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Konservatiivne Sisu OK SEE MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM 1 MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM 2 MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM 3 MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM KOLLEEGIUM: Mart Nutt, Andres Herkel, Mart Helme, Aimar Altosaar, Kaja Villem, Berit Teeäär TOIMETUS: Peatoimetaja: Mart Helme Keeletoimetaja: Anne Taklaja Tõlkijad: Kadri Kivistik, Margus Enno, Annely Jauk, Hille Saluäär, Kristopher Rikken, Riina Kindlam Tehniline toimetaja: Anneli Kivisiv Kujundaja: Tiina Sildre Fotod: Kristo Nurmis Päevaleht/Pressifoto, Alar Madisson Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv, Høyre Trükikoda: Misiganes koht Konservatiivsuse väljakutsed, Torbjorn Roe Isaksen. Avaldatud Springer Science+Business Media lahkel loal teosest: Reforming Europe. The Role of the Centre-Right lk 93–104. The Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy Series on European and International Affairs 2009 With kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media: Reforming Europe. The Role of the Centre-Right Conservative Challenges. Torbjørn Røe Isaksen, pp 93–104. The Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy Series on European and International Affairs 2009 Raamatu väljaandmist toetasid: Autoriõigus: Kirjastus Kunst, 2011 ISBN 6787698379348 4 MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM Sisukord • Eessõna 7 Mart Helme CES Konrad Adenaueri Fond • Konservatismi väljakutsed 11 Torbjørn Røe Isaksen • Konservatiivse ideoloogia kujunemine 23 ja ajalooline areng Mart Nutt • Ismid ja erakonnad: liberalism, konservatism, 30 sotsialism, fasism,ç kommunism ja kristlik demokraatia Alar Kilp • Ei saa me ilma sotsialismita 41 Vladimir Bukovsky • Liberalismi ja konservatismi pinge 50 XX sajandi teisel poolel ja XXI sajandi alguses Alar Kilp • Konservatiivsus Euroopas 59 Steven van Hecke • Ameerika nüüdisaegne konservatism 80 Lindsay Lloyd • Konservatiivne revolutsioon 102 Mart Laar 5 MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM • Kristlik-demokraatliku poliitika teke ja olemus 111 Steven van Hecke • Kristlikud väärtused ja poliitika. 135 CDU – Saksamaa Kristlik Demokraatlik Liit Johannes Christian Koecke Andreas Klein • Paremtsentristid Europarlamendis – 146 Euroopa Rahvapartei fraktsioon Kadri Vanem Kaja Sõrg • Popkultuur ja konservatiivsus, 156 popkultuur kui konservatiivsus Berk Vaher • Konservatiivne arusaam 167 riigi ja kodaniku vahekorrast Aimar Altosaar • Konservatiivse majanduspoliitika 184 võimalikkusest XXI sajandi Euroopas Andres Arrak • Haridus ja konservatiivsus 206 Peeter Olesk • Konservatiivse hariduspoliitika 218 järjepidevuse kindlustajana Tõnis Lukas • Märkmeid konservatiivse välis- 224 ja väärtuspoliitika kohta Andres Herkel • Konservatismi väärtuspõhisus. 