Iska Iska Polymetallic Project, Bolivia
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Argyrodite Ag8ges6 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Argyrodite Ag8GeS6 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic, pseudocubic. Point Group: mm2. Pseudo-octahedra, dodecahedra, cubes, or as combinations of these forms, in crystals as large as 18 cm. Also radiating crystal aggregates, botryoidal crusts, or massive. Twinning: Pseudospinel law {111}; repeated interpenetration twins of pseudododecahedra on {111}. Physical Properties: Fracture: Uneven to slightly conchoidal. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2.5–3 VHN = n.d. D(meas.) = 6.29 D(calc.) = 6.32 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Steel-gray with a red tint, tarnishes black; in polished section, gray-white with a violet tint. Streak: Gray-black. Luster: Strong metallic. Pleochroism: Very weak. Anisotropism: Weak. R1–R2: (400) 28.9–29.5, (420) 27.9–28.5, (440) 27.1–27.7, (460) 26.3–26.9, (480) 25.8–26.3, (500) 25.3–25.8, (520) 25.0–25.4, (540) 24.7–25.2, (560) 24.6–25.0, (580) 24.5–24.9, (600) 24.4–24.9, (620) 24.5–24.8, (640) 24.6–24.9, (660) 24.5–24.9, (680) 24.6–25.0, (700) 24.7–25.0 Cell Data: Space Group: Pna21. a = 15.149(1) b = 7.476(2) c = 10.589(1) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Machacamarca, Bolivia. 3.02 (100), 1.863 (50), 2.66 (40), 3.14 (30), 2.44 (30), 2.03 (30), 1.784 (20) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Ag 75.78 74.20 76.51 Fe 0.68 Ge 3.65 4.99 6.44 Sn 3.60 3.36 Sb trace trace S 16.92 16.45 17.05 Total 99.95 99.68 100.00 (1) Chocaya, Bolivia. -
Weiss Et Al, 1995) This Paper Disputes the Interpretation of Castor Et Al
EVALUATION OF THE GEOLOGIC RELATIONS AND SEISMOTECTONIC STABILITY OF THE YUCCA MOUNTAIN AREA NEVADA NUCLEAR WASTE SITE INVESTIGATION (NNWSI) PROGRESS REPORT 30 SEPTEMBER 1995 CENTER FOR NEOTECTONIC STUDIES MACKAY SCHOOL OF MINES UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO DISTRIBUTION OF ?H!S DOCUMENT IS UKLMTED DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document CONTENTS SECTION I. General Task Steven G. Wesnousky SECTION II. Task 1: Quaternary Tectonics John W. Bell Craig M. dePolo SECTION III. Task 3: Mineral Deposits Volcanic Geology Steven I. Weiss Donald C. Noble Lawrence T. Larson SECTION IV. Task 4: Seismology James N. Brune Abdolrasool Anooshehpoor SECTION V. Task 5: Tectonics Richard A. Schweickert Mary M. Lahren SECTION VI. Task 8: Basinal Studies Patricia H. Cashman James H. Trexler, Jr. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi- bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer- ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom- mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. -
European Journal of Mineralogy
Title Grundmannite, CuBiSe<SUB>2</SUB>, the Se-analogue of emplectite, a new mineral from the El Dragón mine, Potosí, Bolivia Authors Förster, Hans-Jürgen; Bindi, L; Stanley, Christopher Date Submitted 2016-05-04 European Journal of Mineralogy Composition and crystal structure of grundmannite, CuBiSe2, the Se-analogue of emplectite, a new mineral from the El Dragόn mine, Potosí, Bolivia --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: Article Type: Research paper Full Title: Composition and crystal structure of grundmannite, CuBiSe2, the Se-analogue of emplectite, a new mineral from the El Dragόn mine, Potosí, Bolivia Short Title: Composition and crystal structure of grundmannite, CuBiSe2, Corresponding Author: Hans-Jürgen Förster Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Potsdam, GERMANY Corresponding Author E-Mail: [email protected] Order of Authors: Hans-Jürgen Förster Luca Bindi Chris J. Stanley Abstract: Grundmannite, ideally CuBiSe2, is a new mineral species from the El Dragόn mine, Department of Potosí, Bolivia. It is either filling small shrinkage cracks or interstices in brecciated kruta'ite−penroseite solid solutions or forms independent grains in the matrix. Grain size of the anhedral to subhedral crystals is usually in the range 50−150 µm, but may approach 250 µm. Grundmannite is usually intergrown with watkinsonite and clausthalite; other minerals occasionally being in intimate grain-boundary contact comprise quartz, dolomite, native gold, eskebornite, umangite, klockmannite, Co-rich penroseite, and three unnamed phases of the Cu−Bi−Hg−Pb−Se system, among which is an as-yet uncharacterizedspecies with the ideal composition Cu4Pb2HgBi4Se11. Eldragόnite and petrovicite rarely precipitated in the neighborhood of CuBiSe2. Grundmannite is non-fluorescent, black and opaque with a metallic luster and black streak. -
