Geografia Del Mississippi Delta Attraverso Il Blues Un'ipotesi Di Relazione Tra Musica E Territorio

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Geografia Del Mississippi Delta Attraverso Il Blues Un'ipotesi Di Relazione Tra Musica E Territorio View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenstarTs GEOGRAFIA DEL MISSISSIPPI DELTA ATTRAVERSO IL BLUES UN'IPOTESI DI RELAZIONE TRA MUSICA E TERRITORIO INDICE INTRODUZIONE: IL DELTA E L'OBBIETTIVO DELLA TESI pag. 2 1. IL BLUES 10 1.1. Le fonti del blues 10 1.2. Definizione generale 18 1.3. Le testimonianze 23 1.4. Aspetti musicali 27 1.5. Tematiche e poetica 30 2. IL DELTA BLUES 33 2.1. Problematiche sugli stili 33 2.2. Gli Stili regionali 36 2.3. Il delta tra mito e storia 39 2.4. Tratti stilistici del Delta blues 45 3. LE PROPAGGINI DEL DELTA 48 3.1. Le Hills e Bentonia: due casi differenti 48 3.2. Il fenomeno del blues radiofonico e il caso di Helena 52 3.3. L'evoluzione tra Chicago e il Delta 57 4. IL DELTA OLTRE IL DELTA 64 4.1. Memphis 64 4.2. L' Alabama e la difficile ricerca di una tradizione 68 4.3. La Louisiana 73 5. IL DELTA ATTRAVERSO UNA GEOGRAFIA DEI TESTI pag. 77 5.1. Il viaggio 77 5.2. Le vie di comunicazione 85 5.3. Le “strade musicali” delle città 93 5.4. Musica testi e territorio 98 5.5. I luoghi e le canzoni 103 CONCLUSIONE 119 1. Ipotesi di identità 119 2. Il blues e noi: un “cuore di tenebra”? 127 TESTI 129 BIBLIOGRAFIA 176 DISCOGRAFIA 184 1 “Perhaps on some quiet night the tremor of far-off drums, sinking, swelling, a tremor vast, faint; a sound weird, appealing, suggestive, and wild.” Joseph Conrad, Heart Of Darkness. 2 INTRODUZIONE: IL DELTA E L'OBBIETTIVO DELLA TESI Un blues di Robert Johnson risalente al 1937, Travelin’ Riverside Blues1, condensa in un verso tutta la geografia del Mississippi Delta da sud a nord, recitando: “I got women in Vicksburg clean on into Tennessee” dove Vicksburg è l’estremità meridionale del Delta e il confine con il Tennessee, includendo anche Memphis, è quella a settentrione. Il fatto non è casuale, e dimostra come la regione del Delta fosse un’area geografica ben definita anche nella coscienza di un uomo come Robert Johnson, benché egli fosse, per motivi professionali, legato anche a luoghi che andavano ben oltre i confini da lui cantati. In altre parole, il Delta risulta essere un’area che non solo a posteriori, ma anche nella coscienza di uno dei primi e maggiori rappresentanti del blues moderno, era ben definita e caratterizzata. Non solo quindi una regione che geograficamente è ben chiara e netta, essendo delimitata da due fiumi, bensì una regione culturale; ed è plausibile ritenere che il Delta non sia solo un’idea, qualcosa che viene mitizzato e definito tradizionalmente come la “culla del blues”, ma una realtà ben radicata nelle coscienze. La vanteria sessuale del grande chitarrista mostra peraltro un legame molto forte alla sua zona di origine: nacque infatti ad Hazlehurst che si trova poco a sud del Delta vero e proprio e morì a Greenwood, che si trova nel cuore di quest'ultimo, sul corso superiore del fiume Yazoo. Parlando di Hazlehurst si può poi parlare di confini estesi del Delta che arriva così a comprendere zone al di fuori dell’angusta pianura interna. A Memphis si è appena accennato, e così possiamo citare Natchez, non lontano dal confine meridionale dello Stato del Mississippi e Blytheville, in Arkansas, sulla riva opposta del fiume. E sempre nella “land of opportunities”, come era denominato il vicino stato dell’Arkansas, una città profondamente legata al blues del Delta e al blues in generale è Helena, sede della stazione radiofonica, la KFFA, da cui dagli anni ’40, il blues veniva trasmesso e portato nelle case della gente che cominciava ad avere una radio. E in questo senso superare il Mississippi per arrivare nella terra delle opportunità non può non richiamare quel River Jordan che in più di uno spiritual 1 King Of The Delta Blues Singers, Columbia/Legacy CK 65746. 3 rappresenta il valico da superare in vista di una vita migliore. Della stessa Natchez, un fatto di cronaca, cioè un incendio, è stato immortalato da una canzone (“The Natchez Burning”) di Howlin’ Wolf, nome d’arte di Chester Burnett, leggendario cantante e armonicista legato al quella tempra culturale che venne formandosi nel Delta. E Blytheville risulta ancora più importante, in quanto colui che viene comunemente, e a ragione, definito il padre del Delta blues, Charlie Patton, la citò nel primo verso (“Backwater at Blytheville2”) di uno dei pezzi non solo più belli e intensi nell’intera storia della musica nera, ma anche più significativi: Highwater Everywere part II, dove si parla della tragedia legata all’alluvione del 1927, che passò alla storia per la violenza e per le numerose vittime che causò3. Lo stesso Walter Horton, uno dei più grandi armonicisti di tutti i