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The Figure of the Paidagogos in Art and Literature

Norman H. Young Avondale College, [email protected]

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Recommended Citation Young, N. H. (1990). The figure of the Paidagogos in art and literature. The Biblical Archaeologist, 53(2), 80-86. doi:10.2307/3210099

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The Figure of the Paidagōgos in Art and Literature Author(s): Norman H. Young Source: The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Jun., 1990), pp. 80-86 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210099 . Accessed: 03/07/2014 23:13

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This content downloaded from 50.147.252.45 on Thu, 3 Jul 2014 23:13:19 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Figure in Art and of the Paidag os Literature

Variousaspects of thepedagogue's task have been preservedin artistic representa- tions, such as this vase painting from Cervetri(Italy). Dating to the fifth century B.C.E., the painting depicts young Hercules being followed by his nurse, Geropso,in the role of pedagogue. The vase is an Attic red skyphos (a two-handled drinking cup);it is 14.9 centimeters (about 6 inches) tall and by 18.2 centimeters (7 inches) wide. Reproduced courtesy of the Staatliches Museum, Norman H. Young Schwerin (D.D.R.).

hen Paul wrote that the rod were basic accoutrements of the law was our The pedagoguewas a slave the pedagogue'sart. Severity was not pedagogueuntil guardianappointed by a father to the universal practice, however. 'VV Christ came but supervise his son's activities and Many pedagoguesfulfilled their role now that faith had arrivedwe are no behavior from the time the child with kindness and endearedthem- longer under a pedagogue (Galatians woke up in the morning until he selves to their charges in a life-long 3:24-25), he used a metaphor with- went to bed at night (see Longenecker bond. Nevertheless, whether bad or out parallel in the Greek Bible. Be- 1982; Lull 1986; Young 1987).A boy good, the pedagogue'sadministration cause the term paidagogos is exclu- came under the pedagogue'scontrol alwaysterminated when the boy came sive to Paul in the biblical literature, at about age six and remained under of age and became his own master. the commentator is forced to sift his authority until well after puberty. The manifold nature of the peda- through the classical and Hellenistic Pedagogueshad a reputation for gogue'srole has led to considerable sources in an effort to elucidate harshness, which was not unwar- differences of opinion regardingthe Paul'smeaning. ranted, as the cane, the whip, and interpretation of Paul'ssuggestive

