Of the Indian Subcontinent C

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs Volume 12 Research in the Auchenorrhyncha, Article 13 Homoptera: A Tribute to Paul W. Oman

10-1-1988 Revision of the Nirvaninae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) of the Indian subcontinent C. A. Viraktamath Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560 065, India

C. S. Wesley Department of Ecology and Evolution, S.U.N.Y., Stony Brook, New York 11794

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbnm

Recommended Citation Viraktamath, C. A. and Wesley, C. S. (1988) "Revision of the Nirvaninae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) of the Indian subcontinent," Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs: Vol. 12 , Article 13. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbnm/vol12/iss1/13

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. REVISION OF THE NIRVANINAE (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

C. A. Viraktamath' andC. S. Wesley^

Abstract —^Three tribes of Nirvaninae, namely, Balbillini (two genera and three species), Nirvanini (five genera and 26 species), and Occinirvanini (one genus and one species), occur on the Indian subcontinent. The tribes, genera, and species are redescribed, illustrated, and keyed. New ta.xa recognized are BalbiUus indicus n. sp. (India; Kerala), Stenotortor stibhimalaya n. sp. (India: West Bengal), Kana bispinosa n. sp. (India: Tamil Nadu), K. nigropicta n. sp. (India: Kerala), Sophonia bakeri n. sp. (India: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh; Nepal), S. bifida n. sp. (India: West Bengal), S. complexa n. sp. (India; Meghalaya), S. compUcata n. sp. (India: Mizoram, Meghalaya), S. keralica n. sp. (India; Kerala), Nirvana peculiarisn. sp. (India: Mizoram, Meghalaya), and N. striata n. sp. (India; West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh). The genus Qitercinirvana Ahmed & Mahmood (type species; Q. longicephala Ahmed & Mahmood) is treated as a junior synonym oi Sophonia Walker. Kana signata Distant and Nirvana greeni Distant are suppressed as junior synonyms of K. illuminata and N. Hnealis , respectively, and are transferred to

Sophonia . Three other species transferred to Sophonia are Kana modesta Distant, Quercinirvana longicephala Ahmed & Mahood, and Nirvana insignis Distant. The relationships among various genera are discussed briefly. The genera Crispina Distant and Mohiinia Distant are excluded from Nirvaninae.

The Nirvaninae, one of the smaller sub- (1923a) found Stenotortor inocarpi Baker on families of the leafhopper family Cicadellidae, Otaheite chestnut, Inocarpus edulis, in Sin- include a predominantly tropical group of gapore. In Australia, Nirvaninae feed on /. leafhoppers. They are fragile, often brightly edulis, casuarina, and croton (Evans 19411). colored, depressed leaflioppers and common Teco7naria capensis is recorded as the host of on lush green vegetation. They are often mis- Narecho tecomariae Theron in South Africa taken for Typhlocybinae, but the structure of (Theron 1970). Quercinirvana longicephala the head and the more depressed form and Ahmed & Mahmood feeds on Aesculus indica, truncate basitarsus of the hind leg distinguish Quercus dilatata, and Vihurmmi nervosum Nirvaninae. The subfamily includes 111 spe- (Ahmed and Mahmood 1970). Chudania cies (excluding Mukariinae and other non- delecta Distant breeds on Ficus carica Nirvaninae genera, which were traditionally (Ahmed and Mallik 1972). In South America, included in the Nirvaninae) distributed in the Tahura fowleri Kramer is found on Passiflora Oriental (56), Afrotropical (24), Neotropical (Kramer 1964). Kuoh and Kuoh (1983)

(7), Palearctic (7), Australian (11), and Pacific recorded Camellia sinensis. Acacia confusa. island (6) regions. The fauna of Afrotropical Citrus reticulata, Pterocarpus indicus, Orijza (Linnavuori 1979), Australian (Evans 1966), sativa, Psidium guajava, and Chimonanthus Papua New Guinea (Evans 1973), Neotropical praecox as host plants of species oi Pseudonir-

(Kramer 1964), and Palearctic (Kuoh and vana Baker { = Sophonia Walker) in China. Kuoh 1983) regions have recently been re- Nirvana pallida and N. greeni Distant breed vised. The tribe Mukariini earlier included in on black gram, green gram, cowpea, field the subfamily by Distant (1908g) and Metcalf bean, pigeon pea, and soybean in India (Ra- (1963) is now considered a subfamily distinct makrishna 1980). from Nirvaninae (Linnavuori 1979). The Nirvaninae of the Indian subcontinent

Information on host plants of Nirvaninae is consist of eight genera and 30 species grouped very meagre. Nirvana pallida Melichar and in three tribes, namely, Balbillini, Nirvanini, N. suturalis Melichar are destructive to sugar- and Occinirvanini. The genera Mohunia Dis- cane and grasses in Taiwan (Schumacher tant and Crispina Distant are excluded from 1915a). They also feed on rice, mulberry, and the study, as they probably belong to the sub- camphor tree (Esaki and Ito 1954a). Baker family Deltocephalinae.

Department of Entomology, University of Agricultnral Sciences. CKVK Campus, Bangalore 560 065, India. ^Department of Ecology and Evolution, S.U.N.Y., Stony Brook, New York 11794, US.\.

182 1988 VlRAKTAMATII, WESLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiKVANINAE 183

Material and Abbreviations sinuate ventrally. Anterior tentorial branches L-shaped. Lateral margins of pronotum cari- This study was based mainly on specimens nate (except in Omaranus Distant), moder- collected over the years and deposited in the ately long. Forewing venation reduced, with- insect collection of the Department of Ento- out cross-veins at base (except Balbillini), mology, University of Agricultural Sciences longitudinal veins represented by a series of by the senior author and his students. Addi- tional specimens were borrowed from various paired pits basally, appendix either narrow institutions for the study. Abbreviations used (Nirvanini) or broad (BcdhiUus Distant). Hind- for these institutions and for the depositories wing with three or lour apical cells, veins lA of the types of new taxa are as follows: and 2A fused basally. Fore and middle tibiae cylindrical or flattened (Balbillini), hind BMNH - British Museum (Natural History), London. femoral spinulation 2+1 + 1 (Nirvanini), lARI -Indian Agricultural Re.search Institute, New Delhi. 2+1 + (Balbillini and Occinirvanini), or IRSNB - Institute Royal des Sciences, Naturelles de Bel- 2+0+0 (Balbilhni). gique, Bru.xelles. Male pygofer either cylindrical or de- JU - Department of Biosciences, Jammu Univer- pressed, with or without anal collar process, sity, Jammu. heav- PAU - Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. but may be armed with ventral process, UAS - University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. ily macrosetose. Valve small, fused with USNM -U.S. National Museum (Natural History), pygofer laterally. Plates usually parallel- Washington, D.C. sided. Style variable. Connective Y-shaped ZMHU -Museum fiir Naturkunde der Humboldt, Urii- (Nirvanini) or platelike (Balbillini). Aedeagus versitat zu Berlin, Berlin. ZSI -Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. with single shaft and often provided with processes. Distant (1908g, 1918b) did not mention the Linnavuori (1979) suggested that the sub- number of specimens (syntypes) of each new family Nirvaninae is a derivative of the Aphro- species he described, except when a single dinae-Cicadellinae stock and that Nirvanini is specimen was involved, viz., Chundania de- the most advanced tribe. lecta Distant (1908g; 268) In this study lectotype designations were made even though a Key to Tribes

single specimen of the type series (syntypes?) 1. Fore and middle tibiae flattened; head notched was present in the BMNH collection. Unless in front of eyes so that the scape is visible in otherwise stated they were considered as part dorsal aspect Balbillini of the syntype series. — Fore and middle tibiae rounded; scape not visible from above 2 The terminology used for describing hind Ocelli nearer to apex of head than to eyes; leg spinulation follows Davis (1975). 2(1). forewing appendix wide and extending around apical wing margin; lora large; vertex about half Description of Taxa as long as wide, obliquely produced in front of eyes, with hind femoral spinulation 2+1 + 0; Nirvaninae hind basitarsus with six platellae . . . Occinirvanini

Delicate, fragile, depressed, small to mod- — Ocelli nearer to eyes than to apex of head; forewing appendix narrow and does not extend erately large (4.0-9.0 mm) leafhoppers. Usu- around apex of wing; lora small; vertex as long as ally yellow or white, often marked with red, wide or longer, not obliquely produced in front black, orange, or brown fascia. Head as wide of eyes; hind femoral spinulation 2+1 + 1; hind

as or wider than pronotum. Vertex usually basitarsus with two or three platellae . . Nirvanini flattened, strongly produced, and with rugae Tribe Balbillini or sculpturing on lateral and anterior regions. Ocelli on crown along lateral margin in front of This tribe has been well characterized by eyes. Frontoclypeus and clypellus either flat Linnavuori (1979). The following additional or tumid, in the latter case often provided characters are noted. Forewing with supernu- with a median keel. Lora often small, extreme merary cross-veins along costal margin and anterior margin of genae bluntly prominent, with two m-cu cross-veins, four to five apical extending beyond apex of clypellus. Antennal cells, two anteapical cells, and appendix (ab- pits deep, antennal ledges more or less sent in Stenotortor Baker). Hindwing with strong, antennae long. Lower margin of eyes four apical cells. Hind femoral spinulation 184 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

2 + 2 + or 2 + 0+0. Male connective long and suggest that the Afrotropical species of Balhil- incrassate or lamellate and fusiform. Aedea- lus, namely, B. ahas Linnavuori and B. tri- gus simple with large gonopore. maculatus Linnavuori, may not belong to Bal- hillus. Key to Genera of Balbillini

1. Forewing with a well-developed appendix; hind Key to Species of Balhillus Balhillus Distant femoral spinulation 2+1+0 1. Vertex and scutellum with dark brown spots .... — Forewing without an appendix; hind femoral spin- granulosus Distant ulation 2 + + Stenotortor Baker — Vertex and scutellum immaculate . . . indicus, n. sp.

Genus Balhillus Distant Balhillus granulosus Distant Figs. 1-5 Balhillus Distant 1908g: 287. Type species; Balhillus granulosus Distant, by original designation and Balhillus granulosus Distant 1908g: 288. Holotype 9 , Sri monotypy. Lanka (BMNH, examined).

Head narrower than pronotum. Crown Yellow. Vertex with a median spot, a spot in bluntly, angularly produced, convex, de- apical half on either side divided by carina, clivous anteriorly, with median and submar- and a spot near inner margin of eye dark ginal, anterior carinae between ocelli. Face brown. Pronotum with a median, short stripe horizontal, flat. Clypellus twice as wide at on anterior margin fuscous. Basal triangles on base as at apex; lora small. Lateral margins of scutum and apex of scutellum dark brown; head in front of eyes notched, exposing scape blackish, median line on scutellum not reach- of antenna. Pronotum declivous laterally, ing apex of scutellum. Longitudinal veins and with two lateral, carinate margins; mese- claval veins lemon yellow, entire surface of pisternum attaining lateral position in front of forewing punctate, punctations along radial base of wing and strongly ridged. Fore and vein and on outer apical cell and a spot at base middle tibiae angular; hind femoral spinula- of appendix fuscous. tion 2+1 + 0, inner spine very slender and Vertex bluntly conical, 1.24 times as wide minute. Apex of hind basitarsus with three between eyes as its median length, median platellae. Hind tibial spinulation Rj 12 ± 1, R, carina prominent in its apical half, apical 0.75 19±1, R3 25±l, R4 25±l. of disc sculptured, basal 0.25 polished. Face Pygofer much shorter than its height, with- about as long as wide. Pronotum widened out processes. Anal tube short. Genital plate posteriorly. Scutellum longer than pronotum, parallel-sided, 3.4 times as long as wide with transversely, finely rugulose beyond sulcus. uniseriate, submarginal setae and few hairlike Forewing 3.4 times as long as wide, with one setae. Apophysis of style simple, without m-cu cross-vein abut 0.33 distance from base preapical lobe. Connective lamellate and fusi- and another near apex limiting the short, in- form. Aedeagus articulate with connective, ner anteapical cell, outer anteapical cell open simple and with large gonopore. behind, numerous veins arising from apical Remarks. —As pointed out bv Linnavuori half of outer anteapical cell and reaching (1979) and Baker (1923), Balhillus and Steno- costa, few of them forked at costal margin, tortor are closely related. They can be sepa- third apical cell divided by cross-vein. Hind- rated by the characters used in the key. The wing with four apical cells. bodies of both genera remain appressed to the Female genitalia. —Seventh sternum leaf surface, which explains the flat nature of about twice as long as sixth, its hind margin the tibiae and the undersurface of the body. slightly concave with a strong, U-shaped, me- The Indian species, B. granulosa and B. dian excavation, very finely, transversely indica, have hind femoral spinulation 2+1 + rugulose. Ovipositor exceeding pygofers. and three platellae at the apex of the hind Measurements.—Female 7.10 mm long, basitarsus. The male plate of B. indica is paral- head 1.85 mm wide, pronotum 1.87 mm lel-sided. The connective and aedeagus are wide. articulated rather than fused. The connective Spegimen e.xamined. —Holotype 9 la- is spindle-shaped, lamellate rather than long beled /Type/ /Balhillus granulosus Dist., and incrassate, and the preapical lobe of the tvpe/ /Ceylon (Green)/ /Distant Coll., style is wanting. These characters strongly 1911-383/ (BMNH). 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 185

/6 17

Figs. 1-17. Species oi Balbillus. B. granulosus Distant; 1, head and thorax; 2, same, profile; 3, face and part of prothorax;4, forewing; 5, ovipositor. B. indicus, n. sp.: 6, general habitus; 7, head and thorax; 8, face; 9, head and thorax, profile; 10, forewing; 11, pygofer; 12, male plate; 13, connective; 14, style; 15, 16, 17, aedeagus, lateral, cephalic, and caudal views.