tempi, nacque a Horn Lake, l’ultima città della contea De Sotho, in Mississippi ma considerata già un sobborgo di Memphis, e a Memphis Horton portò il suo sound rurale per poi spostarsi nella Windy City. E così fece una delle altre icone del blues, Rice Miller “Sonny Boy Williamson II”, altro geniale suonatore di armonica a metà tra realtà e leggenda che, benché legato presto a Chicago e a una storica casa discografica come la Chess, nacque a Glendora, nella contea di Tallahatchie, che si estende a cavallo dello Yazoo River. Quindi, al di la dei confini stretti, si vede bene come parlare di Delta significhi anche spaziare, finanche fino al gelido Nord, fino ad una città come Chicago, che un altro celeberrimo alfiere del blues, McKilnely Morganfield, meglio conosciuto come Muddy Waters, definì, scherzosamente ma non troppo, “The biggest city in the Mississippi Delta4”. Il Delta dunque come culla del blues, come terra in cui il musicista nero americano creò la sorgente di tutta la musica a venire. E descrivere il Delta vuol dire in gran parte passare per la sua musica e i suoi protagonisti anche andando oltre i confini. E si può andare più in là, pensando ad esempio ad un chitarrista come B. B. King, sopravvissuto alle epoche, originario di Itta Bena, altra città situata nel cuore della pianura tra i due fiumi, che, benché lanciatosi verso altri percorsi forse più commerciali, portò le sue origini e la musica che imparò da ragazzo, in giro per il mondo. 2 Charley Patton, Founder Of the Delta Blues, Yazoo 1020. 3 Questo pezzo, come si vedrà in seguito, è un vero e proprio catalogo delle città del Delta, ad ulteriore riprova della forte coscienza dell'appartenenza ad una regione sentita dagli artisti che immortalarono i luoghi nelle loro liriche. 4 www.blueshighway.org, Luther Brown, The Delta In Diaspora. 4 Di esempi se ne possono fare moltissimi, ma ciò che è fondamentale è che la geografia del Delta si può costruire come un vero e proprio viaggio per i luoghi, città, contee, strade e ferrovie, che in maniere varie e differenti rappresentano la vera cradle della musica nera. E Travelin’ Riverside Blues ci mostra non solo una succinta ma, come risulta chiaro, emblematica delimitazione di ciò che era ed è tutt’ora il Delta, ma rappresenta, anche solo in quel verso, proprio quell’idea del viaggio, così fondamentale nell’immaginario non solo del blues ma, più in generale, americano. E se poi consideriamo il nero americano dell’epoca di Robert Johnson, il viaggio assume altri contorni: di fuga verso e da determinate condizioni, di testimonianza dello sradicamento di cui il “nigger” era vittima, gravato da quell’ombra tragica e pesante della cosiddetta nothingness, che si portava dietro dall’epoca della schiavitù. Ma il viaggio è anche l’emigrazione di intere comunità nere dal Sud verso le industrie del Nord e con essa il mutamento che la musica subì in questi spostamenti, e ancora prima è la misteriosa Uderground Railroad5. Si può benissimo affermare che parlare del Mississippi Delta e tratteggiarne la geografia significa passare attraverso quei luoghi e quelle atmosfere che fecero di quella zona il fulcro che diede origine ad un genere musicale che va oltre la musica stessa, in quanto radicata e legata a doppio filo con il territorio e che del territorio porta il marchio indelebile. In altri termini la musica, in questo caso, è espressione dei luoghi da cui nacque, e nella descrizione di quei territori è un elemento imprescindibile ancora oggigiorno, anche se i tempi di un certo blues, inteso come forma musicale legata ad una certa epoca, e del “re cotone” sono finiti da parecchi anni, per quanto nei juke joint del Mississippi il blues continui a pulsare, e non solo come un ricordo nostalgico, ma come forma musicale ancora viva e rappresentativa. Un viaggio che porta lungo i due fiumi e le strade e le città che sorgono tra di essi. Ma blues significa anche razzismo, significa Sud e un mondo che ancora oggi percepiamo (e spesso a ragione e non come banale immaginario turistico) diverso e distinto dal Nord: è il Dixie, termine semanticamente discusso e suggestivo che in geografia ha trovato fortuna anche 5 Vedi par. 5.1 e 5.2, nota 154. 5 attraverso Joel Garreau6 che spinge oltre un’idea che fu già di Gastil7, il quale pensava che bisognasse pensare l’America oltre le divisioni politico-amministrative. Esistono alcuni modelli regionali possibili, ognuno basato e fondato su una particolare prospettiva tematica, in funzione del ruolo e della posizione che assume il Sud all'interno della geografia degli Stati Uniti8. Una prima suddivisione, forse la più celebre, venne elaborata da Frederick Jackson Turner, che elaborò la teoria della dicotomia tra core area e frontiera, quest'ultima vista come luogo mentale e spazio di azione e intraprendenza9.
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