474 | Ortega Sanz | Welfare State. Sociological Aesthetics countries. focus onModernArchitectureinNordic her thesisentitled“Nordicassembly” research groupFORMwhereshedevelops Currently, sheisPhDCandidateinthe at DanmarksKunstbibliotek, . received agranttobeyoungresearcher kolen iAarhus,.Lateron,she architecture inBarcelonaandArkitekts design. OrtegawaseducatedatSchoolof Spain; wheresheteachesarchitectural School, UniversitatdeGirona,Catalonia, and associateprofessoratPolytechnic Yolanda OrtegaSanzisanarchitect Yolanda Sanz Ortega - Universitat deGirona CSAAR, Amman,Jordan. CSAAR, tunities inArchitecturalConservation, Sweden; orResponsibilitiesandOppor Nordic Symposium,KTH,, Conference onarchitecturalcompetition, architects: JørnUtzon,Sevilla,Spain;1st ternational Conferenceoncontemporary sented inseveralconferencesas:1stIn Her researchhasbeenpublishedandpre - - - DAS ERBE DER MODERNE | 475 1 - - - - , Mc

Walter Gropius Walter

Apollo in the Democracy. The cultural Obligation of the Architect Apollo in the Democracy.

tification, is slowly spreading over the whole world, establishing itself tification, is slowly spreading over growing communi upon the foundation of increasing industrialization, the broad admission of the masses cation and information services, and vote. What is the relationship of this to higher education and the right to today? form of life to art and architecture [My theme] concerns itself with the creation of beauty and with the [My theme] concerns itself with the By the word democratic society. measure of its reverberations in the of life which, without political iden “democracy” […] I speak of the form Walter Gropius: Walter 1 Graw-Hill, 1968, p. 3. ved in the twenties was spreading across the whole world but its original ideologi suppressed in favor of aesthetics. cal dimension was often In 1954, thirty-five years after founding the Bauhaus, Walter Gropius travelled founding the Bauhaus, Walter In 1954, thirty-five years after around the world, revising his ideas about a democratic environment for the II, the artistic and social utopia concei War World twentieth-century man. After democracy on Nordic democracy on countries, Denmark Modern architecture and architecture Modern SOCIOLOGICAL AESTHETICS WELFARE STATE. 476 | Ortega Sanz | Welfare State. Sociological Aesthetics Gropius’ “novelmethodofeducationindesignhasbeenwidelymisunderstood not therightwordtodefineModernArchitecture.Moreover, healsostressedthat however, Hitchcockrewrotetheintroductionandnowargued that“style”was fection andfineproportions,asopposedtoappliedornament. symmetry, anddependenceontheintrinsiceleganceofmaterials,technicalper as opposedtomassandsolidity, asymmetryandregularityasopposedtoaxial fined thenewmovementintermsofasharedformallanguageemphasizinglight original catalogue,thecuratorsHenry-Russell HitchcockandPhilipJohnsonde national Styleexhibition attheMuseumofModernArtinNewYork in1932.Inthe ideals. enon, ignoredandrejectedbyasociety untrainedtorecognizeeitheraestheticvaluesorsocial Asaresult,Hitchcock claimedthat architectural formwasperceivedasanisolatedphenom- 3 1960, p.13. 2 particularly receptivetotheradicalagendaofmodernism. Intheearly1920s,as avoided thematerialandsocialbreakdownthat,amongst others,madeGermany As Denmark,SwedenandNorwayremainedneutralduring World War I,they cal aesthetics. cularly Denmark,insearchofademocraticarchitecture anditsimplicitsociologi between modernarchitectureandthewelfarestatein Nordiccountries,parti between art,technologyandsocialdemands.Thispaper willexplore therelation the general public and expected the creative architect to find the right equilibrium welfare state,whichprovidedforthedevelopmentofanaestheticawarenessin society whereeveryoneenjoysequalprivileges.ThiswasthegoalofNordic spective formsisonlypossiblethroughanappropriateeducationinademocratic and misinterpreted”reducedtoarigidstylisticdogma. As aresult,Hitchcock claimedthat architecturalformwas perceivedasanisolatedphenom Henry-Russell Hitchcock,PhilipJohnson: The depoliticizationofmodernarchitecturehasbeentracedbacktotheInter The reception of the Modern Architecture in Nordic countries Nordic in Architecture Modern the of reception The Gropius insistedthatthesimultaneouscreationofmodernmeansandre The InternationalStyle magazine. Fig. 1:Cover: , W.W. Norton&Company, 3

2 Two decadeslater, Two Kritisk Revy ------DAS ERBE DER MODERNE | 477 - - , - - Kritisk Kritisk 31, extolled the the extolled 31,

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Scandinavian 4 of Italy. of Italy. Akademisk Arkitektforening architettura minore or “more beautiful everyday objects”. The 1930 exhibition or “more beautiful everyday objects”. The 1930 exhibition House 28. Its editor, , and correspondents that also inclu also that correspondents and Henningsen, Poul editor, Its 28.