80 Biblical Archaeologist, June 1990

This content downloaded from 50.147.252.45 on Thu, 3 Jul 2014 23:13:19 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions metaphor. Some scholars have completely accurate, for the peda- around the shoulder (see, for ex- stressed the severity of the peda- gogue did much more than simply ample, Beck 1975:plate 12, figure 65). gogue and thus of the law (Hiibner take the child to school, and he did Thus, those texts that use agein ("to 1984: 33; Betz 1979: 177-78); others, not always lead but often followed lead")or hegeisthai ("toguide")4 are focusing on the benign characterof his charge.The Greek biographer not so contraryto custom as the pedagogue,have seen the law in and moralist, Plutarch, noted this would have had us believe. That the more positive terms (Lull 1986: 496; anomaly and commented that the nurse of Hercules should be depicted Gordon 1989: 153-54). On the other pedagogue"is said to lead (agein), as a pedagogueis not so surprising hand, most commentators have though he walks behind them and when one considers that the peda- emphasized the relevance of the not before"(Moralia, 1008F,see gogue often functioned as a nurse. temporary nature of the pedagogue's Cherniss 1976: 101).Both the literary Ancient authors frequently associ- task for Paul'sanalogy with the law sources and the artistic depictions ated the pedagoguewith the titthe5 (Burton 1921:200; Bruce 1982: 183; make it quite clear, however,that ("wet-nurse")or trophos6("nurse"), Longenecker 1982: 56). the pedagoguefrequently led rather sometimes calling the pedagoguea It is not the purpose of this ar- than followed his charge, especially trophos7or tropheus8("foster-father"). ticle to solve these exegetical diffi- when the boy was a very young child. Although the pedagogue'srole culties by pinpointing which aspect Variousaspects of the pedagogue's usually began after the nurse had of the pedagoguefigure Paul intended task have been preservedin artistic concluded her task (that is, at about when he made the analogy in Gala- representations. On a vase painting age six), there are texts that refer to tians 3:24-25. want to draw to the fifth I merely dating century B.C.E., Numerous terracottaexamples show young attention to some of the more visual Geropso, the nurse of Hercules, is boys being helped along by their pedagogues. examples of the pedagogue'sfunc- depicted as his pedagoguefollowing Below left: This terracottafigure from Myrina for example, shows a tion in the ancient world in the him to school. Hercules (Turkey), pedagogue hope Apparently leading his charge by the hand. Dating to the that such illumination will offer was to have a music lesson, because Hellenistic era, the figureis 16 centimeters valuable clues to Paul'smeaning. Geropso is shown carrying a lyre. A (about 6 inches) tall. It is currentlyhoused in used the National ArchaeologicalMuseum, . Lekythos (a single-handledjug Reproducedcourtesy of the TA.P service. AncientExamples of the Pedagogue for oil) shows an actual pedagogue Below center: This terracottafigure from When asked the youthful doing the identical task (Beck 1975: Cyrene(Libya), dating to the Hellenistic whether ruled Such period, shows a hooded old man leading five Lysis anyone (archein) plate 12, figure 68). examples children. It is 13.4centimeters (about 5 inches) over him, he replied that his peda- clarify those texts that use akolou- tall. Reproducedcourtesy of the Musee du gogue, a slave, ruled him. In response thein ("tofollow")3 to describe the Louvre,Paris. Below right: Found in a tomb to the further as to how the the child on the TamanskiPeninsula along the Black inquiry pedagogueaccompanying Sea, this terracottafigure depicts a hooded pedagogue ruled over him, Lysis to school. However,numerous ter- pedagogue carryinga lyre and gently leading answered,"By leading (agon)me to racotta examples indicate that a small boy.Dating to the fourth centuryB.C.E., I This were led the hand or it is 14.1 centimeters (about 5/2 inches) tall. school, suppose."1 common2 younger boys by Reproducedcourtesy of the Hermitage description is hardly exhaustive or were helped along with a gentle hold Museum, Leningrad.

