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Iran. Une Élection Contestée, Une Répression Accrue

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Iran. Une Élection Contestée, Une Répression Accrue IRAN UNE ÉLECTION CONTESTÉE, UNE RÉPRESSION ACCRUE Amnesty International est un mouvement mondial regroupant 2,2 millions de personnes qui défendent les droits humains et luttent contre les atteintes à ces droits dans plus de 150 pays et territoires. La vision d’Amnesty International est celle d’un monde où chacun peut se prévaloir de tous les droits énoncés dans la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme et dans d’autres textes internationaux. Essentiellement financée par ses membres et les dons de particuliers, Amnesty International est indépendante de tout gouvernement, de toute tendance politique, de toute puissance économique et de toute croyance religieuse. Amnesty International Publications Publié pour la première fois en 2009 par Amnesty International Publications Secrétariat international Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street Londres WC1X 0DW Royaume-Uni www.amnesty.org © Amnesty International Publications 2009 Index : MDE 13/123/2009 L’édition originale a été publiée en langue anglaise Imprimé par Amnesty International, Secrétariat international, Londres, Royaume-Uni Tous droits réservés. Cette publication, qui est protégée par le droit d'auteur, peut être reproduite gratuitement, par quelque procédé que ce soit, à des fins de sensibilisation, de campagne ou d'enseignement, mais pas à des fins commerciales. Les titulaires des droits d'auteur demandent à être informés de toute utilisation de ce document afin d’en évaluer l’impact. Toute reproduction dans d'autres circonstances, ou réutilisation dans d'autres publications, ou traduction, ou adaptation nécessitent l'autorisation écrite préalable des éditeurs, qui pourront exiger le paiement d'un droit. Photo de couverture : Des centaines de milliers de personnes manifestant sur Azadi (Place de la Liberté), à Téhéran, contre les résultats de l’élection présidentielle, le 15 juin 2009. © AP/PA Photo/Ben Curti Photo en 4 e de couverture : Des policiers en civils passent à tabac un manifestant à Téhéran. 14 juin 2009. © AFP/Getty Images TABLE DES MATIÈRES CARTE DE l'IRAN .............................................................................................................. 3 GLOSSAIRE ...................................................................................................................... 4 Termes généraux......................................................................................................... 4 Abréviations ............................................................................................................... 4 Principales personnalites politiques ............................................................................. 4 Structure du pouvoir iranien ........................................................................................ 5 Chronologie ....................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 10 Quelques précisions sur ce rapport................................................................................ 14 1. Contexte ..................................................................................................................... 16 La periode pré-électorale .............................................................................................. 16 Les protestations et la répression apres l’élection ........................................................... 18 2. Menaces contre la liberté d’expression.......................................................................... 24 3. Museler la dissidence – les arrestations et détentions arbitraires .................................... 26 Arrestations ciblées apres l’élection............................................................................... 28 Les personnes liées à des pays étrangers prises pour cible .............................................. 30 Le harcèlement des proches.......................................................................................... 31 La pratique persistante des arrestations......................................................................... 33 4. Homicides illégaux et recours excessif à la force............................................................ 38 L’homicide de Neda Agha Soltan................................................................................... 42 Les mères en deuil harcelées pour avoir protesté contre les morts ................................... 45 5. Torture et autres mauvais traitements ........................................................................... 46 Centre de détention de Kahrizak....................................................................................51 Viols en détention.........................................................................................................53 Le viol dans le droit iranien ...........................................................................................57 6. Les « procès pour l’exemple » – une parodie de justice...................................................60 7. Impunité .....................................................................................................................65 8. Conclusions et recommandations ..................................................................................69 Recommandations ........................................................................................................69 Liberté d’expression, d’association et de réunion.........................................................70 Arrestations et détentions arbitraires ..........................................................................70 Homicides illégaux et recours excessif à la force .........................................................71 Torture et autres mauvais traitements.........................................................................71 Peine de mort ...........................................................................................................72 Mettre un terme à l'impunité......................................................................................72 Coopération avec les Organes internationaux de défense des droits humains .................73 Notes ..............................................................................................................................74 ANNEXE 1 : CERTIFICAT MÉDICAL ÉTABLI POUR EBRAHIM MEHTARI ............................86 CARTE DE L'IRAN © United Nations Cartographic Section, Map Ref: Iran No. 3891 Rev. 1, January 2004 GLOSSAIRE TERMES GÉNÉRAUX Ahl-e Haq (Gens de la Vérité) : membres d’un groupe religieux vivant pour la plupart en Irak et dans l’ouest de l’Iran. Les fidèles iraniens sont essentiellement kurdes. Ce mouvement n’est pas une religion officiellement reconnue par la Constitution iranienne et ses fidèles font l’objet de discrimination. Association des diplômés (Advar-e Tahkim-e Vahdat) : organisation ouverte à tous les diplômés des universités iraniennes et qui est active dans le domaine des droits humains. Bureau pour la consolidation de l’unité (Daftar-e Tahkim-e Vahdat) : organisme étudiant disposant de branches dans toutes les universités iraniennes et qui réclame des réformes et un meilleur respect des droits humains. Rial (IRR) : devise iranienne, 1 euro = 14,14 rials. Touman : un touman correspond à 10 rials. Velayat-e faqih : le concept politique de la direction par un/des dignitaire/s religieux élaboré par l’ayatollah Khomeini et qui est la base de l’autorité politique en Iran. ABRÉVIATIONS API – Assemblée du royaume iranien (Anjoman-e Padshahi Iran), un groupe qui soutient l’établissement d’une monarchie en Iran. CHRD – Centre de défense des droits humains, créé en 2002 par Shirin Ebadi, entre autres personnalités. HRA – Défenseurs des droits humains en Iran, un groupe de militants iraniens des droits humains qui diffuse des informations sur les violations de ces droits en Iran. ICHRI – Campagne internationale pour les droits humains en Iran IFM – Mouvement pour la liberté de l'Iran (Nehzat-e Azadi), parti politique interdit IIPF – Front islamique de la participation en Iran (Jebhe-ye Mosharekat-e Iran-e Eslami), parti politique lié à l’ancien président Mohammad Khatami. IRGC – Corps des gardiens de la révolution islamique (pasdaran) MIRO – Organisation des moudjahidin de la révolution islamique (Sazman-e Mojahedin-e Enghlab-e Eslami) ONG – Organisation non gouvernementale OIMP – Organisation iranienne des moudjahidin du peuple (Mojahedin-e Khalq), groupe d’opposition basé en Irak. PRMI – Mouvement iranien de résistance des peuples, anciennement connu sous le nom de Joundallah (Soldats de Dieu), groupe armé baloutche. SCDPP – Comité étudiant pour la défense des prisonniers politiques PRINCIPALES PERSONNALITÉS POLITIQUES Ahmadinejad Mahmoud : président de l’Iran depuis 2005, ancien maire de Téhéran Karroubi Mehdi : candidat à l’élection présidentielle, ancien président du Parlement. Khamenei Ali – Guide suprême de l’Iran depuis la mort de l’ayatollah Khomeini en 1989, ancien président de l’Iran (1981-1989). Il est le commandant en chef de toutes les forces armées. Khatami Mohammad : ancien président de l’Iran (1997-2005) Larijani Ali : président du Parlement, frère de Sadegh Larijani Larijani Sadegh : responsable du pouvoir judiciaire depuis août 2009, frère d’Ali Laridjani Mousavi Mir Hossein : candidat à l’élection présidentielle, ancien Premier ministre (1981- 1989), membre du Conseil
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