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Dromiciops Gliroides Thomas, 1894, Last of the Microbiotheria (Marsupialia), with a Review of the Family Microbiotheriidae

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Dromiciops Gliroides Thomas, 1894, Last of the Microbiotheria (Marsupialia), with a Review of the Family Microbiotheriidae UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBAiMA-CHAMPAIGN BIOLOGY MP Z 2 ""J"* £ o Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, 1894, Last of the Microbiotheria (Marsupialia), with a Review of the Family Microbiotheriidae Philip Hershkovitzt 4ay 28, 1999 •ublication 1502 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY to Fieldiana , vrmation for Contributors ' MultiMate References: i should follow B n the Bi Information Sei I 1983) published by Refe «d in die fi Press, Stanfi ontane and lowland n , j R L] 51: 567-601. rructvue, ph) -gy, Cultural E J M 1979 »ng the Siona: patterns Publishers. Th , and Stars. Mouton R A St 1 Spirits, Shamans, J. H.. ed.. Handbook of S tribes of pp. 785-821. In Steward. rican Indiai e Andean Ci an Institution, Wa DC. rns and fern allies of Guatemala. Part II. P '-•-- text <» ot as Illustrations: 111 "plates' ' itements in 8, are detad .. numbei top. All illustrations should be gure inch uld, whenever practica by ll in uld be mounted on boards in tto obtained Pen and in! ied drawii limitation; Lack and white prints Red. author upon publication ui Audi litor. Page Proofs: I i of Paper). This paper meets the requirements ot ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence FIELDIANA Zoology NEW SERIES, NO. 93 Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, 1894, Last of the Microbiotheria (Marsupialia), with a Review of the Family Microbiotheriidae Philip Hershkovitzt Curator Emeritus Division of Mammals Department of Zoology- Field Museum of Natural History- Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 USA Accepted June 14, 1996 Published May 28, 1999 Publication 1502 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY © 1999 Field Museum of Natural History ISSN 0015-0754 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, 1894, Last of the Microbiotheria (Marsupialia), with a Review of the Family Microbiotheriidae Dromiciops gliroides Thomas (Isla Chiloe, Chile). Photograph courtesy of Sr. Felipe Montiel Vera. m/^ Table of Contents 9. Testis of Dromiciops 18 10. Rete testis sections 19 1 1 . Rete testis of various marsupials 20 Abstract 1 12. Cloaca in Dromiciops and Thylamys 21 Introduction 1 13. External ear of Dromiciops and Order Microbiotheria Ameghino, 1887, Marmosa 22 Cohort Microbiotheriomorphia 1 4. Mammary field of Dromiciops 23 2 Ameghino 15. Tarsal bones 24 Biological Origin 5 16. Upper dental system of Dromiciops 25 Geographic Origin 7 17. Fragment of left ramus of Adinodon Weddellian Biotic Province of pattersoni 26 Antarctica 7 1 8. Caecum of Dromiciops 27 Weddellian Land Habitats 7 19. Geographic distribution of Dromiciops Weddellian Land Mammals 8 gliroides 29 Recorded Microbiotheres 9 20. Caudal fields of Dromiciops and Biogeography: The Nothofagus- Metachirus compared 30 C«t/S0l/£4-MlCROBIOTHERE ASSOCIATION ... 10 2 1 . Cheiridia of Dromiciops and Small Rodent Associates 11 Metachirus nudicaudatus 31 Family Microbiotheriidae Ameghino 12 22. Four types of spermatozoa 36 Genus Dromiciops Thomas, 1894 12 23. in female and Microbiotheriid Characters Distinctive Reproductive system male Philander and female Dromiciops .. 38 Among Marsupials 13 24. Skull of Dromiciops 40 Subsidiary Characters 18 25 . of skull 41 Epitome 25 Diagrams Dromiciops 26. bullae 44 Dromiciops gliroides Thomas 26 Auditory Acknowledgments 56 27. Transitional vertebrae 45 Addendum 56 28. Thoracolumbar flexure 46 Gazetteer 56 29. Left upper and left lower tooth rows of Literature Cited 57 Dromiciops, Philander, Caenolestes 47 30. 2 3 1 in p , dp , m Dromiciops; p 2 , dp,, m, in occlusal of Dromiciops; aspect p 2 , dp,, m, in Dromiciops 50 in List of Illustrations 31. p,_ 2 , p, erupting, dp, functioning, m, Philander 51 32. 2 3 3 1 2 p , p erupting, dp , m , m , 3 Frontispiece: Dromiciops gliroides Thomas pseudoquadritubercular m 52 Plate 1 . Thomas 2 Dromiciops gliroides 33. Karyotype of Dromiciops 53 Plate 2. Nest and nestlings of Dromiciops gliroides Thomas 3 1. Geographic distribution of living Dromiciops 4 2. Odyssey of the Microbiotheria- List of Tables Nothofagus-Chusquea association 5 3. Bamboo in upper and lower stories 6 4. Leaves of the bamboo Chusquea 1. and dental culeou 8 External, cranial, measurements 32 5. Mandibular symphyses of Dromiciops and Marmosa 14 2. Measurements of seminiferous tubules and rete testis 34 6. Mandibular symphyses of various 3. Postcranial skeletal measurements and marsupials 15 42 7. Auditory bulla of Dromiciops, auditory proportions bulla of a Microbiotherium 16 4. Dental symbols 48 8. Posteroventral portion of Dromiciops 5. Sequence of dental eruption 52 cranium 17 6. Dromiciops nests and occupants 54 Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, 