Biblical Archaeologist, June 1990 81

This content downloaded from 50.147.252.45 on Thu, 3 Jul 2014 23:13:19 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions the pedagoguehaving charge of a comb that can caress the hair monly held in low esteem. Peda- baby?Similarly, accordingto the nor mirrors that without artists' gogues certainly got drunk;11some ancient author Libanius,whenever a aid reproducethe shapes con- no doubt did so habitually. child became sick, the pedagogue fronting them, but behind him The image of the instructor on played the role of nurse (Oration, come many-leavedwriting tab- terracottafigurines is so like the 58.8-11, see Festugiere 1959: 469). lets or books that preservethe Silenus/pedagoguecaricature that There are also terracottaexamples of merit of ancient deeds, along one barely hesitates before identify- pedagoguescarrying very young with a tuneful lyre, should he ing each figure as a pedagoguehelp- children (Rostovtzeff 1941:1.212, have to go to a music master ing a child with his homework.12 plate XXX, figure 2; Darembergand (Affairsof the Heart, 44, see Libanius (Oration, 58.9, see Fes- Saglio 1907:IV.272, figure 5450; Macleod 1967: 217-19). tugiere 1959: 469) and Aphthonius Klein 1932:plate 32B) as well as one School began early, as the above (Progymnasmata,5.15, see Hock where the pedagogueis holding the reference to rising at dawn and and O'Neil 1986: 227) inform us that child's rattle. others'0 indicate. Sometimes it was the pedagoguesometimes performed The role of a pedagoguewalking necessary, therefore, for the peda- this task. The ugliness of the peda- behind his chargewith his charge's gogue to carry a lamp (Rostovtzeff gogues on these terracottafigures lyre in his hand is colorfully de- 1941:1.212, plate XXX, figure 2). The supports the proverbialdread that scribed in the following passage by pedagogueput the boy to bed and children had of the pedagogue's Pseudo-: personally woke him up early for visage.13 We ought therefore to contrast school (Libanius'sOration, 58.8, see Pedagoguesoften sat in on the with the evils associated with Festugiere 1959: 469). lessons of the teacher proper.The women the manly life of a boy. The pedagoguewas usually famous Duris artist'svase from the He rises at dawn from his unwed stylized as a grumpy Socrates look- fifth century B.C.E. is an excellent couch, washes away with pure alike (see, for example, Beck 1975: example of this (Beck 1975: plate 18, water such sleep as still remains plate 12, figure 67). This is because figure 97, plate 19, figures 100 and in his eyes and after securing his the terracottafigures were modeled 101, plate 20, figure 107). The peda- shirt and his mantle with pins after the appearanceof the satyr, gogues sat within earshot of the les- at the shoulder "he leaves his Silenus. Socrates and Silenus were sons in music (flute and lyre), poetry, father'shearth with eyes bent often portrayedas having similar and writing. The classical stemless down"and without facing the features. Silenus was notorious as a cup by the Painter of Munich in the gaze of anyone he meets. He is bibulous and lecherous old oaf and Metropolitan Museum of Art in followed by an orderly company was thus a natural model for the New Yorkshows a group of children of attendants and tutors (paida- pedagogue,whom the ancients com- playing school, accurately reproduc- this same kind of g6goi), who grip in their hands Left:The pedagogue was usually stylized as a ing scene, including the reveredinstruments of vir- grumpySocrates look-alike, as portrayedon the pedagogueseated nearby. not the of a toothed this terracottafigure from Corinth. Terracotta Both Aelius Aristides (Oration tue, points figures were modeled after the appearanceof the satyr Silenus. Socratesand Silenus were often portrayedas having similar features. Notorious as a bibulous and