Remarks. —This species is closely related Balbillus indicus, n. sp. Figs. 6-17 to B. indicus, from which it differs by its distinctive coloration. Uniformly pale yellow. Apex of clavus. 186 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12 second and third apical cells of forewing suf- Remarks.—Baker (1923a) differentiated fused with brown. Stenotortor from Balhillus by its strongly de- Disc of vertex polished, medially, longitu- pressed body, tectiform tegmina with ex- dinally grooved for 0.66 distance and ridged panded costal area, strongly curved outer beyond. Forewing 2.5 times as long as wide, margin, and obscure venation. However, punctate along veins of corium, in cells of more important differences in Stenotortor ap- clavus, and along the costal margin, m-cu pear to be the absence of an appendix on the cross-veins two (as in B. granulosus) but not forewing, the presence of one m-cu cross- easily seen, fewer oblique veins reaching vein, and hind femoral spinulation that is costal margin from outer anteapical cell. 2+0+0. Male genitalia. —Pygofer simple, three times as long as its height with a few stout Stenotortor subhiinalaija, n. sp. setae on caudoventral area, anal tube short. Figs. 18-27 Plate parallel-sided, with single row of sub- Orange yellow. Vertex with oblique band marginal, stout, short setae, and hairlike setae on either side of median line, oblique line along outer margin. Style without preapical laterally; pronotum with lateral, oblique lobe, apophysis long, its apex pointed and band, transverse band on scutellum dark red- directed ventrad. Aedeagus with preatrium dish brown. Forewing with submarginal band elongate, dorsal apodeme unpaired, short, on costal area, a stripe on clavus along com- shaft tubular for greater distance caudad, then missure at basal 0.33 and then obliquely ex- flattened and deflected anteriorly, apex tending to inner claval margin, a median pointed; gonopore apical, large. stripe connecting both claval stripe basally Measurements.—Male 5.50 mm long, and inward extension of submarginal stripe head 1.28 mm wide, pronotum 1.53 mm both medially and caudally, dark reddish wide. brown. Specimen examined.—Holotype S, India: Vertex bluntly conical, slightly longer than Kerala: Thekkadi, 27.iii.1977, s' Viraktamath its about as as CoU. (UAS). width between eyes. Face wide long. Clypellus strongly narrowed apically. Remarks.—In coloration and size it is simi- Lateral margin of strongly diverg- lar to B. alhellus Baker from the Philippines, pronotum but differs in forewing venation in having five ing, 2.7 times as wide as its median length. apical cells rather than four as in the latter Forewing 2.4 times as long as its width. Hind- species. wing with four apical cells. Male genitalia.—Pygofer twice as long as Genus Stenotortor Baker height, caudoventral margin with short, stout

Stenotortor Baker 1923a: 375, 377. Type species: Steno- setae. Anal tube short. Male plate parallel- tortor inocarpi Baker, by original designation and sided, about four times as long as wide, caudal monotypy. apex rounded. Style with well-developed, Stucture similar to Balhillus but differs in stout, preapical lobe, apophysis fingerlike. the following respects. Orange with brick red Connective triangular. Aedeagus with elon- or reddish brown markings. Median carina of gate preatrium, without dorsal apodeme, vertex more prominent. Forewing without shaft tubular in basal 0.33, then spatulate with appendix, with one m-cu cross-vein, both an- large gonopore on its ventral margin occupy- teapical cells open behind. Hind femoral spin- ing 0.66 of its length. ulation 2+0+0. Hind tibial spinulation Rj 20, Measurements.—Male 4.90 mm long; R2 13, R3 10. Apex of hind basitarsus with head 1.18 mm wide, pronotum 1.55 mm three platellae. wide. Male pygofer simple, its caudoventral area Specimens e.xamined.—Holotvpe 6, In- thickly setose. Anal tube short. Male plate dia: West Bengal: Sukna, 3.xi.l981, C. A. Vi- parallel-sided without macrosetae or long, raktamath Coll. no. 277 (UAS). hairlike setae. Style with well-developed, Remarks.—This species differs from S. in- preapical lobe. Connective triangular, articu- ocarpi in coloration of the vertex, pronotum, lated with simple aedeagus. Gonopore large and wing pattern, in its larger size, and in its on ventral margin. relatively longer aedeagus. 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 187

Figs. 18-27. Stenotortor stibhimalaya, n. sp.: 18, habitus; 19, face; 20, head and thorax, profile; 21, forewing; 22, pygofer; 23, male plate; 24, connective; 25,26, aedeagus, lateral and caudal views; 27, style.

Tribe Nirvanini dle tibiae rounded. Hind femoral spinulation 2+1 + 1. Hind basitarsus terminated by two Pale yellow with dark or red markings. platellae. Body long, narrow, more or less depressed. Pygofer with well-developed, lateral lobes. Head as long as or longer than its width, disc Anal tube elongate, often with apical or cau- of vertex longitudinally rugose in anterior re- doventral process. Male plate elongate, Ion- gion. Ocelli near lateral margins in front of longer than pygofer and apically rounded. eyes. carina Face with anterior, median and Style variable, usually with slender apophysis usually with lateral, oblique ridges on fronto- that is curved, hooked, or avicephaliform. clypeus. Gena narrow, lora small. Antennal Connective free, Y-shaped. Aedeagus weakly pits rather deep, near anterior margin of eyes sclerotized, usually with appendages. not visible from above; antennae long, reach- Remarks.—This group is most abundant ing at least hind margin of pronotum. among Nirvaninae and appears highly Forewings narrow, with reduced appendix evolved compared to other tribes, consider- and venation indistinct basally, second api- ing the reduced wing venation, the more cal cell not widened apically. Hindwing streamlined body form, and the specialized with three or four apical cells. Fore and mid- male genitalia. 188 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

Key to Genera of Nirvanini tized, often depressed, with lateral, lamellate

1. Hindwing with four apical cells (Fig. 59) 2 margin, gonopore surrounded by membra- — Hindwing with three apical cells (Fig. 100) .... 3 nous tube with or without process, dorsal

2(1). Most parts of head, pronotum, and scutellum apodeme reduced. black dorsally; frontoclypeus and clypellus tu- Remarks.—Some species of Kana, espe- rather T- mid (Figs. 85, 86); male connective cially K. bispinosa and K. nigropicta, resem- shaped (Fig. 95) Chudania Distant ble externally the species of Sophonia. The — Dorsum of head, pronotum, and scutellum at four closed apical cells in the hindwing, how- most with black, narrow stripe terminated by ever, distinguish this genus from Sophonia round spot (Figs. 50, 60); frontoclypeus and clypellus flat (Figs. 29, 45, 49); male connective and Nirvana. The aedeagus of Kana is charac-

Y-shaped (Figs. 32, 75) Kana Distant teristic in that it is bent in its apical half and

3(1). Crown of head depressed in middle, margined bears appendages surrounding the gonopore;

by carina around its margin (Figs. 268, 269); the second apical cell on the forewing is not male plate with angulate projection on its lateral narrowed apically as is the case in both Sopho- margin near apex (Fig. 272); male style short, nia and Nirvana. Kana is closely related to stout, appearing like loosely closed fist (Fig. 273) Ophiuchus Distant Yaoundea Linnavuori and even may prove to

it. re- — Crown of head either flat or convex; male plate be synonymous with Both genera are either smoothly rounded near apex or with lated to Chudania, from which they differ in spine; style variable (Figs. Ill, 148, 160, 182), having a flatter frontoclypeus. slender and with slender apophysis that is curved, hooked, or avicephaliform 4 Key to Species of Kana

1. Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum traversed by a 4(3). Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus robust, bearing median, longitudinal, black line (Figs. 50, 60); processes at least at base of shaft (Figs. 118, 139, third apical cell of forewing with large, round, 150, 171, 180, 206); male plate about four times black spot (Figs. 58, 61) 2 as long as its width at its midlength (Figs. 114, 149, 170, 196); frontoclypeus with prominent, — Vertex or pronotum or both either immaculate lateral ridges Sophonia Walker or with yellow, reddish, or orange stripes (Figs. 42, forewing with brown or reddish orange, — Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus slender, U- 44); oblique, or transverse bands, black spot on third shaped, without prominent processes (Figs. apical cell, if present verv small (Figs. 36, 45, 47, 225, 240, 254, 267); male plate five times or

79) ; 3 more as long as its width at its midlength (Figs. 227, 264); frontoclypeus with weak, lateral 2(1). Vertex without black spot near apex (Fig. 50); ridges Nirvana Kirkaldy aedeagal shaft with pair of pronglike processes (Fig. 55) bispinosa, n. sp. Genus Kana Distant — Vertex with black spot near apex (Fig. 60); aedeagal shaft without processes (Fig. 67) .... Kana Distant 1908g: 285. Type species: Kana thoracica nigropicta, n. sp. Distant, by original designation. 3(1). Forewing with transverse bands onlv (Figs. 36,

Pale yellow, often with bright-colored ' 79) 4 patches and stripes. Crown slightly (less than — Forewing with both oblique and transverse 1.5 times) longer than its width. Ocelli placed bands (Figs. 43, 47) 7 laterad of submarginal carina. Frontoclypeus 4(3). Forewing with single, broad, mottled brown, with anterior ridge, rather flattened, with lat- transverse band, area beyond apical cross-vein eral, very prominent, ridgelike folds. Clypel- fuscous; vertex and pronotum marked with white stripes; male genitalia as in Figs. 74-78 lus large, broad at base. Lora small. Face illahorata Distant slightly longer than wide between eyes. Sec- — Forewing with two bands either both yellowish, ond apical cell of forewing parallel-sided. orange, or red, or one orange red (more basal) Hindwing with four apical cells. Hind tibial and the other fuscous (median); apical cells at spinulation R^ 20, R. 12 ± 1, R, 23. Hind ba- most with a few fuscous spots 5 sitarsus with two platellae. 5(4). Pronotum without colored stripes; vertex with Pygofer rounded caudally, with one or two clear yellow, longitudinal stripe on each lateral rows of submarginal macrosetae; ventral pro- side; forewing with two transverse, yellow fasciae decora (Melichar) cess robust at base, narrowed apically. Male plate elongate, narrow, with outer margin sin- — Pronotiun with orange stripes; vertex either immaculate or with orange-yellow, submarginal, uate. Connective Y-shaped, with arms joining apically converging stripes; forewing with basal, broadly; apophysis robust, short, with slender orange-yellow or red, and median, fuscous, apical extension. Aedeagus partially sclero- transverse stripe 6 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 189

Figs. 28-36. Kana ordinate Distant; 28, head and thorax; 29, same, profile; 30, ventral pygofer process; 31, male plate; 32, connective; 33, style; 34, connective and aedeagus, lateral view; 35, aedeagus, caudal view; 36, forewing.

