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Pragmatism and Cooperation: Canadian-American Defence Activities in the Arctic, 1945-1951
Pragmatism and Cooperation: Canadian-American Defence Activities in the Arctic, 1945-1951 by Peter Kikkert A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts In History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009 © Peter Kikkert 2009 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract During the early Cold War, as the Soviet menace placed Canada in between two hostile superpowers, the Canadian government decided to take steps to ensure that its sovereignty and national interests were not threatened by the Americans in the new strategic environment. This study examines the extent to which the Canadian government actually defended its sovereignty and rights against American intrusions in the early Cold War. At its core is an examination of the government’s policy of gradual acquisition in the Arctic between 1945 and 1951. This thesis explores the relationships that existed at the time, the essence of the negotiations, the state of international law and the potential costs and benefits of certain Canadian courses of action. It also explains how Canada’s quiet diplomacy allowed it to avoid alienating its chief ally, contribute to continental defence, and strengthen its sovereignty during this period. iii Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Whitney Lackenbauer, for his insight, constant encouragement and advice. -
BY ORDER of the SECRETARY of the AIR FORCE AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 36-2803 18 DECEMBER 2013 Personnel the AIR FORCE MILITARY AWAR
BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 36-2803 SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE 18 DECEMBER 2013 Personnel THE AIR FORCE MILITARY AWARDS AND DECORATIONS PROGRAM COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY ACCESSIBILITY: Publication and forms are available for downloading or ordering on e-Publishing website at: http://www.e-publishing.af.mil. RELEASABILITY: There are no releasibility restrictions on this publication. OPR: AFPC/DPSIDR Certified by: AF/A1S (Col Patrick J. Doherty) Supersedes: AFI36-2803, 15 June 2001 Pages: 235 This instruction implements the requirements of Department of Defense (DoD) Instruction (DoDI) 1348.33, Military Awards Program, and Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 36-28, Awards and Decorations Program. It provides Department of the Air Force policy, criteria, and administrative instructions concerning individual military decorations, service and campaign medals, and unit decorations. It prescribes the policies and procedures concerning United States Air Force awards to foreign military personnel and foreign decorations to United States Air Force personnel. This instruction applies to all Active Duty Air Force, Air Force Reserve (AFR), and Air National Guard (ANG) personnel and units. In collaboration with the Chief of Air Force Reserve (HQ USAF/RE) and the Director of the Air National Guard (NGB/CF), the Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower, Personnel, and Services (HQ USAF/A1) develops policy for the Military Awards and Decorations Program. The use of Reserve Component noted in certain chapters of this Air Force Instruction (AFI) refers to the ANG and AFR personnel. Refer recommended changes and questions about this publication to the Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR) using the AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication; route AF Form 847s from the field through the Major Command (MAJCOM) publications/forms managers. -
32 CFR Ch. V (7–1–03 Edition)
§ 578.43 32 CFR Ch. V (7–1–03 Edition) (d) Service star—(1) Requirements Pos- pended by a ring from a silk moire rib- session of a foreign service clasp is de- bon 13⁄8 inches in length and 13⁄8 inches noted by the wearing of a bronze serv- in width composed of a blue stripe ice star on the service ribbon. (3⁄16 inch), white stripe (1⁄16 inch), black (2) Description. See § 578.40(d)(2). stripe (1⁄16 inch), red stripe (1⁄16 inch), 1 [13 FR 6800, Nov. 19, 1948, as amended at 17 white stripe ( ⁄16 inch), blue stripe 3 1 FR 912, Jan. 31, 1952] ( ⁄16 inch), dark blue stripe ( ⁄24 inch), white stripe (1⁄24 inch), red stripe § 578.43 Women’s Army Corps Service (1⁄24 inch), blue stripe (3⁄16 inch), white Medal. stripe (1⁄16 inch), red stripe (1⁄16 inch), Established by Executive Order 9365 black stripe (1⁄16 inch), white stripe (3 CFR, 1943 Cum. Supp.) (1⁄16 inch), and blue stripe (3⁄16 inch). (a) Description. The medal of bronze is (b) Requirements. Service within the 11⁄4 inches in diameter. On the obverse American Theater between December 7, is the head of Pallas Athene in profile 1941, and March 2, 1946, under any of facing dexter, superimposed on a the following conditions: sheathed sword crossed with oak leaves (1) On permanent assignment outside and a palm branch within a circle com- the continental limits of the United posed of the words ‘‘Women’s’’ in the States. -
32 CFR Ch. V (7–1–99 Edition) § 578.45