lecherous old oaf, Silenus was a naturalmodel for the pedagogue, whom the ancients generally held in low esteem. Dating to the Hellenistic era, the figureis 14 centimeters (almost 5 ? inches) tall and is located in the National Archae- ological Museum, Athens. Reproducedcour- tesy of the TA.P service. Right: The tender side of the pedagogue is shown on this terra- cotta figure,probably made in Myrina(Thrkey). The pedagoguehas his arm wrappedaround the boy's back and is looking on warmly, as if listening to him read. The figureis 11.8centi- meters (4? inches) tall and dates to the Hellenistic era. Reproducedcourtesy of The Trusteesof the British Museum, London.The image of the instructoron this and other terracottafigures is so like the Silenus pedagoguecaricature that one barelyhesitates beforeidentifying each as a pedagoguehelp- ing a child with his homework.

82 Biblical Archaeologist, June 1990

This content downloaded from 50.147.252.45 on Thu, 3 Jul 2014 23:13:19 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 32.15, see Behr 1981: 160-61) and Suetonius (On Grammarians, 23, see Variousaspects of thepedagogue's task have Rolfe 1914:429) tell us that the peda- gogue often gained knowledge and beenpreserved in artisticrepresentations. manumission from the opportunity affordedby such proximity to the teacher.The most celebratedexample of this is the pedagogue Remmius Palaemon, who became a wealthy educator in the time of the emperors Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero. Such learned former pedagogueswere ridi- culed, of course, both in literaturel4 and in art (see Hunter and Marsh 1982: 254 for a reproductionof "a *b, .? To rt humorous painting of a pedagogue- described as . ** . a new-style lecturer of *? the cult of reason"). Despite the system's short- L~/,I~? h~:_/X?/A\ ?~~ ~~'. Oo comings, children often had a lasting o affection for their pedagogues;not '4 .. infrequently on reaching maturity Q they manumitted their faithful childhood guides. Funerarytexts or dedicated to pedagogues illustrate 3 ~t. the regardwith which their former charges esteemed them. However, the pedagoguewas also infamous for administering punishment - often Pedagoguesoften sat in during lessons in the arts. In the scene above,pictured on one side all too vigorously.15 of an Attic red-figuredcup by the Duris painter, a pedagogue (with staff) looks on while his chargereceives formal instruction in poetry and music. The cup dates to the fifth century The darkeraspect of the peda- B.C.E. Reproducedcourtesy of the Staatliche Museen PreussischerKulturbesitz, Berlin (West). gogue'scharacter is faithfully de- Standing at the far left of the scene below, painted on an Attic red-figuredhydria found in a in artistic tomb at Camiros ()and attributed to the Pig Painter,is the pedagogue,looking on during picted representations. a lesson. The three-handled used to water a One terracottafrom music hydria (a large, jar carry from fountain) Myrina (Darem- dates to the fifth century B.c.E.It is 28.3 centimeters (11inches) tall. Reproducedcourtesy berg and Saglio 1907: IV.272,figure of The Trusteesof the British Museum, London. 5449) shows a pedagoguetwisting the ear of a presumably recalcitrant boy. The technique of twisting the ear was a discipline favoredby Chilo, the of Cato the Elder's pedagogue ' AW son (Plutarch'sMarcus Cato, 20.4, see Perrin 1914:361), and recom- ... mended by Clement of (The Instructor, 1.7, see Robertsand Donaldson 1962: 223). The peda- gogue represented by a Hellenistic terracotta figure from Asia Minor in a * the Metropolitan Museum of Art has what appears to be a strap over lbb his right shoulder, a corrective in- strument favored by the pedagogues.16 The crooked staff that the peda- gogue is often depicted carrying is a sign of a freedman and is not espe- cially designed as a rod for the back.

