Papacy Supported Various Oper- IX E X,” Archivo Storico Per Le Provincie Napoletani, Ations in Which “Reconquest” Contested with Piracy
SCHISM beach at Ostia, sailed up the Tiber, and pillaged the areas these grounds by the inhabitants of the March of Ancona of Rome outside the Aurelian wall, including the basili- (Registres, no. 73) and the diocese of Tarragona (no. cas of ST. PETER’S and ST. PAUL’S OUTSIDE THE WALLS. 3731), and gave out authorizations for trading to the in- The response was swift and effective. After GREGORY IV habitants of the diocese of Cuenca (no. 3303), Mallorca built, unsuccessfully, a fortress at Ostia (Gregoriopolis), (no. 3731), and the Latin Empire of Constantinople (nos. LEO IV fortified the Leonine City in Rome and in 854 re- 6586 and 6831). built and fortified Centumcellae on the present site of Religious and intellectual relations had to be ap- Civitavecchia (Leopolis). JOHN VIII fortified St. Paul’s proached with similar subtlety. Any attempt at mission- Outside the Walls and acquired a navy. In 849, another ary activity was vain, but a better acquaintance with raid was checked by the fleets of Naples and Amalfi off Islam was soon acquired. The Qur’an was translated on Ostia. the initiative of the abbot of Cluny in 1141–3. Ignorance The danger was more serious in southern Italy, whose was rife, and on both sides. Yet for all the Christians who political dismemberment would later ensure the Nor- continued to believe that Muhammad worshiped Venus mans’ success. Here the Saracens settled in. In 838, they and Apollo and that the “Mohammedans” were pagans occupied Brindisi and Taranto; from there, the au- or heretics, there were many intellectuals of the 13th tonomous Byzantine duchy of Naples called on their help century who proclaimed their admiration for Arab sci- against the Lombards of Benevento.
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