer as cause, 373 lab findings in, 637 Zanamivir, 184 in coagulation cascade, 384 for PCOS, 591 as X-linked recessive disorder, 72 for influenza, 640 cytochrome P-450 and, 254 polyarteritis nodosa as cause, 296 Wnt-7 gene, 562 Zenker diverticulum, 361, 643 for deep venous thrombosis, 616 polymyalgia rheumatica as Wobble, tRNA, 56 Zero-order elimination, 238 griseofulvin and, 183 cause, 435 Wolff-Chaikoff effect, 315, 322. Zidovudine, 184, 186 vs. heparin, 406 for pseudotumor cerebri, 471 See also Jod-Basedow Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 110 for long-term anticoagulation, 640 renal cell carcinoma as cause, 550 phenomenon Zileuton, 446, 628 reversal of, 641 for sleep apnea, 621 Wolffian duct, 571 Zinc, 82 as teratogen, 564 stomach cancer as cause, 356 Wolff-Parkinson-White for Wilson disease, 371 therapeutic index value of, 240 for stress incontinence, 551 syndrome, 277, 635 , 525 toxicity treatment for, 251, 399 tuberculosis as cause, 124 Wound healing, 223 Zoledronic acid, 447 as vitamin K antagonist, 81 Whipple disease as cause, 634 Woven bone, 425 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 332, 645 Warm autoimmune hemolytic Weil disease, 130 Wright-Giemsa stain, 378 duodenal ulcers caused by, 357 anemia, 393 Wenckebach AV block, 278 Wright stain, 130 gastrin in, 350 Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells, 154 Wernicke aphasia, 463 Wrinkles of aging, 64 MEN 1 syndrome as cause, 333 Warthin tumors, 353 Wernicke area, 462 Wrist bones, 418 proton pump inhibitors for, 374 WAS gene, 209 aphasia and, 463 Wrist drop Zolpidem, 501 Waterhouse-Friderichsen stroke effects, 467 lead poisoning as cause, 389 Zona fasciculata, 306, 313 syndrome, 318 Wernicke encephalopathy, 523 radial nerve injury as cause, 419 Zona glomerulosa, 306 meningococci as cause, 126 mammillary bodies and, 641 Writer’s cramp, 461 Zona reticularis, 306 presentation of, 630 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 464, Written advance directives, 41 Zonular fibers, 482 Watershed zones, 218, 466 523 WT1/WT2 genes, 230 Zoonotic bacteria, 132

Water-soluble vitamins, 76 vitamin B1 deficiency as cause, 77 Wuchereria bancrofti, 142, 143 Zymogens, 352 © 2016 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1

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