Evidence from Lake City Caldera, USA GEOSPHERE
Research Paper GEOSPHERE Controls on hydrothermal fluid flow in caldera-hosted settings: Evidence from Lake City caldera, USA 1 1 1 2 3 GEOSPHERE; v. 13, no. 6 Thomas O. Garden , Darren M. Gravley , Ben M. Kennedy , Chad Deering , and Isabelle Chambefort 1Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 2 doi:10.1130/GES01506.1 Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA 3GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, Taupo 3377, New Zealand 10 figures; 3 tables ABSTRACT tion thereof (Table 1). It is not well understood why some calderas host hydro- CORRESPONDENCE: thermal systems while others do not or what factors promote fluid localization thomas .o .garden@gmail .com Silicic caldera volcanoes are often associated with hydrothermal systems in certain parts of a caldera. In particular, caldera “ring faults” are commonly economically important for electricity generation and localization of ore de- suggested to be important structures for localizing fluid flow (e.g., Duex and CITATION: Garden, T.O., Gravley, D.M., Kennedy, B.M., Deering, C., and Chambefort, I., 2017, Controls posits. Despite their potential importance, the poor exposure that is typical in Henry, 1981; Wood, 1994; Guillou-Frottier et al., 2000; Stix et al., 2003; Kissling on hydrothermal fluid flow in caldera-hosted settings: caldera settings has limited the number of detailed studies of the relationship and Weir, 2005); yet no studies to date have focused on a thorough examina- Evidence from Lake City caldera, USA: Geosphere, between caldera structures and fluid flow. We use field mapping, outcrop scale tion of their permeability structure. -
2018 Resource and Reserves
Resources & Reserves as at 31 December 2018 Contents Page number About this report 2 Definitions 4 Metals and Minerals: Copper 5 Zinc 17 Nickel 34 Ferroalloys 38 Aluminium/Alumina 42 Iron ore 43 Energy Products: Coal 47 Oil 66 About this report We report our resources and reserves in accordance with the 2012 edition of the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (JORC Code), the 2016 edition of the South African Code for Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (SAMREC), the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves (2014 edition) and the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) for reporting oil and natural gas Reserves and Resources. Overview Nickel The resource and reserve data in the following tables are The Canadian and New Caledonian Mineral Resources as at 31 December 2018, unless otherwise noted. For and Mineral Reserves estimates are prepared in comparison purposes, data for 2017 has been included. accordance with the CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by CIM Council Metric units are used throughout. on 10 May 2014, and the CIM Estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Best Practice Guidelines, All data is presented on a 100% asset basis, with the adopted by CIM Council on 23 November 2003, and have Glencore attributable percentage shown against each been compiled using geo-statistical and/or classical asset, with the exception of Oil assets which are shown on methods, plus economic and mining parameters a working interest basis. appropriate to each project. -
ROMAN LEAD SILVER SMELTING at RIO TINTO the Case Study of Corta