236 Põlisus, rahvuslus, eetika Mart Nutt • Autoritest 249 • Excerpts in English 258 6 MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM Eessõna Mis on konservatiivsus? Mis on konservatism? – Poliitikas, argielus, politoloogias, filosoofias? Kes on konservatiiv? – Tagurlane? Uuendusvastane? Alalhoidlik? Tradit- sioonide ja järjepidevuse hoidja? Põhiväärtuste säilitaja? Need on mõned küsimused, milledele eestikeelses kirjasõnas ammen- davaid teoreetilisi vastuseid õigupoolest polegi. Eriti, kui arvestada, et nimetatud märksõnadki muutuvad koos aja, inimeste ja välise keskkonnaga. Käesolev kogumik püüabki esimest korda pakkuda eesti lugejale pano- raami sellest, mida me konservatiivsuse all käsitleda võiksime. Ja seda nii ajalises, ruumilises kui ka mõttelises plaanis, võttes vaatluse alla konserva- tiivsuse-konservatismi lätted, muutumised ja ilmingud erinevates eluvald- kondades, erinevates riikides, erinevatel aegadel. Kindlasti pole sellesse raamatusse jõudnu ammendav ega esinda ka mingit viimase instantsi tõde. Ent ajal, kui liberalism näib olevat arenenud maailmas jõudnud küsitava väärtusega äärmusteni, vajame kindlasti ülevaa- det sellest, missugused võiksid olla alternatiivid ja kust leida püsiväärtusi, mis vähendaksid üha tugevnevat turbulentsi fukuyamalikku ajaloo lõppu jõudnud ühiskondades ning sedastaksid, kas on veel võimalik tõsta uuesti ausse institutsioonid ning mõtteviisid, mis paljude poolt on kuulutatud juba ajalukku läinuteks. Poliitikas armastatakse sageli rääkida pendlist, mis kõigub vasakpool- sete ja parempoolsete ideoloogiate vahel. Käesoleva raamatu koostajad ning autorid on samuti seda meelt, et liberalismi loomulikuks vastukaaluks on konservatism ning kui liberalismi kohati utopismini küündiv uuendus- meelsus ühiskonna tasakaalustatud toimimist halvama kipub, on aeg pöördeks teise suunda. 7 MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM Raamatut koostama asudes üllatas initsiatiivgruppi koosseisus Kaja Villem, Berit Teeäär, Anneli Kivisiv, Aimar Altosaar, Mart Nutt, Andres Herkel, Anne Taklaja, kirjastuse Kunst esindajana Martin Helme ja allakirjutanu, kui heatahtlikku vastuvõttu idee potentsiaalsete autorite hulgas ja üldisemaltki leidis. Siinkohal tänud kõigile nimetatutele, kõikidele autoritele ja muidu julgustajatele! Raamatu ilmumine oleks olnud märksa keerulisem, kui sellele poleks õlga alla pannud Euroopa Uuringute Keskus – Centre for European Studies (CES), Konrad Adenaueri Fond ning Eesti Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. Suurimad tänud neilegi! Nagu juba öeldud, tõmbame selle raamatuga vagu söötis maale. Ent iga teekond algab esimesest sammust. Seepärast loodame, et tekitame siin avatud teemade ja mõttekäikudega süvendatud huvi konservatiivsuse- konservatismi vastu nii laiemas üldsuses kui ka ühiskonnateadlaste ja polii- tikute hulgas. Uks on igatahes lukust lahti keeratud ja praokil. Palume lahkesti sisse astuda. Mart Helme 8 MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM *** Euroopa Uuringute Keskus – Centre for European Studies (CES) on Euroopa Rahvapartei (ERP) ametlik mõttekoda. Keskuse eesmärk on suu- rendada Euroopa kodanike teadlikkust Euroopa integratsiooni arengust ning aidata otsustajatel ja arvamusliidritel – näiteks ERP riigipeadel ja valitsusjuhtidel ning ERP erakonnaliidritel – sõnastada uusi ja tõhusaid poliitikavalikuid. Keskuse ülesandeks on ühendada paremtsentristlike väärtushinnangute poolest sarnaseid fonde, mõttekodasid, teadlasi, eksperte ja otsustajaid kogu Euroopast, et arutada aktuaalsete teemade üle, vahetada mõtteid ning tut- vustada oma tegevuse tulemusi nii avalikkusele kui ka otsustajatele. Keskuse põhitegevuseks on uuringud jms projektid, mida täiendavad ja toetavad konverentsid, seminarid, õpikojad ja trükised, millest paljud valmivad koostöös liikmesorganisatsioonidega. Selles