6(5). Vertex with pair of anteriorly converging, or- Yellow. Pronotum with two inner and two

ange-yellow stripes continued on pronotum . . . outer orange stripes joined posteriorly in fasciata Pruthi male. Scutellum with brownish basal trian- — Vertex without stripes; pronotum with four or- gles. Forewing with reddish orange band

ange stripes; male genitalia as in Figs. 30-35 . . ordinata Distant across basal area, fuscous speckled band about midlength and series of fuscous spots at apices 7(3). Pronotum with two median, red stripes and two lateral, anterior, lemon yellow spots (Figs. 44); of anteapical cell. forewing with two red, transverse bands on Head slightly narrower than pronotum. corium (Fig. 47) thoracica Distant Vertex of head slightly longer than its width — Pronotum with anterior margin and two spots on between eyes (112:123), apex bluntly conical. posterior margin orange-yellow (Fig. 42); corium of forewing with three transverse, red Face with four prominent, lateral ridges. bands (Fig. 43); male genitalia as in Figs. 37-41 Male genitalia.—Pygofer rather squarish ramificata Distant with caudodorsal area angulate, and with two Kana ordinata Distant rows of stout, long setae; ventral process with Figs. 28-36 triangular, dorsal lobe and median, dorsal apex, with Kana ordinata Distant 1908g: 287. Lectotype 6, Sri hump. Plate with rounded, caudal Lanka (BMNH, examined). row of stout setae in caudal 0.66 and with 190 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

marginal row of long, hairlike setae. Style Male genitalia. —Pygofer rather squar- with well-developed, preapical lobe, apophy- ish, with caudal tufts of long, stout setae; ven-

sis short, stout, its apical extension slender, tral process stout with dorsal, triangular pro- avicephaliform. Connective Y-shaped with cess near caudal apex. Anal tube stout. Male stem as long as the length of arms. Aedeagus plate with oblique row of stout setae in caudal tubular with unsclerotized, poorly developed 0.66, with long, hairlike setae, apex bluntly dorsal apodeme. Shaft strongly bent and di- rounded. Style and connective as in K. ordi- rected ventrad and cephalad in apical 0.33, nata. Aedeagus as in K. ordinata, but caudal appearing rather like a compressed, inverted bent part 0.66 as long as tubular cephalic part,

J, cephalic part of shaft laterally expanded and apical processes shorter. constricted in middle in cephalic view; caudal Measurements.—Male 5.20 mm long, part with two long, curved processes that head 1.15 mm wide, pronotum 1.22 mm cross over and are longer than those in K. wide. ramificata. Specimen examined. —Lectotype S la- Measurements.—Male body 3.00 mm beled/Green, Ceylon, 95-221/ /Ntroana ram- long, forewing 4.10 mm long, head 1.17 mm ificata Dist., type/ here designated (BMNH). wide, pronotum 1.25 mm wide. Female 6.40 Remarks.—Kana ordinata and K. ramifi- mm long, head 1.30 mm wide, pronotum 1.32 cata share a similar basic pattern of male geni- mm wide. talia; however, they differ in the relative size Specimens examined. —Lectotype S la- of the aedeagal processes and the shape of the beled /Bogawantalawa, Ceylon, April/ /Dis- pygofer process. Both hindwings and the right tant Coll., 1911-383/ /1625/ /Nirvana ordi- side of the forewing of the lectotype are dam- nata Dist., type/ here designated (BMNH). aged and were placed in a microvial. Paralectotype 9 labeled /Maskeliya, Ceylon, Kana thoracica Distant 8-05/ /Distant Coll., 1911-383/ here desig- Figs. 44-48 nated (BMNH).

thoracica Distant 285. Lectotype , Sri Remarks.—Kana ordinata is closely re- Kana 1908g; 9 Lanka (BMNH, examined). lated to K. ramificata and differs in coloration and structure of the pygofer process. Kana Pale yellow. Two anteriorly converging, ordinata has a shorter caudal part of the submarginal stripes on vertex, two stripes one aedeagus and longer processes that cross on either side of median line red, two lateral over. spots on anterior margin of pronotum lemon yellow. Forewing with red bands (Fig. 47) Kana ramificata Distant Figs. 37-43 along anal margin, obliquely crossing over to clavus; short band on corium near base, an- Kana ramificata Distant 1908g: 286. Lectotype 6, Sri other longer, oblique band about midlength Lanka (BMNH, examined). from costal margin to clavus. Series of spots on Pale yellow, with submarginal band on ver- either side of cross-veins separating apical tex, anterior margin of pronotum and two cells fuscous. spots on posterior margin orange. Scutellum Head narrower than pronotum (46:50). golden yellow. Forewing with basal band con- Vertex longer than its width between eyes nected by similar but more oblique band from (37:26). Face with three lateral, oblique costa to clavus and then continued on clavus ridges; longer than width including eyes. but not reaching claval tip, orange; another Pronotum shorter than both vertex (24:37) oblique band with well-defined, orange, ante- and scutellum (24:28). rior margin and cross-veins limiting apical Female genitalia.—Hind margin of sev- cells, reddish; spot at apex of clavus and an- enth sternum slightly concave with a median other on third apical cell fuscous. protuberance. Head slightly narrower than pronotum Measurements.—Female 5.90 mm long, (46:49). Vertex slightly longer than width be- head 1.15 mm wide, pronotum 1.25 mm tween eyes, bluntly conical. Lateral ridges on wide. face four in number, not prominent. Scutel- Specimen examined.—Lectotype 9 la- lum longer than pronotum. beled /Pundaloya, Ceylon/ /Ceylon, Green 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 191

Figs. 37-43. Kana ramificata Distant: 37, male pygofer; 38, connective and aedeagus, lateral view; 39, same, caudal view; 40, male plate; 41, style; 42, head and thorax; 43, forewing.

Coll. 90-115/ /Nirvana thoracica Dist., type/ margin with three reddish fascia. here designated (BMNH). Head narrower than pronotum. Vertex Remarks —This species appears to be re- slightly longer than width between eyes, flat, lated to K. ramificata and K. ordinata, from slightly depressed about center, apex bluntly which it differs in coloration. conical, granulose. Apical half of face convex, basal half depressed, with three oblique Kana bispinosa, n. sp. Figs. 49-59 ridges. Male genitalia. —Pygofer rounded, with Pale yellow. Vertex with median, longi- stout, long setae along caudal margin; ventral tudinal, black line from before apex and ex- process broad basally, abruptly narrowed and tending to the tip of scutellum, gradually curved dorsally near apex. Male plate about widening posteriorly, lateral margin orange. Pronotum reddish. Forewings with suffused, four times as long as wide, distal 0.66 with an red stripe adjoining thin, light brown stripe oblique row of stout spines and with marginal, terminating on claval suture at 0.66 distance hairlike setae. Style with stout, preapical lobe from base on anal margin, corium pinkish and short, stout apophysis, apical extension distally, claval apex and apical wing mar- slender, beaklike. Connective Y-shaped with gin brown, third apical cell with large, black arms as long as stem. Aedeagus with short, spot, surrounding area light brown, costal well-developed preatrium; shaft with ridged 192 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

Figs. 44-48. Kana thoracica Distant: 44, head and thorax; 45, head, profile; 46, face; 47, forewing; 48, female seventh sternum.

lateral margins, somewhat rectangular, me- pronotum orange. Forewing with irregular, dian ridge on caudal aspect running from base hyaline patches, claval apex brown, third api- to apex, gonopore surrounded by membra- cal cell with large, black spot, apical margin nous, tubelike structure bearing pair of ven- reddish, costal margin with three red, oblique trally directed, pronglike processes. fasciae, black spot in fourth apical cell. Measurements.—Male 4.50 (4.50-4.60) Head as wide as pronotum. Vertex about mm long, head 0.93(0.90-0.95) mm wide, 1.5 times as long as wide, anterior half convex, pronotum 0.99 (0.98-1.00) mm wide. faintly granulose. Apical 0.25 of face slightly Specimens examined. In- —Holotype d, bulged with four lateral, oblique ridges. Pro- dia: Tamil Nadu: Naduvattam, 6.vi.l977, C. notum transversely, finely rugulose. Scutel- A. Viraktamath Coll. (UAS). Paratypes 2 6, lum longer than pronotum. data as in holotype but collected by S. Virakta- Male genitalia. —Pygofer roundish with math (BMNH, UAS). macrosetae along caudal margin; ventral pro- Remarks. This species is closely related — cess broad basally, abruptly narrowed near to Kana nigropicta but only distantly related apex to mesally directed, pointed process. to K. illaborata and K. ordinata. It differs Anal tube moderately long. Male plate more from the latter two species in coloration of the than four times as long as wide, single row of head, thorax, and forewing and in the struc- macrosetae on caudal 0.75. Style with small, ture of male genitalia. preapical lobe, apophysis stout with short, Kana nigropicta, n. sp. relatively stout apical extention. Connective Figs. 60-68 Y-shaped with stem longer than arm. Aedea- Uniformly orange-yellow. Vertex with gus flattened, elongate with lateral, marginal, round, black spot near apex, contiguous with poorly sclerotized ridge, dorsal apodeme very median, longitudinal, black line extending to short, gonopore large, on caudal margin, sur- tip of scutellum. Lateral margins of vertex and rounded bv membranous extension caudallv. 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 193

Figs. 49-68. Species ofKana: K. bispinosa, n. sp.: 49, head and thorax, profile; 50, same, dorsal view; 51, face; 52, male pygofer; 53, style; 54, connective; 55, 56, aedeagus, lateral and ventral views; 57, male plate; 58, forewing; 59, hindwing. K. nigropicta, n. sp.: 60, head and thorax; 61, forewing; 62, male pygofer; 63, apex of ventral process of pygofer in two views; 64, style; 65, connective; 66, male plate; 67, 68, aedeagus, lateral and caudal views. 194 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

Female genitalia.—Hind margin of sev- 1911-383/ /Kana illaborata Dist., det. M. enth sternum almost straight. Ovipositor ex- Webb, 1980/ here designated (BMNH). ceeding pygofers. Paralectotype 9 labeled /Tenass. Vail. Myitta Measurements.—Male 4.35 (4.20-4.50) (Doherty)/ /Distant Coll. 1911-383/]Vtrt;ana mm long, head 0.92 (0.90-0.95) mm wide, illaborata Dist. type/ here designated pronotum 0.95 (0.90-0.95) mm wide. Female (BMNH). 5.13 (5.00-5.20) mm long, head 1.03 Remarks.—^This species is very distinctive (1.00-1.08) mm wide, pronotum 1.11 both in coloration and male genitalic charac- (1.08-1. 15) mm wide. ters and does not appear closely related to Specimens examined. —Holotype 6, In- other species of Kana. dia: Kerala: Thekkadi, 26.iii.1977, C. A. Vi- Kana decora (Melichar) raktamath Coll. (UAS). Paratypes: 5 d, 2 9, Figs. 80-81 data as in holotype but collected on 27. iii. 1977 by C. A. Viraktamath (2 d, 1 9) (BMNH, Nirvana decora Melichar 1903b: 166. Holotype 9 , Sri USNM, UAS). Lanka (ZMHU, examined). Remarks. This species can be easily rec- — The holotype female is a teneral specimen, ognized by the round, black spot on the vertex and the diagnostic coloration is not very well and the absence of processes on the membra- developed. Melichar (1903b) has given a good nous tube surrounding the gonopore. description of this species and hence it is not Kana illaborata Distant redescribed here. Figs. 69-79 Specimen examined —Holotype 9, labeled /Type/ /6178/ /Ceylon, nictus/ /Nirvana/ Kana illaborata Distant 1908g: 287. Lectotype 3 , Burma (BMNH, examined). /decora m. det. Melichar/ /Nirvana decora Melichar/ (ZMHU). Yellow. Vertex with median, white stripe. Pronotum with narrow, median, irregular, Kana fasciata Pruthi lateral spot whitish. Forewing with broad, Kanafasciata Pruthi 1930a; 22. Syntypes d , 9 , Sri Lanka median, mottled, brown band on apical 0.33. (ZSI, not examined). Head about as wide as pronotum (46:47). types of this species not available Vertex about as long as wide in male (29:28) The were for study at the time the senior author visited but longer than its width in female (38:34). Pronotum shorter than both vertex and ZSI. Pruthi's (1930a) description and illustrations this species scutellum. Face with four lateral, oblique suggest to be a with very distinctive ridges and an apical, short, median ridge. coloration. Male genitalia. Pygofer with lobelike, — Genus Chudania Distant membranous process, armed with tooth mesally; caudal margin with series of hairlike Chudania Distant 1908g: 268. Type species Chudania delecta Distant, by original designation and mono- setae. Male plate with oblique row of stout typy. setae in caudal half, and with marginal, hairlike setae. Preapical lobe of style stout, apoph- Yellow, with prominent broad stripe run- ysis relatively slender, apical extension slen- ning on head, thorax, and along inner margin der. Connective Y-shaped, with stem as long of clavus, extending laterally to occupy entire as arm. Aedeagus laterally compressed, mem- apex of forewing, black. branous for the most part, with pair of slender Vertex either as long as or slightly shorter ventral processes and sclerotized tooth ven- than width, disc convex without median tral to gonopore, which is elongate; pair of groove. Anterior area of disc rugose. Ocelli in lamellate processes located in apical half of front of and mesad of eyes. Frontoclypeus shaft. convex, with four to six transverse, prominent Measurements.—Male 5.70 mm long, rugae evanescent medially on dorsal aspect head 1.15 mm wide, pronotum 1.17 mm and with median ridge in upper 0.75. Lora wide. Female 6.30 mm long, vertex 1.37 mm prominent. Clypellus large, slightly narrowed wide, pronotum 1.42 mm wide. apically. Pronotum twice as wide as long, Specimens examined. —Lectotype 6 la- slightly longer than scutellum, polished and beled /Myitta (Doherty)/ /Distant Coll. transversely, finely rugulose. Forewing with 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 195

