f PETERSON: AMERICAN INDIAN TOMAHAWKS Frontispiece AN EXAMPLE OF A PIPE TOMAHAWK WITH EXTREMELY ELABORATE DECORATION {see No. i6i) CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION Vol. XIX AMERICAN INDIAN TOMAHAWKS by HAROLD L PETERSON With an Appendix -. THE BLACKSMITH SHOP by MILFORD G. CHANDLER MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1971 1 First published in 1965 Revised Edition 197 Library of Congress Catalogue card number 73-125345 Printed in Germany at J. J. Augustin, Gliickstadt Price: $10.00 APR 2 y '^uio CONTENTS PAGE Illustrations iv Foreword vii Introduction i Chapter I. A Matter of Words 4 II. The Indian and the Tomahawk 8 III. The Simple Hatchet or Belt Axe 18 IV. The Missouri War Hatchet 22 V. The Spontoon Tomahawk 24 VI. The Halberd or "Battle Axe" Tomahawk 27 VII. The Spiked Tomahawk 29 VIII. Tomahawks with Hammer Polls 31 IX. Celtiform Tomahawks 32 X. The Pipe Tomahawk 33 XL The White Man and the Tomahawk 40 XII. Naval Boarding Axes 44 Directory of Makers and Dealers 46 Index to Provenience 53 Appendix: "The Blacksmith's Shop," hy Milford G. Chandler 55 Bibliography 78 Captions to Photographs 83 111 . IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS Plates I. Decorated Pipe Tomahawk frontispiece (following page 32) 11. Sketch of an Indian throwing a tomahawk. III. Engraved powder horn. IV. Sketches of mid-igth century weapons, by Seth Eastman. V. Page from Lewis and Clark's journal. VI. Page from Lewis and Clark's journal. VII. King Hendrick of the Mohawks. VIII. Cornplanter, painted by Frederick BartoU. IX. Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Ton, one of the "Four Kings." X. Indian with a spontoon axe. XL Woainga, or "Pipe- Stem," an Oto man. XII. Chief Holds-His-Enemy, a Crow warrior. XIII. Plug cutter for Battle Ax Plug Tobacco. Text Figures PAGE 1. Nomenclature of a hatchet 11 2. Manufacture of a simple belt axe 19 3. Spontoon type blade 24 4. Halberd type blade 27 5. Construction of a spiked hatchet 30 6. Lathing hatchet 31 7. Shinghng hatchet 31 8. Method of forging a pipe tomahawk 37 9. Tools and equipment used in making tomahawks 58-59 10. Improvisations 62 11. Improvisations 63 12. Improvisations 64 13. Manufacture of the common pipe tomahawk 66-67 14. Alterations on the common pipe tomahawk 68 15. The pierced eye technique of making a tomahawk . 70-71 16. Manufacture of a gun-barrel tomahawk 72 : : CONTENTS V PAGE 17. Manufacture of a pipe tomahawk using the "wrap- around eye and blade" technique 74-75 18. An Indian's modification of a ball-peen hammer "]"] Photographs of Tomahawks (following page 142) Aboriginal Forms Nos. i- 23 Simple Hatchets and Belt Axes 25- 45 Missouri War Hatchets 46- 51 Spontoon Tomahawks 52- 53 Halberd Tomahawks 54- 60 Spiked Tomahawks 61- ^^ Tomahawks with Hammer Polls 89-101 Celtiform Tomahawks 102-106 Pipe Tomahawks of the Halberd Form 107-108 Pipe Tomahawks with Conventional Blades Iron or Steel Heads 109-208 Brass Heads with Steel Edges 209-219 All-Brass Heads 220-239 Pewter or Lead Heads 240-255 Silver Heads 256 Stone Heads 257 Pipe Tomahawks with Spontoon Blades Iron or Steel Heads 258-287 Brass Heads 288-293 Pewter Heads 294-298 Stone Heads 299 Implements Used by White Men 300-314 FOREWORD The pipe tomahawk is an implement unique in American Indian Hfe. Although most native peoples of the world had cutting axes and smoking pipes, it was only in North America that these two functions were fused into a single object. Over a period of 250 years, it served on different occasions as a functioning tool, a ceremonial adjunct, a decorative object, and a symbol of prestige. And, above all, it has become romantically associated with the Indian as no other implement. Yet with all of this historical and sociological lore, almost no serious attention has been given to the story of its development and typology, as the bibliography will attest; this volume represents an attempt to present much of that story in detail. In selecting a suitable author, we turned to Harold L. Peterson, an outstanding authority on American colonial arms and armor, to supply for the first time a summary of the art of the black- smith together with a history of the role of the tomahawk in Indian life. To round out the more personal relationship of the blacksmith with his Indian customers, we asked Milford G. Chandler to recount experiences drawn from his early life in the Midwest. Mr. Chandler, who grew up in Indiana when it was still a part of the Frontier, saw smiths turn out tomahawks for the Indian trade. We are indebted to his son, Alan L. Chandler, for executing the drawings for the appendix. Accompanying these accounts is certainly the most extensive visual record of tomahawk types yet published. Captions supply documentation as complete as has been possible to gather