ROMAN LEAD SILVER SMELTING AT RIO TINTO The case study of Corta Lago Thesis submitted by Lorna Anguilano For PhD in Archaeology University College London I, Lorna Anguilano confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. ii To my parents Ai miei genitori iii Abstract The Rio Tinto area is famous for the presence there of a rich concentration of several metals, in particular copper, silver and manganese, which were exploited from the Bronze Age up to few decades ago. The modern mining industry has been responsible for both bringing to light and destroying signs of past exploitation of the mines and metal production there. The Corta Lago site owes its discovery to the open cast exploitation that reduced the whole mount of Cerro Colorado to an artificial canyon. This exploitation left behind sections of antique metallurgical debris as well as revealing the old underground workings. The Corta Lago site dates from the Bronze Age up to the 2nd century AD, consisting mainly of silver and copper production slag, but also including litharge cakes, tuyéres and pottery. The project focused on the study of silver production slag from different periods using petrograhical and chemical techniques, such as Optical Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Fluorescence, Scanning Electron Microscopy associated to Energy Dispersive Spectrometry and Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The aim of the project was to reconstruct the metallurgical processes of the different periods, detecting any differences and similarities. -
GLENCORE Resources and Reserves Report 2020.Xlsx
Resources & Reserves as at 31 December 2020 Contents Page number About this report 3 Definitions 5 Metals and Minerals: Copper 6 Zinc 14 Nickel 26 Ferroalloys 28 Aluminium/Alumina 32 Iron ore 33 Energy products Coal 36 Oil 46 Competent Persons 47 2 About this report We report our resources and reserves in accordance with the 2012 edition of the Copper Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore The Copper Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves Statement at 31 December 2020 has Reserves (JORC Code), the 2016 edition of the South African Code for Reporting of been compiled in accordance with the JORC Code. Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (SAMREC), the Canadian Institute of Mining, The Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves statements have been reviewed and the Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves (2014 relevant data extracted and compiled by Mark Jamieson, Glencore Copper (AusIMM). edition) and the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) for reporting oil and natural gas Reserves and Resources. Zinc The term ‘Ore Reserves’, as defined in Clause 28 of the JORC Code, has the same The Zinc Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Statement at 31 December 2020 has been meaning as ‘Mineral Reserves’ as defined in the CIM Definition Standards for Mineral compiled in accordance with the JORC Code. Resources and Mineral Reserves. The Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve statements have been reviewed and the relevant data extracted and compiled by Aline Cote, Glencore Zinc (OGQ). Overview Nickel The resource and reserve data in the following tables are as at 31 December 2020, The Canadian and New Caledonian Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves estimates unless otherwise noted. -
Thesis the Potosi-Cobija Route: Archaeology of Colonial
THESIS THE POTOSI-COBIJA ROUTE: ARCHAEOLOGY OF COLONIAL TRANSPORTATION IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL ANDES Submitted by Francisco García-Albarido Department of Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2017 Master´s Committee: Advisor: Mary Van Buren Stephen Leisz Doug Yarrington Copyright by Francisco Garcia-Albarido 2017 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE POTOSI-COBIJA ROUTE: ARCHAEOLOGY OF COLONIAL TRANSPORTATION IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL ANDES In this thesis, I analyze Andean colonial transportation in archaeological and historical terms based on the Potosi-Cobija route case. Potosi was a strategic extractive region during the expansion of the world-economy. In this region, the Spanish Empire obtained large quantities of silver and produced the main international trade currency used between the 16th and 19th centuries. The Potosi-Cobija route was one of the most significant scenes of colonial commerce and smuggling in the South Central Andes. A total of 34 archaeological sites were identified on the route using a methodology constituted by remote sensing and archaeological inspection of targets. This case is used to discuss the modern European imperial economic control of peripheral regions. In the case of the Spanish Empire, the characteristics of mercantilism and expectations about imperialism suggested a centralized control over the flow of silver to Spain, an important reorganization of transportation labor, and official investment in imperial road infrastructure. However, my results contradict the idea of centralized imperial control of the peripheral flow of resources based on official road infrastructure. They indicate the continuity of native transportation labor practices along with some transformations during colonial times, suggesting transportation organized by local agents for their own economic purposes. -