-^'^' tho'Sfe^l^trf'^pS.^r '': -r' ^™^''^^ ''- --' ^-- ^2' head and -^-^-> lateral and 79, .a,e forewing'. .. ^.^^ (tuchT^^^^^^^^^^ caudal views; 196 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

appendix wanting, apical cells four and an- face, lateral margins of vertex in front of eyes, teapical cells two. Hindwing with four apical and pronotum yellow. cells. Hind tibial spinulation Rj 18 ±2, Ro Male genitalia. —Pygofer rounded cau- 12±1, R3l2±l. dally, with submarginal row of macrosetae, Male pygofer with rounded, caudal margin, ventral process broad caudodorsally with length shorter than height, strongly sclero- finely serrated, dorsal margin. Male plate tized with single, submarginal row of long more or less of uniform width, caudally setae and ventral process. Anal tube stout and rounded, with outer, marginal, long, hairlike large, about 0.8 times as high as height of setae. Anal tube large, about as long as length pygofer. Male plate with uniseriate macrose- of pygofer. Style with anterior part larger than tae in apical 0.66 and with long, hairlike setae. posterior part to the point of articulation with Style with prominent preapical lobe, apophy- connective. Stem of connective thrice as long as arms, apex expanded. Aedeagus sis slender, apex avicephaliform. Style rather membranous for most part, processes sclerotized, T-shaped. Aedeagus membranous for most bent about its midlength, apical half robust, part, bent in midlength, laterally expanded, preatrium with short ventral and longer lat- with ventrally directed, subapical, pronglike, eral processes; two pairs of processes arising sclerotized processes surrounding gonopore. where shaft bends, dorsal pair elongate, Remarks. —This genus is related to Kana curved at midlength, the ventral pair shorter, and Afrokana Heller with which it shares three to five branched. hindwing venation; with Afrokana it shares Female genitalia. —Hind margin of sev- the structure of the male pygofer. However, enth sternum straight. Ovipositor exceeding they differ in the shape of the head. Lin- length of pygofer. Distal half of pygofer black. navuori (1979) stated that A/roniruana Evans, Measurements. —Male 4.62 (4.60-4.70) Chudania, and Afrokana are very close, mm long, head 1.07 mm wide, pronotum 1.11 sharing, for instance, the same unique genital (1.07-1.12) mm wide. Female 5.38 (5.20- structure. He believes the recorded differ- 5.40) mm long, head 1.20 mm wide, prono- ences are too slight for separating them as tum 1.22 (1.20-1.25) mm wide. valid genera. Afrokana is closer to Kana than Specimens examined. —Holotype 9 la- to Chudania considering the peculiar shape of beled /Type, H.T./ /Chudania delecta Dist., the aedeagus they share. It is likely that the type/ /Kurseong/ Distant Coll. 1911-383/ study of more material of these genera, espe- (BMNH). India: West Bengal: 8 d, 7 9, cially from Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Kurseong, 1,483 m, 22.x. 1981, C. A. & S. Philippines, may prove that these taxa are Viraktamath; 1 9, 15km E Kahmpong, 1,780 congeneric with Chudania. m, 27.x. 1981, C. A. v.; 4 c?, 11 9, Kalimpong,

1,768 m, 29.x. 1981, S. V. ; 9 c? , 19 , 8 of Chudania delecta Distant 9 km E Figs. 82-96 Kalimpong, 1,968 m, 29.x. 1981, C. A. V. Mi- zoram: 11 d, 11 9, Aizawl, 18.xi.l981, C. S.

Chudania delecta Distant 1908g: 268. Holotype 9 , India Wesley; 11 c?, 14 9 , Lungleh, 20-25. xi. 1981, (BMNH, examined). C.S.W. (UAS). Male. Slender, darker than female. Vertex, Remarks. —Chudania delecta and C. afri- pronotum, scutellum, upper part of face at cana Heller are closely related but differ in level with lower margins of eyes, chocolate coloration, shape of the ventral pygofer pro- brown. Ocelli white, eyes dark brown. cess, and the processes on the aedeagus. Also,

Forewing yellow, with posteriorly widening, the dorsal half of the aedeagus is more robust black stripe along inner margin, occupying in C. delecta than in C. africana. The male entire apical 0.33 of forewing (Fig. 82); two genitalia of the third species, C. exposita Ja- white, hyaline, triangular areas on costal area cobi, is not known. near apex and some cross-veins enclosing api- Genus Sophonia Walker cal cells paler. Lower half of face, sterna, and Sophonia Walker 1870b: .327. Type species: Sophonia legs yellow. Pygofer and fifth to eighth terga rufitehim Walker by monotypy. blackish. Pseudonirvana Baker 1923a: 386. Type species: Female. Similar to male but paler. Black Pseudonirvana sandakanensis Baker, by original markings of male, chocolate brown. Entire designation. 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WESLEY; REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 197

male; face, male; 85, head and Figs 82-96 Chudania delecta Distant: 82, habitus, male; 83, head and thorax, 84, ovipositor; 90, male pygofer; 91, ventral process thorax, profile, male; 86, same, female; 87, forewing; 88, hindwing; 89, connective; male plate. of pygofer; 92, style; 93, 94, aedeagus, lateral and dorsal views; 95, 96, 198 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

Quercinirvana Ahmed & Mahmood 1970: 260. Type spe- — Vertex and pronotum without black, median cies: Quercinirvana longicephala Ahmed & Mah- stripe or spot near apex; vertex sometimes with mood, by original designation. New synonymy. median, bright crimson streak (Figs. 164, 177) or orange stripe (Fig. 154) 8 Head as wide as or wider than pronotum. 4(3). Vertex with two rather oval, contiguous spots, Vertex as long as or longer than width be- each connected to longitudinal, black line tween eyes, anterior half rugulose or granu- (Figs. 103, 104); aedeagal shaft bifid (Figs. 109, lar, disc either flattened or slightly convex. 110) linealis (Distant) Ocelli lateral in front of eyes. Frontoclypeus — Vertex with a large, round, black spot at apex depressed, with prominent, lateral ridges and either connected to or short distance away from one or paired longitudinal line(s) (Figs. 112, with median, apical ridge; face longer than 122); aedeagal shaft not bifid 5 width including eyes. Forewing with second 5(4). Male pygofer without ventral or caudal process apical cell narrowed apically. Hindwing with (Fig. 125); aedeagus as in Fig. 129; median, three apical cells. Hind tibial spinulation R, black lines on vertex not connected to its api- 20±2, R2l2±l, R3+ 1, R4l8±2. cal, round spot (Fig. 122) Pygofer rounded or obtusely angled cau- longitudinalis (Distant) dally, with or without caudal or ventral pro- — Male pygofer with ventral or caudal process; aedeagus variable but not as above (Figs. 118, cess; macrosetae confined to caudal 0.33 area. 150); median, black stripe(s) of vertex con- Anal tube prominent. Male plate broader nected to spot at apex (Figs. 112, 132) 6 than in Nirvana, three to four times as long as 6(5). Vertex with single, median, black stripe (Fig. its width and rather parallel-sided with 142); male pygofer process short and narrow, oblique row of stout spines in caudal 0.66 area apophysis of style hooklike; apex of each arm of and hairlike setae. Connective Y-shaped, its dorsal apodeme with two long and short, me- stem usually more than 1.5 times as long as dian processes (Fig. 150) keralica, n. sp. each arm. Aedeagus with dorsal apodeme well — Vertex with two median, black stripes (Fig. developed, often with processes; preatrium 112); male pygofer process broad and long; apophysis of style beaklike; each arm of dorsal variable, with or without processes; shaft apodeme with a process on caudal margin (Fig. tubular or lamellate, with or without process. 118) 7 Remarks.—Evans (1947a) suppressed 7(6). Male pygofer process with serrated, dorsal Pseudonirvana as a junior synonym of S apho- margin; process of dorsal apodeme exceeding nia. This genus includes brightly colored spe- width of shaft; shaft with pair of long, caudally directed processes (Fig. 118) cies, often with red or orange streaks. It is longicephala (Ahmed & Mahmood) closely related to Kana and Nirvana. It can be — Male pygofer process not serrate apically; pro- diffierentiated mainly by its shorter male cess of dorsal apodeme not exceeding width of plates and that pro- complex aedeagus has shaft; processes of shaft short with basal, short,

cesses on the dorsal apodeme and apex of the ventral tubercle (Figs. 139, 141) . . bakeri, n. sp. shaft. The holotype oi Sophonia rnfitelum is a 8(3). Male pygofer without process; preatrium of female (Figs. 97-102). The relationships dis- aedeagus with process (Figs. 171, 180) 9 cussed here are based on species assigned to — Male pygofer with process (Figs. 159, 214); this genus from the Indian subcontinent. preatrium of aedeagus without process 10

9(8). Preatrium longer than broad in lateral aspect; Key to Species o( Sophonia longer process of dorsal apodeme not divided (Fig. 171); vertex with short, median, crimson 1. Vertex as long as wide between eyes (Figs. 186, streak in apical 0.66 but not reaching apex . . . 198) 2 insignis (Distant) — Vertex longer than wide between eyes (Figs. — Preatrium broader than long, longer process of 112, 208) ' 3 dorsal apodeme bifid (Fig. 180); vertex uni- 2(1). Male pygofer with long, ventral and short, dor- formly whitish yellow with median, crimson sal process (Fig. 203); preatrium without pro- streak bifid near apex (Fig. 175) . complcxa, n. sp. cesses bifida, n. sp. 10(8). Vertex with median, broad, orange stripe con- — Male pygofer without processes; preatrium tinued on pronotinn, anteriorly narrowed; pos- with a pair of processes (Fig. 191) terior half on pronotum broadened and black-

modesta (Distant) i.sh, scutellum blackish (Figs. 154, 155); 3(1). Vertex and pronotum with either single or pygofer process short, bladelike, and pointed paired, black, longitudinal stripe(s) usually at apex (Fig. 159); aedeagus shaft tubular with connected to black spot or spots near apex of apical, ventrally directed, platelike process vertex (Figs. 102, 1 12, 122) 4 (Figs. 162, 163) illuminata (Distant) 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WESLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 199

Figs. 97-102. Sophonia rufitehnn Walker: 97, head and thorax; 98, face; 99, head and thorax, profile; 100, hindwing; 101, basal half of clavus; 102, ovipositor.

— Vertex, pronotuni, and scutellum whitish yel- and reaching claval suture; spot on second low; pygofer process long, slender, and el- apical cell and two oblique lines from costa in bowed (Fig. aedeagus not as above (Fig. 214); apical half piceous. 218) complicata, n. sp. Head about as wide as pronotum. Vertex Sophonia linealis (Distant) more than 1.5 times as long as wide in male, 103-111 Figs. nearly twice as long as wide in female, lateral margin raised. Scutellum longer than prono- Nirvana linealis Distant 1908g: 282. Holotype 9 , India (BMNH, examined). tum. Second apical cell of forewing narrowed

Nirvana greeni Distant 1908g: 283. Holotype 9 , Sri apically. Lanka (BMNH, examined). New synonymy. Male genitalia.—Pygofer ovate, without Yellow. Vertex with two piceous, apical, ventral process. Plate slightly more than 3.5 elongate, fused spots from which longitudi- times as long as median width, slightly nar- nal, piceous lines traverse posteriorly meet- rowed caudally. Style with broad, preapical ing posterior margin of vertex, lateral margin lobe and beaklike extension of apophysis rela- often with orange-yellow stripe confined to tively short. Stem of connective flared cau- ocelli or extending anteriorly. Pronotum and dally, about twice as long as each arm. Dorsal scutellum with median, longitudinal, piceous apodeme of aedeagus robust, each arm with line often interrupted before apex of scutel- caudally directed, elongate process that ex- lum. Claval margin of forewing piceous with ceeds width of shaft; shaft tubular, curved, piceous stripe bent obliquely near claval apex hooked apically where it appears bifid. No. 12 200 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

Niruaria greeni Dist.; 104, head Figs. 103-121. Sophonialinealis {Distant): 103, head and thora.x of holotype female forewing; 109 and thorax of holotvpc of Nirvana linealis Dist.; 105, profile; 106, ovipositor; 107, male pygofer; 108, in Mdhmood): 112, head and 110, aedeagus, lateral and dorsal views; HI, connective and style. S. km^icephala {Ahmed 119, aedeagus, thorax; 113, face; 114, male plate; 115. male pygofer; 116, ventral process of pygofer; 117, style; 118, lateral and caudal views; 120, connective; 121, forewing. ,