§ 578.45 32 CFR Ch. V (7±1±99 Edition) along the Alaska boundary to the Pa- dent with the western boundary of the cific Ocean, thence south along the American Theater (§ 578.44(c)(2)). 130th meridian to its intersection with (2) Western boundary. From the North the 30th parallel north latitude, thence Pole, south along the 60th meridian southeast to the intersection of the east longitude to its intersection with Equator and the 100th meridian west the east boundary of Iran, thence south longitude to the South Pole. along the Iran boundary to the Gulf of (d) Service starÐ(1) Requirements. Oman and the intersection of the 60th Combat service within the American meridian east longitude, thence south Theater, one bronze service star for the along the 60th meridian east longitude, Antisubmarine Campaign. The indi- to the South Pole. vidual must have been assigned, or at- (d) Service starÐ(1) Description. See tached, to and present for duty with a § 578.40(d)(2). unit credited with the Campaign. (2) Requirements. Combat service (2) Description. See § 578.40(d)(2). within the Asiatic-Pacific Theater, one [13 FR 6800, Nov. 19, 1948, as amended at 17 bronze service star for each campaign. FR 912, Jan. 31, 1952] The individual must meet any of the following conditions: § 578.45 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign (i) Assigned, or attached, to and Medal. present for duty with a unit during the Established by Executive Order 9265 period in which it participated in com- (3 CFR, 1943 Cum. Supp.). bat. (a) Description. A medal of bronze 11¤4 (ii) Under orders in the combat zone inches in diameter. -
Eligibility Requirements
COAST GUARD COMBAT VETERANS ASSOCIATION ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS HISTORIC AWARDS AND THEIR CRITERIA 1. KOREA WAR SERVICE MEDAL 1 2. VIETNAM SERVICE MEDAL 2 3. SOUTHWEST ASIA SERVICE MEDAL 3 4. ARMED FORCES EXPEDITIONARY MEDAL 4 thru 6 5. KOSOVO CAMPAIGN MEDAL 6, 7 6. AFGHANISTAN CAMPAIGN MEDAL 7 7. IRAQ CAMPAIGN MEDAL 8 thru 10 8. INHERENT RESOLVE CAMPAIGN MEDAL 10, 11 9. GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM EXPEDITIONARY MEDAL 11 thru 13 10. KOREAN DEFENSE SERVICE MEDAL 14 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: AWARD INFORMATION, SPECIFICALLY FOR: ARMED FORCES EXPEDITIONARY MEDAL 15 thru 18 VIETNAM 19 thru 23 WORLD WAR II MEDALS AND AWARDS: AMERICAN CAMPAIGN MEDAL 24 EUROPE-AFRICA-MIDDLE EAST MEDAL 25 ASIATIC PACIFIC MEDAL 26 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCOMDTINST M1650.25E AWARDS FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE COAST GUARD COMBAT VETERANS ASSOCIATION 1. Republic of Korea War Service Medal. The Republic of Korea War Service Medal was established in 1951 by the Republic of Korea (ROK) and offered to all service members who fought under the United Nations. U.S. law prohibited U.S. personnel from accepting the award at that time. On 20 August 1999, the Defense Department approved the acceptance and wear of the medal. a. Eligibility. Coast Guard personnel must have: (1) Served between the outbreak of hostilities, 25 June 1950, and the date the armistice was signed, 27 July 1953; (2) Been on permanent assignment or on temporary duty for 30 consecutive days or 60 non-consecutive days; and (3) Performed their duty within the territorial limits of Korea, in the waters immediately adjacent thereto or in aerial flight over Korea participating in actual combat operations or in support of combat operations. -
Readinkswhen Ower Pressure Oversmad Most Sections of the by Generally Fair Weather in Most Sections Until Near
NOVEMBER,1917. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 56 1 SECTION VI1.-WEATHER AND DATA FOR THE MONTH. WEATHER OF NOVEMBER, 1917. seasonal average from the lower Lakes Region, and the lower Ohio and lower Mississippi Valleys eastward. P. C. DAY,Climatologist and Chief of Division. Over most of the Missouri Valley and central and north- PRESSURE AND WINDS, ern Great Plains, the temperature for the month averaged from 6 to 15 de-rees above the normal, while in some The distribution of the mean atmos heric pressure of the Canadian provinces to the northward the positive departures were 20 de-rees or more. In North Da- over the United States and Canada, anCf the prevailing direction of the winds for November, 1917, are graph- kota and ortions of tte adjoining States it was the ically shown on Chart VII, while the means at the warmest Jfovember in 25 years, and November was several stations, with the de artures from the normal, warmer than October. The temperature averaged over are shown in Tables I and &I. 3 degrees a da below the normal in Florida, the ex- ng of the month the pressure was treme eastern iakes Region, and along the immediate relativelyAt the hig throughout the United States, but in Atlantic coast. the Canadian Northwest it was slightly below the sea- PRECIPITATION. sonal average. High pressure continued in most sections throughout the first decade, except for a few days nbout During the first and second decades there was much the middle of the period, when it was relatively low suilsliine and very little reci itation, except about the in the western half of the country. -
Department of the Army, Dod § 578.48
