Why sustainable energy matters This item contains selected online content. It is for use alongside, not as a replacement for the module website, which is the primary study format and contains activities and resources that cannot be replicated in the printed versions. 2 of 82 http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/environmental-science/why-sustainable- Monday 26 April 2021 energy-matters/content-section-0?utm_source=openlearnutm_campaign=olutm_medium=ebook About this free course This free course provides a sample of level 1 study in Environment & Development http://www.open.ac.uk/courses/find/environment-and-development This version of the content may include video, images and interactive content that may not be optimised for your device. 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Contents Introduction 5 Learning Outcomes 6 1 Why sustainable energy matters 7 1.1 Energy sources and environmental impact 7 1.2 Where do we get our energy from? 11 2 Definitions: energy, sustainability and the future 12 2.1 What is energy? 13 3 Present energy sources and sustainability 15 3.1 Fossil fuels 15 3.2 Nuclear energy 28 3.3 Bioenergy 32 3.4 Hydroelectricity 35 3.5 Summary 37 4 Renewable energy sources 38 4.1 Solar energy 39 4.2 Indirect use of solar energy 45 4.3 Non-solar renewables 49 4.4 Sustainability of renewable energy sources 52 5 Energy services and efficiency improvement 54 5.1 Energy services 54 5.2 Energy efficiency improvements 56 5.3 The rebound effect 69 6 Energy in a sustainable future 71 6.2 (a) 'Cleaning-up' fossil and nuclear technologies 71 6.3 (b) Switching to renewable energy sources 72 6.4 (c) Using energy more efficiently 72 6.5 Changing patterns of energy use 73 6.6 Long-term energy scenarios 73 Conclusion 79 Take the next step 80 References 80 Acknowledgements 81 4 of 82 http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/environmental-science/why-sustainable- Monday 26 April 2021 energy-matters/content-section-0?utm_source=openlearnutm_campaign=olutm_medium=ebook Introduction Introduction Access to safe, clean and sustainable energy supplies is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity during the twenty-first century. This course will survey the world's present energy systems and their sustainability problems, together with some of the possible solutions to those problems and how these might emerge in practice. Throughout history, the use of energy has been central to the functioning and development of human societies. But during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, humanity learned how to harness the highly concentrated forms of energy contained within fossil fuels. These provided the power that drove the industrial revolution, bringing unparalleled increases in affluence and productivity to millions of people throughout the world. As we enter the third millennium, however, there is a growing realisation that the world's energy systems will need to be changed radically if they are to supply our energy needs sustainably on a long-term basis. This introductory overview aims to survey, in very general terms, the world's present energy systems and their sustainability problems, together with some of the possible solutions to those problems and how these might emerge in practice during the twenty- first century. This OpenLearn course provides a sample of level 1 study in Environment & Development 5 of 82 http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/environmental-science/why-sustainable- Monday 26 April 2021 energy-matters/content-section-0?utm_source=openlearnutm_campaign=olutm_medium=ebook Learning Outcomes After studying this course, you should be able to: ● demonstrate an awareness of the current sources of energy ● demonstrate an awareness of current solutions for energy sustainability problems. 1 Why sustainable energy matters 1 Why sustainable energy matters The world's current energy systems have been built around the many advantages of fossil fuels, and we now depend overwhelmingly upon them. Concerns that supplies will 'run out' in the short-to-medium term have probably been exaggerated, thanks to the continued discovery of new reserves and the application of increasingly advanced exploration technologies. Nevertheless it remains the case that fossil fuel reserves are ultimately finite. In the long term they will eventually become depleted and substitutes will have to be found. Moreover, fossil fuels have been concentrated by natural processes in relatively few countries. Two-thirds of the world's proven oil reserves, for example, are located in the Middle East and North Africa. This concentration of scarce resources has already led to major world crises and conflicts, such as the 1970s 'oil crisis' and the Gulf War in the 1990s. It has the potential to create similar, or even more severe, problems in the future. 1.1 Energy sources and environmental impact Figure 1: Oil wells on fire in Kuwait during the Gulf War in 1990–91 Substantial rises in the price of oil also can cause world-wide economic disruption and lead to widespread protests, as seen in the USA and Europe in 2000. 7 of 82 http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/environmental-science/why-sustainable- Monday 26 April 2021 energy-matters/content-section-0?utm_source=openlearnutm_campaign=olutm_medium=ebook 1 Why sustainable energy matters Figure 2: Tanker drivers block the entrance to a UK refinery in September 2000, to protest against high fuel prices The exploitation of fossil fuel resources entails significant health hazards. These can occur in the course of their extraction from the earth, for example in coal mining accidents or fires on oil or gas drilling rigs. Figure 3: A fire on the Piper Alpha gas rig in the North Sea in 1988 killed 167 people They can also occur during distribution, for example in oil spillages from tankers that pollute beaches and kill wildlife; or on combustion, which generates atmospheric 8 of 82 http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/environmental-science/why-sustainable- Monday 26 April 2021 energy-matters/content-section-0?utm_source=openlearnutm_campaign=olutm_medium=ebook 1 Why sustainable energy matters pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen that are detrimental to the environment and to health. Figure 4: An oil spillage from the Exxon Valdez tanker in 1989 contaminated 2100 km of beaches in Alaska and caused extensive harm to wildlife. The cost of cleanup was estimated at some $3 billion Fossil fuel combustion also generates very large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2), the most important anthropogenic (human-induced) greenhouse gas.