1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 201

Female genitalia. —Hind margin of sev- pressed, faintly granulose. Second apical cell enth sternum straight with median protuber- narrowed caudally. ance. Male c;enitalia. —Pygofer trapezoidal, Measurements.—Male 4.06 (4.00-4.10) with long, caudally direct(^d ventral process mm long, head 0.83 (0.80-0.85) mm wide, dorsally serrated. Plate about four times as pronotum 0.88 (0.85-0.93) mm wide. Female long as wide, distal 0.66 with a single row of 4.82 (4.50-5.00) mm long, head 0.93 macrosetae and hairlike setae. Style with (0.88-0.95) mm wide, pronotum 0.98 large, preapical lobe, beaklike extension of (0.93-1.03) mm wide. apophysis long. Aedeagus with dorsal Specimens examined.—Holotype 9, la- apodeine well-developed, caudally directed, beled/Type, H.T./ZPeradeniya, 2.08, Ceylon/ apically pointed processes that exceed width /Distant Coll. 1911-383/ /Nirvana greeni of shaft, shaft tubular, dorsoanteriorly curved Dist., type/ (BMNH). Holotype 9, labeled with subapical, caudally directed, slender, /Type, H.T./ /Calcutta, 6.6.07/ /Distant Coll. elongate processes. 1911-383/ /Nirvana linealis Dist., type/ Measurements.—Male 4.50 (4.30-4.70) (BMNH). India: Karnataka: 6 9, Dharwar, mm long, head 0.91 (0.90-0.93) mm wide, 26.iii.1972; 1 9 29. iv. 1969; 1 9, — .i.l970; 1 pronotum 0.96 (0.93-1.00) mm wide. 9, 14. iv. 1972; 1 9, —.x.l979 C. A. Virakta- Specimens examined. —India: Haryana: 1 math Coll.; 3 d, 3 9, Chamarajanagar, 6, Kalka, 29.i.l979, C. A. Viraktamath; Hi- 12.viii.l977; 4 9, Hunsur, 16.i.l978; 1 9, machal Pradesh: 1 6, Kulu, l.iv.l978, I. Bangalore, 11. vi. 1977; 1 9, Arsikere, Dworakowska (UAS). 23.vii.1978; 1 d, 1 9, 16.i.l979; 1 9, Sulik- Remarks.—This species is related to and ere, 30.xii.l976, all collected by C. A. Virak- resembles externally S. bakeri. The spot on tamath (UAS). Kerala: 3 c? , 6 9 , Kayangulum, the vertex in this species is rather oval (as in — .viii. 1983, ex coconut (UAS). bakeri), and it differs in the details of the male Remarks.—The holotypes of linealis and pygofer process and the aedeagus. greeni show color differences, especially the Sophonia longitudinalis (Distant) extension of the median, dark fuscous stripe of Figs. 122-1.31 the pronotum along the inner margin of the Nirvana longitudinalis Distant 1908g: 283. Lectotype 9 clavus in greeni, which is absent in linealis. Burma (BMNH, examined). The female seventh sterna are identical; hence the species are considered as syn- Vertex pale yellow with large, subapical, onyms. This species is unique among Sopho- black spot and two median, longitudinal lines, nia in having a bifid aedeagal shaft. not reaching black spot and fused near hind margin of vertex, continued on pronotum and Sophonia longicephala scutellum as median stripe and on clavus as (Ahmed & Mahmood), n. comb. irregular stripe. Forewing with large, round, Figs. 112-121 black spot in second apical cell extending Quercinirvana longicephala Ahmed & Mahmood 1970: partly to first apical cell, apical margin suf- 263. Holotype <5, Pakistan (University of Karachi, fused with brown. not examined). Head as wide as pronotum or slightly nar- Pale yellow, elongate, black spot near apex rower. Vertex about 1.5 times as long as wide, of vertex contiguous with two longitudinal, apex subangular, disc mildly convex, granu- black lines that fuse at base of vertex and lose. Second apical cell narrowed caudally. continue as single line to near tip of scutellum. Male genitalia. —Pygofer ovate, ventral Forewing with broad, brown stripe along process wanting, macrosetae limited to distal claval commissure reaching claval apex and 0.33. Plate about 3.5 times as long as width, obliquely crossing corium, apical margin suf- with short tooth at the outer apical margin. fused with brown, costal margin with ante- Style with short, preapical lobe, apophysis rior, oblique and two posterior, transverse, with long, beaklike extension. Aedeagus with black fasciae; second apical cell with black robust, dorsal apodeme, each of its arms bear- spot. ing an elongate, caudally directed process, Head nearly as wide as pronotum. Vertex preatrium wanting, shaft lamellate with lat- about 0.33 times longer than wide, disc de- eral margin caudally curved, widest at apical No. 12 202 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

ovipositor; 125, male pygofer; Figs. 122-141. Sophonialongitudinalis (Vistsint): 122, head and thorax; 123, face; 124, caudal views; 131, forewing. S. I^^ken, 126, 127, male plate; 128, connective and stvle; 129, 130, aedeagus, lateral and pygofer process; 137, male plate; 138, n. sp.: 132, head and thorax; 133, face; 134, forewing; 135, male pygofer; 136, connective; 139-141, aedeagus, lateral, caudal, and dorsal views. 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 203 half with long, slender, arcuate, apically deme robust, bearing triangular process on pointed, ventrally curved process that bears a caudal margin; preatrium short; shaft tubular, short tooth on its outer margin at base. caudodorsally curved, apex strongly incurved Female genitalia. —Hind margin of sev- with ventrally directed, short, pronglike pro- enth sternum slightly concave. Ovipositor cess on caudal margin subapically. slightly exceeding pygofer. Female genitalia.—Hind margin of sev- Measurements—Male 4.43 (3.80-5.40) enth sternum concavely emarginate. Oviposi- mm long, head 0.96 (0.80-1.43) mm wide, tor exceeding length of pygofer. pronotum 0.96 (0.85-1. 13) mm wide. Female Measurements,—Male 4.48 (4.30-5.00) 4.90 (4.60-5.30) mm long, head 1.02 mm long, head 0.90 (0.85-1.00) mm wide, (0.98-1.10) mm wide, pronotum 1.05 pronotum 0.88 (0.78-1.03) mm wide. Female (1.00-1. 10) mm wide. 5.08 (4.70-5.30) mm long, head 1.04 (0.93- Specimens examined. —Lectotype 9 la- 1.23) mm wide, pronotum 1.05 (1.00-1.10) beled /Myitta (Doherty)/ /Distant Coll. mm wide. 1911-383/ /Nirvana longitudinalis Dist., Specimens examined. —Holotype 6, In- type/ here designated (BMNH). India: Karna- dia: Karnataka: Mudigere, at light, taka: 6 (5, Mudigere, 4-6. iv. 1980, C. A. Vi- 4-6.iv.l980, C. A. Viraktamath (UAS). raktamath; 1 9, 7.iv.l975, C.A.V.; 1 9, Paratypes: India: Karnataka: 2 6, Dharwar,

Kodlipet, 6.iv.l975; 1 S, Hunsur, 10. i. 1978; — .i.l970, C. A. Viraktamath; 1 9, Kodlipet,

1 9, Bannerghatta, 12. ix. 1976, B. Mallik; 6.iv.l975, C.A.V. ; 1 9, Bangalore, 9.iii.l975, Kerala: 1 9, Thekkadi, 27.iii.1977, C.A.V. C.A.V.; 1 9, Kalhalla, 18.i.l978, C.A.V., 1

Nepal: Nagarkot, 1 (5, 1 9, 15.ix.l979,- I. 9, Mudigere, 23. ix. 1973, C.A.V.; 1 (?, 1 9, Dworakowska (UAS). Burma: 1 9, Amberst Kemmanagundi, 8.iv.l975, K. D. Ghorpade;

Dist., Kawkareik, 19-20.xi.l911, F.H.G. Kerala: 1 c?, Thekkadi, 27.iii.1977, S. Virakta-

(ZSI). math; Maharashtra: 1 9 , Matheran, 915 m, Remarks.—This species can be distin- 23.xi.1977, C.A.V.; Tamil Nadu: 1 6, Ko- guished from all other species of Sophonia by daikanal, 2,250 m, 10. vi. 1980, C. S. Wesley; its lamellate aedeagal shaft and tooth on the Uttar Pradesh: 1 6, 1 9, Dehra Dun, apex of the male plate. 28. iv. 1975, C.A.V.; Nepal: 2 9, Gokarna,

14. ix. 1979, I. Dworakowska; 1 9, Sarankot, Sophonia bakeri, n. sp. 17. ix. 1979, exQiiercus sp., I.D. (1 6 and 1 9 Figs. 132-141 in BMNH, lARI, USNM, and rest in UAS). Pale yellow to whitish yellow. Vertex with Remarks.—Sophonia bakeri is related to S. black spot near apex, joined by two black, longitudinalis and S. longicephala as they longitudinal lines that fuse basally and extend share similar external coloration and male to scutellum. Pronotum and scutellum some- genitalia. They form a closely knit group. S. times with reddish spots, scutellum in male bakeri differs from the other two by its shorter entirely reddish. Forewing with brown stripe process of the dorsal apodeme and aedeagal close to or along anal margin, marked with process. yellow along inner margin, apex of clavus and keralica, n. sp. apical margin brown, costal margin with ante- Sophonia Figs. 142-153 rior, oblique and posterior, transverse, brown fasciae, second apical cell with large, black Uniformly yellow. Vertex with round, black spot. spot near apex connected by single, median, Vertex about 1.5 times as long as wide, apex longitudinal, black line, discontinuous for subtriangular, disc depressed. Posterior half short distance near black spot and then con- of pronotum transversely rugulose. Second tinued to apex of scutellum. Lateral margin of apical cell narrowed at apex. vertex orange basally. Forewing with claval Male genitalia. —Pygofer with ventrocau- suture and punctures along cubital vein dal angle produced to process with attenuated brown, second and part of third apical cells apex. Plate 3.5 times as long as wide. Apophy- occupied by large, black spot; costal margin sis of style with long, beaklike extension. with anterior, oblique and posterior, trans- Stem of connective 1.5 times as long as each verse, black fasciae, apex of clavus and apical arm. Aedeagus with each arm of dorsal apo- margin brownish. 204 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

Figs. 142-153. Sophonia keralica, n. sp.: 142, head and thorax; 143, face; 144, head and thorax, profile; 145, male pygofer; 146, pygofer process; 147, connective; 148, style; 149, male plate; 150, 151, aedeagus, lateral and cephalic views; 152, forewing; 153, hindwing.

Head nearly as wide as pronotum. Vertex Remarks. —Sophonio keralica is related to slightly longer than wide, disc flat, depressed S. iUuminata. Both have similar male geni- near apex. Scutellum slightly longer than talia. They differ, however, in coloration and pronotum. Second apical cell of forewing nar- detailed structure of the aedeagus. rowed slightly near apex. Male genitalia.—Pygofer caudally Sophonia iUuminata (Distant), n. comb. Figs. 154-163 rounded, its ventrocaudal angle produced to sharp, thin process, five macrosetae along Kana iUuminata Distant 1918b: 35. Lectotype d, India caudal margin in straight line, black, rest hya- (BMNH, examined).

Kana sigruiffl Distant 1918b: 34. Lectotype 9 , India line. Anal tube as long as pygofer. Plate four (BMNH, examined). New synonymy. times as long as wide. Style with strongly hooked apophysis. Stem of connective 1.5 Female. Vertex and pronotum creamy times as long as each arm. Dorsal apodeme of white with yellowish lateral areas, median aedeagus slender, each arm with ventral, dor- stripe narrowing to apex of vertex san- sal, and short, median process; shaft tubular guineous on vertex and anterior half of prono- with pair of laterally directed processes, tum, widened in posterior half where it is gonopore subapical. black. Scutelhun black except for two lateral, Measurements.—Male 3.90 mm long, basal spots. Clavus along claval suture and head 0.90 mm wide, pronotum 0.93 mm apical half piceous except for subapical, elon- wide. gate, orange spot. Corium along its inner mar- Specimen examined. —Holotvpe 6, India: gin piceous which widens near apex of cla- Kerala: Thekkadi, 27.iii.1977, s! Viraktamath vus and changes to orange; appendix fuscous, Coll. (UAS). two large, round spots in second apical cell. 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WESLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 205

Figs. 154-163. Sophonia illuminata (Distant): 154, head and thorax of lectotype male Kana illuminata; 155, head and thorax of lectotype female Kana signata Distant; 156, forewing, female; 157, ovipositor; 158, apex of male pygofer; 159, pygofer process; 160, style; 161, connective; 162, 163, aedeagus, lateral and caudal views.

oblique line at apical 0.33 of costa and more long spines. Plate parallel-sided, with six distal, transverse band piceous, rest of wing stout setae in oblique row commencing at yellow and areas anterior to piceous spots midlength, third to fifth setae black in color. whitish. Style with stout, preapical lobe and hooklike, Male. Coloration less extensive compared rather slender apophysis with attenuated to female. Stripe on vertex continuing on apex. Connective with stem 1.5 times as long pronotum and scutellum, gradually widening as each arm. Aedeagus with short, dorsal pair and sanguineous throughout. Forewing col- of blunt processes and ventral, fingerlike pro- oration comparatively less developed. cess; shaft robust at base, narrowed apically Head narrower than pronotum, median with dorsal, large gonopore surrounded by length of vertex slightly longer than width two lateral, pronglike processes and ventrally between eyes. Face longer than wide. directed, lobelike plate. Male genitalia. —Pygofer lobe gradually Female genitalia. —Hind margin of sev- narrowed caudally and terminated by sharp, enth sternum concave. Ovipositor exceeding triangular process and with series of stout, length of pygofer. 206 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

