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Nordisk Arkitekturforskning The Nordic Association of Architectural Research Proceedings Series 2019-1 REFLECTING HISTORIES AND DIRECTING FUTURES Editors: Anne Elisabeth Toft, Magnus Rönn and Even Smith Wergeland Nordisk Arkitekturforskning The Nordic Association of Architectural Research Proceedings Series 2019-1 REFLECTING HISTORIES AND DIRECTING FUTURES REFLECTING HISTORIES AND DIRECTING FUTURES Proceeding Series 2019-1 PUBLISHER Nordic Academic Press of Architectural Research Homepage: http://arkitekturforskning.net/ EDITORS Anne Elisabeth Toft, Magnus Rönn and Even Smith Wergeland GRAPHIC DESIGN Boden World COPY-EDITING Dawn Michelle d'Atri and Rabea Berghäuser PRINTING NTNU Grafisk senter © 2019 NAAR and authors All rights reserved The authors are responsible for copyrights for photographs, illustrations and images in their chapter. ISBN 978-91983797-3-0 FINANCIAL SUPPORT Riksantikvaren The Faculty of Landscape and Society at The Norwegian University of Life Sciences The Oslo School of Architecture and Design CONTENT 5 FOREWORD Anne Elisabeth Toft and Magnus Rönn 7 INTRODUCTION Anne Elisabeth Toft 13 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION: 100 YEARS IN NORWAY Karsten Jørgensen 33 HAPPY HOOGVLIET Michelle Provoost 55 KAY FISKER’S CLASSICAL PRINCIPLES FOR MODERN HOUSING Martin Søberg 75 INFORMING FUTURE URBAN HOUSING THROUGH MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRACED HOUSE WITH MEWS Anja Standal 99 LOOKING UP: IMAGINING A VERTICAL ARCHITECTURE Minna Chudoba 125 THE CHANGING ENFRANCHISEMENT OF STAKEHOLDERS IN BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE Tom Davies 153 RENOVATION OF SOCIAL HOUSING: A TECTONIC DIALOGUE BETWEEN PAST AND PRESENT? Stina Rask Jensen, Marie Frier Hvejsel, Poul Henning Kirkegaard, and Anders Strange 181 LIVING ON THE THRESHOLD: THE MISSING DEBATE ON PERI-URBAN ASYLUM RECEPTION CENTRES IN NORWAY, 2015-16 Anne Hege Simonsen and Marianne Skjulhaug REFLECTING HISTORIES AND DIRECTING FUTURES. 3 203 ARCHITECTURAL REPRESENTATION, THE CONTROLLED FUTURE, AND SPATIAL PRACTICE Otto Paans, Ralf Pasel, and Boukje Ehlen 229 NEGOTIATING THE PAST OF WAR AND THE FUTURE OF THE ATTRACTIVE CITY Liv Bente Belsnes 249 THE MAKING OF “SCANDINAVIA” IN THE VISIONARY DESIGN OF A THEME PARK Gunnar Sandin 279 CONTRIBUTORS 287 PEER REVIEWERS 4 NORDISK ARKITEKTURFORSKNING – THE NORDIC ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH FOREWORD Anne Elisabeth Toft and Magnus Rönn The Nordic Association of Architectural Research (NAF/NAAR) is an independent association of architectural researchers from universities and schools of architecture in the Nordic countries. The association has existed since 1987. The present book is the proceedings publication from the 2017 NAF/NAAR symposium by the name of Reflecting Histories and Directing Futures. NAF/NAAR symposia are held once a year. They are important platforms for critical reflection on architecture and architectural research in the Nordic countries. To ensure their dynamic and democratic format, the events are conceptualized and organized in collaboration with various partners and are hosted by a different university or school of architecture. Each year, the symposium focuses its discussions on a topic or theoretical framework representing the current research interests of NAF/NAAR and its collaborators. Forty-seven scholars from the Nordic countries attended the 2017 NAF/ NAAR symposium. All eleven articles in this publication—except those by invited keynote speakers Michelle Provoost, Director of the International New Town Institute (INTI), and Karsten Jørgensen, Professor at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)—were submitted to a double-blind peer review process, following a peer review template developed by NAF/NAAR. NAF/NAAR is indebted to a number of people, whose names we are pleased to mention in this foreword. On behalf of the association, we wish to thank Eva Falleth, Dean in the Faculty of Landscape and Society at NMBU, and Ole Gustavsen, Rector at The Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO), who enthusiastically embraced NAF/NAAR by hosting its 2017 symposium at their institutions; Associate Professor Lisbet Harboe, AHO, Professor Elin Börrud, NMBU, and Associate Professor, Even Smith Wergeland, AHO, who were the driving forces behind the successful event and its organization; and REFLECTING HISTORIES AND DIRECTING FUTURES. 