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, 1929. in 1926 in Accept ! : The Stockholm Exhibition, 1930 In 1929, the association of Danish architects, In 1929, the association of Danish architects, Nevertheless, monumental neo-classicism was criticized for distancing itself itself distancing for criticized was neo-classicism monumental Nevertheless, Danish welfare state has been developed since the 1870s. ding board for the new conception of architecture and modernity (fig. 3). 4 Vackare vardagsvara, Vackare soun became an ideal venue for promoting a new way of living and the principal in Scandinavian architecture. It was organized by the Swedish Arts and Crafts by the Swedish Arts and Crafts in Scandinavian architecture. It was organized since 1909 as a way Association, which had featured model home exhibitions to demonstrate the value of good design to a broad audience under the slogan, Still, it was the Stockholm exhibition in 1930 that marked the advent of a new era in 1930 that marked Still, it was the Stockholm exhibition Erik Bryggman organized an exhibition in , introducing the principles of introducing the principles of in Turku, an exhibition Erik Bryggman organized functionalism to . organized the exhibition “House and building” in the Forum, a fair center in Co “House and building” in the Forum, the exhibition organized was the utopian House of the Future, designed by penhagen. Among the exhibits and (fig. 2). In the same year, and Flemming Lassen new form language as a vehicle for a social utopia and democratic architecture as as architecture democratic and utopia social a for vehicle a as language form new 1). (fig. renewal revolutionary that evolutionary more a art, universal and useful a Revy 1930 in Dessau in Bauhaus the at taught who Heiberg Edvard ded found that traditional forms of academic architecture were out-dated and inca and out-dated were architecture academic of forms traditional that found of some Denmark, In age. developed technically a of problems the solving of pable magazine the by launched was neoclassicism of criticism fervent most the from egalitarian democracy. By contrast, modern architecture was an attempt to to attempt an was architecture modern contrast, By democracy. egalitarian from modernists The technology. new and form classical between conflict the free break architects were exploring a mannerist form of neo-classicism, often inspired by inspired neo-classicism, often a mannerist form of architects were exploring and the local building traditions of the Future welfare state continued to be implemented, the principles of the Fig. 2: Arne Jacobsen and Fig. 2: Arne Jacobsen Flemming Lassen: 478 | Ortega Sanz | Welfare State. Sociological Aesthetics functional style.Theexhibition areacomprisedamultitudeofpavilions,hallsand were subordinatedtothewholeinarationalunitywithcommonandbalanced with hiscolleagues,Asplundcreatedadisciplinedmasterplaninwhichtheparts transportation andfurnishing”. formal language,whichweredisplayedthroughthethreemainsections“housing, on, technicalandsocialrationalismalsothebeautyofaconstructivelyclear general commissioneroftheexhibition, heassertedtheneedforstandardizati a forcefuladvocatorofthenewarchitectureandsociologicalaesthetics.As Åhrén: 6 Förlag, 1999,p.36. 5 means.” the perfect to harder the all work must we goal this from far still we’re If life. richer a to means Yes only conditions. the is living this individual’s stabilize and economy world’s the improve and organize to is on working we’re “what so life, of quality the sing rai for conditions better create to Technologyhelped lives.” our in instrument flexible a is which culture a create and it modify to order in it over prevailing of it, controlling of hope any we have reality existing the accepting by “only that manifesto the co-wrote Paulsson architects modern other four and Asplund with exhibition,together the after Soon production. mass and standardization of techniques new ded forthepublicatlarge, withgoodqualityandanattractiveappearance”. sources toendowdwellingsandhouseholdgoods,particularlysuchasareinten present Sweden’scontributiontocontemporarystrivingsbyutilizingartisticre artifacts where“industrialarts,artsandcrafts andotherhandicrafts aimedto Erik GunnarAsplund,Wolter Gahn, SvenMarkelius, GregorPaulsson, EskilSundahl andUno Eva Rudberg: Paulsson appointedErikGunnar Asplundasthemainarchitect.Together The Association’sdirector, GregorPaulsson, wasbotharadicalreformerand Again thematizing the home, the exhibition was a plea to accept the the accept to plea a was exhibition the home, the thematizing Again Acceptera 1930, Modernism’s Breakthrough in SwedishArchitecture Breakthroughin 1930, Modernism’s Manifesto, 1931. 6 (Fig. 4) (Fig. acceptera or “accept!”. The book begins with the claim claim the with begins book The “accept!”