Measurements.—Male 4.40 mm long, robust, apophysis slender, with apical exten- head 1.00 mm wide, pronotum 1.05 mm sion forming short, beaklike extension. wide. Female 5.1 mm long, head 1.12 mm Aedeagus with preatrium well developed, wide, pronotum 1.12 mm wide. with ventrocaudally directed process, about Specimens examined. —3 syntype 6 of as long as preatrium; dorsal apodeme broad, Kana illuminata mounted on single card la- platelike, with two processes (one short, beled /S. India, Madras, Kodaikanal, T. V. pronglike on cephalic margin, other long, Campbell, K.K.4.16/. One of these was re- slender, and inwardly curved in middle) and moved, remounted, and relabeled by the se- ventral, short process; shaft tubular, curved ventrally nior author, /Kodaikanal, S. India, T. V. anteriorly then near apex. Female genitalia. Hind margin of sev- Campbell/ and is here designated as lecto- — type; others designated paralectotypes. One enth sternum straight. Ovipositor slightly extending pygofer. paralectotype 6 labeled /Kodaikanal, India, beyond Measurements—Male 5.00 (4.80-5.20) T. V. Campbell/ /S. India, E. A. Butler, long, head 0.97 (0.93-1.00) wide, 1915-60/ /Kana illuminata Dist., type/ mm mm pronotum 1.04 (1.03-1.07) wide. Female (BMNH). Lectotype 9 labeled /Kodaikanal, mm 5.62 (5.00-6.10) mm long, head 1.06 (0.98- S. India, T. V. Campbell, K.K.5.11//S. India, 1.13) mm wide, pronotum 1.14 (1.03-1.23) E. A. Butler, 1915-60/ /54,9/ /Kana signata mm wide. Dist., type/ here designated (BMNH). India: Specimens examined. —Lectotype S la- Tamil Nadu: 1 9, Trichinopoly, J. Dubre- beled /Tenmalai, W. Ghat (W. side). Travan- nil(IRSNB); 1 9 Kadaikanal, 2,030-2,150 m, core, 22.xi.08, Annandale/ /Distant Coll. — .viii.1922, S. Kemp(ZSI). 1911-383/ here designated (BMNH). Paralec- Remarks. —Sophonia illuminata and S. sig- totype 9 , with same data as in holotype, here nata are the male and female, respectively, of designated (ZSI). India: Kerala: 11 (5, 6 9, the same species based on the similarity in Thekkadi, 26-27. iii. 1977, C. A. Viraktamath, external coloration and structure. This species S. Viraktamath, and B. Mallik Coll.; Kar- is closely related to S. keralica. Both have a nataka: 2 9, Mudigere, 7.iv.l980, C.A.V. similar type of male genitalia but differ in (UAS). coloration and structure of the pygofer pro- Remarks.—This species is closely related cess and aedeagus. to S. complexa and can be differentiated by Sophonia insignis (Distant), n. comb. the structure of male genitalia and coloration. Figs. 164-174 Sophonia complexa, n. sp. Nirvana insignis Distant 1918b: 33. Lectotype 6, India Figs. 175-185 (BMNH, examined). Similar to S. insignis but more elongate. Whitish yellow. Median groove on vertex Vertex with median, crimson-colored line oc- crimson from about center to just short of cupying about 0.66 area and apically bifid, apex, lateral marginal area orange. Forewing short, slightly oblique, sublateral stripe on hyaline, light brown stripe along anal margin apical half of vertex orange. Forewing with rarely reaching apex of clavus, if so occupying fuscous spots (Fig. 178). entire quarter of clavus, or stripe wanting, Apical 0.75 of vertex elongately rugulose, apex of clavus brown; costal margin with two disc flat, margined by carina. long, oblique fasciae, third transverse and Male genitalia. —Pygofer elongate, heav- fourth short, broad, oblique fasciae in the dis- ily setose, caudally rounded. Anal tube stout, tal half brown; apical margin brown; second long. Plate parallel-sided, about 3.5 times as apical cell with black spot. long as wide, macrosetae restricted to apical Head narrower than pronotum. Vertex 0.66. Apophysis of style short, apex avicephal- about 1.5 times as long as wide between eyes; iform. Connective with stem about three disc flat or slightly depressed toward base, times as long as each arm. Aedeagus complex, apex granulose. Second apical cell of forewing each arm of dorsal apodeme with pair of ven- slightly narrowed distally. trally directed processes, preatrium with cau- Male genitalia, —Caudal lobe of pygofer dally directed process, shaft tubular, slightly rounded, without processes. Plate about 3.5 curved dorsally near apical 0.33, slightly times as long as wide. Preapical lobe of style flared. 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WESLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 207

173^ 170 174

Figs. 164-174. Sophonia insignis (Distant): 164, head and thorax; 165, face; 166, ovipositor; 167, male pygofer; 168, style; 169, connective; 170, male plate; 171-173, aedeagus, lateral, cephalic, and caudal views; 174, forewing.

Female genitalia. —Hind margin of sev- stem on the connective, and the crimson line enth sternum slightly concave. of the vertex being forked apically. Measurements.—Male 5.32 (5.20-5.50) mm long, head 1.00 (0.97-1.02) mm wide, Sophonia rnodesta (Distant), n. comb. pronotum 1.06 (1.05-1.07) mm wide. Female Figs. 186-197 5.92 (5.80-6.00) mm long, head 1.10 (1.05- Kana rnodesta Distant 1918b: 36. Lectotype 6, India 1.12) mm wide, pronotum 1.16 (1.15-1.17) (BMNH, examined). mm wide. Specimens examined. —Holotype 6, In- Pale yellow. Vertex of female creamy dia: Meghalaya: Nongpoh, 762 m, 4.xi.l981, white, eyes lemon yellow. Forewing hyaline C. A. Viraktamath (UAS). Paratypes: 13 d, 4 with brown stripe close to anal margin often

9 , data as in holotype but 7 d , 2 9 S. Virakta- reaching claval apex, apex of corium lemon math Coll. (1 d and 1 9 in BMNH, lARI, yellow; costal margin with an anterior, long, USNM, and rest in UAS). oblique, median and a slightly oblique, poste- Remarks.—This species is related to and rior, transverse, brown fasciae; second apical resembles S. insignis as they share coloration cell with black spot, apical margin brownish. and similar aedeagi. However, S. cornplexa Head slightly broader than pronotum. Ver-

differs from S . insignis in having the process tex as long as wide between eyes, disc convex, of the dorsal apodeme bifid ventrally, a longer apex subangular, granulose. 208 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

Figs. 175-185. Sophonia complexa, n. sp.: 175, head and thorax; 176, same, profile; 177, face; 178, forewing; 179, pygofer; 180, 181, aedeagus, lateral and caudal views; 182, style; 183, male plate; 184, connective; 185, ovipositor.

Male genitalia. —Caudal lobe of pygofer beaklike. Stem of connective four times as rounded, without process. Anal collar well long as each arm. Aedeagus with preatrium developed. Plate four times as long as wide. short, pair of ventrocaudally directed pro- Preapical lobe of style small, rounded, apoph- cesses, dorsal apodeme robust, each arm ysis setose on lateral margin, apical extension rounded; shaft tubular, slender, dorsally 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WESLEY. REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 209

face; 189, ovipositor; 190, Figs. 186-197. Sophonia modesta (Distant); 186, head and thorax; 187, same, profile; 188, cephalic views; 194, style; pygofer; 191, aedeagus and part of connective, lateral view; 192, 193, aedeagus, dorsal and 195, connective; 196, male plate; 197, forewing. 210 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12 strongly curved anteriorly, apex ventrally di- stem. Aedeagus with elongate preatrium; rected with pair of elongate, basal processes each arm of dorsal apodeme rounded; shaft that are directed dorsoanteriorly then later- tubular with basal pair of elongate processes ally. extending to about 0.75 of length and with Female genitalia, —Hind margin of sev- subapical pair of denticles on caudal margin. enth sternum slightly convex. Ovipositor fair- Measurements.—Male 4.50 mm long, ly exceeding pygofer. head 1.07 mm wide, pronotum 1.10 mm Measurements.—Male 4.43 (4.40-4.50) wide. Female 5.30 mm long, head 1.25 mm mm long, head 1.08 (1.07-1.10) mm wide, wide, pronotum 1.25 mm wide. pronotum 1.05 (1.03-1.08) mm wide. Female Specimens examined. —Holotype 6, In- 5.20 (5.00-5.40) mm long, 1.24 (1.20-1.28) dia: West Bengal: Darjeeling, 2,176 m, mm wide, pronotum 1.19 (1.15-1.25) mm 11. xi. 1981, C. S. Wesley (UAS). Paratype 9, wide. India: West Bengal: Kalimpong, 1,370 m, Specimens examined. —Lectotype S la- 29.x. 1981, S. Viraktamath (UAS). beled /South India, Madras, Coonoor, T. V. Remarks.—Although the shape of the head Campbell/ here designated (BMNH). India: is similar to that in S. modesta, S. bifida occu-

Tamil Nadu: 3 (5 , 1 9 , Kotagiri, 23.x. 1975, C. pies an isolated place in Sophonia. The pecu- A. Viraktamath; 1 9, Coonoor, ll.viii.l979, liar pygofer process and aedeagus differenti-

S. Viraktamath; 1 6, Wellington, 12.viii. ate it from all other species. 1979, S.V.; 5 9, Ootacamund, 2,350 m, 13. viii.1979, S.V. (UAS). Sophonia complicata, n. sp. Figs. 208-220 Remarks.—Sophonia modesta externally resembles S. bifida in having a wider vertex, Whitish yellow. Area surrounding ocelli, but they are only distantly related. It is re- lateral-most area of pronotum lemon yellow. lated to S. insignis and S. complexa and differs Second apical cell with round, black spot. from them in having paired preatrial pro- Costa with outer, oblique fascia, posterior, cesses and lacking processes on the dorsal transverse fascia near apex, and apical margin apodeme. In these three species the stem of of forewing fuscous. In a few specimens, me- the connective is more than three times as dian area of clavus pale fuscous, which meets long as each arm. fuscous stripe on claval suture and continues

angularly across wing where it is joined by an Sophonia n. sp. bifida, oblique, fuscous fascia from costa. Hind tibial Figs. 198-207 pecten fuscous. Bright lemon yellow. Two spots on inner Vertex more conically produced, disc con- claval margin, one at midlength, another at vex with median carina in apical half and api- apex, small costal patch about midlength, an cal area rugulose, rugae crisscrossing. Vertex outer, oblique and posterior, transverse fascia of female distinctly longer than male. Head on costal area fuscous, large, round spot on wider than pronotum. second apical cell black. Hind tibial apical Male genitalia. —Pygofer with caudodor- pecten black. sal angle roundly produced, with excavation Head slightly narrower than pronotum. below which long, slender process arises, di- Disc of vertex about as long as wide between rected caudally, upcurved at right angles at eyes, broadly rounded with apical area finely midlength, apex slightly hooked, bearing rugulose, posterior half polished. Fronto- spinelike branch at base. Anal tube robust, clypeus rather tumid. Second apical cell of slightly exceeding pygofer lobe, but not forewing slightly narrowed caudally. pygofer process. Plate 3.75 times as long as Male genitalia. —Caudal margin of wide. Style with elongate, slender, preapical pygofer rounded with caudodorsal, short, lobe, apophysis slender avicephaliform. Stem stout, strongly hooked process and caudoven- of connective more than twice as long as each tral, elongate, sharply pointed process; arm. Aedeagus complex, two arms of dorsal macrosetae forming single row. Anal tube apodemes well separated, winglike, com- large. Preapical lobe of style short, rounded, pletely covering entire length of shaft later- apophysis slender, rather hooked, apex beak- ally, each arm with dorsomedian, caudal, and like. Arms of connective about as long as caudoventral, long processes; dorsomedian 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WESLEY; REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 211

204 206 207

Figs. 198-207. Sophonia bifida, n. sp.: 198, head and thorax; 199, same, profile; 200, face; 201, forewing; 202, male pygofer; 203, pygofer process; 204, style; 205, connective; 206, 207, aedeagus, lateral and caudal views.

process curves caudally, caudal process di- (1 d and 1 9 paratypes in BMNH, lARI, rected anteriorly and in contact with dorso- USNM, ZSI, and rest in UAS). median process, caudoventral process crosses Remarks.—The complex nature of the over caudad of shaft, thus enclosing it; shaft aedeagus and the slender, long pygofer pro- depressed, strongly curved anteriorly, ex- cess distinguish this species from other spe- panded, and hoodlike. cies oi Sophonia. Measurements.—Male 4.40 (4.30-4.50) mm long, head 0.92 (0.90-0.95) mm wide, Genus Nirvana Kirkaldy pronotum 0.94 (0.90-0.95) mm wide. Female Nirvana Kirkaldy 1900d: 293. Type species: Nirvana 4.88 (4.60-5.10) mm long, head 1.01 (0.97- pseudommatos Kirkaldy, by original designation 1.05) mm wide, pronotum 1.02 (1.00-1.05) and monotypy. mm wide. Specimens examined. —Holotype 6, In- Vertex longer than width between eyes, dia: Mizoram: Lungleh, 23. xi. 1981, C. S. disc depressed apically, with median ridge.

Wesley (UAS). Paratypes: 15 (5, 16 9, India: Ocelli situated laterally mesad of submarginal

Mizoram: Aizawl, 18. xi. 1981, C. S. Wesley; 3 carina. Face slightly depressed basally, fron-

(5, 1 9, Lungleh, 22-24.xi.l981, C. S. toclypeus with short, apical, median ridge and Wesley; Meghalaya: 2 9, Cherrapunji, 1,299 lateral, oblique rugae weakly developed. Sec- m, 3.xi.l981, C. A. Viraktamath; 1 9, ond apical cell of forewing narrowed apically. Shillong, 1,961 m, 3..xi.l981, S. Viraktamath Hindwing with three apical, closed cells. 212 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

Figs. 208-220. Sophonia complicatd. n. sp.: 208, head and thorax; 209, same, profile; 210, face; 211, forewing; 212, ovipositor; 213, male pygofer; 214, pygofer process; 215, style; 216, male plate; 217, connective; 218-220, aedeagus, lateral, caudal, and dorsal views.