5 distinguished scholars Director Michelle Provoost, Professor Mari Hvattum, and Professor Karsten Jørgensen, whose keynote lectures framed the discus- sions of the event.1 Equally, we would like to express our profound gratitude to all of the many devoted peer reviewers who have generously supported NAF/NAAR and its work by offering their time and professional expertise to reviewing articles. Their willingness to participate sustained the book from start to finish. Finally, we would like to thank our financial benefactors. The publication of the book was made possible thanks to the generous financial support of the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage (Riksantikvaren), The Oslo School of Architecture and Design, and the Faculty of Landscape and Society at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Anne Elisabeth Toft Magnus Rönn President of NAF/NAAR Vice-President of NAF/NAAR NOTES 1 Mari Hvattum, professor at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design, did not develop her keynote lecture into an article for this publication. 6 NORDISK ARKITEKTURFORSKNING – THE NORDIC ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH INTRODUCTION Anne Elisabeth Toft The 2017 NAF/NAAR symposium Reflecting Histories and Directing Futu- res was hosted by AHO in Oslo and NMBU in Ås. It took place on 15–16 June 2017 and coincided with the 30th anniversary of NAF/NAAR. This occa- sion not only called for a critical assessment of NAF/NAAR and architectural research in the Nordic countries, its history and changing concepts. It also encouraged reflection on architecture and its representational power. The NAF/NAAR symposia engage in a discussion of research and architectu- ral knowledge production as evolving practices. This symposium specifically focused on how the concept of the future has been expressed and understood in and by architecture in recent history, and in what way this understan- ding has shaped architectural discourse. It was an event which reflected on the agency of architecture and the visions and histories of different design cultures and their hegemony in society. Presenting a retrospective yet futu- re-oriented framework for the symposium discussions, NAF/NAAR and its collaborating partners also encouraged participants to explore how the disci- pline of architecture is being shaped by different political, cultural, social, economic, and jurisdictional circumstances. The symposium pointed out the intertextuality of architects’ work and how the recognizable echoes of diffe- rent influences add layers of meaning. It more directly fostered discussions that took into account the following three questions: How can we learn from historical futures through creative critical reflection? How can professionals in architecture, landscape architecture, urbanism, and planning project new futures along with a critical discussion of these projections? How are new futures imagined, directed, and critically reflected in contemporary practice? With the present proceedings publication, NAF/NAAR and its collabora- ting partners wish to shed light on architectural research by taking a closer look at the social and cultural construction of concepts and theories that have defined society’s vision of the future. The publication looks at what role the work by architects, planners and landscape architects have played in shaping this vision. REFLECTING HISTORIES AND DIRECTING FUTURES. 7 The authors of the book’s eleven articles come from academia and practice, respectively, and the articles represent a range of methodological and discur- sive approaches to the topic of the book. They are rooted in disciplines like architecture, landscape architecture, architectural history, cultural heritage studies, planning, and urbanism. The articles touch upon topical issues in society, such as sustainability, migration, and climate change. Central to the book, however, is housing and life in the city, but also questions regarding architectural representation and cultural heritage. In his article ‘Landscape Architecture Education: 100 Years in Norway’, Karsten Jørgensen describes how landscape architecture education was esta- blished as the first academic programme of its kind in Europe. This took place in 1919 at Norges Landbrukshøgskole (The Norwegian University of Agriculture, NLH). The occurrence was politically significant and partly driven by a wave of nationalism that swept across the country after the disso- lution of Norway’s union with Sweden in 1905. More generally, it was part of the long-standing process of constructing a nation state after Norway gained independence from Denmark in 1814. According to Jørgensen, the esta- blishment of the academic landscape architecture education in Ås marked a modernization of the Norwegian higher education system and a new view in society on garden art, the city, and the countryside, as well as the cultivation and preservation of nature. Hoogvliet is a borough of Rotterdam in the Netherlands. It was designed in the late 1940s. It adopted the principles of the English New Towns, and it represented the ideals at the time for architecture and urban design. In her article ‘Happy Hoogvliet’, Michelle Provoost reflects on how and why Hoogv- liet, like many other modern
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