1894, Last of the Microbiotheria (Marsupialia), with a Review of the Family Microbiotheriidae Philip Hershkovitzf Abstract The tiny Chilean and bordering Argentinian endemic Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, lone survivor of the South American Cohort Microbiotheriomorphia, is basal to all known marsu- pials. Indications are that the ancestral microbiothere may have originated in South America during the Late Mesozoic in a cool, humid, low-latitude biome dominated by a beech-bamboo (Nothofagus-Chusquea) plant association, the bamboo being its primary nesting material. A postulated worldwide climatic warming initiated a southward migration of cool-loving elements of the Southern Hemisphere. The philopatric microbiotheres evidently clung to their Nothofa- gus-Chusquea niche and nesting material as the association shifted from subequatorial into Patagonian and Antarctic latitudes. A climatic reversal during the Tertiary returned the Noth- ofagus-Chusquea-vmcvobioihcvc association to Patagonian latitudes. An expanding arid scrub savanna farther north, however, halted the Nothofagus community shift in that direction. At the same time, habitat was being lost to the increasingly colder climate advancing from the south. Extinction followed. The most northern progression of the association was in the west, where rains intercepted by the rising Andes provided a favorable environment. The Nothofagus- Chusquea-microbiothere association now survives in the cool, humid Valdivian region of Chile and its narrow Argentine extension as a relictual enclave sharply delimited by the warmer arid environment to the north and the colder, drier environment to the south. The present ecogeographically restricted Cohort Microbiotheriomorphia is described and compared with its sister Cohort Didelphimorphia, which, by virtue of its adaptability, fecundity, and diversity, had dispersed into all continents. The narrow climatically controlled distribution and what little is known of the life history and anatomy of the single surviving microbiothere, Dromiciops gliroides, are reviewed. Introduction recognize the relationship between the living Dromiciops and the extinct microbiotheriid mar- then known from the Miocene. The monito del monte, Dromiciops gliroides supial only The with its Thomas (frontispiece; Plates 1, 2), a mouse opos- Microbiotheriomorphia, single sum with a simian vernacular name, is the lone known family Microbiotheriidae, was reviewed Marshall with attention to cra- survivor of the South American marsupial family by (1982), given Microbiotheriidae Ameghino, 1887. The monito nial, dental, and external characters. The clade as a its dis- del monte and a dozen or so known extinct spe- was treated family of Didelphoidea, cies of the same family compose the monophy- tinctive characters unperceived except for men- letic Cohort Microbiotheriomorphia Ameghino. tion of small canine teeth. It has since been de- Together with Cohort Didelphimorphia Gill, 1872, termined (Hershkovitz, 1992a) that microbiothe- it constitutes the Infraclass Marsupialia, also riids are monophyletic and must have arisen at known as Metatheria. Reig (1955) was the first to some time before the divergence of didelphoids, FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, N.S., NO. 93, MAY 28, 1999, PP. 1-60 Plate 1 . Dromiciops gliroides, natural size: top, note incrassate prehensile tail displayed by adult; bottom, same individual cupped in hand. Animal captured in Chile by Dr. Bruce Patterson and donated to the Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois. Photograph by Mike Greer; original photograph courtesy of the Zoological Society (reproduced from Hershkovitz, 1992a). which are characterized by their distinctive stag- of south central Chile, from the latitude of Con- gered lower third incisor (Hershkovitz, 1995). ception (ca. 37°00', 72°30') to the southern border of Isla Chiloe (ca. 44°00', 72°00'), thence east- ward into of in western Order Microbiotheria Ameghino, adjacent parts Argentina and southwestern Rio PAST: 1887, Cohort Microbiotheriomorphia Neuquen Negro. El Molino-Santa Lucia For- Ameghino Successively: Upper mation, Cochabamba, south central Bolivia (Early Distribution (Figs. 1-4)—PRESENT: Cool, Paleocene; see Marshall et ah, 1995, for details); humid, dominantly Nothofagus-Chusquea forests Itaboraian Formation in Rio de Janeiro, south- Plate 2. A, Arboreal nest of Dromiciops gliroides constructed of moss and the leaves of bamboo (Chusquea culeou). B, Nestling. C, Young taken from back of mother. (Copied from photographs by Mann, 1958.) FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY HERSHKOVITZ: LAST OF THE MICROBIOTHERIA c c 55 65 e 60 "35° 35° 55 c — 40° 40° 60° . Caradon Vaca f I fCanodon Hordo 45° Puerto Deseado MICRDBIOTHERIIDAE + 50° Monte Leon La Cueva Oueqiia Quanada 50° Santa Cruz Monte Observacion Killik Aike Norte (Fel ton's Estarcia Rfo Gal legos C5^ Fig. 1. Distributions of living Dromiciops gliroides in Chile and bordering Argentina (see Fig.
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