. or bition, 1930. Asplund: Stockholmexhi Fig. 3:ErikGunnar , Stockholmia 5 - - - - - DAS ERBE DER MODERNE | 479 - - - or functionalism, funkis 7 Acceptera Acceptera Therefore, public commissions and several open architectural competitions, Therefore, public commissions and several Functionalism and Nordic welfare state, 1930s In Scandinavia, modern architecture was known as In Scandinavia, modern Walter Gropius, see note 1, p. 67. Walter concrete were used industrially according to the possibilities of standardization concrete were used industrially according to the possibilities of standardization 7 airports, factories, theaters, concerts halls attending public education, health and airports, factories, theaters, concerts halls attending public education, health steel, glass and reinforced transport programs, etc., where new materials like also as a democratic procedure, were announced to design public buildings and also as a democratic procedure, were announced to design public buildings Functionalism was mainly across the Nordic countries. social housing complexes halls, implemented in new buildings such as schools, universities, libraries, sport become clearly identified in the mind of the society does it become the inner sub become clearly identified in the mind stance of its works of art and architecture”. citizens with a healthy and good environment built according to new architectu citizens with a healthy and good environment when “a social or spiritual goal has thus ral ideals. In the words of Gropius, only political force. The social democrats often chose functionalist projects as a visible political force. The social democrats often architecture into a sound relationship with sign for their policies, trying to bring and social prejudices in order to provide life and to free it from antiquated styles In Sweden, the Social democratic party held power from 1932 to 1976, while in In Sweden, the Social democratic party was almost as important as a other Scandinavian countries social democracy well as between construction and function. reconciled architecture with the establishment of the welfare state. Economy, of the welfare state. Economy, reconciled architecture with the establishment aesthetics as well as functional and social needs were stressed over technology, a balance between form and use, as or formalism. Nordic architects were seeking ty, appropriateness and expectations of a better world realized with the help of of a better world realized with the help and expectations appropriateness ty, housing geometry and and rational planning. With collective modern technology aesthetic and plastic revolution that industrial production held in its core the although strictly speaking the term covers only the late twenties and thirties, the term covers only the late twenties although strictly speaking practicali 1935. The ideology of functionalism emphasized from about 1929 to manifesto. Fig. 4: Cover: 480 | Ortega Sanz | Welfare State. Sociological Aesthetics 9 8 their ownsake.” strive tocreateanewculture ofdwellings,insteadsearchingfornewforms re. Alongwithnewmaterialsandstructures,thebestof new architectureshould declaring that“thehomeisoneofthemainproblemscontemporary architectu ded. Thus,AaltoandBryggmankept thedebateabouthousingproblemalive, out byprivatecompanies,whichmeantthatsocialequality wasnotalwaysprovi natorium inPaimio builtbyAlvarAalto. However, housingprojectswerecarried buildings fornewtypesofinstitutions,aswas,instance, theTuberculosisSa identity. Functionalism,introduced intheTurku exhibition, wasappliedinpublic between nature,cultureandarchitecture,whichinitself wasanartisticvalueand abroad, portrayingasocietywherefreeplacingofbuildings leadstoadialogue the policyofsocialhousing. (OsloBoligogSparelag)forinstance,becamethemostimportanttoolin OBOS private cooperativesocietiesalsocontributedtothebuildingofawelfarestate. for anewarchitecturerespondingtosocialrequests.Publiccommissionsand radical groupofarchitects living throughpedagogicalexhibitions andcourses.LarsBacker, memberofthe authorities, reflectingcontemporaryideasonpublicwelfareandstandardsof to create collective dwellings and to spread functionalism throughout Sweden. och byggnadsförening at large. Also, cooperative movements such as HSB, tera tects representatives of the new style in architecture and signatories of the a rational and higher standard in their ways of living. Many of the Swedish archi fety, health care, education and housing needs, enlightening the population about controlling businesses through regulations. The government focused on social sa between communism and capitalism, not insisting on state ownership but rather socialism‘, was established in the forties. Following a program later defined as ’functional ciety andthedevelopmentofsocialprogram. Scandinavian countryacceptedtothesamedegreeassymbolofnewso and prefabricationinartisticforms.Still,thenewarchitecturewasnotevery