Department of the Army, DoD § 578.48 § 578.47 World War II Victory Medal. ern boundary of the American Theater (§ 578.50 American Campaign Medal). (a) Criteria. The World War II Victory (c) One bronze service star is author- Medal was established by the act of ized for each campaign under the fol- Congress July 6, 1945 (59 Stat. 461). It is lowing conditions: awarded for service between December (1) Assigned or attached to, and 7, 1941 and December 31, 1946, both present for duty with, a unit during the dates inclusive. period in which it participated in com- (b) Description. The medal is Bronze, bat. 3 1 ⁄8 inches in width. On the obverse is a (2) Under orders in the combat zone figure of Liberation standing full and in addition meets any of the fol- length with head turned to dexter look- lowing requirements: ing to the dawn of a new day, right foot (i) Awarded a combat decoration. resting on a war god’s helmet with the (ii) Furnished a certificate by a com- hilt of a broken sword in the right manding general of a corps or higher hand and the broken blade in the left unit or independent force that he actu- hand, the inscription ‘‘WORLD WAR ally participated in combat. II’’ placed immediately below the cen- (iii) Served at a normal post of duty ter. On the reverse are the inscriptions (as contrasted to occupying the status ‘‘FREEDOM FROM FEAR AND of an inspector, observer, or visitor). WANT’’ and ‘‘FREEDOM OF SPEECH (iv) Aboard a vessel other than in a AND RELIGION’’ separated by a palm passenger status and furnished a cer- branch, all within a circle composed of tificate by the home port commander the words ‘‘UNITED STATES OF of the vessel that he served in the com- 3 AMERICA 1941–1945’’. -
Dendrolimus Sibiricus), a Pest Risk Assessment for Norway Daniel Flø1,2* , Trond Rafoss1,2, Michael Wendell2 and Leif Sundheim1
Flø et al. Forest Ecosystems (2020) 7:48 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-020-00258-9 REVIEW Open Access The Siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus), a pest risk assessment for Norway Daniel Flø1,2* , Trond Rafoss1,2, Michael Wendell2 and Leif Sundheim1 Abstract Background: The Siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus) is a serious pest of conifers in Russia, Northern Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. The western border of the pest’s distribution in Russia is disputed, but it is present west of the 60th meridian east. The pest has the potential to defoliate a wide range of conifers. Results: The pest is not present in Norway or other European countries, except Russia. Natural spread and human mediated transport are potential pathways for the pest. Human mediated pathways considered are: Living trees for planting, coniferous wood in the rough and foliage and branches. There has been no import of living trees from Russia to Norway during the past 30 years, and there is currently no import of coniferous wood commodities containing bark from areas, where D. sibiricus occurs. Conclusions: The probability of D. sibiricus entry by natural spread is unlikely, mainly because of the geographical distance and the partial sea barriers between Norway and the infested areas. The probability of entry by human mediated pathways is unlikely due to the very limited volume of the import. Should the pest enter Norway, the probability of establishment and spread is unlikely, due to the suboptimal climatic conditions, and the fact that the two dominant conifers in the country, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), are intermediate and poor hosts, respectively. -
32 CFR Ch. V (7–1–99 Edition) § 578.26
§ 578.26 32 CFR Ch. V (7±1±99 Edition) for the service rendered by civilian or- available for issue to authorized recipi- ganizations which have contributed di- ents. rectly to improved relationship be- (d) Duplicating awards. Not more than tween members of local military com- one service medal will be awarded for mands and civilian communities. The service involving identical or overlap- award may be made in recognition of ping periods of time, except that each service rendered over a prolonged pe- of the following groups of service med- riod of time, or for a specific one-time als may be awarded to an individual program or service considered to be so provided he meets the criteria pre- outstanding as to merit commendation scribed hereinafter. by the Secretary of the Army. (1) World War I Victory Medal and (b) Letter recommendations for Mexican Service Medal. issuance of the Special Certificate of (2) World War II Victory Medal and Achievement for Public and Commu- one or more of the campaign medals for nity Relations will be submitted to the that war. Chief of Information, Department of (3) Medal for Humane Action and the Army, Washington, DC 20310, Army of Occupation Medal. through military channels. Rec- (4) National Defense Medal, Korean ommendations will include a detailed Service Medal, and United Nations description of the contributions made Service Medal. by the nominee, the inclusive dates of (5) Armed Forces Reserve Medal and the period during which the contribu- any other service medal listed herein- tions were made, and a proposed cita- after. -
Washington, Wednesday, July 21, 1954 TITLE 5— ADMINISTRATIVE