Hind tibial spinulation R, 20 ± 2. R. 12 ± 1, R, by external characters. Nirvana has a simple 12 ±2. dorsal apodeme, usually without processes, Male genitalia. —Pygofer lobe caudally, whereas in Soplionia it is complex with more bluntly conical or rounded, with ventral, elaborate processes; the male plate in Nirvana

.short or long proccs.s, caudal area with numer- is narrow and elongate compared to Sopho- ous macrosetae. Plate parallel-sided, elon- nia. Specimens oiN. psetido)n))iato.s were not gate, more than five times as long as wide near available for the study, and hence the genus is middle, with oblique row of macrosetae in only tentatively defined here. apical 0.66 and hairlike setae. Style with well- Key to Species oiNirvana developed preapical lobe; apophysis short, apical extension more than twice length, I. Vertex with median, white stripe and lateral, orange or lemon yellow, suhmarginal stripe; beaklike. Aedeagal shaft tubular, with or aedeagal shaft with two slender, lateral, long, without processes, dorsal apodcme slender in ventral processes directed ventrally (Figs. 225, cephalic view, U-shaped; gonoporc apical. 226) pallida Melichar Remarks. — Nirvana and So})honia are — Vertex with black line or lines or with orange, closely related and are ditficult to separate suhmarginal stripes traversing on pronotum and 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 213

scutellum and forewing; aedeagus without pro- pronotum 1.02 (0.95-1.08) mm wide. Female cesses (male of pseudommatos is not known) ... 2 5.65 (5.5-5.80) mm long, h(>ad 1.06 (1.05- Vertex, pronotum, scutellum traversed by pair 2(1). 1.07) mm wide, pronotum 0.93 (0.88-0.98) of orange stripes (Fig. 256); male pygofer cau- mm wide. dally produced into an acute, dorsally curved process (Fig. 261); anal tube with two stout Specimens examined.—India: 203 d, 274

spines (Fig. 262) pecuhahs. n. sp. 9 , collected from the states of Andhra — Vertex, pronotum, and scutelhun traversed by Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maha- black lines or stripes; male pygofer and anal tube rashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tamil unarmed (not known in pseudommatos 3 ) Nadu, and West Bengal from January to De- 3(2). Vertex, pronotum, scutellum, and anal margin cember, from sea level (Cochin in Kerala) to of forewing traversed by broad, black stripe .... 4 2,250 m (Kodaikanal in Tamil Nadu) above sea — Vertex of head and pronotum traversed by three level. Nepal: 1 9, Sarankot, 17.xi.l979, I. black stripes; scutellum by a median, black line; Dworakowska. Sri Lanka: 1 , Peradeniya, apex of vertex with blackish brown spot con- 9 nected by the stripes .... pseudommatos Kirkaldy 23.viii.1979, I. Dworakowska (UAS). Remarks.—This species is the most com- 4(3). Median stripe with irregular margins (Figs. 233, 234); spot on second apical cell of forewing small mon and most frequently encountered Nir- (Fig. 243); dorsal apodeme of aedeagus simple vaninae on the Indian subcontinent. It breeds (Fig. suturalis Melichar 240) on newly emerged leaves of Tecoma stans, — Median stripe with an even margin (Fig. 244); Duranta sp., Vitis vinifera, beans, pigeon spot on second apical cell of forewing large (Fig. pea, etc. The species is identified based on the 248) extending to first apical cell; dorsal description illustrations apodeme of aedeagus with a basal, short process and provided by (Fig. 254) striata, n. sp. Melichar (1903b). No other species of Nirvan- inae has the color and elongate male plate Nirvana pallida Melichar with two short, lateral, and caudal processes Figs. 221-232 on the aedeagal shaft. The synonymy of Q.

Nirvana pallida Melichar 1903b: 166. Syntype cJ, 9, Sri bengalensis is based on the illustrations of Lanka (not examined). male genitalia of the species provided by Quercinirvana bengalensis Ahmed & Mahmood 1970: Ahmed and Mahmood (1970) and on the spec- 263. Holotype d, Bangladesh (University of imens collected from northeastern India. Karachi, not examined). New synonymy. None of the specimens collected, however, Coloration as described by Melichar has "a pair of median stripes blackish pale to (1903b). The median, white stripe of vertex pale brown, running from anterior tip of may be obscured in some specimens. crown to posterior margin of pronotum." Head as wide as or slightly narrower than Based on the illustrations, Pseudonirvana ru- pronotum. Vertex 1.5 to 2.0 times as long as brolimbata Kuoh & Kuoh may also prove to width between eyes, disc slightly depressed. be a synonym of this species. Clypellus convex. Nirvana suturalis Melichar Male genitalia. Pygofer lobe caudally — Figs. 233-243 rounded with marginal macrosetae, ventral 166. Holotype Sri process long, dorsally directed with rounded Nirvana suturalis Melichar 1903b; 9, Lanka (ZMHU, examined). apex. Plate narrowed caudally with bluntly conical apex. Preapical lobe of style rounded, Yellow. Median, longitudinal, black stripe stout. Stem of connective longer than arms. traversing vertex, pronotum, scutellum and Aedeagus with dorsal apodeme well devel- continued along inner margin of clavus of oped, consisting of two arms and forming a U, forewing, with uneven, lateral margins and shaft tubular, curved slightly with short, extending angularly on corium beyond clavus spinelike, laterally directed, terminal pro- (stripe constricted a short distance from apex cesses and long, unpaired, ventrally directed, of vertex in Indian specimens but not in holo- subapical process. type female) (Figs. 233, 234). First, second, Female genitalia. —Hind margin of sev- and outer margin of fourth apical cells of enth sternum rather straight. Ovipositor forewing dark brown, costal margin with slightly exceeding pygofer. piceous, oblique fascia about 0.25 distance Measurements.—Male 4.80 (4.60-5.00) from apex; second apical cell with black spot. mm long, head 0.94 (0.90-0.98) mm wide. Ventral surface of body creamy white. 214 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

225 226

Figs. 221-232. Nirvana pallida Melichar: 221, head and thora.x; 222, same, profile; 223, face; 224, male pygofer; 225, 226, aedeagus, caudal and lateral views; 227, male plate; 228, connective; 229, style; 230, forewing; 231, hindwing; 232, ovipositor.

Head narrower than pronotnm. Verte.x Female genitalia. —Hind margin of sev- about 1.5 times as long as width between enth sternum concave with median, short eyes, with median, longitudinal groove not protuberance. Ovipositor exceeding pygofer. reaching apex, rugulose in anterior half, pos- Measurements.—Male 4.20 (4.00-4.30) terior half polished. mm long, head 0.85 (0.83-0.88) mm wide, Male genitalia. —Pygofer bluntly conical pronotnm 0.88 (0.85-0.90) mm wide. Female caudally, with ventral, short notch, macrose- 4.74 (4.40-5.00) mm long, head 0.90 (0.80- tae confined to apical 0.33 area. Plate more 0.95) mm wide, pronotum 0.93 (0.88-0.98) than six times as long as wide. Preapical lobe mm wide. of style rounded, relatively slender. Stem of Specimens e.xamined. —Holotvpe 9 la- connective twice as long as length of each arm. beled /Type/ /7042/ /Ceylon, Nietr./ /sii- Aedeagus with short preatrium, shaft tubular, titralis, det. Melichar/ /Nirvana suturalis

slightly curved, each arm of dorsal apodeme Melichar/ (ZMHU). India: 48 cJ, 66 9, col- wider in middle. lected from the states of Karnataka, Kerala, 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WESLEY; REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 215

female; 234, female from India; 235, Figs. 233-243. Nirvana suturalis Melichar: 233, head and thorax of holotype lateral and cephalic views; 241, style; 242, face; 236, ovipositor; 237, male pygofer; 238, connective; 239, 240, aedeagus, male plate; 243, forewing. 216 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12 and Tamil Nadu from January to December, Pradesh: 3 9, Simla, 2,133 m, 14.x. 1979, C. at an altitudinal range of 534 m (Jog Falls in A. Viraktamath; West Bengal: 3 d, 3 9, Karnataka) to 2,350 m (Ootacamund in Tamil Kurseong, 1,483 m, 22.x. 1981, S. Virakta-

Nadu) above mean sea level. math (1 (5 , 1 9 ) and C. A. Viraktamath (2 c? , 2 Remarks.—This is the second most com- 9); 1 9, 15 km E of Kalimpong, 1,780 m, monly collected Nirvaninae in southern In- 27.x. 1981, S. Viraktamath; 1 <5 , 2 9 , 8 km E of dia. Nirvana suturalis and N. striata are very Kalimpong, 1,768 m, 29.x. 1981, C. A. Virak- closely related. Both differ from other species tamath (1 6 and 1 9 paratypes in BMNH, of Nirvana and Sophonia in having a broad, USNM, and rest in UAS). black, median stripe running from the apex of Remarks. —See N. suturalis. the vertex to the corium, but the stripe is not Nirvana peculiaris, n. sp. as broad as in species of Chudania. Nirvana Figs. 256-267 suturalis has a serrated lateral margin to the median stripe compared to the smoother lat- Yellow. Small, black spot at apex of vertex eral margin in N. striata. visible both dorsally and ventrally (absent in female from Shillong). Fuscous, median Nirvana striata, n. sp. stripe extending posteriorly to 0.25 length Figs, 244-255 (absent in some females). Lateral, orange Coloration as in N. suturalis, median stripe stripe on vertex mesad of ocelli, continued on more or less of uniform width and even mar- pronotum, scutellum and then on to inner gined, black spot on second apical cell of claval margin where they converge and con- forewing, larger than in N. suturalis, extend- tinue to apex of clavus; outer margin of stripe ing to first apical cell. on clavus often fuscous. Transverse spot at Head narrower than pronotum. Vertex apex of clavus, small spot at apex of inner, slightly longer than width between eyes, anteapical cell, and anterior, oblique fascia anterior half sparsely rugulose. Pronotum from costa fuscous. Black spot on each cau- slightly more than 1.5 times as wide as long, dodorsal angle of male pygofer. longer than scutellum. Head as wide as pronotum or slightly nar- Male genitalia. —Pygofer bluntly conical rower. Disc of vertex depressed with rolled- with macrosetae confined to caudal 0.33 area, up, sharp margin, basal half with median sul- ventral margin with short, spinelike process. cus, apical half with a carina, apical half of disc Plate caudally rounded, about seven times as very finely pitted, posterior half with minute long as wide. Style with rounded preapical rugulae on polished surface. lobe, apical extension of apophysis beaklike Male genitalia. —Pygofer elongate, nar- and long. Stem of connective twice as long as rowed caudally to acute, dorsally curved pro- each arm. Aedeagus with shaft strongly cess. Anal collar elongate, anterior margin curved (more than in N. suturalis), apex armed with two pronglike processes on each abruptly directed cephalad and with membra- side. Setae on pygofer confined to caudodor- nous area; each arm of dorsal apodeme with sal area where it articulates with anal tube. basal, short process. Male plate elongate, 5.4 times as long as me- Female genitalia. —Hind margin of sev- dian width, macrosetae and hairlike setae con- enth sternum straight. Ovipositor exceeding fined to apical half Connective robust, stem pygofer. broad, and arms as long as stem. Apophysis of Measurements.—Male 4.90 (4.80-5.00) style fairly long. Aedeagus with dorsal apo- mm long, head 0.98 (0.95-1.00) mm wide, deme poorly developed, shaft tubular, nar- pronotum 1.06 (1.05-1.08) mm wide. Female rowed caudally, strongly curved dorsally near 5.46 (5.30-5.60) mm long, head 1.08 (1.05- apex and with elongate, caudoventrally di- 1.10) mm wide, pronotum 1.12 (1.08-1.13) rected process and two lateral, anteriorly mm wide. directed processes surrounding small gono- Spegimens examined. —Holotype 9, In- pore. dia: West Bengal: Kurseong, 1,483 m, Measurements.—Male 5.80 (5.70-5.90) 22.x. 1981, S. Viraktamath (UAS). Paratypes: mm long, head 1.23 (1.22-1.25) mm wide, India: Uttar Pradesh: 1 9, Mussoorie, 2,005 pronotum 1.24 (1.22-1.25) mm wide. Female m, 27. iv. 1975, C. A. Viraktamath; Himachal 7.40 (7.00-7.80) mm long, head 1.50 (1.45- 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 217

Figs. 244-255. Nirvana striata, n. sp.: 244, head and thorax; 245, face; 246, profile; 247, ovipositor; 248, forewing; 249, hindwing; 250, male pygofer; 251, male plate; 252, style; 253, 254, aedeagus, lateral and cephalic views; 255, connective.