Erik Bryggman: “To modernApartment”.In Finland declaredIndependencefrom Russia on6thDecember1917. Meanwhile, inNorway, architectsweredesigningseveralbuildingsforpublic The Swedish welfare state, also known as In Finland,thenewnation Manifesto, centered their interest on building housing projects for the public funktionssocialism 9 (national cooperative association for housing) contributed Socialistiske ArkitektersGruppe, 8 usedmodernarchitectureasamarketing tool , the social democrats wanted to strike a balance Erik Bryggman1891–1955 Folkhemmet Hyresgästernas sparkasse- or ’the people’s home‘ assertedtheneed , Architect,Museum accep ------DAS ERBE DER MODERNE | 481 ------Laws were passed by parliament as part of a compromi passed by parliament Laws were 10 The foundation for the Danish Welfare State: Ethnic, Religious and lin State: Ethnic, Religious The foundation for Welfare the Danish , Proceedings XIV International Economic History Congress, , 2006. The Bellevue area, north of Copenhagen, was one of the paradigmatic recrea The Bellevue area, north of Copenhagen, Edvard Heiberg, Mogens Lassen and Arne Jacobsen were the forerunners of Mogens Edvard Heiberg, In the interwar period, the Danish welfare state was highly developed by was highly developed welfare state period, the Danish In the interwar Niels Kærgård: Niels Kærgård:

of Finnish Architecture, 1991, p. 281. 10 guistic harmony The general suburban scheme included the “Bellavista” housing complex (1931- The general suburban scheme included the “Bellavista” housing complex elegant buildings in the landscape, under the guidelines of a new urban planning elegant buildings in the landscape, under the guidelines of a new urban planning and the considerations of the committee for the “preservation of rural Denmark”, which carried out the responsibility to maintain the horizontal Danish landscape. cing the Øresund. proposal shows his talent for situating tion centers close to the beach. Jacobsen’s public areas around the buildings were designed to form a unity which embraced public areas around the buildings were in a suburban area fa clearly exemplified an urban planning approach and was house, and later on, with the Thorvald Petersen’s single-family house completed Petersen’s house, and later on, with the Thorvald by Jacobsen were characterized in 1933. Houses and public buildings designed and open-air spaces: the gardens and by the connection of the interiors to nature geometric impulse and white volumes recall the visual plasticity of Le Corbusier’s geometric impulse and white volumes style in his works gradually starting villas. Arne Jacobsen introduced the new house built in 1929 and Max Rothenborg’s with the ’House of the future’, his own visual composition was influenced by Muche’s experimental house. Mogens Las Muche’s experimental visual composition was influenced by whose houses of set a with modernism of credo the to commitment his showed sen the new formalism in Denmark, thatwhich was characterized by whitewashed the new formalism in Denmark, thatwhich steel ribbon windows. The first functio brick surfaces, pure forms, flat roofs and own house, built in 1924, whose nalistic building in Scandinavia was Heiberg’s build business and office buildings, high-level housing complexes or single-family or single-family office buildings, high-level housing complexes build business and houses. introduced the new architectural conception and new materials. Modern architec architectural conception and new materials. introduced the new private commissions to to a minor part of society though ture was only addressed tried to close the educational gap between the progressive élite and the working gap between the progressive tried to close the educational of functionalist style social housing was not a product class. First and foremost airport, designed by Vilhelm Lauritzen, Kastrup buildings like and only few public social security scheme. social security party named ’The Radical Left,’ the centre liberal party, se between the peasants’ reforms, the parties never Despite the social party. and the Social Democratic smaller and bigger reforms in the 1920s and especially in 1933, when the “Kans in 1933, when the 1920s and especially bigger reforms in smaller and labor rights and arranged agreement expanded Kanslergade or lergadeforliget” 482 | Ortega Sanz | Welfare State. Sociological Aesthetics tionalist stylewithoutattendingentirelytonewmaterialsandconstruction.The The newconceptionofarchitecturewasartisticallytranslatedintoawhitefunc democratization oftheleisure. door lifetoreflectanaestheticandegalitarianexpression ofasocialutopia and geometry andradiantvolumes,functionalitytransparencyextend the out in harmonywithitstimeandcarefullyfittedtothesurroundings.Elementary a servicestation(1936).TheyallshowJacobsen’sabilitytocreatesomethingnew