Biblical Archaeologist, June 1990 83

This content downloaded from 50.147.252.45 on Thu, 3 Jul 2014 23:13:19 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions away from an angry pedagogue (on who has SeO TAMANSKI the other side of the vase) PENINSULA his stick raised ready to deliver the punitive blows. There is no doubt that the peda- Black Sea gogue'sreputation for being zealous .Rome with the strap and cane was well deserved. Children generally had a great dreadof their pedagoguesand secretly desired the opportunity to mock and abuse GREECE TURKEY them.'7 However, there are also numerous texts that *Elitia Myrina speak of the great affection that Athens existed between a child and his Corinth" peda- gogue. Many terracottafigures reveal dis- CamiroseRHODES a gentle side to the pedagogue's position. An example of this is the apparenthabit of placing a tender MediterraneanSea hand on a boy's shoulder or head (Rostovtzeff 1941:1.416, plate L, Cyenee figure 1),which demonstrates that ruthless discipline was not the only LIBYA EGYPT characteristic of the pedagogues. Determining exactly what Paul The staff was too serviceable an in- pounded with the crooked staff of meant when he referredto the law strument, however,and too ready at Smicrines, his harsh pedagogue as our pedagogue (Galatians3:24) hand not to have been used to beat (Epistle,3.7.3-4, see Benner and requiresa largersurvey of the sources the disobedient. Alciphron recorded Fobes 1949: 151).There is also a vase than is undertakenhere (see Longe- an example of such a usage where scene where a naughty boy (on one necker 1982;Lull 1986;Young 1987; the carousing Charicles had his back side of the vase) is depicted running Gordon 1989). Paul'sanalogy of the

The pedagogue was often depicted as carryinga crooked staff, a sign of a freedman that was not especially designed as a rod. The staff was too serviceable an instrument, though, and too ready at hand not to have been used to beat charges who were disobedient. Left:This red-figuredpelike (a two-handled vessel used to carryliquids) by the OrpheusPainter, from Eldtia (Greece),illustrates the pedagogue'suse of a crookedstaff. The pelike dates to the fifth century B.C.E.It is 28 centimeters (almost 11 inches) tall and is located in the National Arch- aeological Museum, Athens. Reproducedcourtesy of the TA.P service. Below: Pedagogues had a reputation for harshness, which was not unwarranted,as the cane, the whip, and the rod were the basic accoutrementsof his trade. ThisAttic red-figuredskyphos from Ruvo(Italy), for example, shows an angrypedagogue with his stick raised ready to punish a naughty boy, who is running away on the opposite side of the vase. Dating to the fifth century B.C.E., the vase is 11.6 centimeters (4Y2inches) tall and 10 centimeters (almost 4 inches) in diameter at the base. Reproducedcourtesy of the SoprintendenzaArcheologia della Puglia, , Museo Nazionale, Bari.

