Tipping Point Project: Report of the Baseline Study Findings from Bangladesh
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TIPPING POINT PROJECT: REPORT OF THE BASELINE STUDY FINDINGS FROM BANGLADESH Kausar Parvin1 Tanha Tabassum Nunna1 Mahfuz Al Mamun1 Aloka Talukder1 Jannatul Ferdous Antu1 Ashraful Alam Siddique1 Sadhvi Kalra2 Anne Laterra2 Anne Sprinkel2 Leigh Stefanik2 Ruchira Tabassum Naved1 1icddr,b 2CARE USA Copyright 2019 Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Inc. (CARE) and icddr,b. All rights reserved. CARE grants permission to all not-for-profit organizations engaged in social justice and humanitarian activities to reproduce this work, in whole or in part. Other than excerpting, the original text may not be altered. This work is not to be sold, rented, leased, or used for advertising or other promotional purposes without CARE’s express written consent. The following notice shall appear conspicuously with any reproduction: "Tipping Point Program Impact Evaluation: Baseline Study in Bangladesh. Copyright © 2019 icddr,b and Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Inc. (CARE). Used by Permission." Preferred Citation: Pravin,K., Nunna, T.T., Mamun, M.A., Talukdar, A., Antu, J.F., Siddique, A.A., Kalra, S., Laterra, A., Sprinkel, A., Stefanik, L., & Naved, R.T. (2020). Tipping Point Project: Report of the Baseline Study Findings from Bangladesh. CARE USA and icddr,b. Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. i List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... ii Executive summary .................................................................................................................................iii 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Child marriage in South Asia ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Child marriage in Bangladesh ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Interventions addressing child marriage and the gaps ................................................................. 4 2. Tipping Point Program ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Theory of change .......................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Overview of Intervention Package ................................................................................................ 8 3. Design of the Tipping Point program evaluation in Bangladesh ....................................................... 10 3.1 Primary research questions ........................................................................................................ 10 3.2 Study site .................................................................................................................................... 10 3.3 Study design ............................................................................................................................... 10 3.4 Sample size for quantitative data collection ................................................................................ 12 3.5 Sample size for qualitative data collection .................................................................................. 13 3.6 Baseline qualitative study............................................................................................................ 14 3.6.1 Qualitative data collection .................................................................................................... 14 3.6.2 Qualitative data processing and analyses ........................................................................... 15 3.7 Baseline quantitative study ......................................................................................................... 17 3.7.1 Household enumeration ....................................................................................................... 17 3.7.2 Survey data collection .......................................................................................................... 18 3.7.3 Study forms .......................................................................................................................... 20 3.7.4 Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 21 3.8 Ethical considerations ................................................................................................................. 22 3.9 Limitations and Challenges ......................................................................................................... 23 4. Results .............................................................................................................................................. 25 Findings from the HH enumeration data ............................................................................................... 25 4.1 Child marriage in the study sites ................................................................................................. 25 4.1.1 Estimates of child marriage among women and men in study villages ............................... 26 4.1.2 Comparison across study arms ........................................................................................... 28 Findings from quantitative and qualitative data..................................................................................... 29 4.2 Background characteristics of the survey sample ...................................................................... 29 4.3 Background characteristics of the qualitative sample interviewed in-depth ............................... 35 4.4 Proximate drivers of child marriage ............................................................................................ 37 4.4.1 Building intrinsic agency ....................................................................................................... 37 Self-efficacy ............................................................................................................................... 37 Aspirations about education and marriage ............................................................................... 39 Qualitative evidence on aspirations about education, employment, and marriage .................. 40 Knowledge, attitude and practice around menstruation among adolescent girls ..................... 43 Attitudes regarding menstruation among Community members ............................................... 45 Knowledge of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) among girls ......................................... 47 Qualitative evidence on knowledge on Reproductive Health and Menstruation ............... 49 Qualitative Evidence on Attitudes on Reproductive Health and Menstruation ................. 52 Gender attitudes ........................................................................................................................ 56 Attitudes regarding gender roles, control of adolescent girls by family members and justification of girl beating .................................................................................................. 56 Gender roles ...................................................................................................................... 56 Control of family members over an adolescent girl ........................................................... 57 Justification of physical chastisement of the girls ............................................................. 58 Gender discrimination ....................................................................................................... 58 4.4.2 Changing power relations .................................................................................................... 64 Freedom of movement .............................................................................................................. 64 Communication and negotiation................................................................................................ 66 Participation in financial activities and decision-making ........................................................... 68 Group membership ................................................................................................................... 69 Cohesion, solidarity and mobilization skills ............................................................................... 70 Participation in events ............................................................................................................... 72 Collective efficacy ..................................................................................................................... 74 Connectedness with parents ..................................................................................................... 75 4.4.3 Understanding social norms using quantitative data ........................................................... 78 4.4.4 Understanding social norms using qualitative data ............................................................. 82 Social norms around girls’ mobility in and around the village ................................................... 82 Social norms around girls’