1.55) mm wide, pronotum 1.54 (1.50-1.60) Ophiuchus Distant mm wide. Ophiuchus Distant 1918b: 33. Type species: Ophiuchus Specimens examined. Holotype 6, In- — princeps Distant, by original designation and dia: Mizoram: Aizawl, 18. xi. 1981, C. S. monotypy. Wesley (UAS). Paratypes: India: Mizoram: 2 S,4 9, Aizawl, 18.xi.l981, C. S. Wesley; 1 Pale yellow with bright, contrasting col- d, 2 $, Lungleh, 23.xi.1981, C. S. Wesley; oration of black and red or pink. Head about as Meghalaya: 1 9, Shillong, 1,961 m, 3.xi.l981, wide as pronotum, spatulate, disc of vertex S. Viraktamath (1 9 and 1 9 paratypes in depressed in middle, margined by carina, lat- BMNH; 1 9 paratype in lARI, USNM, ZSI, eral margin ofvertex straight in front of eyes to and rest in UAS). ocelli where it is widened and then slightly Remarks.—This species is unique among narrowed to apex. Face with five lateral Nirvanini in having an armed tenth segment. ridges, concave medially, with short, median

In coloration it resembles species of Kana, carina near apex. Pronotum twice as wide as

especially K. fasciata, but it differs from those median length, disc minutely, transversely species in having three apical cells in the hind- rugose. Hindwing with three closed apical wing and unique male genitalia. cells. R2 of hind tibia with 12 spines. 218 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 12

Figs. 256-267. Nirvana peculiaris, n. sp.: 256, head and thorax; 257, same, profile; 258, face; 259, female seventh sternum; 260, forewing; 261, male pygofer; 262, male tenth segment; 263, style; 264, male plate; 265, connective; 266, 267, aedeagus, lateral and cephalic views. 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 219

Male pygofer elongate, heavily macrose- /Ophiuchus princeps Dist., type/ here desig- tose and with candal, hooklike process. Valve nated (BMNH). semicircular. Plate rounded apically, macro- Remarks.—This species has a very distinc- setae scattered and confined to caudal 0.40. tive coloration not possessed by any other Style appearing like partially closed fist. species of Nirvaninae known from the Indian Aedeagus large, poorly sclerotized, with ven- subcontinent nor by any other species of tral, platelike process, shaft short, cylindrical OpJiiuchus known from the Oriental region with large gonopore. and Australia. The male genitalia of Ophi- Remarks.—This genus appears related to uchus species except O. distanti Evans (1973: Sophonia and Nirvana with which it shares Fig. 5B) are not sufficiently known to suggest general facies of the head. The peculiarly any relationships among them. Judging from shaped style and scattered macosetae on the the illustrations of O. distanti, it does not male plate distinguish this genus. appear to be related to O. princeps.

Ophiuchus princeps Distant Tribe Occinirvanini Figs. 268-276 Body elongate, slightly depressed. Head

Ophiuchus princeps Distant 1918b: 34. Lectotype 6 , produced anteriorly, spatulate. Face horizon- India (BMNH, examined). tal, frontoclypeus and clypellus either flat Pale yellow. Vertex laterally margined by {Occinirvana Evans) or convex; facial sulci black line that does not reach apex, black, deep, prominent; face longer than wide, median, longitudinal line does not reach apex. genae laterally emarginate below eyes, lora Eyes centrally fuscous surrounded by red. fairly prominent. Ocelli red. Face ochraceous with lateral in- Antennae arising close to anterior margin of foldings black. Pronotum sanguineous with head. Vertex elongate, with median sulcus submarginal, anterior, transverse, whitish and transverse ridge or carina across ocelli, spot. Scutellum anteriorly marked with fus- which are situated on disc of vertex closer to cous band with backward, lateral projections. anterior than to posterior margin. Lateral Base of forewing fuscous, apical 0.33 with an margin of pronotum rounded, without carina, irregular, pink spot margined by fuscous, rest rather parallel-sided. Forewing with com- yellowish. plete and prominent venation; at least three Head shorter than combined length of pro- cross-veins reaching vein R from costal mar- notum and scutellum (36:44). Pronotum gin; anteapical cells three, outer anteapical shorter than scutellum (21:23). Face longer cell half as long as median, inner anteapical than wide. cell open basally; apical cells four; appendix Male genitalia. —Pygofer elongate, lobe distinct, often extending around apical margin covered with numerous stout setae and termi- as in Omaranus Distant. Hindwing with three nated by curved, hooklike process. Valve apical cells. Hind femoral spinulation 2+1+0. semicircular. Plate elongate, with angulate Hind basitarsus with six platellae (in Omar- projection on lateral margin near apex. Style anus). flat, preapical lobe with few setae, apophysis Male genitalia is of deltocephaline type. with two angular projections and apically Pygofer laterally not fused with valve, lobe pointed. Aedeagus with very short, dorsal covered by stout setae. Valve triangular. apodeme, elongate, platelike, ventral pro- Plates triangular with stout macrosetae. Style cess, armed with median ridge and two cau- deltocephahne type with well-developed, pre- dal, spinelike processes on its laterocaudal apical lobe and fingerlike apophysis. Connec- angles, shaft short, cylindrical, with large, tive Y-shaped with diverging arms. Aedeagus round gonopore and with pair of lateral pro- simple, with large gonopore, articulated with cesses about its midlength. connective. Measurements.—Male 4.60 mm long, Remarks. —The tribe, judged from the head 1.07 mm wide, pronotum 1.05 mm structural features, is not closely related to wide. either Nirvanini or Balbillini. It has several Specimen examined. —Lectotype <5 la- deltocephaline features, especially the male beled /Travancore/ /Distant Coll. 1911-383/ genitalia. No. 12 220 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

valve; male Figs. 268-276. Ophiuchus princeps Distant: 268, habitus; 269, profile; 270, male pygofer; 271, male 272, aedeagus, cephalic plate; 273, style; 274, aedeagus, lateral view; 275, aedeagus and connective, ventral view; 276, ,

1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WESLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 221

Genus Omaranus Distant femora ventrally streaked with brown. A ventral spot near apex of fore femora black. Omaranus Distant 1918b: 5. Type species: Omaranus Genitalia. Pygofer lobe caudoventrally typictis Distant, by original designation and inoiio- — typy. produced, caudodorsal area beset with stout, Didius Distant 1918b: 36. Type species: Didius sexualis short setae. Plate caudally rounded with scat- Distant, by original designation and nionotypy. tered, stout setae. Valve straplike with caudal

Sexually dimorphic. Head narrower than margin roundly and medially produced. Apo- physis of style curved laterally with series of pronotum in male, wider than pronotum in teeth on lateral margin. Stem of connective female. Vertex with median carina in apical

0. 75 as long as each arm . Aedeagus with short, half, sulcus in basal half. Face longer than base, narrowed broad, frontoclypeus tumid. Clypellus longer dorsal apodeme, shaft stout at caudally in lateral aspect with a large gono- than broad; frontoclypeus, lora, genae, and pore dorsal aspect. clypellus with scattered, short setae. Prono- on Female. Ochraceous. Head with median tum gradually widened posteriorly in male, — spot on anterior margin, ocelli, and two spots parallel-sided and with faint, median ridge near base of vertex black; median stripe, a near posterior half in female; posterior margin transverse band across ocelli, hind margin, strongly inwardly concave; disc llattish in fe- except medially, and two spots in front of eyes male, slightly raised posteromedially in male, reddish. Dorsal margin of face black from lateral margins not carinate. Male forewing which two apically divergent stripes traverse exceeds abdomen, appendix runs around api- face. Proepisternum traversed by longitudi- cal margin, with four apical and three anteapi- nal, piceous stripe, much longer on pro- cal cells; hindwing well developed with three episternum; mesopleura and mesocoxae with apical cells. Female forewings cover only piceous spot. Pronotum with scattered, dark three basal, visible, abdominal terga, while brown spots, with obscure stripes, two lateral hindwings cover two basal, visible terga; ap- and two median reddish. Scutellum except for pendix wanting. Hind tibial spinulation Rj two lateral, basal angles in basal half black, 16 ± 2, R, 10 ± 1, R3 3. Hind basitarsus shorter half blackish brown. Forewing veins than combined length of second and third apical marked with red. Fore tibiae and tarsi red- tarsi and terminated by six platellae. dish; fore- and mesothoracic femora black, Male pygofer without processes. Tenth seg- mesocoxae with piceous spot. Abdominal col- ment stout, rather short. Ovipositor not ex- oration as in male. ceeding pygofer. Genitalia.— Hind margin of seventh ster- Remarks.—This genus and the Austrahan with median, U-shaped excavation and Occinirvana are closely related. The shape of num translucent in middle. Anal segment con- the head differentiates the two genera. cealed by pygofer. Omaranus typicus Distant Measurements.—Male 4.30 mm long, Figs. 277-289 head 1.00 mm wide, pronotum 1.10 mm 1.00 Omaranus typicus Distant 1918b; 6. Lectotype S , India wide. Female 7.90 mm long, head mm (BMNH, examined). wide, pronotum 1. 10 mm wide. Lectotype India Didius sexualis Distant 1918b: 36. 9, Specimens examined. —Lectotype 6 la- (BMNH, examined). beled / Calcutta, 28.viii.07, Mus. Coll./ / Male.—Ochraceous (probably green in Omaranus typicus Dist., type/ here desig- life). Anterior margin of vertex narrowly black nated. Paralectotype S labeled / Calcutta, margined, with median, black spot, two 23.viii.07/ /Omaranus typicus Dist., type/ smaller, somewhat elongate spots near poste- here designated. Paralectotype has the abdo- rior margin, ocelli black. Dorsal-most area of men and left fore and hindwings missing. Lec- frontoclypeus and face ventrad of antennal totype 9 labeled / Calcutta/ /Distant Coll. bases, blackish brown, marginal band dorsad 1911-384/ /Didius sexualis Dist. type/ here of antennal base and longitudinal stripe on designated (BMNH). India: Punjab: 1 c?, 1 9 proepimeron blackish brown. Apical 0.25 of nymph, Ludhiana, 13. ix. 1966, A. S. Sohi forewing and stripe along inner margin fus- (PAU). India: Madhya Pradesh: 3 6 , 18 9 cous. Abdomen with four black stripes; sterna Nebudda Survey, Sta. No. 31, 37, 58, marked with brown stripes. Apical half of hind 21.ii-9.iii.l927, H.S. Pruthi (ZSI). No. 12 222 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs

278, same of lectotype female, Figs. 277-289. Omamnus ti/picus Distant: 277, head and thorax of lectotype male; male pygofer; 283, male plate; 284, Didius sexiialis Distant; 279, ovipositor; 280, 281, fore and hindwings of male; 282, male valve; 285, connective; 286, style; 287, 288, aedeagus, lateral and cephalic views. 1988 ViRAKTAMATH, WeSLEY: REVISION OF INDIAN NiRVANINAE 223

Acknowledgments deUidae and Actalionidae). Technical Bulletin No. 1494, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. .52 pp. The authors express thanks to Dr. W. J. EvAN.s. 1966. The lealhoppers and froghoppers Knight, Mr. M. D. Webb (BMNH), Dr. U. J W of Australia and New Zealand (Homoptera: Cicadel- Gollner-Scheiding (ZMHU), Dr. H. Synave loidea and Cercopoidea). The Australian Museum (IRSNB), Dr. A. S. Sohi (PAU), and Dr. Memoir 12: 1-347. Baldev Sharma (JU) for lending specimens for 1973. Some new genera and species of Cicadel- study, including primary types under their loidea from Australia and New Guinea (Ho- moptera). Pacific Insects 15: 185-197. care. Also, the director of the Zoological Sur-

KUOH. C L , AND L KUOH 1983. New species of vey of India allowed the senior author to ex- J Pseudonirvana (Homoptera: Nirvanidae). Acta amine Dr. H. S. Pruthi's type material during Entomologica Sinica 26: 316-.325 [In Chinese]. his visit to ZSI. The authors are also grateful to Kramer, J P 1964. A review of the Neotropical Nirvan- Dr. P. H. Freytag, University of Kentucky, inae (Homoptera: CicadeUidae). Entomological News 75: 113-127. Lexington, for critically reviewing the manu- LiNNAVUORl, R 1979. Revision ofthe African CicadeUidae script. (Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha), Part II. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 93: 929-1010. Literature Cited Metcalf, Z P 1963. General Catalogue of the Ho- moptera, Fascicle VI. Cicadelloidea, Part 7 Nir- The references cited in the text prior to 1956 are found vanidae. Agricultural Research Service, United in Metcalf (1964), wherein Pruthi s works have been cited States Department of Agriculture. 35 pp. under the name Singh-Pruthi. 1964. General Catalogue of Homoptera, Fa.scicle VI. Cicadelloidea, Bibliography of the Cicadel-

Ahmed, M., and S. H Mahmood 1970. A new genus and loidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Agricul- two new species of Nirvaninae (CicadeUidae: Ho- tural Research Service, United States Depart- moptera) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Scien- ment of Agriculture., 349 pp. tific and Industrial Research 12: 260-263. Ramakrishna, B V. 1980. Leaihopper fauna of pulse crops Ahmed, M , and K F Mallik 1972. On the true identifi- and biology of Empoasca (Distantasca) ter- cation of genus Chudania Distant collected on fig minalis Distant (Homoptera: CicadeUidae). Un-

{Ficiis carica ) in forests of Azad Kashmir and Kap- published thesis. University of Agricultural Sci- tai (Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Forestry 22; ences, Bangalore. 197 pp.

103-108. Theron, J G 1970. A new species of Narecho Davis, R. B. 1975. Classification of selected higher cate- (Hemiptera, Cicadelloidea: Nirvanidae) from gories of Auchenorrhynchous homoptera (Cica- Africa. Novos Taxa Entomologicos No. 83, 1-7.