lip=F~

84 Biblical Archaeologist, June 1990

This content downloaded from 50.147.252.45 on Thu, 3 Jul 2014 23:13:19 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions pedagogue seems to refer to the 69); Plutarch,Moralia, 4B (see Babbitt Library.Cambridge, MA, and Lon- Press and when Israel was under the law 1927: 19). don: HarvardUniversity period Heinemann. as a temporary restrictive protection '2Scholarsare divided over the identification of these terracotta Betz, H. D. (or protective restriction) imposed figures. 1979 Galatians:A Commentaryon Paul's until the of Christ. Be that For example, S. E Bonner (1977:vii, Letterto the Churchesin Galatia. coming has identified the Silenus- as it the we of the figure 5) Series:Hermeneia. Philadelphia: may, picture get from role from the terracotta pedagoguefigure (Greece) FortressPress. pedagogue's in the British Museum as a pedagogue, S. E and vase in associa- Bonner, figures paintings whereas E A. G. Beck (1975:20, note 71) 1977 Education in Ancient Rome. cer- tion with the literary references has indicated that the figure is a teacher London:Methuen. tainly increases our appreciation of with a pupil. Bruce,E the richness of this pauline metaphor '1Alciphron,Letter, 3.1.3 (see Benner 1982 The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians: it is our and Fobes 1949: Life of , 15 A Commentaryon the Greek Text. and, hoped, understanding 151); Series:The New International of it. Daly 1961: (see 37). Greek TestamentCommentary. '4Aristides,In Defence of Oratory, Exeter:Paternoster Press. 380 Behr 1973: see also the (see 507); Burton,E. D. references in note 13. 1921 A Critical and Com- Notes Exegetical '5Aristides,In Defence of Oratory, mentary on the Epistle to the Gala- ', Lysis, 208C (see Lamb 380 (see Behr 1973: 507); Libanius, tians. Series:The International 1925: 23). Orations, 43.9, 58.9 (see Festugiere 1959: Critical Commentary.Edinburgh: 2Julian,Misopogon, or, Beard-hater, 162, 469), Epistle, 1188.3-4 (see Foerster T. & T. Clark. 352C (see Wright 1913: 461); Appian, 1903-1923);Quintilian, 1.3.17 (see Butler, H. E., translator Roman History: The Civil Wars,5.4.30 Butler 1920: Martial, Epigram, 11.39 1920 Quintilian I. Books I-III.Series: 61); LoebClassical White 1913: Suetonius, Lives of Ker 1968: Library.Cambridge, (see 191); (see 267). and London:Harvard the 6.36.2 Rolfe 1914: MA, University Caesars, (see 153), '6Alciphron,Epistle, 3.7.3-4 (see Press and Heinemann. and On 23 Rolfe Benner and Fobes 1949: Grammarians, (see 151);Libanius, Cherniss, H., translator 1914:429). Epistle, 911.2 (see Foerster1903-1923); 1976 Plutarch'sMoralia XIII. Series:Loeb 3Aristides,Oration, 32.15 (see Behr Pseudo-Callisthenes,Life of Alexander, Classical Library.Cambridge, MA, 1981: 160-61); Plutarch,Moralia, 195C 1.39.4 (see Kroll 1958:44). and London:Harvard University (see Babbitt 1931: 159), and Moralia, '7Dio Chrysostom, Discourse, 72.10 Press and Heinemann. 1008F(see Cherniss 1976: 101);Pseudo- (see Crosby 1951: 185). Colson, E.H., translator Lucian,Affairs of the Heart, 44 (see 1962 X. The Embassy to Gaius. Macleod 1967: 217-19). Series: LoebClassical Library.Cam- 208C Lamb 1925: Bibliography bridge,MA, and London:Harvard 4Plato,Lysis, (see C. translator Press and Heinemann. Aristides, In Defence of Oratory,189 Adams, D., University 23); 1919 The Speeches of . Series: Colson, E H., and Whittaker,G. H., translators Behr 1973: (see 385); , Misopogon, LoebClassical Library.Cambridge, 1929 Philo II. Series:Loeb Classical 352C 1913: or, Beard-hater, (see Wright MA, and London:Harvard University Library.Cambridge, MA, and Lon- 461);Plutarch, Moralia, 1008F (see Press and Heinemann. don: HarvardUniversity Press and Babbitt 1931: 159). Babbitt,E. C., translator Heinemann. 5Demosthenes, Oration, 47.56 (see 1927 Plutarch'sMoralia I. Series: Loeb 1932 Philo IV Series:Loeb Classical Murray1939: 311); , Discourse, Classical Library.Cambridge, MA, Library.Cambridge, MA, and Lon- 1.11.21-23 (see Oldfather 1925: 83-85); and London:Harvard University don: HarvardUniversity Press and Philo, Whois the Heir, 295 (see Colson Press and Heinemann. Heinemann. 1931 Plutarch'sMoralia III. Series:Loeb H. translator and Whittaker 1932:435), and On The Crosby, L., Classical MA, 1951 Dio V Discourses LXI- Sacrifice of Abel and Cain, 15 Library.Cambridge, Chrysostom (see and London:Harvard University LXXX.Series: Loeb Classical Library. Colson and Whittaker 1929: 103). Press and Heinemann. and London:Harvard 325C-D Cambridge,MA, 6Plato,, (see Beck, F.A. G. University Press and Heinemann. Lamb 1924: 143), and Republic, 373C 1975 Album of Greek Education. Sydney: Daly, L. W, translator (see Shorey 1937: 163); Libanius, Oration, Cheiron Press. 1961 Aesop without Morals.New York: 18.289 (see Norman 1969: 475). Behr,C. A., translator Thomas Yoseloff. 'ArtemidorusDaldianus, 1.78 (see 1973 Aristides I. Panthenaic Oration and Daremberg,C., and Saglio,E., editors White 1975:60). In Defence of Oratory.Series: Loeb 1907 DictionnairedesAntiquitis Grecques 8Xenophonof , 1.14.4 (see Classical Library.Cambridge, MA, et Romaines IV/1(reprinted 1969). Graz:Akademischen Druck-und Hadas 1953: 82); Josephus,Antiquities of and London:Harvard University Press and Heinemann. Verlagsanhalt. the Jews, 9.126-27 (see Marcus 1937:69). 11.39 Ker 1981 P Aelius Aristides. The Complete Festugibre,A. J.,translator 9Martial,Epigram, (see Works,volume 2, Orations 17-53. 1959 Antioche paienne et chritienne: 1968: 267). Leiden:E. J.Brill. Libanius, Chrysostomeet les moines 12 '0Aeschines, Against Timarchus, Benner,A. R., and Fobes,F. H., translators de Syrie.Paris: editions E. de Boccard. (see Adams 1919: 13). 1949 The letters of Alciphron, Aelian and Foerster,R., editor "Plato, Lysis, 223A (see Lamb 1925: Philostratus. Series:Loeb Classical 1903- Libanii Opera. VolumesI-XII.