bathing establishment(1930 34; fig.5),furtherbuildingswere:aswellasasummertheatre(1935 seemed tobeableremain cleanandneatasrequiredbythisstyle.Neverthe in Denmarkfurnishedwithsuch external facingandbuilt frommaterialswhich dings, facingthe for theStellingHus,builtin 1934 (fig.6)andlocatedinthecornerofolderbuil gan tocoverthebuildingswith stoneslabsortilesmetal.Jacobsen’sproposal and cleanwithouttoomuchmaintenance.For thisreasonmodernarchitectsbe no aptmaterialforthecoatingofouterwalls,sothat theywouldremainwhite and construction. defined bythefunctionalistinsistenceonforminaccordance withmaterial traditional brickworkwhichhighlightedtheproblemoftruthful architectureas with thenewtechniquesoccasionallyconstructed cubist“forms”with reinforced concreteorsteelframedstructures.Builders who werelessfamiliar buildings suchasoffices,sportshallsortraffic throughcurtain-walls, reedto cheap-fired. New technologies were primarily introduced in representative not immediatelyoffereconomicorpracticaladvantagesfordomesticarchitectu been separated. connection totheconstructivepropertiesofbuildings.Form andstructure had architects cultivatedthesuperficialformorappearancewithoutanyorganic At thebeginningitwasadrawback forthefunctionaliststylethattherewas In comparisontothetraditional,cheap-firedbricksreinforcedconcretedid gammeltorv – 32), arestaurant(1937),ridingschool(1934)and (oldsquare),wasthefirstfunctionalistic building Klampenborg, 1931–1934. lavista housingcomplex, Fig. 5:�������������������� ArneJacobsen:Bel – 37), abeach ------DAS ERBE DER MODERNE | 483 - - - - 100. – 13 , 1st October 1930. Com , 1950, pp. 69 Also, in Finland, Alvar Also, 12 , in Dagblad Arkitekten Manedshæfte , Danish Architectural Press, 2007. 11 Modern Swedish architects tried to preserve the ”Swedish grace” or “Swedish Modern Swedish architects tried to preserve Nordic empiricism. Functional Tradition, 1940’s P. V. Jensen Klint, Lecture, 1909. Quoted in Christoffer Harlang: “The Modern Breaktrough”, Jensen Klint, Lecture, 1909. Quoted V. P. Viking Göransson: “Funk-och nationalisk” “Den Funktionelle tradition”, Kay Fisker:

12 Sweden, Prestel, 1998. piled in AAVV., 13 11 Danish Architecture since 1754 line not entirely independent of tradition, adapted to the Danish environment and line not entirely independent of tradition, adapted to the Danish environment influenced by currents from the outer in expression, quite and modest character, world, but looking first and foremost to its Danish inheritance.” combines the order of neoclassicism, the luminosity and the abstraction of Nordic combines the order of neoclassicism, Jensen Klint’ school. “It can of the P.V. functionalism and the traditional materials that Danish architecture is advancing, but along a be said without exaggeration modern architecture and Danish tradition, in form and materials, culminated in modern architecture and Danish tradition, functional tradition, where the architecture called a synthesis that Kay Fisker old pioneers and master builders that should survive. Only then, a development old pioneers and master builders that can occur”. that is based on tradition and reverence In Denmark, the alliance between Aalto incorporated his lyrical wood detailing. ness” in architecture, “once-modern but now out-dated decoration, should not be ness” in architecture, “once-modern but open-mindedness for new ideas and vitality of the alacrity, copied but the honesty, sequently “repetition creates perfection in everyday things, renewal perfection sequently “repetition creates perfection through the ages”. to adapt the principles of modern architecture to the Nordic traditional crafts to adapt the principles of modern architecture climate and landscape. Nordic building manship, materials, habits, ways of living, design; con standardization and uniform tradition possessed rational technology, In the late 1930s, the insistence on truthfulness in architecture led in the first insistence on truthfulness in architecture In the late 1930s, the Architects established the basis instance to the cultivation of Nordic traditions. culminates with a modern tradition supported by identity and historic context. tradition supported by identity culminates with a modern 1934–1937. environment decanting of functionalism in the Scandinavian less, the progressive Fig. 6: Arne Jacobsen: Fig. 6: Arne Jacobsen: Stelling Hus, Copenhagen, 484 | Ortega Sanz | Welfare State. Sociological Aesthetics renewed andcontemporaryformcompatiblewithpurebrickworkconstruction the relationshipbetweenform,constructionandcontentswasexpressed ina and Danishworkers werefamiliarwithitsvarioususes.Thefunctionalidealof tages. Itslimitedsizelentgreatflexibility totheplananddesignoffaçades, materials, like brickandwood. steel, therewasarenewedinterestintraditionalDanishconstructionswithlocal and cultural.Encouragedbythelackofmaterialstypicalmodernity, primarily