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State and Civil Society in Indonesia Downloaded from <arielheryanto.wordpress.com> STATE AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN INDONESIA edited by Arief Budiman Monash Papers on Southeast Asia - No. 22 Downloaded from <arielheryanto.wordpress.com> TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication v Preface vi Acknowledgments xi Notes on Contributors xiii Introduction: © 1990 Arid Budiman CHAPTER 1 I.S.B.N ...............O 7326 0233 5 I.S.S.N ...............0727668O From Conference to a Book Ariel Budiman 1 PART I: Typeset by Theories of the Capitalist Nature of the State Centre of Southeast Asian Studies in Indonesia Monash University CHAPTER 2 The Political Economy of the New Order State Pierre Janzes 15 Printed and bound by AriSIOC Press Ply. Ltd. CHAPTER 3 Glen Waverley, Australia. Rent Capitalism, State, and Democracy OIle Tornquist 29 CHAPTER 4 For information on other publications from the Centre, write to: Oil, Iggi and US Hegemony: The Publications Officer Global Pre-Conditions 51 Centre of Southeast A~ian studies Richard Tanter Monash University Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia Downloaded from <arielheryanto.wordpress.com> ii iii CHAPTER 5 PART III: Thinking about Gender, State The Cultural Aspect of State and Society and Civil Society in Indonesia Maila Srivens 99 CHAPTER 11 Introduction Ariel Heryanto 289 CHAPTER 12 PART II: The Construction of an Indonesian National Culture: The Nature of State Control Patterns of Hegemony and Resistance Keith Foulcher 301 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 13 In trod uction Theatre as Cultural Resistance Harold Crouch 115 in Contemporary Indonesia Barbara Hatley 321 CHAPTER 7 The New Order State: CHAPTER 14 Language, Ideology, Hegemony The Changing Political Leadership of Java Michael van Langenberg 121 Ignas Kleden 349 CHAPTERS The Corporatist State: the Case of GOlkar David Reeve 151 PARTW: The Dynamics of Civil Society CfIAPTER 9 Crime, Law and State Authority in Indonesia CHAPTER 15 David Bourchier 177 Introduction CHAPTER 10 Ariel Budiman 365 The Totalitarian Ambition: CHAPTER 16 Intelligence and Security Agencies in Indonesia State-Society Relations in New Order Indonesia: Richard Tanler 215 The Case of Business Andrew MacIntyre 369 %' Downloaded from <arielheryanto.wordpress.com> v iv cHAPTER 17 State Formation and Rural Transformation: Adapting to the 'New Order' in Jepara Jim Schiller 395 CHAPTER 18 DEDICATION: Notes on the State and Rural Change in Java and India Oile To~u~t 421 CHAPTER 19 Yap Thiam Hien Islamic Religion: Yes, Islamic Ideology: No! Islam and the State Indonesia Zifirdaus Adnan 441 Yap Thiam Hien was invited to the conference to talk about the legal CHAPTER 20 system and human rights in Indonesia. Unlike other speakers, who were Which Islam and Which Pancasila? mostly academics, Yap spoke as a humanist. He spoke with his heart, fully Islam and the State in Indonesia: A Comment and sincerely involved with every word he said. He was the star of the conference. M. Bambang Pranowo 479 It is fitting then that his moving extemporaneous address to the ClIAPTER 21 conference forms the preface to this book. NGOs and the State in Indonesia Philip Eldridge 503 Although he looked a little bit old and tired (he was 75 years old then), he never thought of retiring. At the end of April 1989, he went to Belgium to participate in a meeting organized by the International NGO forum for Indonesia (lNGI). Although, as always, his spirits were high, finally his body failed him. He felt ill after an overnight flight in a fully-booked airplane, and died the next day, April 23, 1989. It is an honour to dedicate this book to Yap Thiam Hien. His spirit is the spirit of the book. Downloaded from <arielheryanto.wordpress.com> 288 Intelligence and Socurity Agencies "Report from East Java", Indonesia, 4 1, ( 1986). Jeffrey Richelson, Foreign Illfelligence Organizations, (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1988). Chapter 11 Jeffrey Richelson, Th e U.S. Intelligence Community, (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger; second edition, 1989). Russell of Liverpool, Lord. The Knights of Bushido, (London: Cassell, PART III: THE CULTURAL ASPECTS 1958) , OF STATE AND SOCIETY Seskoad [Sekolah Staf dan Ko ma ndo j, Vademecllm: Pellgem/lIIoll Pertahanan Keamanan, (Bandung, Markas Bcsa r, TN I-AD, Sekolah INTRODUCTION: STATE IDEOLOGY Staf dan Komando, Cetakan Dua, J 982). AND CIVIL DISCOURSE John Sull"Ivan, "Kampung and sta te : thc rolc 0 r govcrnmen t In' th. e development of urban community in Yogya karta", Indonesia, 41, (1986). Ariel Heryanto Michael Ta USS .lg , "Culture of terror _ spacc of death. R ogcr casemen t'S inutumayo Reportand the explanati on oftarture", ComparntiveSllIdies Soclery and History, 26,467-497, (1984). R.Murray Th omas, "Indonesian education: communi.s t strategl.cs (1950-65) , "It ca n be argued that the central, indeed