Taxonomy-The Crucial Yet Misunderstood and Disregarded
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Is the Mega-Diverse Genus Ocyptamus (Diptera, Syrphidae) Monophyletic
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (2012) 191–205 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Is the mega-diverse genus Ocyptamus (Diptera, Syrphidae) monophyletic? Evidence from molecular characters including the secondary structure of 28S rRNA ⇑ Ximo Mengual a,c, , Gunilla Ståhls b, Santos Rojo c a Dept. of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC-0169, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA b Zoological Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 17, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland c Instituto Universitario CIBIO – Dpto. de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain article info abstract Article history: Phylogenetic relationships between two New World Syrphinae taxa (Diptera, Syrphidae), i.e. the highly Received 17 March 2011 diverse genus Ocyptamus and the large genus Toxomerus, were analysed based on molecular characters. Revised 17 August 2011 The monophyly of both taxa was tested and the taxonomic status of included subgenera and species Accepted 23 September 2011 groups was examined. Toxomerus constitutes the monogeneric tribe Toxomerini with more than 140 Available online 29 September 2011 described species, while Ocyptamus (tribe Syrphini) is a very diverse genus (over 300 spp.) with multiple recognised subgenera and species groups. Sequence data from three gene regions were used: the mito- Keywords: chondrial protein-coding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 28S and 18S ribo- Toxomerus somal RNA genes. The secondary structure of two expansion segments (D2, D3) of the ribosomal 28S Ocyptamus Monophyly RNA gene is presented for the family Syrphidae and used for the first time in a multiple sequence align- Syrphidae ment. -
Species Concepts and the Evolutionary Paradigm in Modern Nematology
JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY VOLUME 30 MARCH 1998 NUMBER 1 Journal of Nematology 30 (1) :1-21. 1998. © The Society of Nematologists 1998. Species Concepts and the Evolutionary Paradigm in Modern Nematology BYRON J. ADAMS 1 Abstract: Given the task of recovering and representing evolutionary history, nematode taxonomists can choose from among several species concepts. All species concepts have theoretical and (or) opera- tional inconsistencies that can result in failure to accurately recover and represent species. This failure not only obfuscates nematode taxonomy but hinders other research programs in hematology that are dependent upon a phylogenetically correct taxonomy, such as biodiversity, biogeography, cospeciation, coevolution, and adaptation. Three types of systematic errors inherent in different species concepts and their potential effects on these research programs are presented. These errors include overestimating and underestimating the number of species (type I and II error, respectively) and misrepresenting their phylogenetic relationships (type III error). For research programs in hematology that utilize recovered evolutionary history, type II and III errors are the most serious. Linnean, biological, evolutionary, and phylogenefic species concepts are evaluated based on their sensitivity to systematic error. Linnean and biologica[ species concepts are more prone to serious systematic error than evolutionary or phylogenetic concepts. As an alternative to the current paradigm, an amalgamation of evolutionary and phylogenetic species concepts is advocated, along with a set of discovery operations designed to minimize the risk of making systematic errors. Examples of these operations are applied to species and isolates of Heterorhab- ditis. Key words: adaptation, biodiversity, biogeography, coevolufion, comparative method, cospeciation, evolution, nematode, philosophy, species concepts, systematics, taxonomy. -
Western Tiger Salamander,Ambystoma Mavortium
COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Western Tiger Salamander Ambystoma mavortium Southern Mountain population Prairie / Boreal population in Canada Southern Mountain population – ENDANGERED Prairie / Boreal population – SPECIAL CONCERN 2012 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2012. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Western Tiger Salamander Ambystoma mavortium in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xv + 63 pp. (www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2001. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 33 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Schock, D.M. 2001. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-33 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Arthur Whiting for writing the status report on the Western Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma mavortium, in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Kristiina Ovaska, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Amphibians and Reptiles Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur la Salamandre tigrée de l’Ouest (Ambystoma mavortium) au Canada. -
Loggerhead Shrike, Migrans Subspecies (Lanius Ludovicianus Migrans), in Canada
PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Recovery Strategy for the Loggerhead Shrike, migrans subspecies (Lanius ludovicianus migrans), in Canada Loggerhead Shrike, migrans subspecies © Manitoba Conservation 2010 About the Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series What is the Species at Risk Act (SARA)? SARA is the Act developed by the federal government as a key contribution to the common national effort to protect and conserve species at risk in Canada. SARA came into force in 2003, and one of its purposes is “to provide for the recovery of wildlife species that are extirpated, endangered or threatened as a result of human activity.” What is recovery? In the context of species at risk conservation, recovery is the process by which the decline of an endangered, threatened or extirpated species is arrested or reversed, and threats are removed or reduced to improve the likelihood of the species’ persistence in the wild. A species will be considered recovered when its long-term persistence in the wild has been secured. What is a recovery strategy? A recovery strategy is a planning document that identifies what needs to be done to arrest or reverse the decline of a species. It sets objectives and broad strategies to attain them and identifies the main areas of activities to be undertaken. Detailed planning is done at the action plan stage. Recovery strategy development is a commitment of all provinces and territories and of three federal agencies — Environment Canada, Parks Canada Agency and Fisheries and Oceans Canada — under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk. -
(Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Notonectidae) of the ORIENTAL REGION
Pacific Insects 10(2): 353-442 20 August 1968 THE ENITHARES (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Notonectidae) OF THE ORIENTAL REGION By I. Lansbury HOPE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, OXFORD Abstract: This paper redescribes most of the species recorded from the Oriental Region. Keys to both sexes are given. Fifteen species and 1 subspecies are described for the first time. Five species are placed in synonymy and three previously described species have proved unrecognisable. This paper embodies the results of a study of the Oriental species of the genus Enithares. The main purpose being to collate the scattered descriptions and information concerning this genus. The geographical scope is limited to those species occurring east of the 60° of longitude. African, Mascarene and American species are excluded. No phylogenetic speculation is implied in any part of this paper. Wherever possible types have been examined in order to fix the species. In a few cases where types are no longer extant or available for study, I have utilized 'compared' specimens or the concept of the last reviewer. Full details are given under the relevant species. Acknowledgments: Many people have assisted in the preparation of this paper. In particular, I am deeply indebted to Dr G. Byers of the University of Kansas for making available to me a copy of G.T. Brooks unpublished thesis on Enithares. To Miss S. Na kata and Dr P. D. Ashlock of the Bishop Museum, Honolulu for the very large collection of un-named material sent to me. A glance at the location of many of the types of new species will show how valuable their contribution has been. -
Towards a Global Names Architecture: the Future of Indexing Scientific Names
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 550: 261–281Towards (2016) a Global Names Architecture: The future of indexing scientific names 261 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.550.10009 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Towards a Global Names Architecture: The future of indexing scientific names Richard L. Pyle1 1 Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA Corresponding author: Richard L. Pyle (email address) Academic editor: Ellinor Michel | Received 19 May 2015 | Accepted 20 May 2015 | Published 7 January 2016 http://zoobank.org/AD5B8CE2-BCFC-4ABC-8AB0-C92DEC7D4D85 Citation: Pyle RL (2016) Towards a Global Names Architecture: The future of indexing scientific names. In: Michel E (Ed.) Anchoring Biodiversity Information: From Sherborn to the 21st century and beyond. ZooKeys 550: 261–281. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.550.10009 Abstract For more than 250 years, the taxonomic enterprise has remained almost unchanged. Certainly, the tools of the trade have improved: months-long journeys aboard sailing ships have been reduced to hours aboard jet airplanes; advanced technology allows humans to access environments that were once utterly inacces- sible; GPS has replaced crude maps; digital hi-resolution imagery provides far more accurate renderings of organisms that even the best commissioned artists of a century ago; and primitive candle-lit micro- scopes have been replaced by an array of technologies ranging from scanning electron microscopy to DNA sequencing. But the basic paradigm remains the same. Perhaps the most revolutionary change of all – which we are still in the midst of, and which has not yet been fully realized – is the means by which taxonomists manage and communicate the information of their trade. -
Hibbett Et Al 2011 Fung Biol