from therestofworldandhelpedtodevelopnationalmovements,political improve theindividualapartments intermsoffunctionalityandstandardization mestic environment was of crucial meaning to the political and economic conditions. dwelling came to be considered as a political and social asset; the quality of the do states housing was a political domain, and so that an efficient, well-run, harmonious played an important role in the construction of new dwellings. In Nordic welfare losed gardensplannedbylandscapearchitects. tation tothesunandviewsgreenareasparks,as wellashouseswithenc practical use,solidityandeconomy. Dwellingswerecharacterizedbytheirorien ped andarchitecturaleffectsweresimplifiedwithafine homogeneity ofmaterial, complexes. Rationalplanningandstandardizationoftypesflatsweredevelo tion wasprimarilyexpressed throughsingle-familyhousesandsocialhousing (1938 designed byKayFisker andC.F. Møller(1931– democracy andwelfare. re reflectedthestableeconomy, qualityandtraditioninaneverydayexpression of through recoveringtherootswithinNordictradition.Thus,Danisharchitectu and thesenseofqualityinworkmanship,ordertodemocratizearchitecture Yellow brick,thetraditionalDanishbuildingmaterial,stillheldgreatadvan The GermanoccupationofDenmarkduringWorld War IIisolatedthecountry Architects, urbanplannersand professorsattheAcademy wereinvolvedto Social building societies and consortiums, financed and controlled by the state, The paradigmaticpublicbuildingsinthisperiodweretheAarhusUniversity – 40), byErikMøllerandFlemmingLassen.However, thefunctionaltradi 39), andtheNyborg PublicLibrary ------DAS ERBE DER MODERNE | 485 - - - - 52, both – , a group of five chain Søholm I , the 194 row houses in Rødovre, 1949 39), planned by Kay Fisker, were results of this were Fisker, 39), planned by Kay – dwelling designed by Povl Baumann and Knud Hansen Baumann and Knud Hansen by Povl dwelling designed (1935 Islevvænge Storgaarden Vertersøhus 6 storey parallel blocks keep up communal open green spaces in bet up communal open green keep 6 storey parallel blocks – 43; fig. 8) or Fig. 9: Arne – Nordic Modernity. Synthesis and identity, 1950–60’s Simple humanistic architecture, strongly related to English architecture, Simple humanistic architecture, strongly of architecture. Modern architecture was not only connected to reach the social of architecture. Modern architecture was not only connected to reach the social and goals of the welfare state, but also seen as the symbol of a more democratic better society for everyone. in Denmark the five years of war were a period of stagnation in housing and pu in Denmark the five years of war were a period of stagnation in housing and influenced the perception blic policies. The postwar cultural and political context political support to the idea that industrialization would ensure the development political support to the idea that industrialization would ensure the development so of the welfare state. Finland and Norway had been subject to great destruction, but rebuilding and re-housing were the main aims. Sweden had remained neutral, After World War II, the necessity of reconstruction in most Nordic countries gave II, the necessity of reconstruction War World After apt materials and construction to Danish conditions through abstract forms and apt materials and construction to Danish well-balanced compositions (fig. 9). with asbestos-cement or roofing tiles. The architect was able to combine tradition with asbestos-cement or roofing tiles. forms. and modern aesthetic style to create new summarizes the effort of the ’functional tradition‘ to ad houses in Klampenborg, government-subsidized. Jacobsen also designed private single-family houses in government-subsidized. Jacobsen also period, the white plastered outer walls compared with his previous modern which, the flat roofs by pitched roofs covered were superseded by yellow bricks, and Arne Jacobsen’s proposals such as the eighteen chain houses in Ellebækvej Arne Jacobsen’s proposals such as the (1939 was also developed in detached houses where the repetition of the unit con was also developed in detached houses in and row houses, as for example forms low-rise housing also through chain ween (fig. 7). in 1935, or period of experimentation. ’park development‘ was characteristic of the Danish residential architecture, was characteristic of the Danish residential ’park development‘ where 3 Klampenborg. planning, so-called and methodic research. A new urban through competitions Ellebækvej, Gentofte. Right: Jacobsen: Søholm I, Ibstrupparken I, Gentofte, Ibstrupparken 1941. right: Opposite page, Jacobsen, Fig. 8: Arne Opposite page, left: Opposite Jacobsen: Fig. 7: Arne 486 | Ortega Sanz | Welfare State. Sociological Aesthetics rigor, andeconomyofmaterials. ned withDanishtraditionofcraftsmanship