vaimus tervitab CES-keskus Pro Patria Koolituskeskuse mõtet avaldada raamat paremtsentristliku poliitika kohta. Sedalaadi trükise aval- damine on väga vajalik, kuid piisavalt ambitsioonikas ettevõtmine. Praegune majanduslik ebakindlus on loonud soodsad tingimused popu- listlike jõudude ja poliitilise demagoogia vohamiseks, mistõttu on ülim aeg jääda kindlaks oma põhiväärtustele ja samas eristuda teistest poliitilistest perekondadest. Raamatul on rahvusvaheline mõõde: see ei keskendu ainult Eesti või Euroopa paremtsentristlikule poliitikale, vaid käsitleb ka USA konserva- tiivset mõtlemist. Raamatus käsitletakse paremtsentristliku poliitika lätteid ja kristliku demokraatia praegust poliitilist käekäiku, tõstes eriti esile ERP kogemusi, ning esitatakse ka tulevikuvisioone. Ärgitades debatti paremtsentristliku poliitika üle, võiks see trükis olla samas kasulik juhendmaterjal nii politoloogidele kui ka laiemale üldsusele. Euroopa Uuringute Keskus 9 MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM *** XXI sajandi kriisid – jõudude geopoliitilise ümberpaigutuse ja „turbo- keinsianismi” praktika leviku ajastul – näitavad meile, kui kiiresti võib just demokraatlik ja vaba Lääs kindlat pinda kaotada, seda kas või näiliselt. See- pärast vajab ühiskond kindlaid vundamente täna rohkem kui kunagi varem. Lähiminevikus on konservatiivi iseloomustamiseks sageli kasutatud kuvandit mehest, kes suhtub internetti ikka veel skeptiliselt, kes ei tea, mida tähendab „sotsiaalne meedia”, kellele abikaasa toob tuhvlid diivani ette ja paneb söögi lauale. Lühidalt öeldes on ta pelglik, umbusklik ja vanamoodne ning suur osa avalikkusest seostab mõistet „konservatiiv” just taoliste omadustega. Mõiste selline degenereerumine viib aga valele rajale – olla konservatiiv tähendab pigem progressi harjal käimist. Võidakse arvata, et see on para- doks. Tegelikkuses tabab see ütlus aga väga täpselt ehtsa, moodsa konser- vatismi tuuma, sest olla konservatiiv ei tähenda mingi oleku iga hinna eest alalhoidmist. Olla konservatiiv tähendab vanale truuks jäämist seni, kuni on tõesta- tud uue paremus. Üha enam üleilmastuva ühiskonna jaoks on see kõige mõistlikum perspektiiv, mis teostuda võib. Meie aja uuendused ei esine selles protsessis eesmärgi kui sellisena, vaid teevad läbi kriitilise eksami selgitamaks, kellele need kasuks tulevad. Alles pärast selle eksami soorita- mist – ning üksnes siis, ent mitte seepärast, et seda dikteerib „aja vaim” – omistab konservatism „progressile” tema kvaliteedimärgi. Eksami tingimu- sed on seejuures selged ning neid ei saa suvaliselt ümber teha. Konserva- tiivide jaoks on olemas tõdesid, mis pärinevad meie ajaloolisest kujunemisest, kristlusest, humanismist ja valgustusajast, ning mille kehtivuse üle ei vaielda. Ka usutunnistuseta inimesele on selge, et meie ühiskonna vundamenti kujundati sajanditepikkuses arengus koosmõjus ennekõike vaimuajaloo suurte hoovustega. Selle vundamendi alustoeks on inimväärikuse austamine. Käesolev kogumik tahab anda esmase ülevaate sellest, mida konserva- tism tähendab. Konservatism, mis on kui kompass näiliselt üha keerukamaks muutuvas maailmas. Konrad Adenaueri Fond 10 MITMEKÜLGNE KONSERVATISM Konservatismi väljakutsed1 Torbjørn Røe Isaksen Erinevalt kahest teisest peamisest XIX sajandi jooksul arenenud
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