fungal biology reviews 25 (2011) 38e47 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fbr Plenary Paper Progress in molecular and morphological taxon discovery in Fungi and options for formal classification of environmental sequences David S. HIBBETTa,*, Anders OHMANa, Dylan GLOTZERa, Mitchell NUHNa, Paul KIRKb, R. Henrik NILSSONc,d aBiology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA bCABI UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK cDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Goteborg,€ Sweden dDepartment of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St., 51005 Tartu, Estonia article info abstract Article history: Fungal taxonomy seeks to discover, describe, and classify all species of Fungi and provide Received 14 December 2010 tools for their identification. About 100,000 fungal species have been described so far, but it Accepted 3 January 2011 has been estimated that there may be from 1.5 to 5.1 million extant fungal species. Over the last decade, about 1200 new species of Fungi have been described in each year. At that Keywords: rate, it may take up to 4000 y to describe all species of Fungi using current specimen-based Biodiversity approaches. At the same time, the number of molecular operational taxonomic units Classification (MOTUs) discovered in ecological surveys has been increasing dramatically. We analyzed Environmental sequences ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences in the GenBank nucleotide data- Molecular ecology base and classified them as “environmental” or “specimen-based”. We obtained 91,225 MOTU sequences, of which 30,217 (33 %) were of environmental origin. Clustering at an average Taxonomy 93 % identity in extracted ITS1 and ITS2 sequences yielded 16,969 clusters, including 6230 (37 %) clusters with only environmental sequences, and 2223 (13 %) clusters with both envi- ronmental and specimen-based sequences. -
A New Species of Mycalesis Hübner, 1818 from the Sepik Basin, Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) 209-213 ©Entomologischer Verein Apollo E.V
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo Jahr/Year: 2014 Band/Volume: 35 Autor(en)/Author(s): Müller Chris J. Artikel/Article: A new species of Mycalesis Hübner, 1818 from the Sepik Basin, Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) 209-213 ©Entomologischer Verein Apollo e.V. Frankfurt am Main; download unter www.zobodat.at Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 35 (4): 209–213 (2014) 209 A new species of Mycalesis Hübner, 1818 from the Sepik Basin, Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) Chris J. Müller Chris J. Müller, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; address for correspondence: PO Box 3228, Dural, NSW 2158, Australia; [email protected] Abstract: Mycalesis woxvoldi sp. n. is described from the Mycalesis was considered closely relat ed to another Indo Se pik Basin lowlands, with the unique male holotype de po Australian mycalesine genus, Or sotri aena Wallengren, sit ed in the Australian Museum, Sydney. The adult male 1858, but this has been re fut ed by re cent mo le cu lar and ge ni ta lia are figured and compared with superficially re lated spe cies, in particular Mycalesis duponchelii (Guérin studies (Peña et al. 2006, Peña & Wahl berg 2008). Mé neville, 1830), M. mucia Hewitson, 1862, M. bilineata The Australasian species assessed by Kodandaramaiah Fruhs tor fer, 1906 and M. biformis Rothschild & Dur rant, et al. (2010) [viz. M. barbara GroseSmith, 1894, M. ae thi- 1915. ops Butler, 1868, M. mucia, M. phidon Hewitson, 1862, Eine neue Art der Gattung Mycalesis Hübner, 1818 aus M. -
When Mycologists Describe New Species, Not All Relevant
A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 72: 109–128 (2020) Mycological species descriptions over time 109 doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.72.56691 RESEARCH ARTICLE MycoKeys http://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research When mycologists describe new species, not all relevant information is provided (clearly enough) Louisa Durkin1, Tobias Jansson1, Marisol Sanchez2, Maryia Khomich3, Martin Ryberg4, Erik Kristiansson5, R. Henrik Nilsson1 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden 2 Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocentre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3 Nofima – Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, 1431 Ås, Norway 4 Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 5 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden Corresponding author: R. Henrik Nilsson ([email protected]) Academic editor: T. Lumbsch | Received 19 July 2020 | Accepted 24 August 2020 | Published 10 September 2020 Citation: Durkin L, Jansson T, Sanchez M, Khomich M, Ryberg M, Kristiansson E, Nilsson RH (2020) When mycologists describe new species, not all relevant information is provided (clearly enough). MycoKeys 72: 109–128. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.56691 Abstract Taxonomic mycology struggles with what seems to be a perpetual shortage -
Describing Species