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This content downloaded from 50.147.252.45 on Thu, 3 Jul 2014 23:13:19 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1923 Lipsiae:B. G. Teubneri. Library.Cambridge, MA, and Lon- Gordon,T. D. don: HarvardUniversity Press and 1989 A Note on HAIAAPrOPOEin Gala- Heinemann. 7-iscover tians 3.24-25. New Testament Norman, A. E, translator Studies 35: 150-54. 1969 Libanius. Selected WorksI. The 4bibica1 Hadas,M., translator Julianic Orations. Series: LoebClas- 1953 ThreeGreek Romances. New York: sical Library.Cambridge, MA, and The Bobbs-MerrillCompany. London:Harvard University Press Hock,R., and O'Neil, E., translators and Heinemann. 1986 The Chreiain Ancient :The Oldfather,W. A., translator .Arhaeologist Progymnasmata,volume 1. Series: 1925 Epictetus I. The Discourses Book Textsand Translations: Greek-Roman Eachyear many new discoveriesare I & II. Series: LoebClassical Library. made that enrichour Series. Atlanta, GA: ScholarsPress. Cambridge,MA, and London:Harvard understanding Hiibner,H. Press and Heinemann. of the roots of Westerntradition. University 1984 Law in Paul'sThought. English Pack, R. A., editor Since it firstreported the discovery Translationin Series: Studies of the 1963 Artemidorus:Onirocriticon Libri V of the DeadSea Scrolls in 1947, New Testamentand Its World.Edin- Lipsiae:B. G. Teubneri. BiblicalArchaeologisthas been first burgh:T. & T. Clark. Perrin,B., translator on the scene with Hunter,E., and Marsh,P., editors 1914 Plutarch'sLives II. Series:Loeb Clas- fascinatingreports 1982 The Book Bible sical and of the latestfield work. Published of Knowledge. Library.Cambridge, MA, London:Scripture Union. London:Harvard University Press quarterlyby the JohnsHopkins Ker,W. C. A., translator and Heinemann. UniversityPress on behalfof the 1968 Martial II. Epigrams.Series: Loeb Roberts,A., and Donaldson, J.,editors AmericanSchools of Oriental Classical Library.Cambridge, MA, 1962 The Anti-nicene FathersII. Fathers BAcontinues this tradition and London:Harvard University of the Second Century.Reprinted Research, Press and Heinemann. of articlesthat GrandRapids, MI: Eerdmans. timely,challenging Klein, A. Rolfe,J. translator and C., set the pace for scholars 1932 Child Life in GreekArt. New York: 1914 Suetonius II. Lives of the Caesars laypeoplealike. Columbia University Press. (continued)and the Lives of Illus- To placeyour subscriptionor renew Kroll, G., editor trious Men. Series:Loeb Classical a current the 1958 Historia Alexandi Magni (Pseudo- Library.Cambridge, MA, and Lon- subscription,complete Berlin: form below and returnit to the Callisthenes). Weidmannsche don: HarvardUniversity Press and Verlagsbuchhandlung. Heinemann. JohnsHopkins UniversityPress, Lamb,W R. M., translator Rostovtzeff,M. JournalsPublishing Division (HUP), 1924 Plato II. Laches, Protagoras,, 1941 The Social and Economic History of 701W. 40th St., Suite 275, Baltimore, Euthydemus. Series:Loeb Classical the Hellenistic World.Oxford: MD 21211.Individual orders must Library.Cambridge, MA, and Lon- ClarendonPress. be check or order don: HarvardUniversity Press and Shorey,P., translator prepaidby money Heinemann. 1937 Plato V The I-V drawnon a UnitedStates bank or Republic, Books 1925 Plato III. Lysis,Symposium, . Series:Loeb Classical Library.Cam- by VISA or MasterCard.To placean Series: LoebClassical Library.Cam- bridge,MA, and London:Harvard orderby creditcard, dial our toll-free bridge,MA, and London:Harvard University Press and Heinemann. numbe; 1-800-537-JHUP.Maryland University Press and Heinemann. Sutton, E. W, and Rackham,H., translators residents add 5% sales tax. Longenecker,R. 1942 III. De Oratore,Books I, II. please 1982 The Nature of the Law Series: LoebClassical Cam- O $19.95individuals Pedagogical Library. in Galatians 3:19-4:7. Journalof the bridge,MA, and London:Harvard 0 $30.00 institutions Evangelical Theological Society University Press and Heinemann. O Checkor money-orderendosed 25: 53-61. White, H., translator [ MasterCard O[Visa Lull, D. J. 1913 Appian'sRoman History IV Series: 1986 "TheLaw was our Pedagogue":A LoebClassical Library.Cambridge, Card number Study in Galatians3:19-25. Journal MA, and London:Harvard Univer- of Biblical Literature105: 481-98. sity Press and Heinemann. date Macleod, M. D., translator White, R. J.,translator Expiration 1967 Lucian VIII.Series: Loeb Classical 1975 The Interpretationof Dreams: Library.Cambridge, MA, and Lon- Oneirocritica by Artemidorus.Park Name don: HarvardUniversity Press and Ridge, NJ:Noyes Press. Heinemann. Wright,W C., translator Address Marcus,R., translator 1913 Julian. The Worksof the Emperor 1937 JosephusVI. Jewish Antiquities, JulianI. Series:Loeb Classical City Books IX-XI.Series: Loeb Classical Library.Cambridge, MA, and Lon- Library.Cambridge, MA, and Lon- don: HarvardUniversity Press and don: Harvard Heinemann. State Zip University Press and Heinemann. Young,N. H. Murray,A. T., translator 1987 Paidagogos:The Social Setting of a Country 1939 V Private Orations Pauline Metaphor.Novum Testa- XLI-XLIX.Series: Loeb Classical mentum 29: 150-76.

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