defining, problem ~~8~~vernmemal coumer-strategies (1 966-80),",Asian Survey, XXI,3, of historical materialism is that of reproduction. This is a problem at both material and symbolic level. That is to say it involves explaining not only how in social formations ... the Andreas W'ld " d h' . I t, Totalitarian state capitalism: On the structure an action of human agents are coordinated so as to ensure the IStOTIcal f unction. of Soviet-type socie tI.cs" , Telos, 41, (1979). inter-generational reproduction of the material conditions of existence ... but also how the set of unequal class relations produced by that co-ordination is itself legitimised such that reproduction takes place relatively free from social conflict... This of course also implies its converse, namely the problem of specifying the conditions under which reproduction does not take place leading to the more or less rapid transformation of thc social formation ... '" The New Order's success both in economic development programs, and in maintaining political stability has been well acknowledged and documented. What remains challenging and curiOUS is to explain how this tmpressive success has been aChieved, how long it will continue, and the possible threats to it in the future. What follows is not an attempt to suggest any positive answers to these crucial and complex questions. Rather, it Downloaded from <arielheryanto.wordpress.com> Stale Ideology and Civil Discourse Alief Heryanto 290 291 is only concerned with illustra ting the rela tionshi p between these basic specifica lly charaC terise New O rder Indonesia. Compared to the other questions and certain points ra ised in the fo llowing three contributions. elements of New O rder state ideOlOgy, developmentalism and stability Despite its remarkable aChieveme n ts, the New O rder has not been free plus order embody thmgs that are more pragmatic in nature, and responding fro m conflicts and difficulties at bo th ma te rial and symbolic levels. One to more immediate needs. fi eld of particular interest to this chapter o n culture is the NewOrder's ~vi ng relied for its legitimacy on these sources, the New Order attempts problems in securing and maintaining its legitima tio n. In smlplisuc terms, to Identify itself wtth them. Re peatedly it denounces any expression of one can say that this regime has derived its legitima tion largely from five dissent. by brand 109 it as the enemy o f o ne or more of the five sources sources: (i) nationalism; (ii) Pancasila; (i ii ) the 1945 constllutlon and lIS oflegttlmatlon .. To be aCCused o f being anti-nation, anti-Pancasila, or anti- formal embodiment; (iv) developme nt progra ms; a nd (v) propagand a on 1945 ConStitutiO n is mUch mo re serio us Lhan to be accused of being anti­ stability and order. Furthermore, o ne can probably argue that these fi~e development,. or disrupting stability and order, although these charges cultural products are hierarchically structured; crudely speaking, the list ?ft en mea n enher anti the New O rder state, or even merely anti certai n above may suggest an order o f their importance, wi th each determmed Illdlvldual state bureaucrats. to SOme Significant degree by the levels which precede II on the list In . It ~oes without saying that the power of the New Order's legitimati.on this light, opposition to the lower level o f legitima tlo n Im plies less radical IS netther mnate nOr self-generating. The fact that its legitimation re';llams challenge to the state. The lower levels are rela tively less stable, less absuact, Intac t andupheld is due to a wide range of interrelated m a t eri alcon~ tUons more frequently and more readily the target o f direct o pposition. Indeed, and pra~ tl ces of the state apparatus, most of which are the sub]:,:t of the rhetoric and enforcement of stability a nd o rde r seem to have been analyses III other CO ntributions in this book These include extensive military least likely to be vieWed as legitimate in the eyes o f many. On other t~l e participation in social activities intimidation extensive and rigorous extreme, to question the validity o r legitimacy o f any sort of natIOnalism surveillance, re tarded m ech a nis ~ o f rule of 'law, overt extra-judicial seems the rarest or most distant pheno me no n. operations, and the tight COntrol of the press and education establishments. How do these va rious elements of the state ideology fi nd their expression These eXist on top of the deeply internalised trauma of the aft ermath of in New Order Indonesia? The modem state, Benedict Anderson convincingly 1966 on the one ha nd, and the New O rder's success in matenal terms argues, "finds in the nation its modern legitima tio n", without which it "ca n (eco nomiC growth, infrastructure construction, population, health, and never Justify its demand on a community'S labour, time, a nd wea lth Simply SchOOling programs) and symbolic ones (vigorous propaganda) on the other.
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