for each of the more than three hundred specimens illustrated, making this volume particularly useful as a reference work. A word should be inserted concerning provenience. Wherever a given tomahawk has been obtained from a known person or tribe, the phrase, "collected from. .," is employed. This is the most accurate statement which can be supplied to associate the object with its history. When a specimen comes to the Museum with an alleged history or statement of ownership through a third hand, the phrase, "attributed to...," impHes that we accept at face value the asserted provenience, but cannot guarantee its accuracy beyond this hearsay and our own experience. vii Vlll FOREWORD Much of the study material is drawn from the collections of the Museum, gathered over the past half century. However, particular acknowledgement must be made to the Harold J. Hibben Col- lection, which forms such a significant part of this work. Mr. Hib- ben, of Indianapolis, Indiana, was an avid collector of tomahawks and, at his death in 1956, owned some four hundred and fifty examples. These were generously presented to the Museum in 1959 by his nephew, Mr. Richard M, Fairbanks, also of Indianapolis. They have been given catalog numbers 22/7198 through 22/7408, so that all of the Hibben specimens used herein can be readily identified. Our gratitude is extended to Mr. Fairbanks for the gift of the Hibben Collection without which this publication would not have been possible, and we acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Robert Beverly Hale of the Metropolitan Museum of Art for his friendly cooperation in our behalf. To Mr. Peterson go our thanks for his wiUingness to undertake this study, as well as for his patience during the long delay in its production; and to Miss Elaine Taylor for editing the manuscript. Frederick J. Dockstader Director November, 1964 Foreword to the Revised Edition The popularity of the first edition is a testament to the scholar- ship of the author as well as interest in the subject. We are partic- ularly grateful to Mr. Peterson for his cooperation in verifying certain details, making minor corrections, and providing data on additional specimens not included in the original volume. Since the earher publication, some of the specimens are known to have changed hands as noted; while every effort has been made to keep our records up-to-date, it cannot be guaranteed that the ownership of all examples is as listed. F. J. D. July, 1970 INTRODUCTION metal trade tomahawk has long been an object of fasci- THEnation for both the amateur collector and the ethnologist. Few other implements have ever combined so many different functions: tool, weapon, scepter, symbol and smoking pipe. In this one instrument is collected the lore of handicraft, warfare, prestige, ceremony and personal comfort. Because of this wide appeal, and because good specimens are scarce, prices have increased tre- mendously on the open market in recent years. This has led, in turn, to the manufacture of reproductions and even outright fakes. Yet, in spite of this very evident widespread interest, surprisingly little has been published on the tomahawk. Arthur Woodward's pioneering study, which appeared in the Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum in 1946, and a few short articles in more recent periodicals, constitute almost the entire specific literature of the subject. It is hoped that the present study will collate the data that have already been published in scattered sources with those gleaned from an intensive study of actual specimens into one handy reference for the use of future students in their efforts to carry the investigations still further. As has been stated, the number of surviving tomahawks is comparatively small. It is a fortunate museum or collector with more than 100 specimens, and the Museum of the American Indian with over 700 is in a class completely by itself. Yet almost every one of these tomahawks is different from every other. A few exact duplications are encountered, but they are the exception ; usually, even these demonstrate variations or differences in the decoration or in the haft. Thus it has been necessary to choose only representa- tive examples for illustration and description here. Of more than 2000 specimens studied by the writer during the past ten years, approximately 300 have been chosen as illustrating the principal types, or which display characteristic features, that will assist in identifying others which may differ somewhat in detail. The dating of tomahawks is as yet by no means precise, for only a very few bear dates or makers' names. The balance must be dated approximately through provable historical associations, paintings or photographs, or the use of various materials which are in themselves datable.