DESCRIBING SPECIES Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists Judith E. Winston COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 1999 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data © Winston, Judith E. Describing species : practical taxonomic procedure for biologists / Judith E. Winston, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-231-06824-7 (alk. paper)—0-231-06825-5 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Biology—Classification. 2. Species. I. Title. QH83.W57 1999 570'.1'2—dc21 99-14019 Casebound editions of Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America c 10 98765432 p 10 98765432 The Far Side by Gary Larson "I'm one of those species they describe as 'awkward on land." Gary Larson cartoon celebrates species description, an important and still unfinished aspect of taxonomy. THE FAR SIDE © 1988 FARWORKS, INC. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Universal Press Syndicate DESCRIBING SPECIES For my daughter, Eliza, who has grown up (andput up) with this book Contents List of Illustrations xiii List of Tables xvii Preface xix Part One: Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 Describing the Living World 3 Why Is Species Description Necessary? 4 How New Species Are Described 8 Scope and Organization of This Book 12 The Pleasures of Systematics 14 Sources CHAPTER 2. BIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 19 Humans as Taxonomists 19 Biological Nomenclature 21 Folk Taxonomy 23 Binomial Nomenclature 25 Development of Codes of Nomenclature 26 The Current Codes of Nomenclature 50 Future of the Codes 36 Sources 39 Part Two: Recognizing Species 41 CHAPTER 3. -
Global Trends in the Description of Aquatic and Semiaquatic Heteroptera Species, 1758–2004
Global trends in the description of aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera species, 1758–2004 John T. Polhemus & Dan A. Polhemus Species description trends for the 4782 species of aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera (Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, and Leptopodomorpha) named during the 246 year interval from 1758 through 2004 are analyzed in regard to number of species descriptions per year and cumulative number of species. These data are graphed both on a world basis, and for seven major zoogeographic regions (Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical, Oriental, Australian and Pacific). This analysis reveals that our taxonomic knowledge of aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera, as measured by species descriptions, has accumulated at a progressively faster rate over time when assessed on a world basis, albeit in an episodic and uneven fashion, with peaks of high activity interspersed with periods of relatively low output. When examined at the level of individual zoogeographic regions, the accumulation of taxonomic descriptions is seen to be pronouncedly episodic, and contingent upon the productivity of particular regional experts during the courses of their careers, with just ten authors accounting for over 40 percent of all currently accepted species descriptions. Species accumulation curves, based on published descriptions, indicate that description of extant aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera species is nearly complete for the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, and well advanced for the Neotropical region. The Oriental and Australian (including New Guinea) regions show continuing sharp upward trends, indicating that these regions are still far from completely documented. The flattening of the description accumulation curves in the Afrotropical and Pacific regions is interpreted to be an artifact produced by a relative paucity of recent taxonomic work in these regions, and thus not truly indicative of well documented biotas in these areas. -
Arthropod Faunal Diversity and Relevant Interrelationships of Critical Resources in Mt
Arthropod Faunal Diversity and Relevant Interrelationships of Critical Resources in Mt. Malindang, Misamis Occidental Myrna G. Ballentes :: Alma B. Mohagan :: Victor P. Gapud Maria Catherine P. Espallardo :: Myrna O. Zarcilla Arthropod Faunal Diversity and Relevant Interrelationships of Critical Resources in Mt. Malindang, Misamis Occidental Myrna G. Ballentes, Alma B. Mohagan, Victor P. Gapud Maria Catherine P. Espallardo, Myrna O. Zarcilla Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs The Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao is a collaborative research programme on biodiversity management and conservation jointly undertaken by Filipino and Dutch researchers in Mt. Malindang and its environs, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. It is committed to undertake and promote participatory and interdisciplinary research that will promote sustainable use of biological resources, and effective decision-making on biodiversity conservation to improve livelihood and cultural opportunities. BRP aims to make biodiversity research more responsive to real-life problems and development needs of the local communities, by introducing a new mode of knowledge generation for biodiversity management and conservation, and to strengthen capacity for biodiversity research and decision-making by empowering the local research partners and other local stakeholders. Philippine Copyright 2006 by Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) Biodiversity Research Programme for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs ISBN 971-560-125-1 Wildlife Gratuitous Permit No. 2005-01 for the collection of wild faunal specimens for taxonomic purposes, issued by DENR-Region X, Cagayan de Oro City on 4 January 2005. Any views presented in this publication are solely of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of SEARCA, SEAMEO, or any of the member governments of SEAMEO.