thatwasbasedonquality, accuracy, portions. Danisharchitectsdevelopedtheseguidelinesintheirownwork,combi great knowledgeinsystemsofconstruction,geometricalformsandrulespro well-analyzed buildingswithastaticquality, lookingforsimplesolutionsand and Merrill.Mieshadaconceptofarchitectureassomethingtobefoundinlogical pan. ThemaininfluenceswereLudwig MiesvanderRoheandSkidmore, Owings tions tointernationalarchitecture,inparticulartheUnitedStatesbutalsoJa ments weretobecomeintegral partsofpublicpolicies. planning, inwhichtheprinciples ofmodernarchitectureandnewurbanenviron and welfare-state.Thus,the ‘core’anticipatedpost-warsocialdemocraticurban importance offormallyexpressing thecivic andsocialvaluesofamodernsociety theatres, postofficesandpolice stations.Thearchitecturehelpedtohighlightthe town halls(fig.10),schools,libraries,culturalcenters,residences fortheelderly, cape. The‘heartofthecity’containedallpublicservices required,suchas nized onthebasisofsubordinaterelationshippublicbuildings toNordiclands gardens andpublicspaces. zed bylow-densityresidentialareasandanurbancenter surroundedbyparks, introduced byEbenezerHowardin1898.Asaresult,new citieswerecharacteri master planswerebasedontheBritish‘gardencities’,a townplanningmodel and developacitywidenetworkofrailwaysarterial roads, orparkways.Most ronment and“totalarchitecture”. ning, publicbuildings,housing,furniture,etc.promotinganewdemocraticenvi austerity offormandeconomywasimplementedinurbanlandscapeplan people inNordicwelfaresocieties.Anewuniversalaestheticsbasedonsimplicity, and promotedwereacceptedperceivedasbeneficialtothelarge masses of Materials, techniquesandaestheticsthatmodernarchitecturebothutilized In Denmark,after theperiodofisolation,architectsestablishedconnec The new’urbancenters‘weredefinedasaspacefor thecommunity, orga After thewartherewasaneedtocontrol urbangrowthinNordiccountries 1953–1956. Rødovre Town Hall, Fig. 10:ArneJacobsen: ------DAS ERBE DER MODERNE | 487 - - - - , had been the only way to reestablish contact with nature - 56) and row-houses, in a synthesis of industrialization and eco

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. Kolonihave Ørnegårdsvej, And yet, it was single-family houses that became the main research field for And yet, it was single-family houses that became the main research field for In the meantime, an international building exhibition in Berlin, Interbau 1957, exhibition In the meantime, an international building The demand for social housing and government loans stimulated and fa del of three-room-houses with up to 110 square meters. Until then, wee houses in del of three-room-houses with up to 110 square meters. Until then, wee houses allotments, for those residing in cities (fig. 12). rates contributed to the development of the house in close contact with nature rates contributed to the development of the house in close contact with nature mo and the surrounding landscape. The requirements were established with the housing. modern Danish architecture. The system of state subsidies based on low interest from Sweden, took part in it. The Danish contribution consisted of four atrium- from Sweden, took part in it. The Danish apartment block. well as Kay Fisker’s houses designed by Arne Jacobsen as the main guidelines that were carried out in Danish summarized Both examples Corbusier, together with Nordic architects such as Kay Fisker and Arne Jacobsen together with Nordic architects such as Kay Fisker Corbusier, and Sten Samuelson Fritz Jaenecke from Denmark, Alvar Aalto from Finland, almost completely destroyed during World War II, the Hansaviertel was rebuilt II, the Hansaviertel was rebuilt War almost completely destroyed during World by 194 invited foreign architects to share their neighborhood as an experimental systems. Once again, Gropius and Le ideas about housing and new construction nomy (fig. 11). in Stuttgart. A district recreated the triumph of the 1927 Weissenhofsiedlung industrialization of residential areas was developed in new dwellings (such as Bellahøj, 1945 was identified with a new standardization through prefabrication and steel frame construction. The proposals reflected a resurgence of modern language, the best examples of which are performed during the first half of the fifties. The blished and proposed industrialized methods in housing construction. Danish architects travelled abroad to study and learn the use of new materials and methods of production. The Danish tradition in craftsmanship and fine details cilitated the shift towards new non-traditional building systems. In 1947, the Danish Ministry for Housing and the Building Research Institute were esta Gentofte, 1957 Fig. 11: Arne Jacobsen: Fig. 11: Arne Jacobsen: Row houses for A. Jesper sen & Søn, 488 | Ortega Sanz | Welfare State. Sociological Aesthetics of furniture.” the effect of furniture as a whole and the visual space function of individual pieces created greaterinterestbothforinteriorproportionsandtextural effectsasfor ned rangeofarchitecturalpossibilitieswithincreasedsensespacecontinuity were builtentirelyofwoodonasimpleprincipleconstruction,wherethewide tectural influences.