Isotopic Ag–Cu–Pb Record of Silver Circulation Through 16Th–18Th Century Spain
Isotopic Ag–Cu–Pb record of silver circulation through 16th–18th century Spain Anne-Marie Desaultya,b,c,1, Philippe Telouka,b,c, Emmanuelle Albalata,b,c, and Francis Albarèdea,b,c aEcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France; bUniversité de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; and cCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5276, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Edited* by Donald J. DePaolo, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved April 13, 2011 (received for review December 6, 2010) Estimating global fluxes of precious metals is key to understanding other, which often makes provenance assignment insufficiently early monetary systems. This work adds silver (Ag) to the metals (Pb discriminating. More recently, the high precision of the multiple- and Cu) used so far to trace the provenance of coinage through collector–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC- variations in isotopic abundances. Silver, copper, and lead isotopes ICPMS) technique (22) allowed Cu isotopes to be added to the were measured in 91 coins from the East Mediterranean Antiquity coinage tracers and a number of successful applications to the and Roman world, medieval western Europe, 16th–18th century identification of the sources of metals used for coinage have been Spain, Mexico, and the Andes and show a great potential for prove- suggested (23). Although copper is primarily alloyed with coinage nance studies. Pre-1492 European silver can be distinguished from silver to improve metal hardness and resistance, it was also used for Mexican and Andean metal. European silver dominated Spanish coin- monetary debasement (17). Copper has two stable isotopes of mass age until Philip III, but had, 80 y later after the reign of Philip V, been 63 and 65, and, in contrast to the large variations in radiogenic Pb flushed from the monetary mass and replaced by Mexican silver. -
Geological Study on the Polymetallic Ore Deposits in the Potosi District, Bolivia
GEOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE POLYMETALLIC ORE DEPOSITS IN THE POTOSI DISTRICT, BOLIVIA ASAHIKO SUGAKI, HIROTOMO DENO, NOBUTAKA SHIMADA, ISAO KUSACHI, ARASHI KITAKAZE, KENICHIRO HAYASHI, SHOJI KOJIMA and ORLANDO SANJINES V. ABSTRACT The Potosi district located at central portion in the metallic mineralization belt of the eastern cordillera of bolivian Andes is composed of the Ordovician, Silurian, Cretaceous and Tertiary systems with some igneous intrusions, such as granite and dacite etc. There are many polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal fissure filling type in the district. They occur in Ordovician slate, and Miocene dacitic pyroclastics such as tuff and tuff breccia, and dacite stock, and are composed of polymetallic ore minerals such as sphalerite, pyrite, galena, cassiterite, wolframite, chalcopyrite, stannite, tetrahedrite, stibnite, bis muthinite, fizelyite, semseyite, pyrargyrite and boulangerite etc. and gangue minerals such ....as tourmaline, quartz, alunite, kaoline, sericite and siderite etc. The ore veins form banding as seen in the Potosi mine. In this case cassiterite occurs as thin crustified band crystallized after principal pyrite mineralization at early stage. It associates intimately with pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, stannite and arsenopyrite etc. Silver bearing minerals such as fizelyite, pyrargyrite, semseyite, boulangerite, tetrahedrite appear in close association with galena, sphalerite, pyrite and jamesonite etc., and are produced in general at the middle stage of the mineralization. Stibnite from the Caracota mine occurs in massive form, granular aggregate and acicular crystals. It is quite noteworthy that the paragenesis of stibnite and ferberite is found in a druse of quartz in the vein. In this case, acicular crystals of stibnite overgrow on tabular crystals of ferberite, and sometimes stibnite needles stick vertically into a crystal face of ferberite. -
Mining and the Inca Road in the Prehistoric Atacama Desert, Chile
MINING AND THE INCA ROAD IN THE PREHISTORIC ATACAMA DESERT, CHILE by Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar Lic., Universidad de Chile, 2004 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2015 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar It was defended on April 27, 2015 and approved by Elizabeth Arkush, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology Robert D. Drennan, PhD, Distinguished Professor, Anthropology Bryan Hanks, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology James B. Richardson III, Phd, Professor, Anthropology Mark B. Abbott, PhD, Associate Professor, Geology Dissertation Advisor: Marc P. Bermann, PhD, Associate Professor, Anthropology ii Copyright © by Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar 2015 iii MINING AND THE INCA ROAD IN THE PREHISTORIC ATACAMA DESERT, CHILE Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar, PhD. University of Pittsburgh, 2015 Traditionally, treatments of the Inca Empire have sought to document its deep economic and political impact on local populations in the Andes. There has been less study of how subject groups might have independently negotiated opportunistic economic responses to the Inca Empire. This research explores this issue through the investigation of the relationship between the Inca Road and a recently discovered, non-Inca system of mining camps, isolated deep in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. Study of the development of these camps, and of their relationship with the Road aimed at addressing whether the Atacama Inca Road, served as a linear exchange nexus, or only as a highway servicing Inca imperial needs. -
On the Origin of Epithermal Sn-Ag-Zn Mineralization at the Pirquitas Mine
On the origin of epithermal Sn-Ag-Zn mineralization at the Pirquitas mine, NW Argentina: fluid inclusion and isotopic constraints kumulative Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades „doctor rerum naturalium” (Dr. rer. Nat.) in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin „Geochemie“ eingereicht an der MATHEMATISCH-NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN FAKULTÄT DER UNIVERSITÄT POTSDAM von Louis Desanois Potsdam, im Februar 2019 Datum der Disputation: 22.05.2019 2 Supervisor: Dr. Robert Trumbull 1: Referee GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Uwe Altenberger 2: Referee University of Potsdam, Institute of Earth and Environnemental Science, Germany 3: Referee Prof. Dr. Bernd Lehmann Technische Universität Clausthal | TUC · Department of Geology and Paleontology Published online at the Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam: https://doi.org/10.25932/publishup-43082 https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-430822 4 Abstract Die zentralen Anden beherbergen große Reserven von unedlen und Edelmetallen. Die Region war 2017 ein wichtiger Teil der weltweiten Bergbautätigkeit. Bisher wurden drei Hauptlagerstätten identifiziert und untersucht: 1) Porphyr-Lagerstätten, die sich von Zentralchile und Argentinien bis Bolivien und Nord-Peru erstrecken; 2) Eisenoxid-Kupfer-Gold-Lagerstätten (IOCG), die sich von Zentralperu bis Zentralchile ausdehnen, sowie 3) polymetallische epithermale Zinnlagerstätten, die sich von Südperu bis nach Nordargentinien erstrecken und einen Großteil der Lagerstätten des bolivianischen Zinngürtels (Bolivian Tin Belt - BTB) bilden. Lagerstätten im BTB können in zwei Haupttypen unterteilt werden: (1) polymetallische Lagerstätten aus Zinn-Wolfram-Zink im Zusammenhang mit Plutonen und (2) polymetallische Zinn-Silber-Blei-zink Anlagerungen in epithermalen gangförmigen Lagerstätten. Mina Pirquitas ist eine epithermale Zinn-Silber-Blei-Zink-Polymetallvenenlagerstätte im Nordwesten Argentiniens, die früher eine der wichtigsten Zinnsilber-Mine meines Landes war.