FEDERAL EGISTER 9 ^ 1 9 3 4 ¿ y VOLUME 19 NUMBER 140 Washington, Wednesday, July 21, 1954 Authority: §§ 524.375 to 524.388 issued CONTENTS TITLE 5— ADMINISTRATIVE under sec. 32, 49 Stat. 774, as amended; PERSONNEL 7 U. S. C- 612c. Agricultural Marketing Service Page § 524.375 General statement, (a) In Proposed rule making: Chapter I— Civil Service Commission order to encourage the exportation to Handling: Part 6—Exceptions F rom the eligible countries of honey produced in Milk in Central West Texas— 4499 Competitive Service the continental United States, the Sec Prunes, dried, produced in retary of Agriculture, pursuant to the California_______________ 4503 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR authority conferred by section 32 of Rules and regulations: Public Law 320, 74th Congress, as Honey Export Program VMX In Federal Register Document No. 54- 66a (1954 marketing season) _ 4491 5051, filed July 1, 1954, (19 F. R. 4011) amended, offers to make payments to the word “Appeals” was omitted in sub- exporters of such honey, subject to the Agriculture Department paragraph (1) of § 6.113 (b). Effective terms and conditions set forth in this See Agricultural Marketing Serv upon publication in the F ederal R egis subpart. ice; Commodity Credit Corpora (b) Information pertaining to this ter, subparagraph (1) of § 6.113 (b) is tion; Commodity Stabilization subpart and forms prescribed for use Service; Forest Service. amended to read as follows: under this subpart may be obtained from § 6.113 Department of Labor. * * * Alien Property Office the following: Notices: " (b) Office of the Secretary. Erwin M. Graham, Fruit and Vegetable Vested property, intention to (1) Chairman and two Members, EmDivision, Agricultural Marketing Service, return: ployees’ Compensation Appeals Board. -
Military Awards
Army Regulation 600–8–22 Personnel-General Military Awards Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 25 June 2015 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY of CHANGE AR 600–8–22 Military Awards This major revision, dated 25 June 2015-- o Updates guidance on reconsideration and appeal of previous award recommendations (para 1-16). o Updates and clarifies guidance for flagged Soldiers and Purple Heart entitlement (para 1-17). o Clarifies guidance on duplication of awards (para 1-19). o Adds Impact Awards guidance (1-21). o Clarifies guidance for awards recognition upon retirement and adds information for Soldiers serving under the Retiree Recall Program (para 1- 23b). o Adds guidance on notification and right to appeal upon revocation of awards (para 1-31). o Adds new Medal of Honor guidance (para 1-33). o Adds table of approval authorities for U.S. decorations for foreign military personnel (table 1-3). o Updates replacement procedures for issuing U.S. Army medals (para 1-47). o Adds new criteria for award of the Purple Heart under the provisions of Public Law 113-291 and Department of Defense Implementing Guidance (para 2-8). o Adds Operation NEW DAWN as an authorized operation for award of the Iraq Campaign Medal (para 2-17). o Clarifies criteria and type of service for award of the Humanitarian Service Medal (para 2-22). o Adds delegation of peacetime and wartime awards approval authority to deputy commanding generals (paras 3-5 and 3-6). o Removes lieutenant generals restriction for award of the Legion of Merit (table 3-2). o Add new policy for Stability Operations (para 3-7). -
374 Part 578—Decorations
§ 575.4 32 CFR Ch. V (7–1–08 Edition) (4) Honor Military Schools: Certain other foreign countries have been per- Honor Military Schools designated by mitted from time to time to attend the Department of the Army, Department Military Academy upon specific au- of the Navy, and Department of the Air thorization of the United States Con- Force are invited to recommend three gress in each case. Applications must candidates for nomination annually be submitted to the United States Gov- from among their honor graduates. Ap- ernment through diplomatic channels pointments are filled by selecting the by the governments concerned. Re- best qualified candidates regardless of quirements for the admission, advance- the school from which nominated. Ap- ment, and graduation of foreign cadets plication should be made through the are similar to those for United States school Senior Army Instructor. Cadets. (5) Army ROTC: This category is for members of college and high school § 575.4 [Reserved] Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps § 575.5 Entrance requirements. units. Application should be made through the Professor of Military This section describes the specific re- Science or Senior Army Instructor at quirements which candidates must ful- the school. fill in addition to obtaining an appoint- (6) Regular Army: This category is ment as outlined in § 575.3. for enlisted members of the active (a) Age. On 1 July of the year admit- Army. Appointments may be awarded ted to the Military Academy a can- to 85 Regular Army candidates. Appli- didate must be at least 17 years of age cation for admission, through com- and must not have passed his/her 22d mand channels to the United States birthday.