“Toward theendof1950smanyfinesingle-familyhouses new materials,improvedtechniques,landscapesensitivityandJapanesearchi the familyandinspiredarchitectstoproducehigharchitecturalqualitythrough 14 exaltation ofthecombinationmodernityandidentity. racterized byresistancetothe homogenizationoftheinternationalstyleand and materialtraditionculminated inautilitariananddemocraticmodernitycha 13). (fig. precision functional with rigor material matches which interior household Danish in rated incorpo are that textiles and lamps furniture, the of honesty material and finish the of texture the surfaces, the of color the in lies matter the of work rigorous the Consequently, heritage. cultural and tradition craftsmanship on based nity moder a eloquence, constructive and reiteration structural the through reached surroundings landscape and garden the to relation the and plan interior,open fluid postulates, modern the from builder. Excerpted master the of basis the established brickwork and poles wooden where construction of systems Danish around flow refinement constructive and precision functional Craftsmanship, material. natural the of expression and color contrast, texture, the by terized charac surface vibrant a into modernity of walls white smooth the converts construction brick of tradition Danish The landscape. and building struction, con materials, between and materials, available and climate conditions,

Tobias Faber: “Developments1950 Single-family houses showed a refined harmony between form and living living and form between harmony refined a showed houses Single-family This newstandardoflivingcreatedanaturalbackgroundforthedailylife Thus, thepost-warreconstructionthroughindustrialization, standardization 14 – 193”, Danish Architecture , DetDanske Selskab,1978. and landscapeplanning. Kolonihave, 1964.Urban Brondbyernes Havebyo Fig. 12.ErikMygnind: ------DAS ERBE DER MODERNE | 489 ------, addresses aspects of , addresses aspects 15 velfærdsstatens arkitektur Contemporary Danish architecture and urban planning is still attending to Contemporary Danish architecture and At that time, in a period characterized by technological optimism and su that time, in a period characterized At Danish architecture embraced architectural form, landscape, building tradi Danish architecture embraced architectural Conclusion. Modern architecture and welfare state: Architecture of the democracy From the program of Ørestad North, Copenhagen. From the program

15 hagen, conceived as a laboratory of new ideas: “an experimental environment for hagen, conceived as a laboratory of new ideas: “an experimental new lifestyles and urban spaces in a network society.” current social and cultural demands, building techniques and the continuity of the current social and cultural demands, building techniques and the continuity for universal aesthetic values, which characterized modern architecture. Ørestad Copen instance is the new urban development located on the island of Amager, in a serious and humble manner. It is a socially oriented movement with wide It is a socially oriented in a serious and humble manner. itself the task of creating better environments. upon aims, which has taken and intellectual structures of our time. The core of this trend can be found in its and intellectual structures of our time. age and to approach its varied tasks honest striving to accept the contemporary stainability, usefulness and aesthetic values have also to be considered as a who usefulness and aesthetic values have also to be considered stainability, evolved Modern architectural form is a conception that has gradually le, a unity. the changing material, as well as the social from the requirements brought on by of quality involved citizens to participate and develop their environments with of quality involved citizens to participate aesthetic judgments. tion, technology and social policies in order to create a democratic environment tion, technology and social policies in and sense A common aesthetic consciousness or awareness and a better society. on. The Nordic welfare state model established a universal model which several on. The Nordic welfare state model established democratic societies have adopted. welfare society, as implemented in the Scandinavian model of a democratic socie as implemented in the Scandinavian welfare society, and in the 1950s, has steadily adapted engineered and marketed This model, ty. a globalized economy and europeanizati renewed since the 1970s in response to The Welfare Architecture, Architecture, The Welfare Siesby house, Virum, 1957. Siesby house, Virum, fig. 13: Arne Jacobsen: fig. 13: Arne Jacobsen: