Ientifi£ Meri£An

IENTIFI£ MERI£AN

(Entered at tbe Post Olliee of �ew York. .. :-<.r a. Second Class Matter. Copyr'l'bt. 1007. by Munn &; Co.l

NEW YORK, DECEMBER 28, [ 10 CEN'J.'S A COPY 1907. $3.00 A YEAR.

Photo. by Hollinger. [See pa�e 475.]

PROPOSED GOVERNMENT FOREST PRESERVES. VIBRATION IN PASSENGER SRIPS. SCIENTIFIC AMER.ICAN It will doubtless surprise the lumber interests of Some surprise and disappointment has been ex EST ABLISHED 1845 this country to learn from the Secretary of Agricul pressed by passengers on turbine-propelled ships that ture, that during the last seven years, in spite of an vibration, although it has been greatly reduced, has MUNN 6. CO_ Editors and Proprietors unprecedented demand, the amount of hardwood tim not been entirely eliminated from these vessels. In considering this subject, it may be as well to state Published Weekly at ber which has been cut from our forests has fallen off over fifteen per cent, and this, furthermore, in spite at once that, no matter what kind of engine be used, No_ 361 Broa.dwa.y, New York of the fact that the wholesale prices of hardwood lum vibration never will be eliminated from steamships ber have advanced from twenty·five to sixty-five per driven by screw propellers. The hull of a steamship CHARLES ALLEN- MUNN, President 361 Broadway, New York cent. Moreover, the amount of standing hardwood in is a highly elastic structure and, therefore, peculiarly this country is estimated to be sufficient to last for the sensitive to any forces tending to set up vibration. FREDERICK CONVERSE BEACH, Sec'y and 'rreas. 361 Broadway, New York next sixteen years only. These forces may be broadly divided into three kinds We are thus brought face to face with the fact, warn the impact of the waves; the unbalanced moving TERMS TO SUBSCRIBERS ing of which has frequently been given of late years, weights of the engines ; and certain inequalities in the One copy, one year for tbe United States or Mexico•...... $3.00 One copy, one year, for Canada ...... ••...... 3.75 that we have been using up our natural timber re thrust of the propellers. Vibrations due to the shock One cOPY. one year, to any foreign country, postage prepaid. £0 188 . tid. 4.50 sources with a prodigality which was certain to bring of the waves may be disregarded as being too infre THE SCIENTIFIC AMERlC.AN PUBLICATIONS ScientifiC American (Establisbed 1845) ...... $a.oo a year us, within a few years, to the verge of a timber quent to cause any discomfort. It is only in heavy Scientific American �upplement (�stablisbed 1876)., ...... 5.00 .. American Homes and Uardens ...•...... 3.00 u famine. weather that they become of sufficient magnitude t() Scientific American Export Edition (Established 1878)...... 8.00 .. The combined subscription rates and rates to foreign coulltries, .in ... The Bureau of Agriculture urges immediate action attract the attention of the passengers, and even then. eluding Canada. will be furnished upon application. Rewit by pustal or express money order, or by bank draft or check. to prevent the complete Wiping out of our timber it is only at long intervals that the sea will strike a MUNN & CO •• 861 Broadway. New York. resources. National forest reserves are to be formed by blow sufficiently powerful to cause the whole ship the purchase of 5,000,000 acres in the Southern Appa to vibrate. The second cause, unbalanced or imper NEW YORK, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1907. lachians, and of 600,000 acres in the White Mountains. fectly balanced moving weights in the reciprocating

The Editor is always glad to receive for examination Illustrated The report of the Bureau upon which this recommen engine, is, or rather was, the most annoying trouble, articles on subjects of timely interest. If the photographs are dation is based contains the first thorough analysis since it was responsible for that incessant pounding, . sharp, the articles short, and the facts authentiC, the contributions of conditions in the districts affected. It gives some and in some cases very violent vertical and lateral will receive special attention. Accepted articles will be paid for striking statistics, also, regarding the amount of water vibration, which was for many years the bane of a at regular space rates. · power available, in which it is shown, not only how deep-sea passage. A few years ago, however, afteI' BUILD GATUN LOCKS FOR THE FUTURE. completely the nation depends upon the Southern Ap a thorough in vestiga tion, Messrs. Schlick, Yarrow, Recent towing tank investigations carried on inde palachians for its future hardwood suppry, but also and Tweedy devised a system of arranging the rela pendently by both the British and the German build what a great reduction the continued removal of the tive positions of the cranks and other moving parts ers of large and fast ocean steamers, have established forest would make both in the navigability of the of the engine which resulted in a great improvement; the fact that in ships of the largest dimensions and streams which head in these mountains, and in their although in the latest high-powered transatlantic ships high speed, a liberal amount of beam in proportion to value for water-power purposes. Both the Northern a considerable amount of engine vibration still re length is conducive to speed. This accounts in part for and Southern mountain ranges affected are shown to mains, especially when the engines are racing. With the great beam, 88 feet, of the two latest Cunarders ; be advancing rapidly toward a condition of barrenness. the introduction of the steam turbine, however, vibra moreover, a tentative design was drawn up recently in In the uplands to the south of Pennsylvania fully 100 tion from the engine was absolutely eliminated, the Germany for a vessel similar to these, in which the un square miles of arable and forest land are lost to the moving parts being perfectly balanced and, therefore� precedented beam of 90 feet was found to give the best country every year by the denudation of the forests incapable of produGing those mechanical couples which, results. There is no reason to suppose that a beam and the resulting washing away of the soil. in the reciprocating engine, send a rhythmical series of 88 feet and a length of 790 mark the limit of size The Bureau brings out some startling facts regard of tremors through the whole structure of the ship. in future ocean steamers. On the contrary, the builder ing the water-pow er conditions, particularly in the The public at large, on hearing that an absolutely eff the "Lusitania" recently assured the writer that, as Southern Appalachians, whose streams afford, during vibrationless engine had been produced, jumped to the the result of his observations, while crossing in that the lowest water of the year, a minimum of 2,740,000 over-hasty conclusion that all vibration of the ship ship, he was more than ever convinced that there was horse-power. This could be developed by proper sys had at last been eliminated. In this they were not every advantage of speed, safety, comfort, 'and economy tems of storage from three to thirty times, and, on altogether to blame; for it must be admitted that the to be derived from great size, always excepting, of the SUpposition that one-half of the minimum horse sponsors of the steam turbine, in speaking of its course, the increased difficulty of handling at the ter power would be available for industrial development, future benefit to marine navigation, had predicted an minal ports. The same authority stated that he con the Bureau states that the rental of these developed absence of vibration from the whole ship, which their fidently looked for ships to grow ultimately to a water powers would be worth $27,000,000 a year. If knowledge of propeller action should have taught lengtn of 1,000 fee.t, with other dimensions in pro to this were added the possible revenue from the fifty them was, in the very nature of things, impossible. portion. per cent of power which is present for only one-half The writer has stood in the engine room of the "Lusi If this be so-.and it is a prediction that has fre the year, the total rental would reach the high figure tania" at a time when there was perceptible vibration quently been made by those who build and operate of $38,000,000. The question is one of the most urgent in the structure of the ship at a point some 200 feet large ocean steamships-the statement should have a that will. come before the present Congress; and farther forward, and failed to perceive the slightest controlling influence in the deliberations which are whether the comprehensive and costly scheme as out sensible vibration of the e ngines, even when the hand now being had to determine what increase to make in lined by Secretary Wilson be adopted in its entirety was laid upon the casing of either the high-pressure the width of the Panama locks. Should the present or not, it is certain that some restrictive and pre or low-pressure turbines. . proportions of beam to length be adopted in a 1,000- servative legislation should be immediately enacted. For the causes of such vibration, then, as occurs in foot ship, she would have a beam of not less than 110 a turbine-propelled ship one must look outside of the •••• feet; and since draft will always be limited by the hull itsel(; and it is to be found, as we have already depth of channels, it is certain that in the future full ENORMOUS DEATH ROLL AMONG THE MINERS. remarked, in the uneven action of the propellers, whose advantage will be taken of the benefits conferred by With the recent tragic mining disaster fresh in the effect does not consist, as it theoretically should, in a great beam. This would indicate that, if we would public mind, there comes the official announcement constant axial pressure on the ship, but in a th rust build for the future, the Gatun locks should certainly from Secretary Garfield of· the Interior Department which varies from a maximum to a minimum, and is be made' not less than 115 feet in width. The 1,000- that the number of these accidents, caused directly in reality a series of rhythmical impulses. Theoret foot ship may not come for twenty-five years; although or indirectly by mine explosions, has been steadily ically, a three-bladed propeller, rotating at a certain . at the present rate of increase, it is quite conceivable increasing. In speaking of the causes and prevention rate of speed in undisturbed water, should exert a, ,that it may make its appearance before another' decade of these disasters, their increase is attributed in part constant thrust. But, in the case of steamship pro ' has passed. Such great public works as the Panama to the lack of proper and enforcible mine regulations; pulsion, the propellers, so far from revolving in undis canal should be built, as far as possible, for all time. to ignorance of the explosives and the proper condi turbed water, exert their thrust upon water that is The duties which we owe to posterity are little less im tions of their use in the presence of gas and dust ; very much disturbed and flows past them in streams Plilrative, at least in certain relations of life, than those and to the fact that not only is the number of. miners of varying velocity, full of eddies and more or less which we owe to the present generation; and if by a increasing, but the coal is being taken from greater complicated motions. This movement is largely due to the moderate increase in cost we can spare posterit y a depths or farther from the entrance, in locations where friction of the water upon the sides of the ship. The great future expenditure, and, what is more impor ventilation becomes increasingly difficult, and the lia layers of water in immediate contact with the hull tant, an enormous amount of delay and congestion in bility to accumulations of explosive gas more pro tend to cling to it, and are dragged along with in the operation of this international waterway, it is nounced. creasing velocity, until at the stern of a long ship clearly our duty to do so. As usual in these investigations affecting the safety they are traveling approximately at the same speed Nor is it to the point to affirm that the growth of of life and limb, the fact is brought out that the loss as the vessel. This drag on the water decreases future steamship dimensions will be confined to the of life is far greater in America than in Europe. There with the distance from the hull, until undisturbed Atlantic Ocean. There are abundant reasons to believe are killed annually in the coal mines of the United water is reached. Now, as a propeller rotates, its that the most strilring development of the world's States three times as many men per thousand as there blades are alternately reacting upon dead water and trade during the twentieth century will be witnessed are in the coal mines of most European countri es. water which is moving more or less swiftly forward in the Pacific Ocean, and will be due to the develop During the last seventeen years, 22,840 men have lost against the thrust which the blades exert; and, conse ment of the Oriental peoples and the fabulously rich their lives in our mines, and 11,000 of these deaths quently, the reaction against the blades is greater, or r.atural resources of the countries they inhabit. The have occurred during the past six years. During the of a less yielding character, as they are passing ships that carry this trade will be of large capacity. year 1906, no less than 6,861 men were killed or in through the water next the hull than when, on the The tendency of all construction is toward concentra jured in the mines, 2,061 of these being killed ,out other half of their rotation, they sweep through the tion, the building in units of ever-increasing dimen right, and the injured amounting to 4,800. still water fifteen or twenty feet away from the hull ; sions; and tl].ough we may not see 25-knot passe nger The terrible significance of these figures is en in other words, e ach blade once in every revolution steamers making the trip from the Atlantic to ,the hanced when we learn from this government report hits a hard spot, as it were, in the water, with the Pacific by the Panama canal, there is every probability that while the number of deaths per thousand has result that the impact sets up a series of tremors or that th3 intermediate type of freight-and-passenger undergone in European countries a decided decrease, vibrations throughout the whole structure of the ship. steamer of large size and moder ate speed, as the trade in this country it is steadily increasing. The im whose period will be equal to the number of blades with the Pacific via the canal is developed, will grow proved conditions abroad are due to judicious min in the propeller multiplied by its speed of rotation. to unprecedented proportions. An increase of the ing legislation for the safeguarding of the lives of Thus, in the case of the "Lusitania," whose three locks from 100 to 115 feet would, of course, add a the workmen, and this legislation has been the out bladed propellers make Itt full speed about three revo considerable sum to their cost; but it would not involve come of the work of government testing stations, lutions per second, one would expect to find, if this any structural difficulties which could not be met by established to study the problems involved in the theory be correct, a frequency of vibration of about the provision of greater thickness and strength in the use of high explosives, and to devise means for nint! per second. Observations by recording instru concrete walls and floor, and in the lock gates. rendering mining in general less precarious. ments show that this is exactly what occurs. It is evi-

© 1907 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. DECEMBER 28, J907. Scientific AlIlerican 471 dent, then, frolll the above considerations, that al maga:dnes, and for his many valuable memoirs of its intention of using military balloons for the army. though the steam turbine has entirely eliminated contemporary scientists, among which particularly Accordingly the Signal Corps has drawn up some speci engine-room vibration, passengers on future high worthy of mention are those on Tyndall, Helmholtz, fications fo, a dirigible airship. For the interest of inventors these are published in the current speed boats must be prepared to submit to such lim Rogers, and Bunsen. Of similar nature was his fas SUPPLE MENT, No. 1669. ited discomfort as arises from vibrations which seem to cinating address on Franklin's researches in elec· • • • be for the present entirely beyond human control. tricity, which he delivered at the bicentennial cele· Evidently, if vibration is to be entirely eliminated, hration of the birth of Franklin, held in Philadelphia SCIENCE NOTES. we must find some other means of propulsion than in 1906 under the auspices of the American Philosoph Experiments made by Prof. Frederic Bordas, of Paris, the propeller. There is one system which would bring ical Society. He then called attention to the fact �howed that quartz and flint were tinted rose color by about the desired result, namely, that of jet propul· that Franklin was "the author of the one theory of the action of radium, that uncolored corundum waiO sion; but jet propulsion, in spite of the many ingeni electricity which of all the views on this subject tinted bright yellow and that pale rubies had been ous efforts to develop it, has never proved a prac comes nearest to our twentieth century concept." brightened. The experiments showed that oxygen of tical success, at least for high-speed vessels. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him the air was not affected by the action of radium. 1906, by the University of Pennsylvania in when he A severe earthqual{e shock lasting six minutes was ANTHRACITE COAL CENTENNIAL. was characterized as "especially noted for his inves felt throughout the entire Japanese Empire from Hok Appropriate celebration of the centennial of anthra tigations on radiation and upon matter at low tem Imido to the Bonin Islands. It occurred at 2.17 o'clock cite coal is being considered by the citizens of the town perature. His researches have shed light upon the on the morning of November 22, and fortunately, no of Plymouth, Pa. In 1807 the first shipment of the strange property of certain substances to become self damage was done. Hokkaido and the Bonin Islands "black stone" was made by boat down the Susquehanna luminous by day or by night." are respectively the most Rortherly and southttrly isl River, from Plymouth to Columbia, Pa. This date In the United States th9-i'e are three societies to ands of the Japanese archipelago. The earthquake marks the beginning of the use of anthracite, which, which one is chosen in consideration of high attain area embraces over 1,000 miles of coast line. according to records of the United States Geological ments in science, and to each of these Prof. Nichols The report of Prof. Philip Schneider, geologist at Survey, was discovered about 1790, but was burned has been elected. They are the American Philosoph Syracuse University, who has been investigating the only by the use of blowers and forced draft before ical Society, the American Academy of Arts and diamond fieIds of Pike County, has been filed with 1807. SCiences, and the National Academy of Sciences. He the State Commissioner of Arkansas. The report states It was the discovery that anthracite must be freed is also a member of the American Institute of Elec that much of the inspected land is of no value, but from every impurity and crushed to a uniform size trical Engineers, a past president of the Kansas Acad that a few acres, making up what is called the Huddle before it could be successfully burned, which started emy of Sciences, and the president for the year 1906-7 ston and Money places, comprises the most promising the great industry that this year will probably have of the American Physical Society, of which he was diamond land. Surface indications in this territory an output of 70,000,000 tons. very nearly duplicate those in the Kimberley fields of People had become accustomed to burning soft coat, South Africa, the earth resembling in every respect which contained so much gas that lumps of any size the soil of that region. Prof. Schneider says that could be readily ignited and burned without difficulty_ genuine diamonds have without doubt been taken from Few would have predicted that, unlike soft coal, which the Huddleston tract. is sent to market as it comes from the mine, hard coal The doctors of Vienna have organized an automobile would require preparation for market almost as com· club on a co·operative basis. It is proposed first to plicated as the manufacture of flour from wheat. persuade the home manufacturers to build a car spe The actual mining of anthracite is only the begin cially adapted for doctors' work. Then upon payment ning of a long series of processes which produce the of a moderate sum down, followed by monthly install accurately sized pure coal which is so satisfactorily ments, the club will assist the doctors to become auto burned to-day in millions of homes and in heating mobile owners. The monthly payments will be lells plants of large buildings which must have smokeless than the present cost of hiring a two·horse carriage by chimneys. As it comes from the mines anthracite the month, as most of the doctors do. The club will varies in size from lumps as large as a watermelon to have its own central garage, and branch garages will those as small as a walnut. The large lumps are be opened in various districts of the city as the de individually examined on benches, by men who are mand increases. The promoters of the association hope expert in detecting layers of black slate or other to increase the number of motoring doctorll from the impurities which look much like coal and which are present twenty or so to at least 200. unavoidably mined with it. "iVitli small axes the In the side of an old well where it had lain undis lumps are cracked, and every vestige of unburnable turbed for 2,200 years, all earthen'Nare jar CGU;,,;i,,;rrg material is removed before the coal is passed on to five hundred pieces of the time of Alexander fhe Great be crushed and sorted, by passing over moving screens, has been found. One hundred of these were speci· into the numerous sizes ready for loading on the cars. mens of the silver tetradrachm of Alexander the Lumps too small to be separately inspected on the Great, a coin corresponding in weight to our half dol start, are crushed first and screened into uniform lar. The pieces are very thick and are made of silver sizes, after which boys pick out all the impurities LS of great purity. The obverse bears the head of Her he coal passes slowly in thin layers down long chutes. t cules in a lion's skin; the reverse shows Zeus seated In some localities considerable dirt adheres to the coal, in a chair. All bear the name of Alexander in Greek. and in addition to the crushing and sizing it is neces Monograms and mint marks of great interest were sary to subject it to several washings during prepara found on many pieces of this lot, and some of the tion so that it will be clean and bright and all impuri pieces bore the Greek word for the mint marks, desig· ties can be readily seen and removed. nating the towns or cities where they were struck. The eoins are all in very high relief, so that only two EDWARD LEAMINGTON NICHOLS. or three could be stacked together without their tum BY :l'![ARCUS BEN.JAMIN, PH.D. bling over. The find was made at Luxor. During the thirty years that have elapsed since the • I .... centennial year, but two physiCists have been called New President of American Association for to the presidency of the American Association for The the THE FOREIGN AUTOMOBILE SHOW IN MADISON the Advancement of Science. the Advancement of Science. In 1880 George F. SQUARE GARDEN. 1889 For the first time the importers of foreign automo Barker presided over the Boston meeting, and in one of the founders. The Sigma Xi, an honorary biles will hold a show in Madison Square Garden, from Thomas C. Mendenhall was the presiding officer at the scientific society, algo claims him as one of its foun December 28, 1907, to January 4, 1908. Some twenty Toronto meeting. A year ago, in New York, when ders, and he has been its president since 1904. the selection of an officer to preside at the Chicago different makes of foreign cars of all styles, together . Prof. Nichols joined the American Association at with their chassiS, will be exhibited on the main floor, meeting next week was considered, the claims of the its Saratoga meeting in 1879. Two years later he was while the elevated platform around the arena and the phYSicists were recognized, and Edward L. Nichols advanced to the grade of fellow. His affiliations have galleries in the Garden will be given up to both for· was chosen. been with the sections on physics and chemistry, eign and domestic mal,ers of accessories. Many of the Edward Leamington Nichols is the son of the well chiefly however with the former, of which he was exhibits which were shown at the Tenth Annual Salon known landscape artist, Edward Willard Nichols, and elected secretary in 1889, and vice-president in 1903. 14, in Paris have been imported for this show, and all was born in Leamington, England, on September At the New York meeting in 1906 he was chosen presi 1854, automobilists who are interested in foreign cars, but while his parents were on a visit to the British dent of the entire association. This recognition prop 1875 who were unable to visit the Paris Show, will have an Isles. He was educated at Cornell, where in he erly confirms his high rank among men of science in opportunity to see the latest and most approved types took the degree of B.S., and then, choosing physics the United States, and establishes him as the foremost of high-priced cars. a�. his specialty, studied in Germany at Leipsic, Ber of contemporary workers in physiCS. .. . lin, and Giittingen, receiving the degree of doctor of • • • philosophy at the latter university in 1879. THE CURRENT SUPPLEMENT. TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS. On his return to the United States he had for a An interesting engineering. achievement has recently ''''e are at the close of another year-the sixty-second year a fellowship in the Johns Hopkins University, been completed in India by spanning the river Indus of the SCIENTIFIC AlI1ERICAX'S life. Since the subscrip where he followed his chosen studies under Rowland, with a double-deck steel cantilever bridge. The struc tion of many a subscriber expires, it will not be amiss and then he served for a year as an assistant to ture is described by the English correspondent of the to call attention to the fact that the sending of the Thomas A. Edison in his laboratory at Menlo Park, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and is also copiously illustrated. paper will be discontinued if the subscription be not N. J. In the autumn of 1881 he began his profes The improvements made in the materials used in build renewed. In order to avoid any interruption in the sorial career by accepting a call to the chair of ing all kinds of machinery have, without doubt, been receipt of the paper, subscriptions should be renewed physics and chemistry in Central University in Ken greater in the past few years than in any preceding before the publication of the first issue of the new tucky, and two years later accepted the professorship period. E. F. Lake reviews the entire state of the art. year. To those who are not familiar with the SUPPLE' of physics and astronomy in the University of Kan Sir Oliver Lodge summarizes the present methods of l'IIENT, a word may not be out of place. The SUPPLE sas. For four years he remained in that chair, and tuning in wireless telegraphy. Some practical notes on MENT contains articles too long for insertion in the then returned to his alma mater in Ithaca, where he etching are published. The attempts which have been SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, as well as translations from f6r has since continued as professor of physics with a made to produce synthetical camphor are reviewed. eign periodicals, the information contained in whiah large corps of assistants under him. The geological formation of the Klondike is discussed would otherwise be inaccessible. By taking the SCI· Prof. Nichols has often addressed the meetings of by Dr. Willis Eugene Everette. B. M. Underhill con ENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT the subscriber reo the American Association, and he also deserves recog tributes. a splendid resume of the evolution of the ceives the benefit of a reduction in the subscription nition for his contributions on science to popular horse. The United States government has expressed price.

SAFETY SUIT OF AERONAUTS. One-third of glass D' is filled with wood ashes with Calcined magnesia is the solid substance which The accompanying illustration shows a padded suit enough water to make a thin paste. Carbon dioxide fills about one-t.hird of glass G, and the ordinary and casque used by Count de la Vaulx in his recent is the gas which promptly extinguishes the match. A syrupy soluble glass or sodium silicate solution sold balloon trips and aeroplane experiments. It was ow hundred cubic centimeters of water, fifty cubic centi by druggists is the liquid substance which will be ing to the protection afforded by his padded helmet that meters of ammonia, and enough litmus solution to come instantaneously solid, in glass G', if mixed with the Count came out of his recent aeroplane ac about one-third its volume of hydrochloric acid. cident without serious injury. . .. � ..

...... AN INSTRUMENT FOR DRAWING ELLIPSES AND A CHEMICAL PUZZLE. HYPERBOLAS.

BY GUSTAVE MICHAUD, COSTA RICA STATE COLLEGE. BY HARRY A. HANNU:!'[' The following experiment is easily performed, An ingenious instrument for drawing ellipses even by those who have had little or no previous and hyperbolas has recently been invented chemicai training. It gives an idea of the which is so arranged that if a pen be used it infinite diversity of chemical and physical will keep the latter at all times tangent to the changes which one and the same reagent may curve. The instrument is based on the princi induce in other substances. ple that the sum or the difference respectively Fourteen glasses, arranged in seven pairs, of the distances from any point of an ellipse are brought before the spectators, who are re or a hyperbola to the foci of such curve is quested to examine them and their contents. constant. The experimenter then pours one and the- same It is constructed with two posts provided liquid into the fourteen glasses. The following with pOints to be placed at the foci of the contradictory results become at once apparent: ellipse or hyperbola. These two posts are Substance contained in glass A becomes so connected by slotted beams clamped together hot that the glass cannot be kept in the hand. u.y a thumb screw. On the top of each post is Substance contained in glass A' becomes so a stationary pinion, about which is swiveled a cold that frost promptly collects outside of the head. Passing freely through the two heads, glass. and engaging each pinion are two racks, cross Liquid contained in glass B was blue ; it be ing each other and both engaging a traveling comes colorless. Liquid contained in glass B' pIlllOn. Passing through the traveling pinion was colorless ; it becomes blue. is a vertical shaft, at the bottom of which is Glass 0 contained a clear liquid which be connected a pen or pencil. Around the pinion comes muddy. Glass 0' contained a muddy are two heads adapted to travel along the racks. liquid which becomes clear. If ihe instrument is put in motion by plac If a lighted match be introduced into glass ing the hand at the top of the shaft, the travel D, several inches above the liquid, noisy flames ing pinion will revolve, taking up on one rack are seen to spring in every direction. If the and letting out exactly the same distance on From the Sketcll. same experiment is made in the same manner the other rack, thereby causing the pen to with glass D', the match is quietly but imme- fADDED SUIT AND CASQUE FOR AERONAUTS. describe an ellipse which is mathematically diately extinguished. Liquid in glass E had a correct. By reassembling the instrument so burning, suffocating smell ; it becomes odorless. Liquid give the liquid a bluish tint are poured into glass E. that the traveling pinion will pass between the two in glass E' was odorless ; it acquires such an offensive During the experiment, hydrochloric acid is added, foci, the pen or pencil will describe a hyperbola. For smell that it becomes necessary to carry it outside. little by little, until the bluish color suddenly becomes drawing an ellipse with ink, it is necessary that the Liquid in glass F was red; it becomes blue. Liquid reddish. The odor will then be found to have van pen always travel tangent to the point of the· curve in glass F' was blue; it becomes red. ished. which it is drawing. 8 Glass G contained a solid substance which becomes One-third of glass E' is filled with water, and The mechanism which achieves this purpose is based liquid. Glass G' contained a clear liquid which be grammes of powdered iron sulphide are thrown into on the well-known property of the ellipse or hyberbola, comes instantaneously solid. it. Hydrochloric acid will generate hydrogen sulphide that the tangent in each point of the curve bisects the Every transformation is the result of the action of in the glass. This gas is the active agent found in angle between the two connecting lines of said point common hydrochloric acid over some chemical. Here some mineral waters, to which it gives a characteristic with the foci of said ellipse. Each of the traveling is the nature and proportions of these ; capacity of smell of putrefied eggs. It is poisonous, but the heads is provided with a flange, in which is cut a glasses being supposed to be about one pint. spiral-shaped groove running in opposite directions. Glass A contains 50 grammes of sodium hydrate dis Between the two flanges there is a steel plate swiv solved in 100 cubic centimeters of water. This solu eled around the pinion and having a slot running in tion fills about one-half of the glass. During the ex a radial direction. The pin engaging both of these periment the other half must be entirely filled with grooves, and also a slot in the plate between the two hydrochloric acid. This should be poured slowly while flanges, causes this plate to revolve around the vertical the liquid is agitated with a glass or wooden stick. shaft whenever the instrument is put in motion. The The last additions of acid cause the liquid to boil. steel plate has an extension at the point opposite the The glass will then be found to contain common table radial slot, in the end of which is riveted a short salt mixed with an excess either of acid or of sodium vertical pin engaging a hole at the end of a horizontal hydrate. Glass A' is filled with sodium sulphate in arm, which is threaded into the head carrying the pen. small crystals, such as is sold by pharmacists to be By this arrangement the revolving motion of the steel taken internally. Enough hydrochloric acid must be plate is conveyed to the pen, and thereby the pen is IJOured to cover the salt. Temperature goes at once properly directed. much below 32 deg. F. Cold becomes still more in By using an attachment not shown in the cut to (ense if the mixture be agitated. take the place of one of the posts at the foci, and Three-quarters of glass B are filledwi th. water ; then having this slide along a T square, the pen or pencil one decigramme of copper sulphate is dissolved in it. will describe a parabola. Ammonia is added in small portions until an intense ..' .. blue color appears. The addition of hydrochloric acid _ THE NEW HENRY DYNAMOMETER,

will cause it to vanish. A solution of two centl A CHEMICAL PUZZLE. BY JACQUES BOYER. grammes of potassium ferricyanide in 100 cubic centi Mr. Charles Henry, director of the laboratory for in meters of water is made in glass B' and, in this, amount evolved during the experiment is small, and vestigating the physiology of the sensations at the another solution of 3 centigrammes of ferrous sulphate the smell is so strong that it makes the air apparently Sorbonne, has just designed a new registering dyna in 100 cubic centimeters of water is poured. A little irrespirable long before there is any danger. It should mometer which allows the energy of the muscles of ammonia is then added until the beautiful blue color not, however, be smelled directly over the glass, nor the hand to be measured, at the same time eliminating vanishes. Hydrochloric acid will cause it to reappear should the glass remain in the room longer than is the effect of pain, that prevents the exertion of the instantaneously. necessary to detect the odor. full strength in the various types of spring dynamo Glass 0 contains the ordinary solution of lead acetate Glass F contains the same liquid as used in glass B, meter. This very exact apparatus, shown in its com sold by druggists for local or external application. with the addition of one centigran:.me of aniline red pleted form in our photographs, will give very pre Hydrochloric acid forms in it a dense precipitate of scarlet. Glass F' contains the ordinary solution of cise results concerning the influence of various diets lead chloride. Three-quarters of glass 0' are filled blue litmus. On man. The role of foods is twofold: They should with water to which furnish the material for about a quarter of a the growth or repair of teaspoonful of slaked the tissues, and at the lime, free from coarse same time should make particles, is added. Cal up the expenditures of cium chloride, resulting energy of the organism, from the action of hy whether these expendi drochloric acid on lime, tures are in the form of is exceedingly soluble heat or in the form of in water. mechanical work. Cer A few pieces of zinc tain foods, like the al are deposited in glass bumens and the fats, D. Bubbles of hydro contribute both to the gen will set noisily on repair of the tissues fire when a match is and to the production introduced into t he of energy. Others, such glass. The experiment as the hydrocarbons, is free from danger so seem to serve entirely The Instrument Arranged for Drawing an Ellipse. Arrangement for Drawing a Hyperbola. long as no attempt is as energy furnishers.

made to close the glass. AN INSTRUMENT FOR DRAWING ELLIPSES AND HYPERBOLAS. But within what limits

does each one of these classes of products attain one THE OVAL BILLIARD TABLE. manipulators are pitted against one another. In order or the other ends of rational alimentation? The only An innovation in the game of billiards has recently to obviate such unvarying repetition, the present table

way to answer this question is by determinations of been introduced in England in the form of a table in has been evolved, as thereby a more open game is as the energy expended combined with chemical re which the familiar rectangular shape is superseded by sured. Though popularly described as "oval," the shape searches. Unhappily, exact apparatus for measuring an oval. This development is the outcome of modern is in reality "arc-oval," its form being clearly demon the applicable energy of a muscular system has been exigencies, more especially owing to the perfection of strated in the accompanying diagram. It is construct lacking up to the present. Springs of elliptical form, ed by the arcs of two circles of fixed relative sizes, which serve in physiology as dynamometers, are more which approach the figure of an ellipse. This method or less inexact measurers of exertion, because the pres of construction is essential in eliminating the diffi sures exerted by the fingers on the different parts of culty in finding the angle vertex on the ever-changing the ellipse oppose each other, and this force of defor curve of the oval oI' ellipse. mation is not registered by the needle. Moreover, This design has been worked out by Mr. J. J. Pear these dynamometers do not indicate the duration of son, an English architect, and he was influenced in his the pressure, an essential thing to know, because men experiments by the fact that among the many recog of relatively feeble strength but with rapid muscular nized geometrical figures, none approaches in versatility co-ordination can produce, all things being equal, higher of angle problems those of a curved formation. pressures than other men who are relatively stronger, The possibilities of play upon a circular table, which but who are slower. it may be explained also serve as a key to all play on A muscle is not tired out when it has reached its the arc-oval table, may be gathered from the second maximum pressure, since it maintains this pressure diagram. Here a ball struck from, or in line with,

a certain time, and does not give way until the end the center returns direct, or if played to pass the cen of a short intErval. This makes it necessary to record ter at a given distance, returns the same distance on variable and decreasing pressures. the oth;)r side. It will thus be realized that the di Verdin has indeed transformed into dynamographs viding line of any angle springs from a definite point the dynamometers of Duchene de Boulogne, applying on the table, in variance to that obtaining on the ob to them a system of air transmission by means of long table, where it is ever at a right angle to the Marey drums, which, by the play of a lever, register cushion. The table, being inclosed by the arcs of four pressures on turning cylinders. These dynamographs circles, has four central points. constituted an important theoretical progress over the In this table it will be seen that it is bounded by old dynamometers, but the metallic springs of var the arcs of four circles, the arcs of the larger circles ious forms that they utilized had also the double dis forming the longer sides, while the arcs of the small advantage of only responding to the normal pressures circles constitute the short sides, the pockets of the of the steel blade, and utterly ignoring the lateral same number as prevailing in the oblong shape and pressures. They indicated at each instant but a small placed equidistantly. At first sight such a design might stress, because of the pain. caused by the rigidity of appear to present difficulties to the player, but in real the metal. For example, the fatigue curves obtained ity the game is considerably simplified, once the geom with the dynamometer of Mr. Charles Henry present etry of the angles and the properties of the circle are

a normal form very different from those furnished by mastered. Easier and improved facilities for scoring spring dynamographs. are prOVIded, since the cushion "fields" and the pockets The new apparatus consists of a spherical bulb of "invite." The possibilities of the various angles thus rubber ending in a shoulder, that permits it to be placed at the player's disposal are illimitable. The joined to a metallic tube in such a way as to allow play is considerably opened, and rendered more fas only the spherical portion of the envelope to be de cinating, while at the same time the difficulties of the formable. This bulb is full of mercury, which under divided ball are curtailed. There are many strokes the pressure of the hand or of the fingers, mounts to only obtainable in one way on the oblong table, which different levels in the metallic tube. A mass of iron are possible in several upon this latest design, while which is raised by the mercury communicates its at the same time playing for safety is impracticable, movement through a thread rolled around a conve THE 'NEW HENRY DYNAlIOllETER. and repeat strokes are reduced to a minimum. nient reduction pulley (1-6) to a pen, which traces At the same time, according to the experience oj' the pressures on the recording cylinder. certain strokes, such as the "Anchor," which, once the those who have tried their skill upon the new table, This cylinder is covered with paper squared in milli [) osition has been secured, enables the player to con the balls are always more accessible, the rest is seldom meters, and is made to move by clockwork, which tinue scoring indefinitely. Such nursing of a certain needed, and one does not have to assume difficult gives it the uniform velocity of one millimeter a position has rather depreciated interest in the game, attitudes to make a stroke. It is somewhat difficult second. Upon pressing the bulb, the subject obtains and the scientific evolution of new strokes, and the for the player fresh from the old pattern of table to at each instant the maximum pressure, until he is study of angles resulting in what is known in the bil comprehend the behavior of the balls, which instead exhausted. With the system of Mr. Henry there is liard parlance as top-of-the-table play, has rendered the of making the designed rebound, . often follow a whiz no deformation of the tracings, and since the trans game somewhat monotonous to follow when two skilled zing course round the contour of the cushion at great mitting device is inalterable, the curves are velocity, and will pass the opponent's ball, always comparable. Moreover, the double which is only standing away from the cush graduation fixed on the card indicates the ion the distance of its own diameter. total pressure and the work done. The area Those familiar with play on the oblong of each of the recorded curves measures table, and who have tested the arc-oval de what is called the "static work," or in other Sign, concede that the latter gives a more words, the product of the mean pressure and scientific basis to the game, and provides far the duration of the effort of the flexor mus greater possibilities for the exhibition of cles of the fingers. Now, Mr. Henry and skill, calculation, delicacy of touch, and exe Miss Joteyko have shown experimentally cution of stroke. For the equipment of the that to be able to calculate in kilogram me private house it possesses distinct advan meters the work performed by the same ex tages, and owing to the absence of the awk: penditure of energy, that is to say, the avail ward right-angular corner, lends itself par- able energy of the muscles, the number of ticularly to the encouragement of billiard The Possibilities of Play on the Oval Table. kilogramme seconds represented by play by ladies. Certainly in Eng the static area must be divided by land its inception is being appre 120. Thanks to his dynamometer, ciated, and it is being popularly re- the inventor obtained in the course ceived. of several experiments measures of ...... static work varying between 99 and The destruction of lead or 490, the available energy corre wrought-iron pipes by electrolysis sponding being between 0.8 and 4. has long engaged the attention of The mean ratio of "static work" to electricians, and ell:pedients have maximum pressure equaled 3.3, been suggested to prevent it. These while according to the spring dyna efforts have usually been directed mographs of Charles Verdin the toward preventing leakage of return same ratio was 66.3, or twenty times currents, but a material has now greater. Moreover, the fatigue been put on the market to insulate curves obtained with the new ap the pipes themselves. This is a paratus show notable differences covering of a specially-prepared as from those furnished by the older bestos paper in laminated form, forms. At first, the decrease is much thoroughly impregnated, and coated slower; then at the end a more with a waterproof insulating com rapid decrease of the exertion with pound. It acts as an insulating me the time is indicated. This proves dium between the pipe and the that the spring dynamographs ground, and being made of inde should be given up, since the factor structible materials, is permanently of pain keeps the subject from giv durable. The covering is from 'Ii ing at each moment his maximum to % inch thick and is made in 3 pressure. The muscle reposes to an foot secti()ns, to fit various sizes of unknown degree, and the static pipes. All joints are sealed by areas formerly calculated lack exact strips anq insulating cement, which significance.-Translated from the The Billiard Table Without Straight Lines is Intended to Preveut ,. Nursing " are furnished with the covering. French of Jacques Boyer for the and ,. Top.of-the.Table " Play. For sleeve couplings, etc., special SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. sleeves are provided. THE OVAL BILLIARD TABLE.

THE TOTAL ECLIPSE OF THE SUN IN until the 18th. The arrow b shows the di JANUARY, 1908. rection of the line from the sun to the BY FREDERIC R. HONEY, TRINITY COLLEGE. earth produced, indicating that the posi Eclipse seasons occur, on the average, at tion of the full moon will be a short dis intervals of a little less than six months. tance beyond that given in the plot; the The gradual advance of the dates of actual time of full moon being 18d. 1h. eclipses is due to a slow twisting of the 2 37m., when the moon is too far above the plane of the moon's orbit in a direction plane of the ecliptic to come within the contrary to that of her motion, which shadow of the earth. (Fig. 3. )

brings the line of nodes into a line joining I ... � . the earth with the sun at an earlier date \ How to Protect Our Eycs Against each year. The law governing this mo Ultra-violet Hays. tion, and the dates of eclipses of the sun Bg .l. In a n interesting lecture delivered be and moon for twenty years, were shown fore the recent Congress of German Nat in an article by the writer in the SCIEN uralists and Physicists, Dr. Schanz and Dr. TIFIC AMERICAN for May 25, 1907. Stockhausen discussed the action of ultra When an eclipse season occurs near the violet rays on the eye. Dr. Stockhausen, beginning of the year, there may be three " Earllt while working on electric arcs, had been eclipse seasons in that year. The year January , ' 1 908. attacked by a severe "electric" opthalmia 1908 will be an example of this kind. The caused by the ultra-violet rays of this eclipses will be as follows : January 3, a \ source of light. Such rays, while invisible total eclipse of the sun ; June 28, an annu to the human eye, are readily detected by i \ lar eclipse of the sun ; December 7, a lunar 11,\ \ means of photography. A glass plate in appulse ; December 22, a central eclipse of serted between the eye and the illuminant the sun. \. had so far been considered a sufficient safe Fig. 1 is a plot of the moon's orbit for �\ , guard, but Dr. Stockhausen, though pro ; tected by eyeglasses, was made seriously January, 1908. The position of the moon \" .. ; is shown for each day of the month at ill. " Greenwich noon. If this page is placed 1�' The two authors therefore undertook an in a horizontal position, it may be re investigation as to how far glasses will , 20 giuded as the plane of the ecliptic. The \�.,.. absorb ultra-violet I'iys; only those of very part of the orbit shown by the full line is 19 short wave length, shorter than 300 /L/L, above that plane, and that part represent- " ""1'�'" '-., ' .� were found to be absorbed by ordinary ed by the dotted line is below. An edge lamp and spectacle glasses. Now, the rays view of these planes, looking in the direc most readily absorbed will penetrate into tion of the arrow B, is sh own by the in the human organism to the smallest depth tersecting lines. (Fig. 2.) The line of only. The most efficient, and accordingly intersection of these planes, which is the most dangerous ult ra-violet rays are those line of nodes represented by the point N - intermediary between 300 and 400 /L/L in Fig. 2, is the line N N' in Fig. 1. The which traverse ordinary lamp and spec direction of the moon's motion is indi tacle glasses. Ordinary protective spec cated in both figures by the arrows. In tacles will allow the blue ultra-violet rays Fig. 1 the arrow a indicates the approach to pass with ease. Smo ke-gray spectacles, to the ascending node N, where the moon while reducing the intensity of the rays, passes from the space below to that above '1'he Moon's Orbit for January, 1908. as tlrey do those of the visible spectrum, the plane of the ecliptic. The arrow a' will not extinguish them entirely. Further shows the approach to the descending node N'. The limited land area. An eclipse season may include experiments were made on the percentage of ultra direction of the apparent revolution of the sun around two or even three eclipses. Two weeks after the violet rays in artificial illuminants, decomposing their the earth is indicated by the arrow A. The positions occurrence of a solar eclipse, an eclipse of the light by the aid of Watt's spectrographs. The results of the sun and moon are here shown by their longi moon may be looked for. During this interval of of those investigations, extending from pine torches tudes ; the former at intervals of five days, and also time, the moon moves through half her orbit, from and Roman oil lamps to the most recent electric lamps, on the 3d and 18th, the dates of new and full moon. the position of new to that of full moon. In the show the p ercentage of ultra-violet rays to have in The arrows radiating from the earth indicate the creased greatly with the increasing intensity and tem direction in which the sun is seen at the dates at Fiy.3. perature of our artfficial illuminants. No attempt tached. has so far been made to keep away from the eyes The conditions necessary to an eclipse of the sun those rays, which, being invisible, are of no aid in the or moon are as follows : The moon must be at or very act of seeing. Common experience shows that when a }lear one of the nodes at the time of new or full moon. given amount of work can just be performed without The position of the moon, when the eclipse of the sun any appreciable fatigue of the eyes in natural day will occur on January 3, is shown between the posi light, the eyes will become tired much more rapidly tions marked 3 and 4, when the sun and moon will by performing the same amount of work in artificial have the same longitude. The actual time of the ..,:,.. ._.-. -'-'-. light. This phenomenon, which is especially notice eclipse is January 3, 9h. 45m. ; the day beginning at able in the case of catarrhal affections of the eye, Greenwich noon. The moon will be approaching the proves that sunlight is not very rich in invisible rays, descending node N', and her center will be very near the latter being absorbed rapidly by our atmosphere, the plane of the ecliptic. (Fig. 2.) The moon will while a considerable portion of them is lost by mul also be very near perigee, which she will reach on tiple reflection before getting to our eyes. the 4th, at which time she subtends a maximum angle. In the eye itself, the lens will protect the retina Notwithstanding the fact that the earth will be very against the effects of ultra-violet rays. By submitting near perihelion, when the apparent diameter of the The l\Ioon is Too }' ar Above the Plane of the Ecliptic to the lens to the action of these rays, a strong fluor the Shadow the Earth. sun reaches a maximum, the moon will subtend the Come Within of escence is obtained, showing the conversion of the in larger angle ; and along a narrow path on the earth's latter position, if the moon is sufficiently near to visible into visible rays. Now the question arises surface, there will be a total eclipse of the sun. a node, she will come within the earth's shadow. whether or not in the course of time this conversion In Fig. 3 the earth is projected on a plane parallel But in January, 1908, the date of full moon is the of energy will result in appreciable alterations of the to its axis, and perpendicular to the ecliptic. The ] 8th, and the moon is at th e ascending node on the transforming organ. Some experimenters have indeed point 0, which is on the meridian, a portion of which 17th. (Fig 1.) In 1he drawing, the sun, the earth, observed an alteration of the lens when subjected to an is represented by the line c 0, gives the position of an and the moon will not be in the same straight line intense ultra-violet radiation, and it is suggested that observer to whom the central eclipse the cataract observed in old age is due will be visible at noon. This point will to such a ca use. The authors finally be nearly 12 deg. south of the equator. Rg: 4. point out the desirability of designing A line extending from this point to the efficient safeguards against the action moon's center, and produced to the of ultra-violet rays, which are the more sun's center, will form a very small imperative, as apart from the possibility angle with the plane of the ecliptic, of accelerating the occurrence of old-age because the moon's distance from the cataract, these rays doubtless irritate ... earth is about sixty times the earth's . . the front part of the eye. They further radius, and the sun's distance is nearly mention a special glass made by them c four hundred times that of the selves for absorbing ultra-violet rays at IIZ_ moon. In the figure the line of vision a higher rate than is done by ordinary ( in the direction of the arrow) is there Iii '.�.. glasses. fore very n early parallel to the plane of • •• the ecliptic. The path along which the According to a contemporary, a brick total eclipse may be observed is shown which contains 60 per cent or more by the heavy line a ° b, which crosses ;�/ of silica expands on heating, but a . , the equator twice. (Fig. 4.) In this .� . . brick containing 53 per cent or less of illustration the portion of the earth's silica contracts at temperatures above

surface from which the eclipse will be ...... 3,000 deg. F. On this account, if a . ... � . . visible is limited by the dotted line, and . " high silica brick is used in lining a is represented in Mercator projection. ( cupola, there should be a layer of Beyond the limits of the path of total sand between the shell and the brick ity, which is wholly in midocean, this 'f he Path of the Total Eclipse. in order to make an elastic lin eclipse is only partial, and within a ing. THE TOTAL ECLIPSE OF THE SUN IN JANUARY, 1908.

LORD KELVIN. burgh Royal Societies, receiving from the former the THE MANUFACTURE OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES. With the death of Lord Kelvin on the 17th of De Royal medal, and from the latter the Keith prize. At BY THE ENGLISH CORRESPONDENT OF THE -SCIENTIFIC AMEIUCAN. cember, in the 84th year of his life, there was ended one time or another, he held the presidency of nearly For the discovery of dynamite and other cognate a career full of usefulness to mankind. To wonderful every important learned society in England; of the powerful explosives, which have now become insep scientific attainments he united a faculty of practical mathematical and physical section of the British Asso arable handmaids of the mining and engineering in achievement that placed him in the first rank of those ciation he has been the head five times. dustries, the world owes a debt of gratitude to the late who were pushing back the boundaries of the un From abroad he received a great number of decor Alfred Nobel, the famous Swedish scientist and chem known. In his work the creative imagination played ations. He was a grand officer of the Legion of Honor, ist, since he was the first to turn to practical purposes a remarkable part, but ever ruled and guided by rare a commander of the Order of Leopold, and a possessor at his laboratory at Heleneborg, near Stockholm, the mathematical perception and insight. Although his of the Pruss ian Order pour Ie Merite, and of the Order powerful blasting agent nitro-glycerine, discovered by discoveries were perhaps not so sensational or so of the First Class of the Sacred Treasure of Japan. Sobriero, and colloquially known as "blasting oil." startling to the layman, they were fraught with a In December of the year 1877, he was elected foreign This compound, owing to its extremely dangerous scientific worth that only his colleagues could fully associate by the Paris Academy of Sciences. He was nature and the frequency of the accidents attending appreciate. His work often blazed the trail, making also a foreign member of the Berl in Academy of its use, was prohibited in many of the leading coun the way for those who were to follow, as well as pro Science. tries ; and Nobel realizing these numerous disadvan viding them with the means of pressing on to a more The scientific achievements of this remarkable man tages, concerted his energies for a considerable time distant goal than was ever before reached. Nor did are largely in the nature of inventions ; in them me in the quest for an agent with which the nitro-glycer he lack the companionable qualities that are so falsely chanical complexity is noticeably absent, owing to re ine could be combined, and which while not deteriorat thought to be destroyed by a too close devotion to markable grasp of the underlying theoretical principles. ing in the slightest its high explosive qualities, would science, but kept up his interest in happenings out As has been mentioned above, he invented the re at the same time enable it to be handled with com side of his chosen sphere. No better summing up of flecting galvanometer and the siphon recorder, neither parative impunity. In this search he was ultimately his life can be given than that of Thomas A. Edison, of which, it is interesting to note, he wished to patent, successful by mixing the nitro-glycerine with an ab a friend of thirty-five . years' standing: desiring to give them to the world as a physician gives sorbent earth called "kieselguhr," and producing the "Lord Kelvin certainly had the master mind in his discoveries. Others of his inventions are the com compound now known as dynamite. The result of this science, for the world seldom sees such a man as he pensated mariner's compass now generally in use, a discovery was an immediate expansion in the employ was. First of all he was great as a mathematician, tide gage, a tidal harmollic analyzer, and a tide pre ment of the explosive for blasting purposes in all parts and then he developed into the greatest of scientists. dicter. He also simplified Sumner's method of deter of the world. After establishing factories in Germany He was also of a practical turn, and the application he mining the position of a ship at sea. A very well and France in 1871, Nobel went to Great Britain, made of his researches enabled the human race to known apparatus of the greatest usefulness devised where he established his future home, and also founded make rapid strides. I think it is safe to say that he by him is the deep-sea sounder. By its use soundings what is now one of the greatest and most flourishing gave more attention tn such subjects as the power of can be made in one hundred fathoms of water by a British industries and the largest explosive works in the tides and the properties of the crust of the earth steamer traveling at a speed of sixteen knots. Its the world. taan any other scientist. essential parts are a piano wire and a detachable Nobel himself selected the site for his proposed "With his great ability as a mathematician, he com weight. factory, and his ultimate choice fell upon Ardeer on piled the results of his numerous experiments and His greatest work was done in the realm of electrical the west coast of Scotland. A more suitable spot for gave to us many of the fundamental laws of science, measurement, and there is practically no electrical the prosecution of a dangerous trade could scarcely which we are putting to practical test in our everyday quantity in existence for which he did not produce the have been found, as the natural configuration of the lives." necessary measuring device. country is a series of waste sand dunes, which lend William Thomson, first Baron Kelvin, was born in Lord Kelvin's written works are in seven volumes, themselves admirably to the work in hand by serving Belfast on the 26th of June, 1824. His father, James not including a "Treatise on Natural Philosophy," as natural barriers between the various sections of Thomson, was professor of mathematics at Glasgow written in conjunction with Prof. P. C. Tait. Of these the danger zone. The factory covers an area of over University, from which seat of learning he held the volumes, one consists of "Electrostatics and Magne 800 acres, occupied by more than 800 different build degree of LL.D. The younger Thomson always had tism," three of "Mathematical and Physical Papers," ings. The works are entirely self-contained, and thus taste for science, in fact, his scientific education com and three of "Popular Lectures and Addresses." His a number of different subsidiary industries are em menced at the age of ten, for in 1834 he was a matri theoretical work is largely found in the monographs braced in the isolated colony established at a barren culated student of the University in which his father of the "Papers" for general physics, and in the "Elec spot on the shores of the Atlantic. was professor. From Glasgow he went to St. Peter's trostatics" for electricity. Nitro-glycerine, as is well known, is a combination College, Cambridge, better known as "Peterhouse," . 1.� . of glycerine and a mixture of sulphuric and nitric where he was graduated in 1845 as Second Wrangler; acids. The former is brought from all parts of the ArIny Dirigible Airsh ips. he was also first "Smith's Prizeman." world, and upon arrival is subjected to a rectifying In 1846 he was made a fellow of St. Peters and We are gratified to note that Brigadier-General process, by which the various impurities suspended professor of natural philosophy at Glasgow, serving James Allen, chief signal officer of the United States in the fluid are removed. The nitric acid is prepared in the first capacity until 1852, and in the second for Army, has issued specifications for the construction in large buildings, in which are ranged long rows of a space of over fifty years. He was again made a and supply of dirigible balloons for use of the army. retorts bricked up like ovens. These retorts are fellow of St. Peters in 1872. It is the expectation, after experiments with th1!! charged with sulphuric acid and nitrate of soda, and During the period of the laying of the various trans class of air vessels have proven their utility and immediately the two compounds come into contact a oceanic cables, Thomson was called upon to lend his value for signaling and other purposes, that the War chemical action commences, the nitric acid being assistance, enjoying, a� he did, even at that time, the Department will issue other specifications for the released as a corrosive gas. The latter is carried reputation of Englan9.'s greatest electrician. From construction of aeroplanes and other heavier-than-air through pipes on to a series of earthenware jars and 1857 to 1858, and from 1865 to 1866, he acted as elec machines, capable of traveling through the air at a other condensing apparatus, into which the gas is dis· trician of the Atlantic cables, inventing in this capac greater speed. charged and condensed. The nitric acid thus obtained ity the mirror galvanometer and the siphon recorder. The balloon specifications will be found in detail in is further mixed with sulphuric acid, also produced His achievements in connection with the Atlantic the current SUPl'LEl\H:l'\T. Briefly, they provide for a in extensive works on the spot, and conveyed in steel cable gave him a worldwide reputation, so that many gas bag not Illilre than 120 feet in length, made of cars hauled by ponies to a station at the foot of one other cable services next claimed his attention, notably aluminium-coated silk, and containing two ballonettes, of the nitro-glycerine "hills," as the mounds in which the French Atlantic in 1869, the Brazilian and River �uitable valves, rip cord, etc., and a suspended body this powerful explosive liquid is prepared are called. Plate in 1873, the West Indian in 1875, and the Mackay framework that can be easily taken apart: The bal There are five of these "hills," comprising lofty earth Bennett Atlantic in 1879. loon must be able to carry two men weighing 175 embankments, within which are located the buildings When the utilization of the water power of Niagara pounds each, plus 100 pounds of ballast. Suitable in which the manufacture is carried out. The pro for manufacturing purposes was first discussed, Sir power must be installed to maintain a speed of twenty vision of the surrounding mounds covered with tall William Thomson was made chairman of the advisory miles an hour in still air. The balloons are to be rank grass serves to arrest the flight of fragments of board that had the matter in charge. His views on delivered at Fort Meyer, Va., where the trial tests are the structure within, and the concussion produced by this subject, while in more or less direct opposition to be made. Applications should be sent to the Signal an explosion should the building within from any to American public opinion, are quite characteristic Office of the U. S. A., Washington, D. C., prior to cause "blow up." The hills are pierced in all direc of the man. In 1902, at a reception at Columbia Uni January 15, 1908. tions with tunnels, by which means communication versity, he spoke as follows : "Beautiful as is that Scale drawings of the proposed airship and a de with the secluded buildings is maintained. When the wonderful work of nature, it would be more beautiful scription of the engine to be used, as well as a certi cars filled with acids reach the foot of one of the still if those waters fell upon turbine wheels, every fied check for 15 per cent of the price asked, must be hills, they are thence transported to the top by cable one of which was t�lrning the wheels of industry." submitted by every bidder. haulage. Five visits in all were made to America by the scien In the "danger area" the severest discipline is main • 1 •• tist, two of a purely professional nature, connected tained. All entrances are carefully guarded by search with the laying of the cables, in 1865 and 1866, and Living Fi.h on Board. Ocean StealDers. ers, who rigorously examine every individual that three others-in 1884, in which year he delivered the An interesting departure has been recently made desires to enter, relieving him of any metallic objects Baltimore Lectures at Johns Hopkins, in 1897 and in on the "Amerika" of the Hamburg-American Line by that may be canied upon his person, together with 1902. During the last trip, he visited a number of taking on board a special tank for keeping about a matches and other suspicious objects, which upon our universities, from. several of which he received ton of living river fish for table use. coming into contact with the dangerous chemicals used degrees, among them that of LL.D. from Yale. It was an interesting question whether or not the in this zone might provoke serious trouble. No matter The honors showered upon Lord Kelvin bear witness fish would stand the fatigue of the sea voyage. A how often an employee engaged within the hill may to the appreciation of his work. In 1866, on the suc large tank of 5.85 cubic yards capacity (14.76 feet in lJass in and out, every time he enters he must submit cessful completion of the Atlantic cable, he was length, 3.28 in width, and 3.28 in height ) had been to this preliminary and essential operation. There are knighted by Queen Victoria, and received the freedom constructed on the boat deck of the steamer. This also some 500 girls employed, and these are under the of the city of Glasgow. In 1892 he was made a baron, tank, which is of iron, and divided into two compart charge of matrons. Hair pins, ordinary pins, shoe because of his services to mankind, although it is ru ments, was protected against the escape of the water buttons, metal pegs within the soles of the shoes, knit mored that the nature of his politics may have as in case of heavy oscillations by roofing, as well as by ting and other needles are all religiously barred. Their sisted in the matter. perforated sheet-metal partitions similar to bulkheads hair is tied with braid or ribbon, and as with the male In the year 1896, a jubilee was held in honor of his The two main compartments of the tank are intended, employees, every time they enter the danger area they having occupied the chair of natural philosophy at one for housing trout, and the other for larger fish. are similarly searched by the matrons.

Glas�ow University for fifty years. Upon this occa As this experiment has been entirely successful, Within the danger area the various employees en sion, the universities of Dublin, Cambridge, and Edin ocean steamers will in future be able to carry fresh gaged in the different departments or phases of wort, burgh each conferred npon him the degree of LL.D., fish instead of the fish preserved on ice, as much as are garbed in special non-inflammahle working suits, while Oxford made him a D.C.L. two tons being readily stored in tanks of the kind de varying in color according to their respective occupa He was a fellow of both the London and the Edin· scribed, tions. Each operator is strictly forbidden to venture

paper beyond the confines of his own department except by ed to more than double the weight of nitro-glycerine. and other tests. If satisfactory the product is special order, and any disobedience of this regulation The compound now flows downward to the next com ready for further operations, but if still containing can be immediately descried by the distinctive dress partment, where it has to be separated from the spent traces of acid, further washing is necessary. by one of the many superintendents at any distance. acids. It runs down a leaden gutter into a tank about After leaving the washing departments the nitro The type of dress adopted has mainly the object of eight feet in length by two feet in width, and when glycerine has finally reached the bottom of the hill, preserving the workers from where it is made into dyna. burns by powder taking mite. This apartment, like fire, as wool is not readily its fellows, is built of thin ignited, and to prevent the wood and the floor covered introduction of foreign mat· with lead. On either side ters, as they have no pock is a low table, with the ets. mixing box in which the A nitro-glycerine hill is kieselguhr is combined with approximately 60 feet in the liquid nitro-glycerine. height. It screens in re This absorbent earth is cesses several frail struc· mainly composed of the tures built of wood painted skeletons of mosses and white and roofed with flar microscopic diatoms found ing red canvas. These are in the black slaty peat of the nitrating and washing Scotland, Germany, Italy, houses, and they are so ar and other countries. Upon ranged that the nitro-glycer its arrival at the factory it ine, after each progressive is first calcined in a guhr stage, can run by gravita kiln, rolled, and sifted into tion to the succeeding op the consistency of flour and eration. The floor is cov is of a light pink color. The ered with sheet lead, and dynamite is composed in the feet of all who enter the approximate propor - the building are incased in .A. Nitro-glycerine Hill. tions : nitro-glycerine 75 heavy thick overshoes of pounds, guhr 25 pounds, and rubber, since no shoe that has trodden the ground the tank is fully charged, the contents are allowed some carbonate of ammonia. The nitro-glycerine is outside is permitted to touch the floor in a danger to stand for a little while. The nitro-glycerine being poured into a small square wooden box about 3 feet building, as thereby grit might be introduced, the lighter than the acid rises to the surface like oil on square by 18 inches deep, containing the other ingredi subsequent friction of which might produce a spark, water, and is then skimmed off by means of a large ents, given a preliminary mix so that the liquid may and fire the explosive contents of the building. aluminium ladle and poured into a pocket at one end be entirely absorbed, and conveyed to the mixing de In each of the nitrating houses are two huge cylin of the tank, whence it flows away through a pipe to partment by a runner. drical leaden tanks with dome�shaped tops, five feet the washing tank. It is first washed with cold and The mixing operation is carried out by women, who in diameter by six feet in depth. Beside the vat is afterward with warm water and carbonate of soda. knead and mix the ingredients together with their seated the operative, with his eye glued to a ther hands as if it were dough, the operation being car mometer extending into the interior of the cylinder. ried out with complete thoroughness. The mixture This thermometer is five feet in length, and only is then picked up by a big wood,en scoop and the upper part is visible, that containing the mer dumped into a sieve . with brass meshes. The dyna cury bulb extending down into the chemical con mite is ruhbed through the orifices in small par tents. The vat is charged with sulphuric acid ticles. As it passes through the sieve it resembles mixed with nitric acid. The glycerine is admitted a greasy coffee-colored earth, finely divided, and the in the fcrm of a fine spray, the jet being main combination of the constituent parts being com· tained by compressed air. The vat is entirely in pletely accomplished, the product is ready for the cased by a jacket, through which currents of ice manufacture of cartridges. This work is also car cold water are continually rushing, while similarly ried out by female labor. The cartridge houses within the vat are four concentric coils of lead are long rows of single cabins about 10 feet in pipes, through which cold water circulates. The length, and the same in width. All the buildings full charge within the cylinder of the nitric and for the various phases of the work are divided into sulphuric acids has to be supplied with 900 pounds small units accommodating from four to six per of glycerine, and this operation is one of the most sons. In the cartridge house the machines are critical during the whole process of manufacture, attached to the two side walls. They comprise a being attended by the ever-present danger of spon conical hopper into which the dynamite is placed, taneous explosion. The chemical combination of and a small vertical brass rod or piston actuated the glycerine with the acids results in the genera by a lever resembling a pump handle. At the base tion of intense heat, the glycerine as rapidly as it of the hopper is a small brass tube in which the enters the chamber seizing the nitric aCid, thereby plunger slides. As the piston descends into the combining to form nitro-glycerine, while. the sul mass of dynamite contained in the hopper, it forces phuric acid instantly absorbs the water which is the requisite quantity through the brass tube at the released. It will thus be seen that it is imperative bottom into the cartridge wrapper, which the girl In These Cylin that the heat generated should be maintained with has twisted round the tube and holds in one hand. ders the Nitric in certain limits. The maximum allowed is 22 When the charge, about three inches in length, has amI Sulphuric deg. C. (72 deg. been inserted in the wrapper, the latter is removed, F.l. Acids Are Mix Should too much glycerine, however, be fed the top folded down, and the finished cartridge ed With Gly· in, the heat is liable to rise above the danger dropped tnrough a slot in the wall, whence it falls cerine. point, which fact is immediately revealed to the into a special receiver placed outside. The operator operator by the thermometer. The inflow of glycer replenishes the supply of dynal)1ite within the hop ine is instantly reduced or cut off, and a greater In a final washing house the nitro-glycerine is freed per from a box of loose dynamite placed outside the supply of air admitted within the vat. By such from every trace of acid-an imperative proceeding, hut through a similar slot by means of a wooden means, however, it is not always possible to arrest since the slightest trace of this agent might at some spoon. The process of filling the cartridges is carried the action, and therefore, should the thermometer con time or another set up chemical action and heat cul out with great rapidity, the result of continued prac tinue to rise slowly, the man gives a warning shout minating in an unexpected explosion. A sample Of tice, while the plunger of the filler is lubricated by to his comrade below to "stand by." Should the heat each charge of nitro-glycerine made is taken, in order the nitro-glycerine itself. In another hut blasting

still increase, he cries, "Let her go." The man below to detect the presence 01'- otherwise of acid by litmus gelatine cartridges are made, the process being some- immediately opens a valve what different. This explo in the base of the cylinder, sive is 50 per cent more and the whole charge is powerful than ordinary dy swept quickly away, and the namite. It is of the con coming explosion killed in sistency of tough elastic an excess of water in a paste, and comprises about special drowning tank. It 7 per cent of nitro-cotton to is, however, not always pos 93 per cent of nitro-glycer sible to give warning of the ine. The material is forced impending danger. The heat through a sausage machine, may rise very rapidly and and as it issues therefrom resist control, in which it is chopped into three-inch event the operator without lengths by a wooden wedge any preliminary notice to upon an India-rubber cov his comrade simply shouts ered table, and wrapped a warning to pull open the into cartridges with almost valve and runs to a place lightning speed. There are of safety, while the charge in all seventy of these cart is instantly swept into the ridge huts. Owing to the drowning tank. fact that nitro-glycerine con The process of combina geals at 43 deg. F. and tion occupies about one freezes at 40 deg. F., it is hour, and at the end of necessary to maintain the Reading the Thermometer a Heating Magazine. this time the 900 pounds of of atmosphere within the build glycerine has been convert- THE MANUFACTURE OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES. ings at an even warm tem-

perature. Steam heating is employed, the minimum pans in large, lofty, single-floored buildings. The pans is used ; for cordite, 37 per cent insoluble ; ballastite temperature being 50 deg. F., the radiating pipes being are jacketed during the nitration by standing them in has 60 per cent soluble with 40 per cent nitro-glycer completely and carefully inclosed, so that no loose long iron coolers. Running along the coolers are the ine, etc. In connection with the preparation of the explosive may come into contact with the hot steam acid taps, whence the requisite supplies are obtained. last-named product, use has been made of the curious pipes, and possibly promote decomposition. Four pounds of cotton are placed in a pan with 115 chemical action that takes place, whereby it may be An extensive variety of explosives is prepared at pounds of mixed sulphuric and nitric acids. The manufactured by the, "wet process" invented at Ardeer, these works, suitable for the various exigencies of chemical combination is completed in a few minutes, and which is extremely efficient, and what is far more

Making Blasting Gelatine Cartridges. A Dynamite Cartridge Hut.

,commerce and war. The principal comprise various or may take several hours, depending upon the quality important, much safer. No matter how much water forms of gelatines and dynamite, such as guhr dyna desired, and the acids are then poured off while the is present in the tank in which it has been immersed, mite, blasting gelatine, gelatine dynamite, and gelig desired quality of nitro-cotton is ready for its first owing to the extraordinary affinity of the nitro-cotton nite, the latter two combinations of nitro-glycerine, washing. Until the nitro-cotton has had every trace for the nitro-glycerine, every particle of the cotton nitro-cotton, nitrate of potash, and wood meal. The of the acid removed, the danger of spontaneous com will find and receiVe its full saturation of the nitro gelatine explosives are peculiarly adapted for sub bustion is ever-present. It is no uncommon circum glycerine. marine work, as they are entirely unaffected by wet stance for the substance to flare up as the operator "BaUastite" is now a popular explosive for sport or moisture of any kind. There are also produced the empties the contents of the centrifugal acid separator. ing and military purposes, being smokeless, clean in "Monobel powder" and "carbonite," which are spe No harm, .however, results beyond the possible singe the gun, entirely unaffected by heat or dampness, and cially designed for use in fiery coal mines, as they ing of the eyebrows and the emission of a column of possessing great ballistic qualities. It is made in contain a lower proportion of nitro-glycerine than noxious smoke. The washing process is therefore several forms, flakes, cubes, or tubes for cannon, and dynamite, and, in addition, cooling mixtures. most thorough in character. Not only are the con tiny flakes for rifles and sporting guns. W'hen first One of the greatest outputs of these works is gun tents whirled and tossed about in several changes of made and dried it is an elastic paste of a light brown cotton in several varieties, either in its pure state or water, but they are boiled and then pulped in ordinary color, but in its final state it resembles thin elasH!} combined with nitro-glycerine, as "cordite" and "bal pulping mills, after which they are subjected to dry sheets of silky horn perfectly transparent. This lastite," or with blasting gelatine. The fundamental ing operations in rotary centrifugal machines until metamorphosis is accomplished by passing the com constituent is made from cotton waste, the material all but 40 per cent of the water has been extracted, pound through steel rollers heated to 120 deg. F. . being the residue left on the spindles. The waste the remaining quantity being eliminated in the drying which also renders it as thin as tissue paper. It can before use is shredded, cleaned to remove all dirt, house at a temperature ranging from 100 to 120 deg. then be easily cut by machines into the various forms grease, and other foreign substances, then carded and F., the hot air currents being circulated by fans. for which it is required. pulped, so that at last it is rendered a perfectly homo Nitro-cotton forms the principal constituent of a large Owing to the worldwide use that is made of the geneous substance. It is then ready for conversion variety of explosives, the proportion varying accord Ardeer products, great care is displayed on the part into either insoluble guncotton or soluble nitro-cotton. ing to the nature of the resultant explosive required. of the authorities in ascertaining the suitability of The process of nitration is carried out in small iron For blasting gelatine, 7 per cent soluble nitro-cellulose the explosive required for any climate. There are

Interior of a Mixing House.

Making Dynamite Cartridges. Nitrating Room for Gelatines.

THE MANUFACTURE OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES.

© 1907 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Scientific American DECEMBER 28, 1907. two laboratory ma,gazines corresponding to the ex maker. This is characterized by the strikingly broad exerted on the latter. Furthermore, the fingers are tremes of temperature, the heat or the tropics and the and flat thumb, while the fingers are likewise broad strikingly long, as their members, in swiftly touch intense cold of the Arctic. These two magazines are ened and flattened at the top. This deformation is ing the keys of high and low notes, are loosened appropriately christened "India" and "Siberia" re due to the continual pressure exerted in cutting the continually. On the other hand, the thumb and little fpectively. Of the two, the former is the more danger leather for the heels and soles, which operation calls finger, which spread out in opposite directions, are ous. Before entering the magazine the tempera for considerable strength, the fingers being set firmly elongated to a considerable degree, and the other fin ture of the interior is carefully noted through a against the surface of the hard leather, while the gers, as well as the remainder of the hand, are like peephole upon the large thermometer suspended knife is kept in the fist. A continual pressure is fur wise affected by this process. within. thermore brought to bear on the finger tips in work While a study of the different types of hand is In view of the extreme and numerous precautions ing the heavy material, while the callous balls become hound to appeal to the lover of psychology and soci adopted at these ,Y orks, accidents are of comparatively strikingly thickened. The shape of the right-hand ology, it has been found recently to be a valuable rare occurrence. At times, however, catastrophes, forefinger is also characteristic of the profession, th" aid to the criminal police in ascertaining the profes despite the measures observed, happen, but they are surface turned toward the thumb being flattened con sion of a suspect. Like the various methods of deter invariably of a comparatively small character. The siderably, so as to give the finger a tapering form. mining the physical characteristics of an individual, rigorous regulations contained in the British Govern This is due to the continual use of that part of the which have been suggested in the course of recent ment's ExplosiYes Act passed in lS75 conduce to the forefinger in seizing. and fitting shoenails and tacks, years. an investigation of these factors may in fact safety of the employees. The works are under the resulting in a resorption of both the bone and flesh. give useful hints as to the identity of an individual. management of Mr. C. O. Lundholm, who has been The left thumb being used mainly to keep the object ..'. associated for o�'er thirty years with the Nobel works, in position in nailing the leather, is not quite as DR. BRANLY'fI APPARATUS FOR CONTROL OF DISTANT and with the late :vir. Nobel himself, to whose cour broad and flat as the rigllt-hand thumb. The striking MECHANICAL EFFECTS. tesy we are indebted lor the information contained in deflection of the right thumb is well visible in Fig. 2. BY THE PARIS COHHESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC .A.}[ERICAN. this article. Although th(' principal explosive works Another type of hand, viz., that of a typesetter, is Dr. Branly's latest apparatus, which allows of con of the Nobel company are locatlld at Ardeer, distrib represented in Fig. 3. This is of a slender, regular trolling different kinds of mechanical effects at a dis uted over various parts of the country are cognate shape, showing that the work done is not heavy. The tance, has awakened great interest owing to the appli eoncerns associated with this Nobel industry, devoted a.ctions connected with his profession are mainly per cations which it is likely to receive in practice. The io the manufacture of fuses, detonators, fulminate of formed by means of the thumb and forefinger of the apparatus enables an operator in a distant station to mercury, and ammunition for all types of ordnance, so right hand, the tips being used nearly exclusively in control by means of ra

OF THE HAND. * interesting uses of Prof. BY DB.. ALFRI:: D GRADENWIT7.. Branly's system, and other Though the human hand uses in military operations seems to be a fairly uni are at once apparen t. form structure, it really The principle of the sys shows a differentiation as tem lies in the use of a wide as that of the fea series of distributing disks tures of the face. placed on a shaft which is H is a well-tnown fact driven by an electric mo t1�at the character of an tor. Suppose the operator individual can in a meas· wishes to light electric ure be read in his fea· lamps at the distant point. tures, and a similar con In the lamp circuit is a nection with haractflr can relay which opens or clos be found in the form of Fig. I.-The Left Hand of a Fig. 2.-Right Hand of a }' ig. S.-Right Hand of a es it. This relay is worked the hand. The hand, how Smith. Shoemaker. Typesetter. from the circuit of a co- ever has a closer connec herer and sensitive relay, tion with actual occupa· so that when the operator tion. sends a wave signal the 'Whereas the influence of cohereI' responds, closing vocation on the traits the first circuit as in ra (apart from a natural dis dio-telegraphy. This caus

position for a certain craft es the lamp rc lay to oper that may lead to its adoJl ate and the lamps are tion ) is due mainly to a lighted. What is now de particular turn of mind sired is to have the op connected with and . pro erator control a number duced by that vocation, the ot such apparatus at a dis influence exerted on the tance. For this purpose shape of the hand is main each apparatus (suppos ly of a physical nature. ing there are four of them The continual repetition such as he uses in his of the same kind of manu laboratory for demonstra al work results in a per tion, namely, a set of in manent alteration of the candescent lamps, a re skin and muscles of the volver which is fired by haRd, as well as a trans Fig. i.-Left Hand of a Fig. 5.-Left Hand of a Fig. 6.-Right Hand of a an electro-magnet, an elec formation of the bones Tailor. Pianist. Pianist. tric fan and an electro- (atrophy or thickening of THE INFLUENCE OF PROFESSION ON THE SHAPE OF THE HAND. magnet lifting a cannon certain parts) , displace ball ) uses a separate disk ment of the joints, etc., for in repeating a given narrow "stick" held in the left hand. This continual placed on the shaft, with a fifth disk for controlling manilmlatiQn over and over again, the palm and the seizing by means of the thumb and forefinger tips is the motor. Each disk carries a projecting sector balls of the thumb and little finger are called upon bound to result in an atrophy of the bones and tissues, which makes contact with a brush during one-fifth continually to perform the same action, leading to a which is especially marked in the surfaces turned of a revolution. During this period he can send permaneut strain on and wear and tear of given parts toward each other. Both the thumb and the fore sparks to operate this particular apparatus, and no of the hand. finger of the right hand accordingly show a tapering other. The most obvious alterations due to occupation are form in their upper parts, while the remaining fingers One of the principal features of the system is what observed in the case of heavy manual laborers, who retain their normal broad tips. The left-hand thumb, Prof. Branly calls the "automatic telegraph." It serves have . coarse and clumsy hands with short, thick, and owing to the permanent pressure exerted by the type to show the operator at the fending post the pr�per callous fingers, the balls of the thumb and the little box, is flattened and broadened at the tip. moment for sending the signals for controlling the finger biting espe�ially developed, and the ski1l being The hand of a tailor, with smooth palm, likewise different effects. These check signals are given him horny and covered with fissures. While these proper shows a striking difference from that characteristic by a radio-telegram which is received upon a band of ties gen&rally are especially striking in the right hand, of a man who does heavy worl,. The forefinger paper from a Morse receiver placed at the sending it is sometimes even more interesting to study the of the left hand of a tailor is especially character post. An apparatus placed at the receiving station left hand of individuals, as for instance in the case istic, as the lateral surface turned toward the thumb sends these signals at the proper time by means of a of a smith, who by continually using this hand to shows a striking wear and tear at the tip, giving the spark coil connected so as to operate at certain periods seize the heavy tongs, develops very markQd balls and finger a pointed shape. This phenomenon is due to by a special revolving disk. The latter is mounted proje�ting broadened finger tip s (Fig. 1) . The thumb the needlll continually sliding over this part of the upon the same shaft which carries the other disks. of his left hand in fact is used continually in pressing finger, which, as it were, serves as support to the On the automatic telegraph disk are five groups of on the tongs, and so becomes especially strong. The needle, the thumb and forefinger holding the material. teeth, and each group gives an u]:propriate set of righ t hand shows the marks �f its continual use in After examining the hands of representatives of sparks so as to form a signal. A complete revolution handling the heavy hammer, while HIli fingers assume certain handicrafts, it will be interesting to study of the disl { thus sends five signals to the sending post a shortened, clumsy shape. Similar facts, though to that of an artist. The hands represented in Figs. 5 to be recorded UJlon the paper, and these signals occur a less degree, are stated in the case of locl,smiths. and 6 are those of a pianist, which show some espe at. equal intervals, or one-fifth revolution, correspond A very Rtriking sample of a deformed hand is rep cially characteristic features. In fact, all of the ten ing to about lour inches on the paper st.rip. On resl

© 1907 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Scientific American DECEMBER 28, 1907. 479 which respec the regu I a r tively operate signals of the (1) the firing automatic tele of a revolver, graph by (2) the air fan, means of a (3) lighting of dash of a cer lamps, (4) lift tain len g t h ing of an iron w h i ch perfor ball. The con ates the second tact projections signaling band. on these disks To check up are such that the working of (1) is in con the apparatus tact during the at any time period between the operator the first and first starts up second signal the motor by a on the strip, wave s i g n a 1 (2) between the and then re second and ceives the Check Sys em third, and so CohereI' and Relay Used at the Rec�iving Stations. Revolver and Electric Fan with Relay for t . series of dash· on. By sending es which the a spark while automatic tele the paper is graph send s pas sing be him and which tween the first can be ob and second sig served on the nals he can paper strip. He cont r 0 I the then stops the worldng of cir motor, and can cuit (1), and repeat this op in the other in eration at any tervals he op time. erates the re In operating maining c i r - a s y s ternof cuits. Here the this kind, one same coherer of the essen is used for all tial points is the different to have it pro circuits at the tected against receiving end, the action of and it is in Group of Lamps Adapted to be Lighted by Dr. Magnet and Ball with Check Relay Adapted to be Operated accident

. al sparl{s, at- c lose' d in a Branly's System. from a Distance metal box mospheric e f - �creened IJY wire gauze so as to preserve it from the on the paper strip. Placed in the lamp lighting cir rects, etc., and Prof. Branly has found an effective action of the automatic telegraph spark. At the send cuit is a special relay which comes into action when means for doing this, outside the syntonizing of the ing station the coherer of the Morse receiver is also the lamps are lighted. This relay keeps the above apparatus, which at present is difficult to carry out. placed in a protecting box so as to protect it from the mentioned check signal circuit prepared so that when Naturally in the case of a continuous succession of sparks of the coil . The same mast is used in turn for the contact tooth comes around it will complete the sparks which are sent with the object of creating con- the different operations at the sending and fusion it is impossible to work any radio receiving stations. telegraphic apparatus, but the present The electric motor which drives the method answers very well for accidental shaft at the receiving station is also con effects. A special interrupter is placed in trolled by a relay and coherer in the same the circuit of the receiving station. It way as the other devices. It has a special consists of a wheel rotated by a mo disk on the shaft allotted to it, which tor, having a set of say five narrow makes its contact during the last period contacts upon it, with two brushes placed or between the fifth and first signals of side by side so as to close a circuit. The the automatic telegraph. At this time the shaft carries a cam which the wheel can operator can start or stop the motor. draw along with it in its rotation and the Another set of check signals is used cam operates a closing key for the work which enables the operator to see whether circuit. A spark from the sending station the desired effect has been actually pro causes the motor to turn by means of a duced so that he can note accurately cohereI' an d relay, after which the circuit whether a certain mechanism which he set is opened by the wheel's revolution, since working is still continuing to run. The the first contact has now left the brushes. main shaft at the receiving station carries If at the moment the second contact a: separate set of disks which are used touches the brushes a second spark is not especially for this check system. Taking sent, a lock bolt stops the wheel and the case of the lamp lighting circuit, for Enlarged View of the Disk Used at the Rec('ivinl!; Stations. motor and by a special electric device the instance, the disk belonging to it carries cam which made one-fifth turn is suddenly a projecting tooth which makes contact with a brush circuit. But should the lamps have failed to light the brought back to the zero point. Should, however, a once in each revolution of the shaft, and can thus relay would remain open and no signal could be sent. spark occur at the right moment the cam is allowed complete a circuit which includes the spark coil of The operator would thus see that the circuit had to go along with the wheel, and by sending the other the automatic telegraph. Th is action causes a signal failed to work. As regards the position of these sig sparks at each contact the cam makes a whole revo to be sent to the operating station which is recorded nals on the paper strip, they are recorded just beside lution and is now able to trip up the key and make

Receiving' A.pparatus, Showing Disks. Dr. Branly at the Transmitting Sta t ion. The A.utomatic Telegraph ApparatW5.

DR. BRANLY'S APPARATUS FOR CONTROL OF DISTANT MECHANICAL EFFECTS.

© 1907 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Scientific AD'lerican DECEMBER 28, I 907. contact for the work circuit. As it takes five properly enables each string to be treated, at will, as a separate sibilities for combinations of orchestral effect, there spaced sparks to operate the whole movement, it is violin, as each bow is controlled by a separate mechan fore, are seen to be many. seen that an accidental effect could hardly have any ism. In the model shown, the higher portions of the Harmonics are produced by the application of just effect on the apparatus. In practice the operator G and D strings are not utilized, but they can be by enough pressure to a finger to make it rest lightly in sends a rapid succession of sparks in the period the string sounded, thus imitating the action of the shown by the automatic telegraph, and these last for human finger. Trills are produced with striking clear twenty s()conds for each operation or for closing one ness by providing a series of small perforations in the work circuit. Thus he gives an action at each one of music roll. The same principle applied to the bow the five points mentioned above and the key is ac pneumatics produces springing bow and flying staccato. cordingly closed for that special circuit. In making the first music rolls for the player, the

...... , inventor, Prof. Wauters, of Binghamton, N. Y., had AN AUTOMATIC VIOLIN PLAYER. many technical details to solve. Instruments having BY GEORGE GILBERT. -fixed strings or tones are played on the tempered scale. In view of the present popularity of the piano player, But violins play on the untempered chromatic scale, and the marvelous perfection this instrument has at and therefore it was necessary for Prof. Wauters to tained in reproducing the work of the best musicians, lay the groundwork for producing music rolls for in it is very evident that it will be only a question struments of that character.

of time before other musical instruments must simil • I ••• arly surrender to mechanical control. The latest de Aeronautical Notes, velopment along this line is a machine which will play On December 18, M. Louis Blerlot attempted several violins and kindred instruments. As may well be flights with his latest Langley-type aeroplane on the imagined, the violin offers difficulties which are pe parade ground at Issy les Molineaux, near Paris. This culiar to itself, and we are not surprised to learn that new machine is of the following-plane type, the rear the violin player illustrated herewith is the culmina planes being only about half the length of the front tion of seven years of continuous labor and experiment. ones, and the machine being fitted with a 50-horse The instrument requires no alteration in the violin power, 8-cylinder engine. On the afternoon of Decelll itself, and any violin may be placed in the player and bel' 18, M. Bleriot made one flight of about 150 meters removed without injury. The parts are pneumatically successfully, although his machine showed signs of controlled in a manner similar to that of the ordinary imperfect stability. During his second attempt, after piano player. A perforated music sh eet selects the he had flown about 100 meters and while he was still notes which are to be sounded. This sheet travels in the air, both the forward wings snapped suddenly over a "tracker board," provided with the usual ducts where they joined the body of the machine, causing it in which an exhaust is maintained. There are two to fall suddenly and strike the ground with great force, ducts for each note, and as these are uncovered by after which it swung around and turned over. By the perforations in the music sheet, the air rushing into greatest good fortune M. Bleriot was not seriously in one of the ducts acts through the medium of the usual jured. In view of the fact that he made many suc valves and pneumatics to press a finger down on one cessful flights with his former machine (which was of the violin strings at the proper point on the finger of the true Langley type) it would seem that the modi board, while the air in the other duct puts into oper fication which he has made in the way of shortening ation the bowing mechanism of this string. The bow the rear planes has not improved the stability of this ing is done by means of four crystal disks, one for Front View of the Automatic Violin Player. type of machine. The fact that the planes snapped each string. In the accompanying drawing the details under the air pressure when going about 30 miles an of the bowing mechanism are shown. Fig. 1 illus supplying extra fingers. Notes on a violin are found hour, shows that M. Bleriot 'had not allowed a suf trates a section taken through the body of the violin sometimes on each of the four strings. For instance, ficient factor of safety in designing and constructing ' it..- The strings are indicated at B. The disks 0, with the G above the treble staff may be struck on all the his machine. That he was not killed as the result of which the bowing is done, are an inch in diameter and strings ; so that if a trill were being performed on that this accident was only due to the greatest good luck. % of an inch in thickness. They are mounted in the note on one string, an arpeggio passage containing the It is to be hoped that other aviators will profit from ends of levers D, which are connected to the pneumatics his experience and will make sure that their machines ·When one of the bow ducts is uncovered, it oper are sufficiently staunch before trying to fly. E. £ ates a valve, which connects its respective pneumatic Further information regarding the loss of the French 'E with the exhaust chamber of the machine. The airship "La Patrie" shows that the manner in which pneumatic is thus deflated, swinging the lever D to this occurred was as follows : On the afternoon of Fri which it is connected, and bringing the disk 0 on this day, November 29, shortly after the airship had ascend lever into contact with the selected string B. The ed from Verdun with seven men on board, for the pur disk 0 is rotated at high speed by means of a belt, c pose of reconnoitering, the mechanic's clothing became which is guided along the lever D, as best shown in entangled in the gearing and a temporary descent was Fig. 2, and runs over a pulley F at the opposite end of made at Souhemes. When the accident first occurred, the lever. When the lever D is swung into operative it was supposed that the trouble resulting therefrom position by the pneumatic E, the pulley F is brought could be quickly remedied, and the airship was allowed • into contact with a driving pulley G, and is set in to drift before the wind while the mechanic was mak motion by a frictional contact therewith. This mo· D ing repairs. The accident occurred about 2 P. M., and tion is communicated to the disk 0, which operates on as the repairs had not been effected at dusk, a descent the violin string. The speed of revolution may run was made for the purpose of completing them. It re Details of the Bowing lUechanism. up as high as 2,000 revolutions per minute. The rate quired all the following day (Saturday) to complete at which the disks revolve determines the loudness of same note could be produced on the other strings. Of the repairs and make all the necessary adjustments. the tones. A device is provided for applying rosin to course, no human player could do that. It is possible The last of the workmen quitted the airship only a the disks. This consists of a ('mall cup attached to a for the player to . render a solo part, with a cello ac quarter of an hour before it broke away. This hap spring arm and containing rosin, which bears against companiment on the bass strings, or a solo with two pened at about 8 P. M., when the wind increased greatlY' the revolving disks. accompanying violin parts, all on one violin. The pos- and blew a gale. The 180 men who were holding the The fingers of the violin player are sixty-five in airship down were not effective as ballast because their number, although more can be added if desired, to combined weight, although great enough to keep the reach the extreme high range of the A and E strings. vessel from breaking away, was not applied at one There is a finger for each note. The model shown em time, since the airship was whipping back and forth ploys fingers reaching the seventh position. In front owing to the fury of the wind. Lieut. Lenoir risked his of each string is stretched a rubber band, upon which life in an effort to grasp the rip cord and deflate the the ends of the fingers strike, thus producing a touch envelope just before it broke away. Unfortunately he like that of the human finger, and making it possible was unsuccessful and an extra heavy gust of wind tore to imitate the "slide." The tremolo is produced by a the huge gas bag out of the soldiers' grasp and carried set of four hammers, which are actuated by electric it quickly aloft. The loss of this airship will be felt vibrators of the type used in call bells. When a ham not only by France (which nation expended fully $150,- mer vibrates against- a string, next to the bridge, the 000 in constructing and perfecting it) , but by the tremolo effect . is produced on that string. Ail the entire aeronautical world, since it was quite the most strings may have this effect, or one, as the character complete and perfected airship of the flexible gas-bag of the music demands. type that has thus far been constructed. It is to be Directly over the violin are four small pitch pipes, hoped that the speedy construction of the second which are blown, on pressing a button, by causing French airship "La Republique" will be hastened in air to pass through the pipes, each of which gives the order that there shall be no break in the experiments tone of one of the strings, G, D, A, or E. The operator with dirigibles of this type. then tunes the violin in unison with the pitch pipes...... ' . Violinists know that it is hard to keep a violin in Horse owners are often compelled to tie their horses tune. But few appreciate that this is due to the rather close in the stall, for fear of accident resulting sweat of the player's fingers, which makes the strings by the animal's becoming entangled in a halter strap stretch. Strings on instruments placed in the violin which is too long. A weighted hitching strap is now player do not need much tuning. Silk E strings have to be had, with which the animal may have a good deal been found to last two months, and have stayed in of liberty without any danger of this trouble. It con tune two weeks without attention. sists of a piece of pipe with means of securing it to The tempo is varied by means of a friction pinion the woodwork of the stall, and a roller at the top over which is moved radially on the face of a large driving which the strap passes. A long weight slides up and wheel. This device for varying the tempo enables the down inside the pipe, and the end of the hitching strap simulation of rubato passages when it is operated by a is secured to it. The weight takes up all slack, and the skilled musician. Side View of the Player Casing Opened to Show length of rope which it takes care of is sufficient to al Instruments of the violin family have four strings, Ducts. low the animal considerably lllore freedom than if tied each with a range of two octaves. The violin player AN AUTOMATIC VIOLIN PLAYER. in the ordinary manner.

manufactured and sold at a small cost, this case is the production of a device pro insuring economy in the use of steam or other RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. be . spring-yieldmg movement, vided with a number of related parts serving elastic tluid. Pertaining to Apparel. that will have a thus relieving a horse to a consid.erable extent different purposes, the device being of especial WRIGHT, BUSTLE.-EMILY H. Port Wash- and from which value in reference to boxes and other recep I from the pressure of the rider, Rall",ays and Their AccessorIes. ington, N. Y. In this patent the invention a rider's foot may readily sUde laterally of tacles used for packing and unpacking goods. relates to wearing apparel, and its object is CAR-ARRESTER. - W. COOK, Broadhead, the foot plate in case of accident. to provide a new and improved bustle, which Col. The invention refers to means for BOX-FASTENER.-L. B. PRAHAR, New York, is simple, durable, and exceedingly light in spragging or arresting cars while traversing a The purpose of the improvement is to construction, and arranged to maintain its N. Y. Heating and Lighting. car track, and the object is to provide a con provide a means whereby the latch sections 0 f shape un der all conditions of legitimate use, STEAM COOKING APPARATUS.-W. F. struction that may be readily placed upon a consist of but two parts, t h ere b y and to insure a proper hanging of the wearer' s fasteners LORENTZEN, Habana, Cuba. The invention per car, and afford convenient reliable means for only materially reducing t e cost of ,;"anu- skirt. not !, 1 tains to apparatus for steaming or cooking by quickly arresting a car having the improve facture, but at the same tIl�e prod,,:cm� a ment, while it is in motion ; and by manipula SPRAY, i steam sugar cane juice, or any other liquids, IIAIR-PIN.-G. H. New York, N. Y. wherem here lIttle stronger article, and one IS being to tion of a lever at one side of the car body The object in this case is to provide a pin � seeds, and other products, an object or no liability of the parts becommg separated heat release the car for free movement on the eomposed of two members, one slidably provide an apparatus of very large and lost. heat to track. mounted within the other, and the members so radiating surface which increases the BRACKET.-L. NOLAN, New York, N. Y. degree, with an economical use constructed that when in one position in re- a much greater AUTOMATIC TRAIN-PIPE COUPLING. inventor produces a type of bracket suit- possible with the usual FYOCK STONE, spect to each other, barbs or sharp projections The of steam, than is R. M. and S. Butler, Pa. By in connection with supporting , are presented to prevent the withdrawal of the able for use steam heater. the inventors' construction it is possible either horses of the kind shown in a former patent pin, while when the members are in the oppo- LIQUID-FUEL BURNER.-;r. H. KOONS, when the cars are first coupled or at any Mr. Nolan. The more particular site position in relation to each other the granted to Anderson, Ind. The improvements are in other time, to contract the gasket firmly on invention is to produce barbs are concealed or shielded. object of the present burners for gas produced by the admixture of the tubular portion to prevent leakage, thus a bracket suitable for supporting a straight PALMER, oil or denaturized alcohol, with low pressure always insl·.ring proper coupling. The shaft }<'ASTENER.- D. W. Hermon, below the plat edge at a convenient distance air and high pressure air or steam, the object of the ha'.d wheel may extend out to the side Maine. An object of the invention is to pro- t form res ing upon horses of the kind above with which an of the car in a convenient position for vide a construction embodying a U-shaped being the provision of a burner mentioned in order to facilitate trimming of particularly manipulating the plug without necessitating wire member composed of a cross-piece con- intense heat may be obtained, and selvages or marginal edges from paper, cloth, with milling or entrance between the cars. necting two side arms, the free ends of which adapted for use in connection or other similar material resting upon the plat are bent upon themselves and sharpened to blast furnaces. SMOKE-BOX OF LOCOMOTIVE-ENGINE form. form piercing prongs, and a sheet metal cross- AND SIMILAR BOILERS.-S. S. YOUNGHUS CONSTRUCTION.-V. MOESLEIN, RA.ND, bar embracing both the cross-piece and side CEILING Granville Terrace, Woodlands-road, Dar object of the invention Household Utilities. arms and having projecting catches adapted to Weehawken, N. ;r. The lington, England. The primary purpose of the to provide a ceiling construction for fire- TABLE.-;r. A. SCHACKNER, New engage the pointed extremities of the prongs. is DINING- invention is to prevent accumulation of ashes proof structures having metal laths supported I York, N. Y. The object of the inventor is to in the smoke-boxes of locomotive engine and by the cement or other concrete tloor filling I provide a table having a rotatably mounted similar boilers, a further object being to dimin Electrical Devices. and forming a key for the reception and re- central section which may be freely moved in ish the risk of the hot cinders ejected from TELEGRAPHONE SYSTEM. - G. MORIN, tentlon of the plaster, to permit of forming respect to the remaining portion, so as to the chimney setting fire to surrounding ob Uabana, Cuba. The more particular object of an exceedingly strong and durable ceiling, not avoid the necessity for passing dishes about jects. liable to fall, and having a smooth, uniform e, it only being necessary to place them this inventor is to so connect the telegraphone the tabl CONNECTING DEVICE FOR DISABLED section and turn the section with line wires as to enable tile instrument to surface. upon the rotary RAILWAY-CARS.-R. P. WILLIAMS, Santa Bar ;r - within reach of the per be easily controlled from a distance. It further NON-REFILLABLE BOTTLE'.-H. C. OHN until the dish comes bara, Cal. One of the purposes of this inyen the same. relates to means whereby a person may leave SON and O. STEIDEL, Washington, D. C. The son desiring tor is to provide a very simple and readiiy a telegraph one in such condition that during object in this instance is to provide a novel APPARATUS FOR CANNING AND WA SH available means whereby to couple cars dis his absence it will automatically receive a construction whereby two balls within the neck ING.---

move any soluble saIts formed by the chemical Circuit breaker, F. W. Blair ...... 874,293 Harrow transporter, 1. A. Weaver ...... 874,141 reaction by washing down with water. The Circuit breaker, automatic. G. W. Hart .. 874,190 Harvesting and husking machine, corn, J. A. Ross ...... 874,247 tank after drying again is ready for the re Clamp and spreader, combined, J. R. & Zeiser ...... 874,151 nat curling iron, electric, J. L. O' Brien .... 874,029 ception of gasoline. The writer treated a tank setting machine, B. A. Grasberger. 874,184 Headwear, A. O. Gordon ...... 873.856 Clamp Heater protector, oil, E H Brown ...... 874,296 in this manner for holding gasoline for labora Clasp, Sturm & Silverstein ...... 873,967 . . Clip, A. W. Ullom ...... 874,139 Heating apparatus, vacuum, C. C. Peck ... 874,112 tory purposes and finds it perfectly tight after for, N. B. Heating system, vacuum, C. C. Peck ...... 874,113 Closet cisterns, siphon valve 873,830 a year's service. It is needless to say that the Johnson ...... 873,945 Hedge trimmer, J. A. Bechtold Clothes pin clip, M. O. Winkler ...... 873.820 Hinge, S. S. A rnold ...... 873,704 walls must be bone dry before applying the Clothes pounder, atmospheric, S. D . Griffith 8):4,066 Hoisting apparatus, E. Putnam ...... 874,238 C 814,259 Hoisting mechanism, B. F. Shafer ...... 873,799 IIINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. acid in order to get the best results. lutch, O. Tornfelt ...... oisting tower, J. Haskins , ...... 874,192 Names and Address Clutch, friction, E. Sprung ...... 873,910 H W. must accompany all letters or Banvlse ...... 873,980 Horse detacher, W. H. Eckman ....' ...... 873,929 Coffee and tea urn, O. A. detacher, M. R. Ritts 874,243 no attention will be paid thereto. This is for Coffee mixture, A. E. Crockcr ...... 874,305 Horse ...... • . our information and Dot for publication. Concrete construction, reinforced, J. W. Mul- Horseshoe, C. N. Stevens 873,966 References 874 ,2 6 Horseshoe machine, A. Smith ...... 873,802 to former articles or answers should give doon ...... 2 Hose coupling, G. Petterson ...... 873,892 date of paper and page or number of question. INDEX OF INVENTIONS Concrete, machine for molding nnits of clay Hose couplings, electricalE. connection for, Inquiries or other refractory material. to be used F 873 940 not answered in reasonable time should be in the manufacture of, W.tI D.l Crow ... 874,167 . Hoffman ...... , repeated� correspondents will bear in mind that For which Letters Patent of the Concrete wall, reinforced in er oc ' i ng, R . H'ose supporter, M. Sternberg ...... 874,132 some answers require not a little research, and, d n . 873 739 Hot water supply, D. S. Cole ...... 873,842 though we endeavor to reply to all either by Cond��:�� . S: ii�Pki�s':::::::: :: :: :: : : 813:751 Houses, running gear for portable, Kramer letter or in this department, each must take , n rt . United States were Issued r d c . : :: :: :::: :::::: ::: ��:�¥� his turD. g��ile�� W� s�;,11 :. �: ..� ..�� ..��:: ��,:g I Hou:Ing� �. i'Pra�t� :::: Buyers wishing to purcbase any article Dot adver· Controller regulator. C. P. Ebersole ...... 874;173 HumidifyIng and air moistening �ppal'atus, l ..••.....• 229 S. W. Cramer ...... 873,924 tised in our columns will be furnished with for the Week Ending Controlling mech· an sm, . J J" N fe 874: Hydrogen from water, gas, producing, A. Conveyer, S. F. Joor ...... 874 365 . . . addresses of houses manufacturing or carrying 3 Frank ...... , . 873,853 the same. Conveying apparatus, T. S. Miller...... 874 ,22 Inertia governor, Lentz & Volt ...... 874,214 Special '\\"ritten Information on matters of personal Cookers and exhausters, conveying means Ink well, A. J. Bluntach ...... 873,983 rather than general interest ca l not be expected December 17, 1907. for can, M. w . Groom...... 874,330 Innersole, H. Cohen ...... 873,722 l Copy holder, N. J. Schlingloff...... 873,902 without remuneration. Innersole, B. Nathan ...... • • . 873,775 Cord or twine holder, H. M Danker ...... 874,168- ...... • . Scientific American Supplements referred may . Insulated coil, C. F. Peterson 873,780 1 0 be AND EACH BEAIHNG THAT DATE Corn ear rack, M. N. Flugum ...... 874,318 Insulated rail joint, Wolhaupter ...... 873,821 had at the office. Price 10 cents each. Cotton chopper, N. S. Sodekson ...... 874,129 I . B. Books I t ' Counter, registering, . L. Johnson ...... 873,754 nsu a mg covermg or s hea thi ng f or can - referred to promptly supplied on receipt of [See note at end copies of these patents.] P tact rail conductors, W. H. Baker ...... 873,705 price. Crank mechanism, swinging lever, X. Baier 874,285 of list about Cultiva tor, orchard, J. Lingaas ...... 873,875 Insu in e os f r i it Minerals sent for examination should be dlstinctl, �� l. ��rris � .. �...�� . �� . ��.�: 874,206 marked or labeled. Current motor, alternating, E. F. W. Alex-. Internal combustion engine, E. H. ClIft.... 873,840 Acid or nitric oxld from atmospheriC air, anderson ...... �n, �g� Internal combustion engine, F. Lyst ...... 873,952 roduction . Current supplying arrangement, B · Salomon 1 i W. G. H. writes: wor P of nitric, H. Pauling ...... 873,891 Curtain brackets, adjustable. J. Doran..... 874' ,3 1' Internal combustion eng ne, B. A. Sl ocum .. 873,963 (10644) In k Addi h e c L . . Internal combustion engine, O. H. Shroyer 874,122 a i�lh �� 6� � �l�if,;�� : ur�ain fi fiturgj C . :o�ins ...... upon electricity supposed to be reliable find . .. 874,107 a n e , ·H a �+�:��g Iruning board, F. C. Geiger ...... I ... 874,333 I Adjustable bracket, M. Kurtzon ...... 874,014 · : ' ' ' Jars ot s a i r I S what Is termed the "electromotive series" AIr brake stem, taln' po e A. Fr ed an �.�. : ' : : : : . 873,854 : ��:� sy F. H. Dukesmith ...... 874,054 gc.�urt� a.nl p lio X"e A. J.e BO�Y ers..� ..: ..: ...... ' ..: 874 375 fo� i:: b. ��n� :'�e �:��: :.:. 873,989, given exactly in the order of the following Alarm system, electrical, W. N. Fawcett ... 873, 935 'fd J T r t ' 'ji, 874 138 Cycloramic apparatus, R. G. Gordon ...... 874:328 ' ' o e ',.r:' 7 . . ��n�n� ':aChi�e ��tte�;" ';;��h��is�: e a i u l . ��!:i�� Dental articulator, W. Hare ...... � !'��i �;�:. :;! � :��l; � :� �� : ! ' ::� �� ';�e::Jt\:par�:';s� 1i. ' S�i��; � :t�,�: R � A. Houseman ...... 874,074 e th ti p Sil Amusement, illusion apparatus for, Darcy ' · ' bl r e, p � k � : g��: ��S��g �p��r��;�SJ'. W. H�;';'��: 874:199 �:b� b��te�� B�i �; ��:: . :::::::::::: �a�� gold, platinum, graphite. The book says that & Lubin ...... 874,169 Desk attachment, J. McComb ...... 873,770 l & oe . Anima! trap, R. C. Randall ...... 873,783 HerrlnS...... Labeling machine, can, J. H. Kaln ...... 874,012 the element which is acted upon by the electrrr Detector bar, C. ger ...... 874,196 Lamp burner, .J E Ross ...... 874,248 Animal trap, W. H. H oward ...... 873,864 Dispensing apparatus, G. J. Holl...... 874,072 . Iyte ,'s always positive to the other. writer Auima! trap,. R, Chasse...... · ...... · ··· · 873,988 Display apparatus, J., Jr .• & A. A. iede Lamp socket, J. J. Rooney ...... 874,245 A Arma tnre WInd lng mac hI ne, P . '. Chap- W - Lathes, adjustable feed carriage for, C. A. in the E meier ...... 873, 817 Fiscber ...... 874,176 SCIEXTIFIC AMERICAN SUPl'LEM",XT man ...... 874,163 Display case for post cards, etc., A. C. gives a different explanation, and a variation Ash pan, self-regulating, C. W. & E. C. Latrine for use In. the field, F. C. Herrick. 873,749 Cedarburg ...... 874,301 Laundry marking machine, C. H. Maiben ... 874,220 in the order of the series. In the issue H "Ii: 874 188 Di S or ar s · P I P a ory, G Watro 873,9 ofAxle �::i:i�r, W." M�ci�j.:::::: : :: : : : :::: 873:886 �"!we;;:V��.. � ... :.� .. ��:.: .. :V' . 874,294 t vf� �. i t � � ��S"� : PS' " a' 15 July Lang in an article upon gal- Bag holder, O . A. P st ...... 873,893 ea e o i U t'i � 13, 1907, A. u Display rack, Eno & Cook ...... 874,315 c;[�e f�� cu�t�g�, ;;,. W. Merrick: .... : 874,10 vanizing says: "r£he reverse of the order in Bug or sack fastener or closure, Hamilton Display stand. W. D. Molony ...... · 873,881 ' 2 & Lowe ...... 874,B33 Distilled spirits, package for, E Bradley .. 8 Leather working machine, Rood & Perkins. 873,790 which I have previously placed the metals in Baking, A. P...... +�'i}g L�ver mechanism, F. A. Falk ...... 874,175 Anderson ...... 874,279 Ditching and grading machine, O. E. Casey 8 , Life preserver A Necker ...... 874,0 6 relat,'on to their conductivities, i. e., antimon",J Baling press, F. B cumpstoll " ...... 87 ,3 6 , . 2 ' .• ' ' I 74 0 3 Door hanger, M. E. Kanaly ...... · . 874013 Baling press h"ad block, G. w S pau Id ng. ,8 3 80 Doors or the like, brace for screen, H. C. , I Lifting jack, G. F. Freed ...... 874,061 zinc, lead, tin, iron, and copper, indicates the Baling presses, bale tying mechanism for, Axx ...... 874'2831 Lifting machine, E. & U. S. De Moulin .... 873,733 positive direction in which the current will C. & H. iY' B lVer...... '� � Line space indicating device, C. C. Poole ... 873,782 B 11 n�. fi t � . �� Double objective, M. von R.�hr ...... 873'896 Liquid applying device, P. R. Glass ...... 874,359 flow from metals having the higher to those I J u Abb�tt: q e �: 874 126 n�Il7,¥ st�IP\��ki�g devi�:; 6: ' c:· :: 873:824 g�:�er� �:�� [�d��,�: ��'K';';YO�::::::: 873'755 Liquid ripener, pasteurizer, and cooler, A. having the lower potential." M:r. Lang bases Basket mal'in� machines na!lln� mechanism Drenching bit, G '239 Jensen ...... t:" 874, 343 fo , E H rton .... : ...... b •••••••••••• . W. Ratliff ...... 874' Lithograpbic rollers. mcans for moun mg the order of the series upon the conductivities ,' .' ';, 874,361 Drier, F. G. Sargent ...... 873 796 toll e 874,267 Bath cabinet,. A. M. Walstrom ...... 873,811 Drying device, O. Busse ...... 873:987 : �� HliH::t,� " " of the metals. A. The table of contact dif- Bathin suit, J. Bullis ...... 873,713 Loc . e �O�k:"" """" " g .....•...... Drying machine, S. A. Cohen ...... 873,723 . Bearing, Loom power gage and lug strap, C A. ference of potential used in the article by A. roller, J. E. Sackett. 874,nfJ Drill. See Grain drill. Messer ...... 873,767 Bed spring, W. R. Boisv'rt ...... 874,048 Lang, to which you refer in your inquiry, is Duplicating. apparatus, F. Ries ...... 873.788 Loom reed, A. Marcante ...... 874,096 Bell, electriC, J. F . Mc..:lroy ...... 874.024 Dye and making same, red azo, R. Schule .. 873,798 Loom shuttle, A. Guldemann ...... 874,331 based upon Ayrton and Perry's experiments, Belt end. C · BIOoD"JE-lg' · · ··: ····· · ' ' ' 873,982 Edge setting or burnishing machine, A. Beverages from f'.men t e d" 1IQUl· d S, mak "ing H arringt.on ...... 874, 360 Lubricator, J. T. Pedersen...... 874,114 and is essentially the same as is given in non-alcoholic, Linze! & Bischoff...... 874,216 E Macaroni and other substances, apparatus " ducational appliance, A. J. Barber ...... 874,152 for drying, L von Susskind ...... 874,136 Everett's "Units and Physical Constants, Binder for loose leaves, tempor ary, H. Egg case, folding collapsible, M. M er 874,104 . or m Magnetic brake, F. G. Haldy ...... 874,186 and the· Smithsonian Physical Tables. We Wiedeman ...... 874,371 Electric condnlts. end. cap for, H. Moore 874,019 do Biscuits from theil' pans, mechanism for Electric controllers, automatic cut P.out for, Mail bag deliverer, J. Millsap ...... 874,225 not know any better authority, and should detaching, G. Herbert, Jr ...... 87 ,195 Mall bag receptacle, G. C. Whiteford ..... 874,273 Bit. See Drenching bit. 4 A. C . Eastwood ...... 873,731 Mall catcher and crane, O. M. Peregrine .... 874,116 accept it as correct. The disagreement of Electric fixtures, canopy for, J. H. Dale .. 873,994 Mail chute, J. W. Cntler ...... 874,053 Boiler stand, range, C. L. Holden ...... 874,071 Electric furnace, G. Holmgren ...... 873,861 authorities cannot always be explained. Bo]ster, body, H. A. Wahlert ...... 874,044 Mail pouch catcher, J. W. Pepple ...... 874,234 Electric lighting, E. A. Sperry ...... 873,804 Mail pouch crane, H W. Kline ...... 874,210 f.'suall" we may tal{e a later authority in place Bolt hi eader, C. I I. Hopkins ...... 873,759 Electric machine, dynamo, .J L Burnbam. 8�g1� Mail pouch deposit . and collcction appa- oJ Bolt ocldng mech an Ism, spl it, "w ". "w" . p ar- Electric machine, dynamo, K. A. ' pau y1 .. , . , 8 7 of an earlier one. rrhe difference between tin sons ...... 874.233 Electric switches, turn button for, H. E. ratus, M. C. Dillen ...... 873,735 amI lead is so little that one mil!ht easil" Manure, treating, F. A. Goeckeler ...... 874,326 � J be Bolt machine, H. Crehan ...... 873,727 Leppert ...... 874,016 Book cove", S. Wolcott ...... 873.973 Massage, shampooing. and other purposes, mistaken in assigning the places to these two. 1. Electric transmission of intelligence, 1. KIt- Implement for, H. F. Schelling ...... 874,251 Bookoase. T J. Lamping ...... 874,0 5 see ...... Boot and . Cunningham 1 ...... 874,209 Massage treatments, register operating de- (10645) A s s o er shoe, J. H...... 873,731 Electrica! accumulator, C. Busch ...... 873,715 a k : What m d n t i idd vice for, J. W. B. Faris ...... 873,931 E. S. . · II � l ' C I ar methods are used for ventilating motor and �g::l�: du,;�1ce,11l��::� & �iill�r.� ...� .:::::: g:m �1;;�� r�. 'iil�ke1 . �'.. ��::::::::::::: ��::��t �:�� ss��';:tc ; ��, ;e��vf';cI!�d��SL�,;g�::: ��U�� Boring mac-hine, T. Leeland ...... 874,090 Elevator lock, M. Dashiell ...... 873,925 genera tor annat u res of various," types') A Matrices, producing, W. H. WeJsb.874,35:l. 874.354 Bottle closure R Koch ' ' 873 8G9 Engine circuit closer, explosive, T. A. M ' ' · ' �;;r'I;':::: M att ess nd bedclothes holder Parker & odern elcot"ical generators anll motors are Bottle holIler, baiber's, J. W. iI: 873:933 Bemus ...... 874,289 , DiCkso� ...... : ...... 873,777 BottiI', n on-refillable, H. O. McCIl11'g...... 874,021 Engine starting mechanism, Barber .. 874,153 designed so that the rise in temperature shall Bottle fi .J T. Measnre tape, F. Buck ...... 8n,712 , non·re llable, 1. 1. Kremer ...... 874,211 Engines, piston for Internal combustion 0" Measurl�g device, skirt, M Bovard .... 874,158 not exceed a certain amount. No special me- Bottle stopper, G. Ki kegaard ...... 873,867 xplosion, Hartoc ...... 874 006 I . .J Bottl<·s, gUfird for non-refillable,r J. e J. h . ' l\It'asuring the angle of sight, apparatus chanical provision is required to ventilate or H. Engines, reverse gear for four cycle COID- 1 for, E. Schneider ...... 873 ,904 Bo Mortensen ...... 874,020 bustion Flinchbaugh ...... 874, 77 cool the armatures, although a large number x, , F. T. 1 Mechanical movement, N. B. Wales ...... 874,045 B A. l'ck l ...... 874,099, 87 ,100 Envelop Rogers ...... 874,144 ox l\lc c S 4 . White & ...... • I Metallic compmmds, purification of, C. Van inventions for tllis purpose have been made. Bo�' S "r ' Helm · ' ..: .... � ...... 874,337 Excavator scraper, L. A. �esy 873,734 Brunt ...... 87a,Soo of cov�r Iifter, R. L.· T�d�r ...... 874,043 Excavators, dipper a.nd handle for, I dIpper I Metallic tie and rail fastener, E. L. Geer .. 874,322 (10646) A. O. writes: A striking ex- Bracelet I R Lederer 873 873 Karr ...... 7 n'. i i I : : & Rauch ...... 874,20 Metals apparatus for electrodepositing, Brake eC Iall sm, F. S�d� �'k":::::::: :: 873:905 E xplosive engine, L. E. Thompson ...... 873,808 M�ller & Murray ...... 874,374 ample of the effects f Soun d waves was not Brewillg soy, apparatus for, Suz.uki.... 874,041 Explosive Grade ...... 1.'. engine. H...... • 873,857 1 0 - y p Pl ... Metals, producing homogeneous bodies from iced on September at the morning session Bridges, safet curtain for pr v l ting run- Eyeglass case, O. Q.Du cker 874,172 tantalum other highly refractory, 15 away accidpnts on, M Goodman ...... , 7 01' B ,:' e . 874 �2 Eyeglass hook, .J Adams ...... 873,701 M of the East Ohio Conference, held in the First l ),' )' 1 r.' ) von Pirani ...... ••. • 873,958 , d " , bers 873,993 Fa ric roll protector, B o �1"... A ' ,�o ,',� � ' ' ,l' " "".· " '�� ..., ',,' ' ' ' b P. Buckborough:, ... 874,160 Milking Parsons M , ' ; ' i machine, C. C. 874,111 ethodist Episcopal Church of Cleveland. d g er, pla t d v et b e, Falling bodies. apparatus for determming Mining macbin�, coal, T. J. Newcome ..... 874,028 B W. P. Lut" ...... 874.218 the law of, Packard ...... During the singing of hymn by the congre- ' ,:o '»'n, J. C. 874:110 Molding apparatus, C. H. Latham ...... 873,760 ) D M li ...... 87 ,368 a B o , m aW'·lIl· ' l" o, C'�\ t 1' ' ' ' · ·)·' ·,·' 4' Fan. Webb & Pearson· ...... 874,142 Mortar making machine, P. Schwiete ...... 874,252 gation, which numbered about t\vcuty-five hun- I . '"t p...n ha . " ger, N. L. L o s .. 873.762 Fan, centrifugal, B. Consans ...... 873,923 Brttsh, sectional hair, C. Fetters ...... 873. L. l Motion and COil trolling the transmission drpd, a large chandelier, weighing ovcr a ton, A. ,852 F'an, pnpumatic, C. Kudpr p ' ...... 874,2]2 thereof clutching device for communi- BB"cldueklee , 1\1. Rubin ...... 873,701 !1"eeder, boiler, W. J. Jeffries ...... 874,080 � & 'a , as set in motion. It . g b a c ah' cating otary, Bailey J ckson ...... 873 978 w IS ll1n m C S ' & ,\, ' S Huntington ... 874,076 Fence, E. Barth ...... 874,154 I � ' L"mere Motor, H. A. Hatfield ...... 874.191 aoout forty feet in length from they center of B ckle: h�ck band-, J. n. B. Butts::::.: .. 874,1H2 Fence post, C...... 874,213 Motor, G. P. B. Hoyt ...... 874,200 Buckl" hal', F. E. Farnham ...... 873,934 Fcrt!llzer distributer, W. Zachow ...... 873,82g a large towel' placed OYer the center of the Motor, E. O. & L. H. Cochran ...... 874.303 Buildinj! bloc]{ molding machine. A. Nelson 874,2:30 Fertilizer distrihuter, .T. J. Jones ...... 874,200 Motor control system, A. Mciver ...... 874,025 church. No explanation can be given for the Buoy. Signal, T. L. 'Villson ...... 873,917 Fire alarm and Signaling device, L. Sack- Burglar alarm, G A Humason ...... 874 2 M'otor starter, A. W. Manz ...... 873,764 walls so con- . . ,20 wltz ...... - ...... 874,250 Motor switching device, electriC, J. B. fact save that the of the tower Burglar alarm, portable, J. L. Mulry ...... 874,227 Fireproof lining, F. O. Werther ...... 874,271 Wiard ...... 873,815 den sed and reflected the sound waves that they Butter cutter, J. M. Low ...... 874,094 Fish ngI reel. H. C. Reichardt ...... 873,784 MumI' or annealing furnace, A. Smallwood. 874,039 Butter cutting machine. W. Stevens .... 874.133 started the huge pendulum-like chandelier to R. �'Iuld cbarglng and discharging device, com- Music leaf turner, C. A. Matheny ...... 874,221 .. Butter separator, G. W. Winters ...... 874,148 pressed, G. A. Bobrlck ...... 873,984 Music roll, H. Koch ...... :. 873,950 swinging. our bserva t· I On IS I n t e l'es tl · ng. Button, collar, J. N. �lilIs ...... 874,224 Fluid pressure brake, W. V. TuplCr ...... 874,260 L.\ Y 0 g Musical apparatus, tracker board for legato It is doubtless true that the chandelier was Button for laCin terminals, fastener, T. Food, cotton seed, J. von del' Kammer ..... 873,946 and other effects in pneumatic, H. F. Burke ...... 874,161 Form, garment, W. F. & E. T. Palmen- Binney ...... 873,981 set swinging by the waves of sound. Church Buttol hoe E. Elli ...... 874 3 4 berg ...... 874, 32 c ., l ' ' s , ' , 1�� ' . 1 2 Nose ring, J. C. Jacoby ...... 878,753 windows have many times been breken by the ab l et, E. U. Insey S ...... 874,087 Forms, apparatus for constructing dress, L. Nose ring. A. A. Landon ...... 874,088 Cable drum mechanism. C. Pirtle ...... 873,781 Lemcke ...... 874, 91 same means. Some note OCCUI'S to which the . • . '. '. ' •...... 0 Nut lock, E. C. Beverage ...... 873,831 C'' Iipcrs ' miCl·ometer ' E Heym . . . . . 874,197 Furniture, O. Vikoren ...... 873,914 c · . . . . Oar, bow faCing, H. Flint ...... 874,317 chandelier chain can respond in sympathetiC a" Cl,, Sure, . B. Slelgh . . 874,256 Furniture, metal folding, H. Grauel...... 874,003 Ocular, Ramsden, Can opener, B.s Blebl ...t...... 874,290 Fuse attachment plug cartridge R . A . A. Konig ...... 873,870, 873.871 vibration. It must not he supposed. that a Oil can W Irving iios�'::::::::::::::::: 873 941 Cans and other receptacles, closure for, Cultra ...... :...... ' 873.846 Oil col�mn: W. M. 874:246 fOl'ce ent]al'J to a ton more was exerted to '" \.. Hyatt ' ' · .... · · ...l.l · 873,752 use indicator, safety, C. N. Sachs ...... 873,793 Oil testing a R 9 0" C (V\II'·o, . �k · , , ,,' d " · · · · ·l: M ·. · ..f F appar tus, W . C. obinson ..... 873,8 5 swing the chandeli.,l'. minute force applied an e ti a d ca le holde , . E. . Garment pads, making, G. Goldman ...... 873,999 Optical testing apparatus. Forth & Langley 874,179 A . Reischer ...... 874,241 Garment supporter, F. E. Coulter ...... 873,726 Ore concentrator, U many times, in time WiUl the 'brat' on perlOd " . S. James ...... 874,364 VI i Candy material� or other commodities ma- Gas burner, A. Meyer ...... 73,880 chine for Zin cntting, and king, 8 Ore feeding mecbanism. M. H enson ...... 873,748 of the chandelier, sct it to swinging. si g, ma�' Gas burner, R. Gefall ...... 874,063 Ol'f'S, treating', F. �f. Johnson ...... 873.943 A. n. Bartlett ...... 873,832 Gas engine, vertical, von Oechelbaeuser & Overshoe holder, G . W. Dopkins ...... 873,928 (10647) R. B. writes: Correctio to C·lr dl"tft ge'll'ing ruilway J . F . Conrson 873,843 Steinhecker ...... 874,3 9 n f;n', : ll T. ' M Knight : 6 Packing case, J. H. .S. Johnson ...... 873,866 01'd lln . R. c ...... : 873,772 Gas generato!', water,. �'. Dannert ...... 874,309 Pail holder. milk, A Hurd reply in Notes and 'Jeries co umn, N o. ' . T...... 874,078 Q C'n' locomotive electI lcally propelled. E Gs lighter, electric . J. Dickens ...... 874,357 Paper bag holder. F. D. White I 10618 , ' H. Anderson '...... : 873,703 Gas producer, in ...... 878 ...... 874,143 Spptember "Oxalate of L ime Process . • S. Griff ... ,858 Paper stock l'efining machine, Jones & Gregg 874,344 28, ID07, Cur spat, auxiliary, N Toergensen ...... 874,082 Gas producer, O. K. Zwingenberger ...... 874,276 Paper weight, knife rest, and op.tical devicC', for Concrete Tanks." The use of hot paraffin ar s top, uutomatic, G. H. Richards ...... 874,349 Gas producer connections, cleaning, R. H . C combined, J. L. Borsch ...... •...... 874,049 I' l' �l gaso C"" k "'ax to mp eel� ate the concrete tank for - 'l> t ' · ...' · in · . · ·, _ .... · 874,363 Miller ...... c., ...... 873,768 Pen, drawing, G. H Chavey C ul"'('Iel :fll.:' . Im�., · rc' W s . S· ·IIa ·I'' ·,]·,e · '·'�;""l· ..· .· ..· .· ·. 873,800 Gas producers, furnaces, et feeding . 874,302 line storage would be impracticable, owing to . ] Pen, fountain, J. P. Morris ...... 873,769 Car Quf'pnunloading apparatus, grain, F. R. Mc- mechanism for, .T. A. Waldbul'ger ..... 874,352 Pencil, D. C. Huntlpy, Jr ...... 874,077 the fact that paraffin js exeee c ngly so nbl e ...... 873,773 Gas regulator, Lewis & Frankenberg ...... 874,017 Pencil holder, S. M. Lewis ...... 874,21 1 I Car ventilating apparatus, passenger, Hoff- 5 in gasoline and would therefore be promptly Gases of motors, apparatus: for deodorizing Pharmaceutical coating, Donard & Labbe. 874.310 man & oNewman ...... 873,862 the exhaust. A. Reichel ...... 873,785 Phonograph, H. F. Holmes ...... f p s - vt'lltilat r, . 87:3,860 -1.'*.solved out o the concr te walls, u ing ex Cnr T. H. Garland ...... 874,320 Gate and operating means therefor, H. L. Phonograph, C., Jr . & W. T . ...� " en C . homa ...... 873,969 eessive seepage of gasolinc throngh the walls arpet and L'ug stretching device, H. Ilard- Coats ...... 874.165 P hOtOgl'a.pbs 011 metal. glass, porcelaJn, etc., "'tek ...... 873,743 Gear, rollpr tooth, C. A. Janson ...... 874,342 producing, A. Hans ...... 874,005 into the ground. far more perfect gasoline- 1 ('lrriage cll't-linl ·fastenerd. W S Jonab 874,083 Gear, variab e spped transmission and re- Photography, combillation of. line and screen, --\ (;�rl'iag fohi h�hy E." Dann ::: R il08 tight tank could made by brushing over the e. ingB...... : 74, versing, W. S. Hbvey ...... 874,075 E. Mertens ...... 874,222 lw Curt, hand, F'. Bl'owll ...... ,...... H73,986 G�nerator. See Gas generator. I C ' l Piano pedal. L. Haa� ...... 8r:;,742 " I " ' l J1 87:J,949 �:;:.i�g :�e h;�:; ��:,�;�" �:� i�� i� · p� � '�i gm�£;r�£.:�),��r;�,:, g � .� v �n ; 1. �!�:�,� J'<::: m:�gI ::::��:�:::t:::;';:\'::�';�:�\�':\:,::::: f,lf��;��tr��m!f�:': : : : : ��:::::: 874.299 warmed to about dpg. C., allowing it to �+Ni� 8n.744 80 Casting, ('hilled, C. J. �[estll ...... 874,018 Governor, 1. J. Babcock ...... 874,284 Pin, C. F. Markham ...... 873,765 react on the calcium compounds in the eon- Cautery L De Forest 874 178 Grader, E. F. Higgins ..... R74,198 Pipe coupling, train, Kelly Royer I C'elluioici u;1(l similar sl�b�t��: �pparutl1s' ' Grain cleaner. A. & , crete, and aftl'l' an hour or so, go OVf'r the C. Brantingham ...... 873,985 873,947, 873,948 for. utilizing th.e wMs te of, E. Ga� ill 874,181 g�:�� ' m h · ��3:��g Piston and piston paeking, M. H . i surfaces again \vith strong hot solution of � & � �� ¥ � �be ts :::: ::::: em l bl C ld lg i e, .• t.l:· . �t , . W R r ::: : S�¥�,�06: 87 ,807 a c �;,f p � � �� l�� I �� ( R l t · E: · · ....•...... ;ic d��put�h•.. , tu�� ·� us; A solution, allow the walls to dry and then re- ..•....•...... •. " . I Cigar machine roll, BriJ;ht & Davis ...... 873,836 Harrow disk, L, E. Waterman 874,268 Fordyce ... 873,740

Pole changer, L. Klbllnger .•.•..••...... 874,208 Pota toes, oDIOns, and other products, machine for grading and cleaning, Gascard & Shimmen ...... 874, 321 Poultry pIckIng device, E. Covert ...... 873,844 Power, apparatus for cOllverting, storing, and ntlllzing wind, B. Vallquet ••.... 874,140 Power dam, portable, W. H. Orow ...... 873,845 Send for Catalogue B. Power transmission apparatus, liquid, L. J. . 873,819 SENP.cA Wing ...... FALLS MFO. co. Power transmitting device, G. E. Blake .... 874,157 Water Street, 695 Power transmission mechanism, F. Bucherer 873,838 Seneca falls, N. Y., U. s.A. Power transmitting mechanism, H. B. Smith 873,965 Pressure regulator, automatic, C. P. Tol- man ...... 874,137 Printing machine, W. Spalckhaver ...... 873,909 Printing machine, J. H. PlllIngs ...... 874,033 �nMACHgineINE SHOPand OUTFITS, Foot TOOLS Lathes AND Printing machine or time stamp, J. O. Wil- SUPPLIES. BEST MATERIALS. BEST son ...... 874,047 WORKMANSHIP. CATALOG UE FREE Printing machine, stencil, A. B. Dick . ... 873,847 ..... 873,736 SEBASTIAN LATHE CO . . Culvert St., Cincinnati. O. Printing plate clamp, S. E. Dittman 120 Printing press, rotary, H. M. Barber ...... 873,979 PrOjectile, T. S. Aveson ...... 874,282 G...... 874,263 :r'i: �sl..;�!d'lfr'8 �.:.I::.: Propelling apparatus, Unzner . Pulley casing, sheet metal, F. E. Sloan .... 874,125 DELIGHTFUL OR·UISES SFootHEPARD and LATHE Power CO" 133 W. 2d St. Cincin�ti, O. Pulleys, means for stretching covering around, A. B. Gerbrand ...... 874,182 For Recreation, Health and Amusement Pump mounting, S. Pennell ...... 874,115 Veeder power Gordon & ...... 874,183 Punch, , 'Hart . the superb Kronprinzesain Cecl1ie " to the Punching device, structural Iron, C. H. On S. S ... Oceana " and the S. S. .. Counters Henderson ...... , 874,194 WEST INDIES, NASSAU, VENEZUELA, Rail bond for rail "joint cirCUits, W. E. 874,085 to register reciprocating Ji(arns ...... •...... BERMUDA AND PANAMA CANAL 874,000 movements or re,"'olu· Rail clamp, guard, N. O. Goldsmith ..•.... . 874,121 tions. Cut full size. Rail joint, J. Sevcik ...... March- J6 Railway rail and joint therefor, Hoover & 5 Cruiaea in January, February and to 28 daY' ...... 874,073 Booklet Free Clar� booklet and particulars apply ...... 874,055 For VEEDER Railway spike, H. J. Dykes .. . . MFG. CO. 874,011 Sargeant St. Railway switch, J. S. Jones . � ...... tSHartfo rd, Conn. Railway switch structure, Luther & Stock- well ...... 873 ,761 Hamburg-American Line C'/IClometers, Odometet-8...... 874,146 Philadelphia Chicago Tachometers. Counters Railway tie, H. G. Willits . New Yark Boston St. Louis SanFrancisco 874,193 and li'IneCastVng8. Railway tie, J. O. Heintz ...... ------Railway track structnre, Stockwell & Luther 873,912 Raisins, apparatus for preparing and pack· Ing seeded, N. B. Converse ...... 873,922 Range, kitchen, O. H. Miller, Jr ...... 874, 103 Range top, A. W . Brand ...... •..•...... 874,295 CLEAR PROFIT IN DAYS INVESTMENT OF PATENTS Ratchet wrench, J. J. Albrecht ••...•..... 873,977 $5 13 51 FROM AN $160 Receptacle, O. J. Schmidt ••.•...... 873,797 Is the result from the operation of one Hand on Patents, Trade-Marks, American Box Ball l Al ey In Sullivan, etc.,Our sent BookPatents procured Recorder and reproducer, T. H. Macdonald . 873,763 n t n f!"ee. through Refrigerator, Nott & Rau ...... 873 ,887 nn Co. receive free notice In the 874,127 y�':..�sel'l?hYl t f. t�� t ��:c8�:i a'i:'A Mn & Register, L. D. Smith ...... w e n Registering device, M. M. Shumaker .•...... 874,254 �1� ��'f, ':;'''If:" �y ��.:i.� �he:� SCIENTIFIC AMBBICAlIT ...... 873,990 Rein holder, C. M. Crum . . wiIY°y J:::.ka: o ...... 873,729 :MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, N. Y. Relay, throttle, A. S. Oubitt Thr;\: ,:'o e� b a p� ��i.f�o:ri� Reproducing and Imitating machine, B. O. game for amnsement and physical exercise. Llber· BRANCH 625 F St.,Washington, ��{,W�!;;� :r O:: OFFICII:: D.C. Fanslow ...... 873,930 th e Resistance, non-Inductive, J. F. McElroy ... 874,023 gg�l'igle?f �� pj: �� THE BARNES Reversing mechanism , S. T. Nelson ...... 873,776 needed.Qui�g)' Receipts IT;�.!'J:� are �n��,t.:nearly all�r; profit. More than 3,000 al· B. F. Road roller, Wright & Longenecker ...... 873,975 ready sold. We sell on pay ments and our catalog Is free. 'f 4-INCK DRILL Rock drll! and other precussion tool, T. Warsop ...... 873,813 Write/or catalog. AMERICAN BOX BALL COMPANY ts adapted for work from 1·16 Inch to 'Ii 873,801 Van Bnren St., Indianapolis, Ind. inch. A strong, substantial. well buili Rock drill swivel, S. A. Sizemore •..•.•.. PATENTED. 1360 drill. Plain lever or power feed as desired. Rocks, etc. , apparatus for breaking, F. 874,217 We build a full line of Drills. All sizes Lobnltz ...... furnIshed in Gangs. Also bave 9-.inch, Roll!ng mil!, Ebinghaus & Schumacher .... 873,997 c r a Roo I I t VICTOR HAND FORGED AUTOMOBILES rli't� M� ��of �e� tt'i.�a�: � I;" ,:. : . : . .. . . 1173,920 _ on reqnest. & ...... 874.312  Rotary� engine,��:� � U.�� E. �Duchesne�' �. �' �: .��:: $550 Up. 12 H. P., Air Cooled B. BARNES ANY Rotary explosive engine, G. J. Weber..... 873,916 F. CO P Rockford . IIf. Send for catalogue describing Runabouts, 4 pas , Rubber overshoe, F. C. Hood .••...... 874,340 European Branch, 149 QueenM Victoria St., London, E.C. senger Oar, Victor PuUman and Delivery Wagons Sad iron stand, H. S. Pease ...... 873,779 Safe or receptacle, wall, H. O. Lowrie. ... 873,878 VICTOR AUTOMOBILE MFG. COMPANY .•.... 873,927 , ,:. Carroll Sf:., Sf:. LOllla, Mo. Pipe Cutting and Threading Machine Safety pin, locking, K. G. Dieterich Sash bar. G. C. Hester ...... 874,069 For Either Haud or Power Sash holder, F. C. Jacobs ...... 873,865 This machine Is the regular band machinesupplied Sash holder, A H. Marden •...... 874,097 , . with a power base, pinion, counteTShaft etc., and Sa sh lock, F. Salter ...... 873,794 The lea!;ling Engineering can be worked as an ordinary power Sash lock, G. M. Logan ...... 874,093 machine or taken from its base for paper of the world. 1,600 llse as a hand machine. Pipe J.4' in. Sausage linking and twisting machine, H. 873,877 to 15 in. diameter handled easIl in W. Louden, Sr...... pages of news and informa small ruom. Illustrated cataloguey ,Scaffold jack, Hunt & JamM ...... 874 ,362 price list free on applicatiop. Scale, rolling mil!, M. Maurer ...... 873,879 tion relating to engineering ...... 874, 001 Engineering THE CURTIS & CURTIS CO. Scoop, A. C. Gough . progress in a11 parts of the Scoop and scale, combination, T. T. Ellis .. 873,850 S Garden St., Bridgeport, Conn. Branch Office, 60 Centre St. . N. Y. Scoop, lard, Adams & Wells •...... 874,277 world, amply illustrated Screw driver, J. McCoy ...... 873,771 214 Broadway FOR Screw driving machine, F. W. Sanford . .... 873,900 with drawings and photo GUNSMITHS, TOOL Sealing bottles, jars, and other receptacles, graphs. 10 weeks ' trial, $1. machine for, J. V. Hull ...... 874,201 News New York MAKERS, EXPERI Seat. See Car seat. MENTAL &. REPAIR Self-heating Iron, D. A. Jerald ...... 873,942 WORK, ETC. Scparator for lump material, A. Langer- From9-ln. to:J3.in.Swillj{. feld . ; ...... 873,951 Arran�ed for Steam or Scwer pipe, O. Eschenbrenner ...... 873,851 Foot Power, Velocipede Sewing machine, A. Pfeuter ...... 874,032 e Sewing machine attachment, R. P. Mees .... 874,098 0§e�1'ig;'lart. 't?d?al0a. Shade and curtain pole �UPPOrt, combined 874,297 W. F. &JNO. BARNES CO. window, G. W. Bush ...... EstabHshed Shaft and croBS bar brace, combined, F. , 1872. 1999 Ruby St., ROCKFORD, h.L. M. Belden ...... 874,288 Shaft hanger, H. F. Gade ...... 874,062 .•. 874,067, 874,187 BOLJND VOL LJMfS Of Shaft hanger, Hallowell & Gade Shaft hanger, H. F. Gade ...•. . . •••. . ..•. 874,319 Marine Shaking screen, N. W. L. Brown ..••...... 874,051 Sharpening, removing, and replacing cutter desilltnedEngines well sections, apparatus for, W. Rawlin� butlt.Skillfully Single lever contrOl,and com .. son ...... 873,894 bining automatic carburettor Shave register operating device, J. W. B. American Homes Faris ...... • • ..•...... 873,932 r��n�'d r�I�:�lRr; Sheet feeding apparatus, A. B. Dick ...•... 873,848 under most trying conditions Sheet metal receptacles, forming, L. C. :i�� :C::� 874,346 Sizes Sto60h. p. Send for catalog. Krummel ...... Sheet metal vessels, machine for making, CHAS. J. JAGER CO. E. J. Wlttebolle ...... 874,149 281 Franklin, co r. Batterymarch SI. Ships, device for diminishing the rolling Boston. ass. motion of, R. Skutsch' ...... 874',255 and Gardens M m h , o ! � 't'fe, 6� � :!" •. . . :: ��Sievee":� cleaner,m �� J. Olsen �...... �: ..�:...... : �� 874��g�g,030 Sieve, separator, W. C. Black ...... 874,291 480 Pages. 1,050 Illustrations. Price $5.00 Sifter, hous�hold, McLoney & Preston ...... 874,109 Sign, G. Bittle ...... 874,156 Sign, Il!uminated, .r. Ohester ...... 873,921 rln�tru(tive S(ientifi( .... 874,228 paper� 'Signaling apparatus, W. L. McWhorter ON TIMELY TOPICS Signaling apparatus, block, J. D. Taylor ... 874,042 c vers a ...• 873,839 ? Signaling device, automatic, L. Oaputo r d

��!t ��Ch bb 874,007 a ��;'n:bl�· c�l lor:· .j:. ·F: i Classified Advertisements McElroy ...... 874,022 Valuabl line. Thill coupling, D. W. Copeland ...... 874,304 e Vo.lume I Advertisingin this column is75 cents a No less Thread and also the twisted thread, ma- 1 s than four nor more th an ten lines accepted. Count chine for coating the strands of a, I :======: seven words to the line. AU orders must be aecom· Bayne & Subers ...... 874'287 panled by a remittance. Further Information sent on Thread IInishing machine, silk, E. Pohl . ... 874.235 Thread gnlde, N. Jobnson ...... 873,944 request. Tie. See Metallic tie, ...... •. 1 Tie plate, E. H. Bell 873,707 . Tile gutter, Y. Freund ...... 874,180 Tin compounds and other products, detin- BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIEiS. ning and producing, E,A. Sperry .... 874,040 Tire, vehicle, .T. Eckhard ..... ,., ...... 873,738 [Iectrician's LOCAL REPRESENTATIVE WANTEI).-A large Tire, vehicle, G, A. Pearse, Jr .. '.'., .... 873,957 It teaches tbe mother to wrap income assured to anyone wbo will act a.s our repre- rIires, protecting shield or guard for pneu- her babe in woolens'. It teaches l matic. W. S. Arnold ...... 873,919 :�V:tjltip!�\:�c��ey?uxne-:e :��?r,:� bo� Tires to vehicle wheels, meaDS for a ttacb- men and women to think of wool esty, ambition and WIllingness to learna lucrative busi 874,324 No SOliCIting or traveling. An exceptional op.. ing, E. Gerbert ...... BY ens when cold approaches. neSI]. e Tool holder, W. B. Mehl ...... 873.953 I c l 874,027 Handy Book Jaeger woolens are unrivaled for ��U��kef'i:",;�eOS::,g�:��",;� ��f ��I�uJ ��d ��: Tool holder, G., Nelson ...... Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane, A.M., E.M. ,Ph. D. ro e on also for dura nearest office for free book No. 378 National Co-oper- Tooth crown and bridgework, artificial, J. purity and p t cti , B. Righter ...... 873,789 i Handsomely Bound in R.ed Leather, bility. They are therefore a money ��e:��\rd;��:J-i�� J.��?I��el� ft:3i!l�: Toothpicks, making, Stanley & Tainter ... . 874.131 Scranton, PR. Towel wringer, C. �f. Reed ...... S74,240 with Titles and Edges in Gold saver in the end as well as a health Toy rail \vay train stop and Signal,. C. A. promoter all the time. INVENTORS and Manufacturers of new meritorious Hotcbkiss ...... 874,009 Pocketbook Style Price $3.50 f n t t Toy railway turn table, E. F. Slattery ..... 873,962 Writeforsamples and booklet �1J��:lf!::c��t��re �Ioo�M> ;��g o1��!�i�E� "!r:� Toy, trundling, H. Stubert ...... , ...... 874,134 A thoroughly practical up - to - date I of particulars. d s C to Co-operative Sales 'Y. 874,373 I � :itr2 �l gii �i�� :: Track gage, E. Fordyce ...... book of 768 pages, covering the entire . t . Track, portable seetional, B. C. Buxton ... . 873,716 NEW ZEALAND.-To manufacturers and eXDorters 'l'raction engine, B. Holt ...... , .., .. , .... , 874,008 field of electricity. Contains no useless Dr. Jaeger's S. w. S. Co.'s Own Stores e C Traction varying device, B. Beskow ...... 873,709 ::dsr:t��a��e�!Oe��u�fto�Y N�� e%�� !�� 'rrain lighting system, battery, }I'. A. theory. Everything in it is to the point e t . Speigbt, Palmer & Co., IJimlted, ' . .. ' . " . ,',., 873,732 Decker ...... and can be easily understood by the New York: 306 Filth Ave., 22 Malden Lan e. W�8= o�� i?' Tramway, F. Wolff ...... 873,974 Transformer, J. Coates ...., ...... , ... . 873,721 student, the practical worker, and the Brooklyn:504 Fulton St. Boston: 228 Boylston St. INVE:'o/TORS.-Send for free sample COpy n World's Progress," devoted to int re s invrmtors. All latest Transmission and speed changing mechanism, Pbila.: 1516 Cbestnut St. Cblcago: 82 State SI. e st of E. Schmidt ...... 873.903 every-day working electrician. The ad developments in scientific and industrial world. . . Agents in aU Princip(}! Oitie. World's Progress, 510 12th St .. "'as h ngton, D. C. Trap, C. E. Self ...... 874.120 vanced electrical engineer will also re l Trap, W. H. Harden ...... 874.335 PATENTED KEROSENE INCANDESCENT BURN Treating materials, C. W. Volney ... . ,.... 874.26;) ceive great benefit from its perusal and ER. 70 candle power; used on any lamp; saves 50 per Trolley, C. M. Rhodes ...... 874,242 study. cent. kerosene. Ready seller eve here. Exclusive Trolley, G. Keresztes ..... , ...... " ...... 874,345 . e particulars. Tc. C. Gottschalk, 265 Trolley, E. Y. Moore ...... 874,367 t';�:'t;f��y 1r� Y��i, . . Trolley bead, C. C. McClintock ...... 873,955 Fifteenth Edition �evlsed, Enlarged and �e5et Y. . . . . 874,105 I MADE $50,000 In live years In the mail order busl . Trolley hoist, E. Moore ...... b e Truck guard, railway, W. Sanford ...... •. 873,795 rl:�: 3�g� r��hf�:e ��IS�t��Yl�'h�� t;;'':e\I��:t Truck, motor, A. F. Batchelder ...... 873,706 Manager, Box 570, Lockport, New York. Trumpet support, reproducing, W. C. Runge 874,350 Tube and lIue cleaner, H. S. Stormer...... S74,258 Tube apparatus, manufacturing, O. Zim- fias, fiasoline and Auto Supplies mermann ...... ' ...... 873,976 PATENTS FOR SALE. Tuning device for timpani, H. A. Bower .. 874,050 Turbine, Elliott & Faber ...... 874,174 FOR SALE. American patent rl�hts on Reinforc ng Turbine, marine, Carnt & Forster,� ...... 874,356 Oil fngines Bar for concrete construction. Patent No. 857,671.i Turret machine, multiple spindle automatic, Including Gas Producer Plants u A. V. Reyburn, Jr., 13 G. G. Prentice ...... 874,035 r;.�'rt��le �r�� to��U�. Type casting and setting machine, O. Uhl· By GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E. . . Typ:��ne�:· E: A": ·j�h�� ::::::: ::::::: �+!;6�6 Price $2 50 he 8U 05� 874,057 HELP WANTED. ��:m��' �hift· ::; �e�h��i�';'·, : : The only complete American book on r . �H�� the subject for Gas Engine Owners, Gas SALESMEN.-Posltions open in aU territories and Type�rit�� taj,;;l�t��: ·Whit·"ke� .&C ii.;,bj,;;rd·. � lines. Experienced and inexperienced. �ala.ries ,&Xl Typewriting machine, C. E. Smith ...... 873,964 Engineers, and intending purchasers of We ship supplies for motor Write to·day. Hapgoods, 305 Broadway, ' ':k. m E es 874,338 �eJ5� :g�::�m�� h1�;, ad�in� �tt��:�: gaS" engines, treating fully on the con- cars and motor boats to any AGENTS TO SELL PATENTED DEVICE,removes H. L. Fisher ...... 874.060 struction, installation, operation and I instantly obstructions in waste pipe� from kit.chensInks, Typ g t , part of the world. li e, e;;�� ..� ��: ... ��.�1��?�.,. Ji4,05�: 874,059 maintenance of gas, gasoline, kerosene, r�? i'��y�ts'ii3�':.Tf�w'1!ItFs��N��e�Zgr.. ��:. n Unloading mechanism, W. R. cunn and crude petroleum engines. We carry in stock and ship �;��: 873 '9 92 Valise, dr�ssing case, and the like, H. The new rewritten, enlarged and re- upon one day's notice: Storage I vi ed th edition of this work has been TYPEWRITERS. valv�O��\�Chr"n:�I;t:�;;gl;"�·"G·"i.i:·M:�Ki��ey: �+�:�g� s 15 Valve. carbid feed, F. E. Stover ...... 874,351 prepared to meet the increasing demand batteries, spark coils, carbur START MAKING MONEYby buying a reliable rebuilt Valv b typewriter. Remingtons, $15; Hammonds, CalilITapb s, M'or:�: :��.. ��: ..� �� . . ��:�: ..�: ..�: 873,883 for a thorough treatise on the subject. I etors, spark plugs, siren horns, Sh 873.766 :W:�·�t��P��fi:;ril��bn:pl.I3.�f5 :,':;:! � :{): �:1;�' f%� tiUi�· ��';�:::��rs:· di��h��g�:· w: Its 450 pages give general information, gas tanks, speed indicators. Prellwitz ...... 874,034 for everyone interested in this popular: valv . . its I If you own all. automobile :;'ei�: .��' .. ��'.. � ...� .. .��: S73,956 motive power, and adaptation to the AUTOS. Valve mecbanism for lIuld pressure brakes, g a e e r increasing demand for a cheap and easily or motor boat let us know WE TEACH YOU TO DRIVE AN AUTOMOBlJ.E valv : g;,�� t�n� ;;;�!�a�s, I 6� L:;�k�;';:: ��U�� managed motor requiring no licensed o d n nS t a Valv ra e , . . your requirements. Catalog �� ;:s�� a�E�� :!�� p��l��, ��m��ir: ra�� . engineer. It is fully illustrated by 351 Corporatlon,1661 Broadway, New York. .:'tr�: ��.ll1��'.. .��,�:..� ..� . ��: 873,747 Valve, wblstie. F. L. Wolfe ...... 873,822 Engravings and Diagrams. upon requesto Special dis Valves or cocks, meanSi for operating, W. J. McCarroll ...... 874.106 counts to dealers. Vehicle, E. C. Bruen ...... S73,711 o MOTION PICTURES. Vebicle attachment, self·propelled, O. Smith 874,128 Mec hanlca I Movements Vebicle brace, P. Jess ...... 874,204 PIERSON MOTOR SUPPLY co. THE MOVING PICTURE WORLD, weekly,tO cents Powers, Devices, and Appliances copy; Yearly subscription, $2. only paper d - Vehicle brake, power driven, J. N. Ma- 43 Cortlandt Street, New York per u The e boney ...... 874.219 s . By Gardner D. Hiscox, M.E. r�i:1e��u��'l!�VI�o�lri'� ��;':��\¥'6�1�, �� 'tOO?J�t Vehicle screen, motor, T. H. Whiting .... . 874,046 Vehicle wheel, C. E Cole ...... 873,841 . Large 8vo. 402 Pages. 1649 Illustrations, 1 ------W ANTED.-Addresses of enterprisin� men contem· Vebicle wheel,. W. E. Snediker ...... R73,907 p ati s g Veblcle wheel, H. M. Starley ...... 873.911 with Descriptive Text. Price $3.00 THE E U R E K A CLIP � :;: ��fi�:1��r;.�fi g�C;:l¥�r:g��. 8w�A� :�� Vehicles, longitudinally displaceable car I The most u eful article evpr inv ented Pn'l:rmation. The Actograph Co., 50 Union Squa , N.1'. R. . . . 873.926 s re body for motor. Diesel ...... • for the purpose. Indispf'Dsable to Law- .Veloclpede, O.A. !\forse...... 873,885 yers, Edltors,.Studems. Bankers, lnsur· 00 Vending machine, Ford & Wood ...... 873.936 Mechanical Appliances ance CompanIes and bUSIness wen gen ". Vending macbine, H. S. Pond...... 874.236 erally. Book marker aud paper clip. '" BOOKS AND MAGAZINES. Vending machine cabinet, H. S. Pond...... 874,237 Mechanical Movements and Does not mutilAte the paper. Can he z ed repeatedly. In boxes of 100 for 25c. Vending machine, cigar, H. J. Davidson .... 874,170 us l " THE AERONAUTICAL ANNUAL, No.2. 1896, Ventilator. See Car ventilator. Novelties of Construction To be had of all bookse lel's. stationers e e i r t B 1. and notton dealers. or bv mail on receipt lsrlif�\ :i, ot��:��e $l�® Vessel bull. E. Palmer ...... , . 874,031 \ of price. Sample card, Man- i1afil�� hacg�::. �e�:rJ>i !� Vise, pipe, H. R. Sinclair ...... S74,123 By Gardner D. Hiscox, M.E. bymail,free. 3 1897, 18 I a ure by Consolidated Safety postpaid. Same, No. , 176 pRIZes. plates, artl· Vise, pipe, Sinclair & Ekman ...... 874,124 uf ct d a H n Being a Supplementary Volume to the Pin Co •• Box121. Bloomfield. N.". ��'l;"e�yJ'a'ic��YhT:h e�ut;�d gf��is'; ��g �h�alJ!gf� Voting macbine frame, C. C. Abbott ...... 873,827 miscellany. ,t.OO po.tpald. Published by W. B, Clarke Voting machinE'S, iudependent shutter lock- Author's Work entitled MECH ANICAL ing mechanism for. C. C. Abbott . . .. 873,828 & Co., 26 and 28 'l' remont St., Boston, Mass. MOVEM�NTS, POWER� AND DEVICES. Voting machines, mechanism tor attaching . I A - n TROPICA.L ANI) �UB-TROPICAL AMERICA," counters In, C. C. Abbott ...... 873,825 Contallls I,OOC SpeCIal Made Engravlllgs. H Ome-l- M la d e 1 OO-M I01 e new illustrated magazine on South and Central 873.826 the Mexi o out. Voting mechanism, question, C. C.Abbott .. 400 pages. Cloth Bound. America, c and West Indies. First numberis Wagon dump, J. F. White ...... 873,814 Wireless Telegraph Set c n i 1. . . 873.884 Price I ��1.fr��t�a13A�� bc� �U:b� lj�:\� �!i;kfu��.�� Wagon rack fastener, J. Morgan ...... $3.00 , Wardrobes. article support for, L. Remond. 874.348 The above two volumes s?ld together for r Washing machine, W. T. Bottenfield ...... 873,833 th��g�g��¥�.iiI��.(.\�t��t: f�;��Ee��'��if,;� o� ELECTRICIAN AND MECHANIC.-Practlcal month. $5.00 postpaId. l wireless telegraph outllt ly magazine for electrical and mechanical students and Washing machine, H. Iserman ...... 874,079 the construction of a 00·mile workers. Publisbes illustrated directions for COD- 'Vashing machine, Stocking & Mendenhall, Numerous. adequate dtagrams accompany the text. ga gi re reissue ...... 12.733 f,.';!;;:'1 0 cents by mall. Order fr0IDyour newsdealer or ��r:�;��'ft�yn��ro�f;��g. :r�::ic�y ��·i� �� Washing machine gearing, L. W. :Mammen. 874,095 Modern Steam Engineering I chanica) drawing. using tools, furniture construction, Water heater, H. K. Ernsberger ...... 874,316 MUNN & co .. 361 Broadway, New York boat building, an kinds of mechanical work. One 'Vater supply system, automatic, H. C. in Theory and Practice dollar yearly; trial BubscrIption for three mODth�, Sillett ...... 873.906 e t f Watering trough, automatic. T. Olson ..... 874,231 By GARDNER D. HISCOX, M.E. � � S. �."�:in�� u��t�:'l��e:��,::, Wl��s� Waterproof fabriC, E. Merou ...... 874,101 I Weaving in natural colors without pattern Price $3.00 cards. A. Regal ...... 874,370 Weighing machine, coin controlled, A. A. This is a complete and practical work of ASTRONOMY . . CailIe, et aI ...... 874,300 487 pages, dealing with the care and Welding machine, copper, G. Rosenberry ... 873,897 -. " STARS AND PLANETS. -Learn to know them at .. Welding metals, Jottrand & Schmidt ...... 874.084 management of Boilers, Engiues, Pumps, '��h A��fg,��i�V�\�i�I:� :��P��::Bh��n��:t Well packing, oil. W. B. Daugberty ...... 873.995 Superheated Steam,. Refrigerating Machin e i I e Well pipe lifter. J. A. Kimbro ...... 874.086 ��N��p�iii;r:3��8 ��rt�:i.nJa �tb�'WoI:s�au.d-r: Wheel, L. Long ...... 873.876 ery, Dynamos, Motors, Elevators, Air Com Winch, hydraulic, J. G. Winger ...... 874.275 pressors, and all other branches with which Windo,",,� fastener, storm, W. Bourque ...... 873,834 Window operating mechanism, ventilating, the modern Engineer must be familiar. It [NEWJERSEYJ PHOTOGRAPHY. S. E. Clbulas ...... 874.164 fully describes and illustrates the proper CENTRAL Window tent, W. E Walsb ...... 873,971 e...... •.•...... AMERICAN PHOTOGRAPHY succeeds American . ties and use of Steam for the generation of iiilli . ... 11._ Wire multiple system. three. C. S. W'inston 874.147 iiiiiii Amateur Photographer, Camera and Dark ROt)m and . c Wire stretching tool. J. L. Scott ...... 874,253 power in the various types of engines in Photo 8eacon, The editors of ea h now join in makinll & . .. 873.837 a magazine w ich should be in the hands of every pho· Wood trimming machine, Brown Gibbs use. Slide Valve, High-Speed Corliss, Com ...... 873,758 tographer. professionalb or amateur, Ii) cents monthly. Wrencb, J. W. Kline ...... s i r. Wrench. F. Hackmann ...... 873.859 pound, Multi-expansion engines and their !(:��6tb::Phfchp�t. 8�� ooTiJr��:�:?N:wqy�� Wrench. E. R. Klemm ...... 873,868 valve gear, the De Laval, Parsons, Curtiss Wrencb, G. W. Jessop ...... 874,081 Wrench, Webb & Hildreth ...... 874,269 and other Turbines are included and fully Wringer tray and drip board, combined, W. [II�::�;� II] described and illustrated. Forty-two tables •. •...... TALKING MACHINE NEEDLES. H. Voss , 874,266 of the properties and application of steam between ·-: :;:-- ii= I SEND FREE. samples of patented improved in its various uses are included, which in Petmecky Multi-tone Needles to all Interested In talk. DESIGNS. ing machines. Each needle plays JO records. Mlllions themselves form a most valuable and in sold weekly. Petmecky, 318Broadway. New York. Brush, shoe polishing, J. A. Kreag ...... 38,952 structive section of the work. Card, playing, S. R. Beal ...... 38,954 Nearly Two Hundred Questions with their • • Dish, W. C. Anderson ...... 38.950 and Answers on Steam and Electrical Engineer MISCELLANEOUS. Gage, caSing, temperature and pressure, H. W. Maurer ...... 38.957 ·I!I NewYork I.! ing likely to be asked by th� Examining Gas burner, T. J. Litte, Jr ...... 38,955 SUPPOSE WE COULD FURNISH YOU a better Board are included. These if studied by tobacco than you ever trIed for I eSB money? Interest Gas burner. T. Stites ...... 38,956 you. wouldn't i ? Our booklet, free, will p ov e our Nut crackers, nut picks, and similar dessert you will help you to procure a license. This t ,r cutlery, handle for, M. N. Jarvis ...... 38.951 Philadelphia claim. Dept.5. Wilda Tobacco Co., C atham Va. book is thoroughly reliable and practical, h Skirt, Crystal & Tiscbler ...... •.. 38.953 and not only a guide but a teacher. As a NEWYORKCITYSTATIONS text book it is the latest and best authority SENSITIVE LABORATORY BALANCE TRADE MARKS. Footof�hertyStreet ont"� hour BY' N. Monroe Hopkins. This" bnllt-up" laboratory on the subject. It is fully illustrated with ...... 66,606 West23'" St reet ten minutes";fOre U,e "our balance will weigh up to one pound and wil turnwith a Antomoblles, De Luxe Motor Car Co . detail engravings, not to be found elsewhere r a b l Automobiles, Societe Anonyme Aries ..66,611, 66,612 gr�� fe':i': s\�J��n:�· t;fe 'it��gn�o'l:�a��l't!t� Balsams, purgatives, pastils, and anes� rr A special circular describing these books sent on ...... l The thetics, J. Bengue ..... , ...... 66,633 e :P S...... :�: work as well as a $125 ba ance. articl.. Is accom· r . . 66.661 of these books sent p sptlli a on ec pt price. panied by detailed working drawIngs showing various Beer, George Wledemann Brewing Co ... .. �A ny r r a of stages of the work. This article Is contaIned In SCIEN Belts, A. Nahass ...... 66,671 TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 1184. PrIce to Boots and shoes, leather, S',:..lz, Schwab _.& MUNN &.. CO., cents For sale by MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, New Co...... •...... 66.674 YorJj;Cltr, or any bookseller or newsdealer Boots and shoes, leatber, Tracy Shoe Co . ... 66,676 Publishers, 361 Broadway, New York

© 1907 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. ..•..••..••... Engines, automobile ...... •....323 p . Wheel, cushioned ...... 192 Axles, cracked car 21 8 ILLUSTRATIONS. Explosives, manufacture of ..... 475 Wheel for vehicles ...... 84 Pacific cruise, significance of.. ...40 7 Wheel skates...... 292 B Perkins, Sir William ...... 62 F Wheel, traction ...... 24 Ball, lightning ...... A Peerless automobiles ...... 323, 347 Window-washing device ...... 227 41 Ballonsonde ascension ...... 334 Fastnet lighthouse ...... 217, 226 Photomicrographs without a mi- Wireless telegraphy. Clifden sta- Advertising device ...... 19 2 Balloon, dirigible, in war ...... 286 Faucet connection for generator . 38:) croscope ...... 64 tion ...... 377 Aeroplane, an American ...... 357 Balloon fabric tested ...... 150 Fender for cars ...... 227 Picture telegraphy ...... 285, 288 Aeroplane and airship...... 12 Wireless telephone development ..275 lc iestas, Mexican ...... 457 Balloon race, instruments car- Pile foundation for tunnel tubes . 8 Wireless telephony for navy .•...221 Aeroplane balance control ...... 207 ried ...... *290 Flame, manometric ...... 6 Pipe-bending machine ...... 220 Aeroplane, Ludlow's ...... 190 Balloons, army .dirigible ...... 4 75 Flying, early experiments ...... 272 Plant culture, electrical ...... 279 y Aeroplane, Santos Dumont's lat- Balloons, German trials ...... 167 Flying machine, Gammeter's. 253, 258 Plug puzzle, answer to ...... 67 est ...... , ...... 445 Balloons, hydrolith for .. .., ..... 78 Flying machine suggestion ...... 23\l Power consumption, enormous, Yacht races for Astor and King s Aeroplane trophy ...... 191 Balloons, the long-distance rat • l!'lylng machines, European ...... 292 269, 274 cups ...... 151, 152 Aeroplane, French ...... '. 357, 358 *301, 308, 359 Fruit and vegetables, wax...... 45 Power plant and dam combined ..305 Air brakes, variable pressure ••• Ballooning suit ...... *472 Fruit picker ...... •.....227 Psychology, modern experimental . 164 mechanism ...... 155 Furs, cold storage of ...... 172 Barbed wire evolution ...... 306 Airship, British military ...... 236 MISOELLANY I Barometers, home-made...... 63 Airship, a home-made...... 83 G Barrel stand and truck...... · 139 Allosaurus, a carniverous dino- Quebec bridge disaster, Batteries on war vessels. mortar. 9!l Gammeter's flying machine .. 253, 258 saur ...... 437, 446 182, 185, 186, 257 Figures preceded by a star (*) re Battleship development ...... *408 Gas from crude oil ...... 263 Alternating-current rectifier...... 134 fer to lllustrated articles. Battleship of the future ...... 4 06 Gasoline tester, a ...... 342 Annapolis, the Naval Academy ..415 R Battleships, new British ...... 96 Gliding craft, Cooper-Hewltt's ... 76 Ants ...... 310 Bean, poisonous of Java...... 5 Governor's Island ...... 389, 395 Race track, automobile...... 7 Armor and guns, naval ...... 422 Bed, improved Invalid's ...... *139 Gun, an automatic rifle-caliber... 83 Race horse, scientific study of ..116 Accidental inventions ...... 166 Automobile as hoisting engine ...332 Beer in tablets ...... 122 Gun, 14-inch, for coast defense ..208 Radio-activity, new experiments Accidents, mining ...... 470 Automobile boat, new ...... , 44 Belin process of telephotography*456 Guns and armor, naval ...... 422 in ...... 440 Advertising device ...... *19 2 Automobile, how to tour in .....330 Belladonna growing ...... 227 Rail ' joint, interlocking .•...... 32 Aero Club exhibit ...... 379 Automobile novelties ...... 332 Bench stop, an Improved ...... *84 R Railroad construction in Canada . 10 Aeronautics in Europe ...... 4 59 Automobile race track ...... 7 Billiards, an oval table ...... *473 Railroads, new station ...... 201 , 206 Aeronautical notes ...... 459 Auto-slip ...... 332 Hammers, improvement in...... 67 Black art redivivus ...... *148 Railway track construction ...... 32 Aeronautical notes ...... 223 , 306 Automobile tour...... 77 I Hand shaped by profession .... .4 78 Block, concrete building...... *67 Razors, improvement in ...... 139 Aeroplane, an American ...... *357 Automobile traffic, growth in New Hanger for pipes ...... 192 Block signal testing ...... 20:; Reliance motors ...... 323, 348 Aeroplane and airship ...... *12 York ...... 343 Hatfield cars ...... 324 Blood pressure and mental con- Rittenhouse orrery ...... 184 Aeroplane balance control ...... *207 Automobile, types for 1908 ..328, 329 Heater for motor car ...... •....332 ditions ...... *262 Rubber goods manufacture ..233, 240 Aeroplane flight...... 4 43 Heater for the hand ...... •..227 Blunder, a costly ...... 74 Aeroplane flights...... 4 42 B Heavens in August ...... 59 Boat automobile ...... ' ·44 Aeroplane flights in France .....3 78 Heavens in September ...... 147 Boat, new type of motor ...... *1 36 Balloon race, instruments carried . 290 Aeroplane, Ludlow's ...... *190' Heavens in October...... 235 Bogostotl' Islands ...... · 294 Balloon race, the long-distance, "Salem," the fastest cruiser .... . 117 Aeroplane, new record ...... 320 Heavens In November...... 303 BOilers increaSing efficiency of . . 49 301, 308 Santos Dumont's new aeroplane ..445 Aeroplane prize, the "Auto" .. ...363 , Heavens in December ...... •....391 Boring bar, improved 399 Ballooning suit ...... 472 Saturn's "knots" ...... 376, 441 Aeroplane, Santos Dumont's lat- ...... • Holsman cars ...... 324 SCIEN'l'IFIC MERICAN Brass, mining for ...... 123 Barrel stand and truck ...... 139 A trophy, est ...... " ...... *445 Hudson Company's station .. 201, 206 Bread school, curious ...... 364 Battleship development ...... 408 how made ...... 191, 270 Aeroplane, Seux's ...... 46 • Hydroplane boat ...... 304 Bridge at Susquehanna ...... *3 62 Bed, improved invalid's ...... 139 Scoring board, electric ...... 60 Aeroplane suggestion ...... 291 Hydroplane gliding craft ...... 76 Bridge, erection of Blackwell's Belin process of telephotography.456 Serum institute in Vienna ...... 360 Aeroplane trophy ...... ·191 Hydroplane, Santos Dumont's.. ..278 Island ...... *93, 100 Bench stop, an improved...... 84 Sewing machines, attachment for 67 Aeroplane, successful flight...... 182 Bridge over Wissahickon ...... *3 92 Billiards, an oval table ...... 473 Sextants, artificial horizon for ..457 Aeroplane, Wrights', in France .. 98 I Bridges, compression members of. 202 Black art redivivus...... 148 Sheep-killing bird ...... 154 Aeroplanes, balancing ...... 275 Identification system U. S. A .. .. 50 Bridges, notable German ...*14 5-151 Block, concrete building...... 67 Shock absorbers for autos ...... 326 Aeroplanes, French ...... *357, 358 Image, inverted,...... 99 Brooklyn bridge, moving plat- Blood pressure and mental condi- Shoes, water-walking ...... 12 Aeroplanes, steering and balanc- Imperial chassis ...... 325 forms for ...... 202 tions ...... 262 Sieve, magic ...... 30 ing devices ...... •...... 99 Incubators, electric ...... •..336 Bridges, railway ...... 43 Boat automobile...... 44 Signals, block, in locomotive cabs . 61 Air brakes, variable pressure Insects' nests and nurseries .....397 Brighton Beach, 24-hour race ...lfl1 Boat, new type of motor ...... 136 Significance of Pacific cruise ....407 mechanism ...... •...... *155 Insect pests, models of ...... 137 Brooklyn Bridge, moving plat- Bogostotl' Islands ...... 294 SlIver, outcrop of...... 6 Airship, a home-made ...... *8 3 Insects, magnified...... •.....225 form ...... 239 Boring bar, improved ...... 399 Singer building ...... 161, 168 Airship, Alps to North Sea in ...118 Ionic therapeutics ...... 51 Brooklyn Bridge relief ...... 270 Bread school. curious ...... " 364 Speed governor for automobile .. . 332 Airship, British military .....' *236 Ironlnll' table. folding ...... 311 Brooklyn Bridge suggestion .....259 Bridge at Blackwell's Island . 93, 100 Spoon for medicine , ...... 84 Airships for ,government ...... 378 Bridge at Susquehanna ...... 362 Spring, a novel vehicle ...... 139 Brown, death of Enos ...... 291 K Airships, French military...... 75 Bullet, new type of . •...... 119 Bridge over Wissahickon ...... 392 Storage battery, a new ...... 399 Airship, German military...... 118 a Buoy, the Bredsdortl'...... *356 Bridges, notable German ...145, 151 Kelvin, Lord ...... 469; -475 Strength of naval powers, com- Airship La Patrie lost...... 438 Buoys, spar ...... •.....* 204 Buoy, the Bredsdortl'...... 356 Kite ascensions, internatlonal. ... 97 parative ...... 414 Airship test, Wellman's ...... 223 Butter, coloring for ...... 98 Buoys, spar...... 204 Striking a light ...... 149 Airship, Wellman's ...... ,.166 Butter from Irish bogs ...... 131 L Submarine fleet development . .. ' .420 Airship, the Zeppelin ...... 238 c Suevic, launch of new bow of ...363 Ladder for uneven ground ...... 244 Airships and the gyroscope ...... 390 Caissons launched at Norfolk ....172 Lambert chassis ...... 325 Alcohol congress ...... 379 o T Canal, Egyptian ...... 113, 122 Largest office building ...... 373, 378 Alcohol, industrial ...... 363 Caisson, capsized lighthouse .....] fl5 Candlestick, miner's ...... 67 Lath cutter, improved...... 84 Table, an extension ...... 311 Allosaurus, a carnlverous dino- Caissons launched at Norfolk ...*17 2 Car, postal construction ...... 10 2 Leveling rod, an improved ...... 244 Tandem cycle, improvised ... ,... 84 saur ...... *437, 446 Canal, Egyptian ...... *1 13, 122' Carbureter, a floatless...... 345 Lighthouse, new Fastnet ...217, 226 Target, electric, for riflss...... 395 Alloys, aluminium and magne- Candlestick, miner's ...... *(1 7 Carrera marble quarries ...... 361 Liquid air apparatus ...... 220 Taximeter motor cabs...... , ....327 sium .'...... 382 Car, postal, construction ...... *1 02 Carter two-engine car ...... 323 Locomotive, largest ...... 119, 121 Telemeter, Gerard's ...... 288 Alternating-current rectifier ....*134 Carbureter, a float less...... *345 Chair support, adjustable...... 84 Lusitania, the ...... 96, 181, 188 Telephony, wireless for U. S. Aluminium for electric uses .....234 Carrara marble quarries ...... *36l Channel, Ambrose ...... 287, 291 navy ...... 221 Aluminium, uses of ...... 25 5 Carrier for wounded men ...... 84 Chemical puzzle ...... 472 M 'l'elephotography, Belin's process.456 Ambrose Channel half-completed .1l4 Cars, separate entrances and Chromatic illusion ...... 462 Telescope at Paris observatory.. . 242 "America" cup challenge ...... 234 exits on ...... 438 Magic sieve ...... 27 Climbing shoe ...... 19 2 Tetrahedral cells in tower bulld- "America" cup, Fife on ...... 74 Cars, side-door ...... 59 Magical cures ...... 132 ClOCk, an astronomical ...... 263 ing ...... 242 "America" cup, a Swedish chal- Carter two-engine car...... *3 23 Manometer ...... 6 Coke from crude oil ...... 263 Therapeutics, high-ifrequency cur- lenge ...... 254 Catskill aqueduct, route changed .114 Marble quarries at Carrara .....36] Comet, Daniel's ...... 22 4 rents in ...... 138 Anresthetlc, a new ...... 4 43 Catskill water supply ...... 162 Marconi station at Clifden ...... 377 Compass for drawing ellipses ...472 Therapeutics, ionic ...... 51 Animals mecha nical adaptations . 271 Cave, largest in West ...... 11 9 Mastodons, greatest of ...... 103 Concrete houses, Edison's ...... 356 ThermometQr, a home-made air ..118 Annapolis, the Naval Academy.. . 415 "Cecilie," the new steamship ....130 Mauretania, the...... 38 0 Concrete pipe, reinforced ...... 399 Tibet, western ...... 444 Antarctic expedition, Charcot's ..394 Cement telegraph poles ...... 136 Meats we eat ...... 129, 135 Control for distant mechanical Torpedo-boat destroyers ...... 413 Antarctic expedition, Shackle- Chair support, adjustable ...... *84 Mechanical etl'ects, control for etl'ects ...... 478 Torpedo boats, sea-going ...... 237 ton ...... 50 Channel, Ambrose ...... *287, 291 distant ...... 478 Cooking utensil for campers .. ...244 Touring in an automobile ...... 330 Antiquities, Roman, in Austria ..207 Cheese, coloring for ...... 98 MediCine spoon...... 84 Coupling for Brake pipes ...... 383 Tower of tetrahedral cells ...... 242 Ants ...... *310 Chemical puzzle ...... *472 Mercury, transit of...... 393 Cow milker . .- ...... 311 Toys, French ...... 462 Apple crop, prolific...... ' ..291 Chromatic illusion ...... *4 62 Meteor, quadruple ...... 307 Cruisers In U. S. navy ...... 411 Track cement, Weybridge ...... 57 Apples, foreign, In Great Britain . 276 Climbing shoe ...... *19 2 Micrometer, an easily made .....443 Track-laying machine, new ...... 244 Apprentice system ...... 223 Clock, an astronomical...... *263 Mirror experiments ...... 398 D TranSit, a p ocket ...... 310 Aqueduct, Catskill, route chang' d.114 Clocks, imports from Switzerland' 75 Model basin methods...... 418 Death of Lord Kelvin ...... 469, 475 Transmissions for automobiles ...325 Aqueduct difficulty in the Cats- Coal, centennial, anthracite .....4 71 Models of Insect pests ...... 137 Dinosaur, carniverous...... 437, 446 Trophies, Aero Club ...... 338 kills ...... 454 Coal and water protection ...... 218 Monitors for harbor defence .....413 Ditching plow, a new ...... 383 Tunnel under Detroit River.453, 458 Archreological discoveries in Cotl'ee substitute ...... 206 Montagn battleship ...... 211 Driving wheel recording device ..122 Turnbuckle, home-made ...... 259 Egypt ...... *460 , 462 COinage, proposed new ...... 131 Motor attachment for farm im- Dl'ydock at League Island ...... 132 Typhonoid, the ...... 136 Archreological find in Carthage ..163 Coke from crude oil...... *263 plements ...... 311 Dynamometer, the Henry ...... 4 72 Archroological work in Wyoming. 438 Color photography, Lumi�re ..... 42 Motor bicycle improvements .....344 u Armor and guns, naval ...... ·422 Colorado dam, permanent...... 94 Moving a theater ...... 171 Artesian water wasted...... 191 Coloring for butter or cheese. ... 98 E Musical instrument, new ...... 334 Utility motor vehicles ...... •...319 Atwater, late Prof. W. 0 ...... 2�!l Comet, Daniel's ...... *4 7, 224 Eclipse of the sun, 1908 ...... 474 Automobile as hoisting engine ..*3 32 Commerce on Great Lakes ... '" .374 Egyptian archreology ...... " ..460 N v Automobile at recent shows .....320 Commercial Bureau in Cape Egyptian irrigation canal. . . 113, 122 Naval Academy, the U. S ...... 415 Vegetables and fruits, wax ...... 45 Automobile boat, new ...... *44 Town ...... 447 Ellipses, Instrument for drawing.472 Naval school, English ...... 48 Vibrator apparatus ...... 346 A utomoblle endurance tests ... ,.455 Compass for drawing ellipses ...*47 2 104 Electric dining table ...... Navy, fastest ship in U. S ...... 117 Vickers-Maxim gun, a new ...... 83 Automobile, how to tour in ....*33 0 Compounds, new ...... 202 turn down..... 210 Electric lamp, to Niagara illuminated ...... 273 Violin player, automatic ...... 480 Automobile novelties ...... *3 32 Concrete and cupidity ...... 114 Electric locomotives on P. R. R .. 170 Nichols, Edward L ...... 4 71 Automobile show, National ...... 354 Concrete construction, to prevent Electric service on New Haven Nitrogen from the all'...... 256 w AutomolJile tour ...... *77 fail ure In ...... 255 R. R ...... 73, 79 Automobile traffic, growth in Concrete houses, Edison's ..*356, 443 Electric target, an ...... 39 5 o War cars, ancient and modern ...260 New York ...... *343 Concrete pipe, reinforced ...... *3 99 El ectric welder. improved ...... 82 Warship tonnage of navies ...... 414 Automobile race track ...... • 7 Cooking utensil for campers ....*24 4 Elephants in India ...... 295 Office building, largest ...... 373, 378 Water elevator for windmills ....383 Automobile race. 24-hour ...... 131 Con trol for dis tan t mechanical Engine, Hewitt...... 323 Oil, gas and coke from ...... 263 Water heater, filter, and cooler .-. 399 Au tomobiles, types for 1908. *328, 329 etl'ects ...... *4 11> Engine, Franklin ., ...... 322 Optical Illusion, an ...... 379 Water power, Dalmatian ...... 66 Automobiles, winner of Homer Coupling for brake pipes ...... • 383 Engine, Marmon ...... 322 Orrery, the Rittenhouse ...... 184 Water walktng, shoes ...... 12 trophy ...... , .. ; ... 98 Cow milker ...... • 311 Engine, National ...... 322 Orthopredic appliances ...... 65 Waterway, Chicago-St. Louis ....209 Automobiling and health ...... 151 Cruisers in U. S. na vy ...... • 411 Engine, Stoddard-Dayton ... . 322, 346 Osborne naval college ...... 48 Wax fruit and vegetables...... 45 Auto-slip ...... *3 32 Cuba, surface mining In ...... 1 1 Engines, a boy's model ...... 205 Oval billiard table ...... 473 Welder, improved electric ...... 8? Awards of scientific prizes ...... 442 Cultivator, prize for ...... 206

Cunes, railroad, lubrication of , o "Georgia" disaster ...... 58 Matter, evolution of ...... 182 Powder accidents, smokeless .....114 T German chemist in America .....203 Mauretania, the .....•..•....•*3 80 Power �onsumption, enormous, Table, an extension ...... *311 D Gila monster ...... 9 Mauretanla record ....•.••.•..462 *269-274 Tandem cycle, improvised ...... *84 Gilding, electro ...... 7 Mauretania trial ...... •..•....354 Power plant and dam combined . *305 Target, electric for rifles...... *3 95 Dam, Gatun ...... ," ',... 58 Ginseng growing ...... 227 Meat, method of preserving ...... 115 Precious stone production ...... 207 Target practice ...... 42 Daniel's Comet ...... 47 *224 Glidden tour' ...... " ..... 47 Meat we eat ...... *1 29, 135 Printing books, suggested new Target practice, remarkable ...... 406 Danube, navigation of ...... 274 Glidden tour progress ...... 63 Mechanical adaptations of ani- way of ...... 99 Target record perlls...... 74 Dates in Colorado ...... Mi8 Gliding craft, Cooper-Hewitt's ...*7 6 mals ...... 271 Psychology, modern, experiment- Taximeter motor cabs ...... *327 Dpath of Lord Kelvin ....*460, 475 Gold, green and blue ...•••.....150 Mechanical effects, control for al .•.•...... •..•...*16 4 Telegraphy, P. R. R., school . ...278 Dinosaur, carniverous .... *437, 446 Governor's Island ....•••.*389, 395 distant ...... *478 Ditching plow, a new ...... *3 83 Telemeter, Gerard's ...... *288 Grade crossing l" 'rils ...... 74 Medicine spoon ...... •••.....*8 4 Q Telephone orders and trains .....187 Diving in British mtvy ...... 46 1 Grammar of the Indian lan- Mercury, transit of ...... *3 93 Telephony, wireless, for U. S. Docking facilities on Pacific. .... 75 guage ..•...... 46 Metals, steel hardening ...... 155 Quebec bridge disaster .....162, *182 navy ...... *221 Driving wheel recording device . *122 Grand Central, six months of Meteor, quadruple ...... 307 *185, 202, 234; 254, *257, 291, 390 Drydock at eagne Island ...... *132 Telescope at Paris observatory ..*242 L electrical operation ...... 4 Meteorological summary ....99, 187 Dynamometer, the Henry ...... *472 Telescope, disturbing influence on 5 Graphite, amorphous, as lubri-' 259, 355, 443 R Telephotography, Belin process. *456 cant ...... 261 Micro-photography in color ...... 187 E Tetrahedral cells in tower build- Grenades, hand, in our army ...4 63 Micrometer, an easily made ..... *443 Race horse, scientific study of ..*116 ing ...... ••.•.....•••..•*242 Guard rails ...... • 9 Milk diet ...... 63 Rarthquakes and oil fields...... 395 Race track, automobile ..... , ... *7 Textiles, paper ...... 105 Gun, an automatic rifle-caliber.. . *83 Milk, vegetable ...... 306 Rat 'too much, do we ? ...... 167 Radio-active salt, a new ...... 354 Therapeutics, high-frequency cur- Gun, 14-inch, for coast defense . *208 Mine, story of an ancient...... 95 Eclipse, nex t ...... 62 Radio-activity, new experiments rents In ...... *13 8 Gun of the future ...... 4 06 Miners', death roll ...... 4 70 Edison's concrete house antici- in ...... *440 TherapeutiCS, i._.ic ..••.••.....*51 Gunnery, naval ...... 42 Mirror experiments .. .•..•....*398 pated ? ...... 443 Radio-thorium, decomposition of . 95 Thermometer, a home-made air. *118 Gunnery, U. S. and British ...... 146 Model basin methods ...... *418 Egg production ...... 360 Radium and birthmarks ...... 291 Third-rail conductors, overhead Guns an d armor, naval ...... *4 22 Modeling wax ...... 46 Eggs, analysis of hens' ...... 167 Radium bromide, bromine from ..166 and ...... 42 Guns, erosion in large ...... 162 Models of insect pests ...... *137 Eggs of dogfish...... 163 Radium emanation and products .166 Tibet, Western ...... *444 Guns, too heavy on warships ....302 Monitors for harbor defence ....*413 Egypt, excavations in ...... 131 Radium for prodUCing gems ...... 442 Timber, drying kilns for ...... 187 Gyroscope and airships ...... 390 Moniagu battleship ...... *211 Egyptian irrigation canal . . *113, 122 Radium in Simplon Tunnel .....207 '. rin varnish ...... 13 Moon's phases and eclipse...... 46 Electric dining table ...... *1 04 Radium, source of ...... 139 Toad venom ...... 208 H Mortar batteries in war vessels .. ·99 Electric equipment on Erie ...... 320 Rail heads, split ...... 94 'l'obacco, nicotineless ...... 79 Motor attachment for farm im- Electric lamp, to turn down ....*210 Rail joint, interlocking ...... *32 Toning prints ...... ;..... 5 Hammers, improvement in ...... *67 plements ...... *311 Electric lights, comparative ef- Rail problem, steeL...... 22 Torpedo-boilt destroyers ...... *41 3 Hand shaped by profession ....*478 Motor bicycle improvements ....*344 ficiency of ...... 13 Rail situation ...... 43 Torpedo boat, new motor ...... 406 Handwriting examination ...... 393 Motor boat, intelnational race ...103 Electric locomotives on P. R. R .. *170 Railroad bed construction ...... 207 Torpedo boats, sea-going ...... *237 Hanger for pipes ...... *19 2 Motor boat racing ..... " ...... 242 Electric service, New Haven, Railroad construction in Canada . *10 Touring contest, Glidden...... 47 Hatfield cars ...... *324 Motor boat show ...... 455 58, *73, 79 Railroad electrific ation ...... 254 Touring in an automobile ...... *3 30 Health, automobiling and .....•.151 Motor cars, gasoline railroad. ... 23 Electric target, an ...... *395 Railroad, experimental ...... 26 Tower of tetrahedral cells ...... *242 Heater for the hand ...... *227 Motor torpedo boat ...... 406 Electric welder, improved ...... *82 Railroad system, stupendous . ..254 Toys, French ...... *46 2 Heater for motor car ...... *3 32 Motoring to South Pole ...... 278 Electrical show ...... 255 Railroads, London tube, completed 98 Tracks, cement, Weybrldge ...... *57 Heavens In August ...... *59 Moving a theater ...... *171 Electrification of railroads ...... 254 Railroad, new station ....*201, 206 Track-laying machine, new .....* 244 Heavens in September ...... *147 Moving platforms for bridges ...202 Electrolysis cause of rusting ? .. 94 Rails, better, for 1908 ...... 162 Trade, foreign ...... •..• 8 Heavens in October ...... *235 Moving pll!-tforms on Brooklyn Electrolytic transformer ...... 11 Ralls, guard ...... 9 Train dispatching, telegraph vs. Heavens in November ...... *303 B ridge ...... 239, 259 Electroplate, "touching up" ..... 79 Rails, prospects of better...... 74 telephone ...... 259, 307 Heavens In December ...... *39 1 Musical instrument, new ...... *334 Electrolysis and metal pipes ...473 Railway bridges, German...... 43 Trains, evils of telephone orders .187 Heilprin, Angelo ...... 62 I'Jlephant extinct from Africa ....150 Railway car, the Pope's ...... 304 Train ferries across English Hoax, a scientific...... 170 N JoJIephants in India ...... *2 95 Railway curve mechanics...... 27 Channel ...... •.....390 Holly hedges ...... 95 Elevators, two in one shaft ... .471 Railway disasters in England .. .439 Transformer, electrolytic ...... 11 Holsman cars ...... *324 Naval Academy, the U. S ...... *415 EClipse of the sun, 1908 ...... *474 Railway, new, in Asia Minor ....169 TranSit, a pocket ...... *310 Honey, artificial ...... 303 Naval developments since Span- Ellipses, instruments for draw- ish war ...... 424 Railway track construction ...... *32 Transmissions for automobiles ..*32 5 Hudson celebr ation ...... 291 ing ...... *472 4 Railways of stone ...... 222 Transportation in Germany ...... 238 Hudson-Fulton celebration .....234 Naval forces in the' Pacific...... Emerald as an eyeglass ...... 95 Railways, Spanish ...... 220 Trophies, Aero Club ...... *3 38 Hudson Company's station . *201, 206 Naval gunnery ...... 42 Employer's liability, President on .454 Ramsay's work on copper .egra- Tunnel under Detroit River*453, 458 Hydrolith for balloon inflation... 78 Naval school, English ...... *48 Engine, Franklin ...... ,. *322 dation ...... 440 Tunnel under East River ...270, 286 Hydroplane boat ...... *3 04 Naval strength, what consti- Engine, Hewitt ...... *323 Razors, improvement in ...... *13 9 Turbine, first American liner. .. 139 Hydroplane gliding craft ...... *76 tutes it ...... 406 Engine, Marmon ...... *322 Naval wireless telegraphy ...... 259 Regulations, details of railroad .. 43 Turbines in German navy ...... 18 4 Hydroplane, Santos Dumont's ..*278 Engine, National ...... *322 Reindeer in Labrador ...... 334 Turbine test ...... 98 Hypnotic influence ...... 255 Navy, cruise to the Pacific...... 162 Engine, Stoddard-Dayton .. . *322, 340 Navy, fastest ship in U. S ...... *117 Reliance motors ...... *323, 348 Turbines as gyrostats ...... 63 Turnbuckle, home-made ...... *250 Engineers, two in the cab ...... 130 Navy, proposed new ships ...... 454 Rittenhouse orrery ...... *18 4 I Engines, a boy's modeL ...... *2 05 Nevada placers, dredging ...... 5 Roads, rescuing our ...... 321 "Typhonoid," the ...... *13 6 Engines, automobile ...... *323 Roads, wear of, by automobiles .. 12 Identification system U. S. A .. ..*50 New York harbor channeL ...... 114 Engines, combined reciprocating Rubber cultivation ...... •...... 13 u Ignition of charge in ordnance ...119 New York's water supply ...... 218 and turbine ...... 146 Niagara Illuminated .....•....*273 Rubber goods manufacture . *233, 240 Image, inverted ...... *09 Utility motor vehicles ...... *31 9 Ether anresthesia, discovery of ..442 Nichols, Edward ...... *471 Rusting, Is it electrolytic ? ..... 94 Imagination in sciimce ...... 16 6 L Evolution of matter ...... 182 Nicotineless tobacco ...... •.... 79 Imperial chassis ...... *325 Expedition, Antarctic ...... 50 , 394 ..•.....239 v Incense ...... •...... 306 Nitrate of soda recovery s Explosives, manufacture of . ...*47 5 Nitrogen from the air ...... *256 Incubators, electric ...... * 336 ...... •.... "Salem," the fastest . cruiser ....*117 Vanadium steel 44 Exports, growth of ...... 114 Nitrogen to preserve fruit ...... 211 Indian language, grammar of. . .. 46 Saliva as antiseptic ...... 379, 443 Vegetables and fruits, wax ...... *45 Eyes and ultra-violet light ... .474 North Pole, Fiala trip ...... 46 Insect pests, models of ...... *137 Sand painting ...... 24 Venus as a luminous ring ...... 461 Insects, magnified ...... • 225 Santos Dumont's new aeroplane . *445 Vesuvius in eruption ...... 4 47 F Insects nests and nurseries .... . *396 o , Sapphires, artificial ...... 235, 363 Vibration in passenger ships ....470 Insects that destroy metaL .....17 3 Vibrator apparatus ...... *346 Fabled cities submerged ...... 219 01ll ce building, largest .....*37 3, 378 Saturn's "knots" ...... *376, *441 Invention, college of ...... 11 5 Vickers-Maxim gun, a new ...... *83 Fastnet lighthouse ...... *217, 226 Oil, gas and coke from ...... *2 63 Scoring board, electric ...... *60 Inventors' aid institution ...... 9 Violin player, automatic ...... 470 Faucet connection for generator. *383 Oleomargarine, household tests SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN flying ma- Inventors, idea for ...... 63 Vision In vertebrates and cepha- Fender for cars ...... *227 for ...... " 12 chine trophy .147, 163, *191, 291 Ionic therapeutics ...... *51 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN lopods ...... •..•.•...... 461 Ferries across English Channel ..390 Optical illUSion, an ...... *379 trophy, how Ironing table, folding ...... *311 Vivisection ...... 302 Fiala trip to North Pole ...... 46 Orrery, the Rittenhouse ...... *1 84 made ...... *276 i" ipstas, Mex ican ...... *457 Orthopredic appliances ...... *6 5 Serum Institute in Vienna ...... * 360 w Fire engine, chemical, for mines .134 u: Osborne na.val college ...... *48 Sewage disposal works...... 98 Osmotic action experiments ...... 375 Sewing machines, attachment for . *67 11' ire losses ...... 218 War cars, ancient and modern ..*2 60 Kelvin, Lord ...... *469, 475 Oval billiard table ...... *473 Sextants, artificial horizon for . *457 l� ire prevention at sea ...... 338 Warship tonnage of navies .....*414 Kilns for drying lumber ...... 1 87 Overcoat, the ...... 376 Sheep-killing bird ...... *154 Fish, live, on ocean steamers ...475 Waste, national ...... 374 Kite ascensions, international. ...*97 Overhead and third-rail conduc- Ships, vibration in passenger ...470 Fish, one-eyed ...... 51 Water elevator for windmills ...*383 Kites, Cody, for the British army 8 tors ...... 42 Shock absorbers for autos ...... *3�6 Fisheries in the Philippines , ....445 Water heater, filter, and cooler.. *399 Krupp establishment ...... 47 Shoes, water walking ...... *12 Flame, manometric ...... *6 Water power, Dalmatian ...... *66 Sieve, magic ...... *30 Flax, prize for extraction of ....11 4 p Water supply of U. S ...... 271 L Signals, block, in locomotive Flea a disease carrier ...... 202 Water supply, New York's ..162, 218 Pacific coast yacht racing ...... 09 cabs ...... *61 Flight sustained at high speed .. . 443 Water walking shoes ...... *12 adder for uneven ground ...... *244 Pacific cruise, significance of ...*407 Fluorescence and chemkal con- L Signals for power boats ...... 119 Waterway, Chicago-St. Louis ...*209 Lady of Senbtes ...... 46 2 Pacific docking facilities ...... 75 Significance of Pacific cruise ....*407 stitution ...... 275 Waterways, national scheme for . 438 ' Lake commerce ...... 374 Pacific, navy's visit to ...... 162 Silk for spiders ...... 118 Flying, early experiments ...... *272 Wax fruit and vegetables ...... *45 a .. . 2 Prestum, excavations at ...... 50 ...... •...... Flying ne ..... L mbert chassis ...... *3 5 Silver cleaning 47 machi economics .. 394 Wax, modeling ,...... 46 Lamps, electric, comparative ef- Paint, removal of ...... 11 Silver, outcrop of ...... *6 Flying machine, Gammeter's, Weaving in India, hand loom ...151 ficiency of ...... 13 Palimpsest brasses .. ...•...... 331 Silvering process ...... 118 253, 258 Weeds of great value ...... 46 Largest olll ce building.. ...*373, 378 Panama Canal problems ...... 187 Singer building ...... *161, 168 Flying machine, proposed compe- Welder, improved electric ...... ';'82 Lath cutter, improved ...... *8 4 Panama Canal, progress ....183, 234 Sleepers, longitudinal .....307, "9 tition ...... 394 Wellman airship ...... •..166 Len S 01' liquid floats...... 103 Panama canal in war ...... 459 Smoke consumer, new ...... 207 Flying machine suggestion ...... *230 Wellman's airship test ...... 223 Leveling rod, an improved ...... *244 Panama, French machinery at .270 Sound from a moving source. ... 9 Flying machine trophy ...... 147 Wheel, cushioned ...... •...*19 2 Life, the limits of ...... 148 Panama, labor saving at ...... 374 Speaking, energy consumed in .. ..237 . Flying machines at St. Louis ....2 03 Wheel for vehicles ...... *8 4 Light velocity of invisible rays. .. 8 Panama locks, size of ...... 4 70 Speed at sea, value of ...... 202 Flying machines, European .....*292 Wheel skates ...... •..*292 Lighthouse, new Fastnet ...*217, 226 Panama, wider locks...... 302 Speed governor for automobile ..*332 l? orest preserves, proposed ... , ..470 Wheel, traction ...... *24 Lightning ball ...... , . .. 47 Paper from peat ...... 413 Spelling reform ...... 378 [<'orest reserves, new ...... 4 13 Window washing device ...... *227 6 Liquid air apparatus ...... *22 0 Parasites for fruit tree pests ...18 3 Spelling, reformed scientifi c. .... 9 [<' ossils in Egypt ...... 2 Wireless telephone development . *275 Lithium from copper ...... 95, 441 Patent act, British ...... 306 Split rail heads, cause and cure. . 94 Freight cars, delay of ...... 46 Wireless telephony for navy ....*221 ?�') Locomotive, largest ...... *11 9, 121 Patent notes ...... 399 Spoon for medicine ...... *, ,4 French machinery at Panama ... 1 Wireless telegraphy, CIifden sta- Logging in Northwest ...... 375 Patent office change ... '" ...... 394 Spring, a novel vehicle ...... *139 Fruit, dried, food value of ...... 276 ' tion ...... *377 Luminous frogs and crabs ...... 395 Peerless automobiles .....*323, 347 Stars, distribution of variable ... 23 Fruit picker ...... *227 Wireless telegraphy, naval...... 2 59 usitania, the ... 181, 188, 238 Pennsylvania terminal and fire .462 Steam pipes, covering for ...... 117 Fruit tree pests, parasites for ...18 3 \ L *96, Wireless telegraphy, present stat- 4 Lusitania, four-day boat ...... 27 0 Perkin, Sir William ...... *62 Steel, enemies of structuraL ... 4 Fruits and vegetables, wax .....* 5 us ...... 354 Lusitania, speed of ...... 94 Phosphorus, red ...... : ...... 394 Steel, hardening, metals ...... 155 Fuel from fruit seeds ...... 376 Wireless telegraphy, transatlan- . <01 Lusitania, steam trials...... 130 Photography, color, Lumiere ..... 42 Steel rail problem ...... 22 Fuel tests at jamesto wn .... 1 tic ...... 234 Photography of planets...... 355 Steel vanadium ...... 44 Fulton, father of steamboat .....146 Wires, copper, heating of ...... 59 M Photomicrographs without a Storage battery, a new ...... *3 99 l" ulton, proposed celebration .....234 Woodcock, position of ear ...... 115 microscope ...... , ...*64 Street cars, separate entrances Furs, cold storage of ...... *17 2 World, around the, In 40 days .. . 42 Magical cures ...... *132 Picture telegraphy ...... *28 5-288 and exits for ...... 438 Wound sucking, ancient . . . " ...• 96 Manometer ...... * 6 Pile foundation for tunnel tubes *S Strength of Naval powers, com- G Marble quarries at Carrara .....*361 Pipe-bending machine ...... *220 parative ... '" ...... *414 Y Gammeter's flying machlne.*253, 258 Marconi Company reply ...... 443 Planet photography ...... 355 Striking a light ...... *1 49

Gas engines ; use for exhaust Marconi station at Clifden .....*377 Plant culture, electrical...... *279 Submarine fleet development .. ..*420 Yacht races for Astor and King's gases ...... 98 Marconi's success ...... 286 Plant lice preventive ...... 12 Submarines, good work by ...... 74 cups ...... ,*151 ...... •. �2 Gas from crude oil *263 M'arlne turbines ...... 58 Pla tinum, broken up ...... 394 Submarines, "Octop'us" type.. ... Yacht racing on Pacific coast ... 99 Gas, Mond, in pottery ovens .....121 Mars, life on ...... 287 Plug puzzle, answer to ...... *67 Subway, health conditions in ....'1 46 Yeast serum "...•. " .. 277 Gasoline tester, a ...... * 342 Mars, recent observations ...... 218 Polar expedition ...... 291 "Suevlc," launch of new bow ..*3 63 Gem, a new ...... 119 Mars, temperature of ...... 44 Pole, South, Shackleton Antarc- Sunstroke, electric ...... : .....391 z Gems by means of radium ...... 442 Mastery of the ocean ...... 454 \ tic expedition ...... 50 Susa;�'excavatlons at ...... 95 Geologic work in national forests.150 Mastodons, greatest of...... * 103 Pottery ovens, Mond gas used .••121 Swamp reclamation ...... : .....390 Zoological Congress ...... •....1 63

Boots, shoes. and slippPl's, certain, J. Dono- & ...... •...... - van Co. GU. ()58 I. �. C. Boots, shoes, and slippers, leather, JL D. Wells Co...... 66.667 17 Brandy, Rat'ton Vineyard Co ...... (1G, 6 H fjasoline Engines Brnsbps, tooth, R. Iludnut's Pharmacy ...... G6. 09 6 G6,58 JOS· �\�:1�: a . . SMOOTH t��o!:��e 3 8:���'comp ��...... ��1:-\:;f;(�)�1�1';...... 66,6 2 RVNNING CempntR. glue,_ and adhesives, Caementiulll ( ParPllt) Co...... fl6.n:16 �� &�� ...... �� i Chuirs, l'ockf>l's, settpps, amI sofas, Taylor 06,613 � (')�i'(:t'( ' '�\�1��l'3:1;1�" '(i�� I CheeCun's�airH�g�H:.f�)�.t,· et (ips ··Produeteul : 's reunis de RoqllefOl't (Aveyron ) ...... 66,598 Chemical IH'('IHU"ation, cl·rtain, Did tel Chemi- cal "T orks ...... , ..., ...... H6, 602 Chocolate and coeoa, Penns371vHnia Choeolate � ...... �- Coats, vests, and tronsers, l\loch, Berman & Co...... , ...... , .. "., .., ....., ... 66, 629 Coats, Y('st8, trousers, and overcoats, Decker A line of en,2ines adapted to the u::;es of all classes & Cohn ...... 66. 61 9 of mecbanics. Constructed on mechanically correct Corsets, Royal ,,"-ol'ceste1' Corset Co ...... flG, 6:n principles. Everywhere distinguished for their Cough drops, ,,","'essel Bros. Cawly Co ...... HH, 2 safety and ease of management, as wen as for their 65 Cough mixture, Ogden and Shimpt'...... effiCiencyand economy. 66,647 ..... Vertical style, in 2 and 3·horse power. Dress shields, l\I ona �I Hnl1facturing Co 66,G69 . Bradley's Sons . Horizontal (Stationary and Portable), in 4, 6, 8, 10, Edge tools, certain, G "T. 66,584 . & 12, 15 and 20-horse power. Emhroidel'Y cotton, Carson Pirie Scott , , 3 Also a I-tlOrse power air cooled engine. Co...... , .... , ...... " ...... H6 Gn & Stocks carried by H. C. local agents at an prin Felts in the piece, C. 'V. House Sons •••• GG,664 I. & cipal points. Ad.dress home office for catalogs and Fertilizers, 11�. "" . '£unnt'll Co ...... •••• 66, 601 particulars. Flour, whf'ut, CreSCf'llt l\T ilIing Co ...... •.. 6(i.,f)87 The InternatIonal Harvester Company of Ame ic Flour, whl�at, "T ashbul'll Crosby Co .....••..• 66, H14 (INCOHPORATED) r a Flours, whput, Globe l\I illing Co ...•...... 06,589 Accurate as its Big 15 lIarvester Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Food, certain, Tl'opon Gesellschaft mit be- SChl'llnktpr IIaftung ...... , ..... 6G,599, 6n,GOO Foods, cereal breakfast, A. 1\1. Pereyra . . ... 6G, 5H5 Foods, cprtain, Zane & Gill ...., .. , ...... GG, G1 5 Brother & Foods, certain cereal, Shannon 1\1ott Co .. 66,610 Foods, whl�at In'paldast, Portland :F louring An ideal gift is the Lady Elgin - in I! *aIEa:'_ jWIJtii" jJ I . We estimate on anything'IN you want made to order. �lills Co...... 6fi.i\96 G ames. card, A .•T. Fall ...... •. ()G,Gf)o EXPERT every respect a standard Elgin-made STA 1U PINGS, MODEl,S. WORK Hair tonics and renewers, '1". B. Lathem ... 6G, 62 8 'Ye publi5h "The Silent Partner," a brainy little Icc cream freezers, Snow Flake Manufac- as small as possible without sacrific of • .... , .....•...... •...... , 7 magazine, full good thoughts. Sample free. Writ� us. turing' Co. 66, 5H ing Elgin accuracy, durability and TilE GLOBE MACIlINE AND STAMPING co. Knit undershirts, Ruhell s & J\I urblc ...... 66, 672 9Z0 lIamUton 8t.� Cleveland, O. Knitted goods, certain, )fichigan Knitting FURS THE perfect adjustment. The Co...... , ...... , ...... , .... ' .. 66, 668 POR Lard, Charles Wolff Packing Co . .•...... 66, 656 & 1..<'ather, F. Blumenthal' Co...... 66,655 Corliss Engines, Brewers' )Iachirwl'Y, certain, R. Kroll ...... , 607 and ButTlers' Mac i ery. 'r HE VILTER 66 n )l ngazi le, IlItprnational S11nshil1(, Society .... G , GG MFG. CO., 899 Clinton St" Milwaukee, Wis. � 6 6 Whole Family h l\Iensul'lng instruments, certain, Stanley Rule OUl.' plan of making furs to measure LADY ELGIN & Level Co...... , ...... , ...... 66, 675 and. selling tbem by mail is a great cun� ::\Iedieal and surgical applianc('s and instru- venlence to fur buvers. It brings our big & EXPERIMENTAL WORK nlellts, B. F. Goodrich Co...... 66,(4')3 fur factory rij2ht to your home. From our is sure to please and give lasting and Inventions deveioped. Special :\J ac inery.. MODELS l\IpfiicinC'. dyspe]lsia. L. C. 'VedgC'futh...... 6G, 651 Style Book you make your 8election, E...... 30 V. BAIllARO. 24 Frankfort Street. New York.h 1\I C'dicines, cl'l'tnin, J. S. Ramage .., , 66 . G send us your measures, we make the reliable service. Valuable as a jewelry l\Iedicines. laxative and digestive, Spirine Ex- furs to fit at pri ce.g that wi n save you tracting Co...... 66,648 some money. and we send them to you piece - invaluable as a time piece. Expert Manufactnrers �ipJlel's and pliers, Utica Drop Forge and on approval. Tool Co. .... rn ade-to�ort1er furs an d fur �ar z Fine Jobbing \Vork ...... 6G, 64n Our Illustration actual si e of watch. Every RUBBER Oats, etc .• rolled, Albel's Bros :MilJing . 6f:l,()16 PARKER, STEARNS 228.229 South Street, New York . Co . ments have a distinctive and exclusive &. CO .. Paper bags, Cleveland-A ...... • kron Bag Co 66, 605 style ; fit wel1, sit well and have that com Elgin Walch is fully guaranteed-rall Paper o�7stpr pails, Chicago Folding .. forta.ble sn u"," feeling 1bat cancot always Box Co 66, 604 jewelers have them. Send for " The Pape�, printing and writing, Graham PapPI' be claimed for ready-made furs. They TO MANUFA CTURERS Co...... • to are handsomely trimmed and thoroughly . 66,590 66,592 well made throughout. Substantial European firm with experienced travellers PIallOS, S. \V. Miller Piano Co. • •.•.....•.. 66,673 Walch," a story of the time of day. 6 8 visiting educational Institutions in all countrie!3 seeks Powdt>r, toilet. C. Bottcher ...•...... 6, 0 4 sole agency or agencies for school articles. Satisfactory Puzzle, R. IIaldpnwung. Jr ...... 66, 662 Elgin National Watch Company, results assured. Address T. F. D., Hedge Company, Remedy for epilepsy, Dr. W. Towns Medical 11 West 32d Street, New York. Co. •...... 66. 639 Made to Measure Elgin, m. Remedy for rheumatism and gout J. H. Ho\\'arth .., ...... , ...... ' ..... , .. 66,645 Rock drilling 1Uachin(�s, KOllomax Rock Drill Syndleatp , ...... , .., ....•.... 66,593 Rubbpr boots and shoes. Bourn Rubher Co .. G6,6�5 How Ruhber goods, ('('rtain, H. O. Canfield Co, ... 66,621 to Construct . Shirts, dress and negligee, J. II. Rice & Experimental & Model Work Frif'dmanll Co...... , .... , ...... 66,627 Slatf', l'�ofing, Genuine Bangor Slate Co ..... G, 5 An Independent Interrupter1;'), Wm. Gardam &Son, 45-51 Rose St,N.Y 6 88 In SCIENTIFIC AMERI AN SUPPLEMENT, 1 6 Oir. & advice/ree. Soap. Compagnie Ray mit beschl'ankter A. }1'rederick Collins describesC fully and clear ly with IIaftung ...... , .." .. 66, 657 the help of good drawings an independent multiple Stoves and ranges, Helena Stove and Range interrupter may be constructed for a large ind uction how \:J'{OVELTIES Be PATEffTEO ARTICLES Co, ...... " ...... , 6 3 coil. ��NUFACTilBEO CONTRACT. PliNCHING DIES. SPECIAL MACHINERY. 06 6 liv Surgical lubri('ant, H . )Ielzel' ...... 66,5H4 'rhis article should be read in connection with IB.KQlIIGSlOWc TA MPING & TOOL WORKS, Cl,EVE,LAND,O. Sllspf'nders and belts, :Monarch Suspenopr )Ol r. Collins' article in �CIE�TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE Co.• ...... , ...... , ...... 66,670 1 605, h lUEXT. Ho,v to Construct a IOU-Illite Tires, rubber, Ha rtford Rllbhl"r "T orks Co., \Vireless Telegraph Outfit. " O �f.�,�a�;�j�l,�f ra�: (1(1J i22 hr 66, 020. G, 640 to 66, 044 Each Supplement costs 10 cents j 20 cents for the Worrell,Haunibal,I\10. DRYING MACHINES Tonie, lung, \\�. T. Owbridge, Ltd ...... 66, 050 two. Order from your newsdealer or from 1' onic malt lilllloI', IIouston Ice & Brpwing , 6 Co...... " .. , ...... 6,605 MUNN & CO •• 361 Broadway , New York TrOllRPl's. \' PRt8. coa hi , and ovel'coats Graves • & Co ... EXllfl'inul'lIt:ll ,,"01'1:: for ImI N8'q.P�flls(>utorIJ ,." .., .... , ....' ... " ... 60.620 JlJ'AK [ S"J8L�L V('hieles,) eu 8. Clinton St.. (,Iol�""'.. I TUBE FLUX 'I fu ...... ��' For SOLDERINC 'Yushbotll'd:-l. :\[ulwllf':-Ih'l' FUl'niture Co ...... O(j 6-h:i BLAKE SV hisl;:y. E. ::\Iurtin & Co . , ...... 6 5B 6 : 6 I ....fiO,6a7. I ,,7 ine. c(,l'taiIl , Chas. A. Zahn Co n(i.. a:�8 Full 'Vint's, C'prtain, R;ll'ton Vim·y:ud Co ...... 6G,618 QualKUityHL alwMANays. TRAN3·phaSFse. PrompORMERSt livery. impl'i'gnating :lgent8 Size of Single and de 'V ood, for preserving and coating", Chelll isC'he Fabrik 11�lors- Tube KUHLMAN ELECTRIC CO. • ELKHART, IND, heim, Dr. H. Noerdlinger ••...••....•.. GG,5S5 l' x 5" Sample tube po�tp8Id 20c. MASON'S HOISTS stlve expense and liabilit.yincident to Elevators. Sold on Approval BLAKE SIGNAL MFG, CO., 246 Summer St., Boston, Mass. NEW PAT. WHIP LABELS &. Adopted by principal storehouses in New ¥ork & Boston "Clean All." for :l prepal':ttion for the 1'(' :Uaufd. by •• Inc. VOLNEY W. JUA SON & CO moval of dirt and grease from cloth E. e ProvIdence, Ie. I., U. 8. A. II. Xh-lloiR ,.,., .. , ...... , . .... 1 , 'V e also remodel and repair all kinds �� o/ ! , , ' a !);�8 � "Collins Hea1th Underw('Hl'." for lllldenvear, of fur garments. Look VOUl':;\ over. INVENTO RS to order ; largest equ1pment� �� ; It � they need repairing let quote vou ��,��c��r H E CO. ,Yo E. Ti llot son )Ianufacturing' Co ...... l:�,n-±� lowest prices. Send perfect sample for SCH E.RDTLE STAMP pri ce fDr making the'm practicaily as STEEL STAM PS. LETTERS & FIGURES. "J?ah;,v.H for heel', Garden City Brewpry .... 1:3,n28 us lov; estimate and best expert advice E E � good as new. a BRIDGEPORT CO!'l\N. "Dick's DiamOlHl Dust, " for i) olishillg pow- F R O. 18,0:17 THE EAGLE TOOL CO., Dept. A, CinCinnati, dprs . .J. F . O'Brien ...... ,"Ye bu-we mount-we manufacture "Epsom �;llt Tnblets, " for a medicille, H. are the biggest, best equipped mail order G, Sehlllttelling .... " ...... ,. _. 1:3,na2 firm in the fur bllsine�s with patronl'l in HOW TO MAKE AN ELECTRICAL "l!'. C . & Co, Fhlff,v Ruffles Parasols," for i St.ate in the Union where Furnace for Amateur's Use.-'l'he utilization of 110volt Ma, . o-ical Appar7 atus. ;.��." Book�, Catalog-u�. O,er 700 engravmgs parasol8. Folllllel' Clogg & Co., Inc " .,.. 1R,n:{9 ��;�� \�(!i-ll�� electr�c circui�s for small fur:nac� work. By N. Monrne ��;�� ,. h:Ul.l {l l HopkIns. ThIS valuable artICle 1S accompanied by de- 20c. Parlor l'ncks Catalogue. free. "F. C. & Co. Fluffy Ruffip s rmlll'plla." for lllUl1rellas, Follmer Clogg & Co" Inc .. ,. 1n,n-lO Rend us your raw �Kins and g a a f MAHTI�KA & CO. . Mfrs .. 4M3 Sixth Ave., York I "Flyillg J)iHhli�." apparatus, Hides and ,ye wlll make th em ��:t !�� t:'v��e�h� tb � New fot' a ga-ul C I'J, use of tools.o i 'Phisa article is contained SCIENTIFIC C. \Yeel�f' ...... " ...... , .. ,. 1:.�,n-!:� into Coa:t�, Autonlobile Coats, ��:n b� �l�� bi �l� . ( ..loves, Mittens. AMEH.fCAN 8UPPL�';ME:NT. No. 11S2. Price 10 cents. "Fort DeHl'-BotH," for , h i sky , .J. C . Jol111- J�cket8, Robes, in y Rugs, etc. It we don't suit way e orK City , 8ton ...... ,. . .. " ...... _ 1"' ' f)"" O J!��:�� , N w Y , . - ". we get no pay. \Ve refer by yblo�\.��Te� 20ne�! "La Dtllla. ·' for cigar8. A, C. Hen & y u �� :�� sehel . permission to First. Stare Banko Co. " . ".. ..., .. , .. , ...., 1:1,02-1 " and First N atlollal Bank, 'l'hree La at . ' l S ' FI�� , l Hivers, :;\IIich & � : � : .' , ( ' ...... � � � � : 1:1, n2H I "La ::\f(lt"E'wla ."' .. �(�1: for ��cigars,1��' ��A. �.:: HPllschd C. 1: �l : n')··itc todau for ():Itaio} H. LEARN WATCHMAKING Co...... & ,', ..- " ...... ,., ..... 1:L027 we teach it thoroughly in as many months as it "La rosa ," for {' igars, A . C. Hells{'hel & Co . 1::,D2:J years. Does away with tedious apprerl a o formerly took !\TAME PLATES-STEEL STAf!1P� "Liqnid Yoiel'iets, " for a medieal comnIHJ1ld. The N ti nal Fur and Tanning Co. ticeship. J\oloney earned while studying. POSitions se· mEeKS,KEY TA GS & BADGES, V, ...... , ...... 1:1,l):14 Ornndfatllt'l"1:l Cure Co . Three M i h .• U. cured. Easy terms. Send for catalog. l V ':EMPLOYEE Rivers, c S. A. I.J.ROBBINS MFG.CO. 58 KNEELAND ST. "Lydia.. E. Pillkham's Snnativl' 'Y asIl," for ST. LOrIS \VATCl lMAKING SCIIOOL, St. Loul_, llo. SEND FOR CA TALOGUE ·•. . ·SOSTON. MASS •. medieinal p rep'lln ti on s fot· \YOllll'Il'S 118(', L.nl in E. l'in kIl ;n' ll :Uedieine Co ...... 1:1,n:1G "SpHrlding' Yosl'lllite l\IillPl'lil ,,711ter.·' for a l' e ' l �v -�- ····· emica . . .t:.\', : . {�� .l�l t: I �)� �� l:�, n:U � Ch l Anaiyseg "Yoi��::��I'I,,=,Ill'�':��t8. ·' for �a ll11't�licinal� .� .i�l��': eOlllpolllld� . �,,� Industrial products examined and working , l�, � � ' �' � . Ul'Hllllfathers CUI'P Co ...... formulas provided, processes improved. coun· SPARK COILS ,. li),m::� ""7ilhelmintl COl'8PtS, " for eol'sf'ts, H, L. I expert evidence. Assay of ores. alloys. water sal and Adums ... , . , , ...., ...... 1:J.n4-1 and fuels, etc .• etc. Inventors assisted; instruction. Their Construction Simply Explained 1882. Chicago. "Zllmahypi�s, " fol' bN'!', )Iinl1eapoliSi Brew- Established Monadnock Laboratory. " 1 Scientific Anlerican SuppJclllent ing Co ...... , ...... , . .. :J , H2H 160 describes the making of a IJ1i-inch spark , coil and condenser. Scientific Alll erican Su pplenlcnt PRINTS. tells yon how to make a coil fol· gas 1514 "Goldhlume.'· for b('{'r, F, "". Cook Brewing engine ignition. �' o ...... 2, 174 Scientific i\..lll ericall .. SUPlllernent "lIas tIlt' P(lW0r of Niagara, " for HlltOlllO- explainR fullY the construction o f a 1522 hilt's. ,Yo II. Gplston . .. , ..... , ...... ,. 2,180 jump-spark coil and condenser for gas-engine "Hoyt's Illlprovl,d Pile Uemedy," for a pile ignItion . & 17 n' metly , C. II. JI«(\T t Co ..... , . ..., .... 2, 6 Scientific Anlcriean SuppJelllcnt 17 "LpXHl'd.·' for Roap, Swift aIHl ComJ)<, l ll,Y.... 2 . H 1124 describes the construction of a 6-inch '·.:\1pu's alHI BO,n, , Apparel ." 611' men's lllld spark coil. ho�n,' aplIIlI'd, II . C. Lytton ...... ,.,. 2,177 Scientific Alnel'ican �upplelll ent "GOG. C()llq�:p �pl'ii':-l COllgl'PSS Playing Cards. " TRADE MAqkS gives a full account of the making· of for playing cards, United States Playing G N lOS 7 D ESI S nn alternating current coil giving a Card 5-inch " Co. . .. " ...... , .... " ...... , ..... 2,278 COPYRIGHTS &C. spark. The n.n�pe]lti{'·s ])l'ealU ." for dyslwpsia sendin a sketch and description may tablet8, nl'. Richards Dyspl'psia 'l'ablE�t Anyone g Seientific Allleriean Supplelllcnt whether an AS8Uci,ltion, . .... , , ... , . , ...., ..... 2,175 quickly ascertain our opinion free describes a 4-inch spark coil and con probably patentable. Communica,.. 1.';27 invention is denser. tions strictly conlldentlal. HANDBOOK on Patents o r "eientlfic Alneriean Supplelllcnt g �� i� � c�� \.ee��iv e 1402 gives data for the construction of coils A prinh�d copy nf the Sl1Pcificatioll and drawing 8e�;f:�rB ?!�:�without cbarge, in the of a definitelength of spark. of any vatent in the foregoing list, OL' any patent specialnotice, in . print iSSlled �ince 186:3, will be furnished from The above· mentioned set of seven papers this office for 10 cpnts, provided the name and Scitntific Jlmtrican. will be supplied for 70 cents. number of the patpllt desired and the date be clr·, g-iven. Address �l unn & Co., 361 Broadway, New A handsomely lllustrated weekly. Largest . •. copy will be mailed for cts. York. cnlation of any scientiOc journal Terms, ,3 II Any single 10 year ; four months, ,L Sold by all newsdealers.. Canadian patents may now be obtaineiJ oy the in· MVNN /lIl. COMPANY. Publishors ventors for any of the inventions nam�r: in the tore Broadway, 361 Broadway New York going list. For terms and furth0r particula1'\l & Co.361 New Ynrk uddre88 Munn & Co., 361 Broadw,,-.I', New York. IUNNBranch Office. 625 .. St.. WlI8hiu!rtoD,Do 0:

Th e AdvanCE: Favorite

ForRubber Cold and PumpHot Water, Valves Oils, Adds, High Pressure Mine Service and for every pumping requirement. .JI. .JI. Mechanical Rubber Goods of every description of unsurpassed qualities, including BELTING, HOSE PACKINGS, Gaskets, Mats and Matting, Tubings, Springs, Interlocking Every day of service adds emphasis Tiling, Emery Wheels and MOULDED and to the fact that the chief difference CUT SPECIALTIES for any mechanical between Cadillac Model and cars and commercial device. � � � � � � � G of the most expensive types is in price, not performance. Time after NEW YORK BELTING & Typewriters come and go, time it has proven its superiority over PACKING COMPANY, Ltd. competitors of double its cost and 9t & 93 Chambers Street, New Yark but the machine that always thrice its rated power. Let a de monstrator convince you of this by ac All varieties at lowest prices. Best Railroad tual tests; then observe the long,rangy Track and Wagon or Stock Scales made. Also 1000 useful articles, including �afes, stays, always leads, always lines of the car, its simplicity and Sewing Machines, Bicycles, Tool�. etc. Save Money.Scalos Lists Free. CHICAGO SCALE Co., Chicago, lll. strength, its racy, "thoroughbred " improves, always outwears, appearance, and you will appreciate why Model G is the advance favorite

'Ve HAmean VEa. Dans YO Impron�dU GOT Tip Top ONDuplleator,E ? that for 1<)08. i�eal aS8ist�nt, always ready when yOllwant to quickly make 100 copies from Pen-written and 50 copies from Typewritten and always outsells all others Speedy, silent, responsive, always Original. Complete Duplicator, • 50 de pendab e . cap size (prints 8Xx13 in.), cost .$7 1 Twenty-five horse Lut we don't want your money power (A. A. M. rating); sliding until you are satisfied that our machine IS L. aU· right, so if you arBtor Co. log G-47. Daus Building. 11S John Street, New York Cadillac Model H, a luxurious four cylinder touring car, also commends WM. H. Remington BRISTOL itself to your attention. Thirty horse Electric Pyrometers power ; 50 miles an hour ; $2,500. Portable or Recording Forms. Described in catalog H-47. All r!Ulj:(es to 29C0" F. Practical, Ac· curate. Inexpensive. Guaranteed . to Remington Typewriter Company The Truth About the Automobile give satisfaction. Send for circulars. Wm. H. Bristol, 46 Vesey St .• New York (Incorporated) and What it Costs to Maintain One is the title of a 64-page booklet of actual facts 90% THE and figures compiled from sworn stateluents Saves New York and Everywhere of a large number of users of the sturdy single-cylinder Cadillacs. Get a free copy of tbis valuable brocbure, asking for Booklet No. 47. It contains many surprises for th03t: DIASRAPH('l'.rade -Mark Registered) who have been misled into -believing that The Improved every'automobile'is 'an expensive luxury. Stencil Cutting Machine These smaIler Cadillacs-Model S Rima Motor Made bout, and Model T Touring Car, Is a saving of 90 per cent. in your I !h:o��e��! $850, $I,OOO !�.CoO both are described led greatly improved, Shipping Room worth considering? iIi Two Thousand Diagraphs In fact . you can bave(HfAP ee catalog T-47. in use TOOL KNOWLfDGf It fr I Bore 6 x 6 Inches. by the Largest Houses in the United States. 'This cut represents our new Tool 'IJi�;�IjA l . Plenty of coo.llng sur- , CADILLAC MOTOR CAR CO., Detroit, Mich. Catalol(ue No. ��. Jt Is c oth e v t h r e g e face. No engine ever :st �� :t�, �:fl:� bound and contains pages all Member A. L. A. M. th:' b�:! �; ��:�i�� i��:�h� b�� 950 con cted with so few machine of the kind that we have ilver seen or used." �ScAwa1'tlt!"ild " about Tools. Full descriptions s�rn &li6erger Co.,Oliicago, Rl. I workmg parts. and thousands of illustrations. Just a word win bring our free illustrated booklet Sent post-paid on receipt of $1.00 Write for Agency. describing the Dlagraph and our U No Error " System wbich is refunded on your first Gasoline tank in base of shipping goods. purchase from us of $10.00or over or outside. American DiarrRpb Co., 10 N. 2d St •• St. louis, Mo., U. S. A. tic Water Supply MONTGOMERY &, CO. Automa BRISTOL'S Mo&t economical, reliable and efficient. If 105 Fulton St., N. Y. City h e t ��ara en- �?�s !1� �e� r: s5� :t o� �! foot - fall obtainable� �from� spring, brook, or river, delivered to any RecordingFor Instrumentsand e MOTOR. - THE distance. Write for catalogue. e i ELECTRIC LAUNCH {�;�f:�Y :�li ::� �� design in this paper is for a motor of unusual simplicity IN!'!UREl FE 'f ECONOMICAL: SA & of construct ion. which can easily be built by an amateur Niagara HydrauliC Engine Co. OPERATION at small cost. It is intended for " boat of about 24 feet Nassau Write for Catalog T. stating conditions over all and 4 feet 6 inches beam. drawing 18 incbes. and 14,0 Street, N. Y. is capable of propelling such craft at a speed of 7 miles THE BRISTOL CO., Waterbury. Conn., U .S.A. per bour.. IllustrateJ. with 21 cuts. See 8ClENTIFiC Street Chicag'o,'.53 MonadnockBuilding AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 1202. Price 10 "ents by mail, from this office. and from uti newsdea.lers Mullins �\ �� "\E�M®N@��!� NES (f 80 we Can SUPPlY you. All silee DIRECT FROM MI JDounted and nnlnonnred, alwaYI CRUDE ASBESTOS Toledo g Ohio,UVulcan Pla ce kept in Btock. R�member, we make a 11J12 6 ...... Sheet Met al PREPARED specialtyof selecting stones for all spe R. cial purposes. Send for catalof)'tte H Z." ASBESTOS FIBRE OFFICE.H .ST.PAU MARL BUILTIN,DING The CLEVELAND STONE CO. Statuary fo r Manufactu rers e us 220 B 'way , New York. e VUlcan Iron Wor�5 Co. I . 2d Floor. Wilshire. C l eve land. O. Unequalled for THEOur No. 19PERIs graduatedFECT in degreesPRO fromTRACTOR 0 to 90both ways. Six inch blade. Is set Architectural For ALL firmly by mean. of onr patent ': lock joint. Back of tool is flat. }C '111.'�'" Adornment In I Accurate and convenient for SlIverode . '. setting bevels or transferring Labora toriaL, .. angles. Satisfactory in every Case particular. Price $1.30. Higmy artistic e Sena flY/" 232 page catalog No. 18-R fects that are exceed· Experimental � THE L. 8. STARRETT CO., Athol, M ...... U. S. A· ingly d u r ab l e , and that cost much less Scientific Work, than cast or sculp THE " LEADER." tured work. It H. P. 611soiene Auto-Marine Engine Built like a watch. Pealltifullv Finished. Accu. Com plete illustra New York Standard rately Constructed. Light, Strong, Reliable, and ted catalogue mailed Noiseless in operation. SUitable for launches from 15 to 1\1 feet' in length. Price complete, on request. " t,75 net, no discount. Thoroughlv �uaranteed. s ti e ata = l. ;::: �� P v C · Write for esti " Stop Watches fo��;!��;��i��i;�� M��r:l r mates on all kinds of CLAUDE SINTZ, sheet metal work. will give honest, unfailing serv]ce and cost less 292 S. Froht St .• Grand Rapids. Mich. The W. H. Mullins Co., than any others made anywhere in the world, yet 203 Franklin Street Salem, O. are Fully Guaranteed. No other stop-watch is

warranted irrespective of pnce. We alsomanufacture Table Lampl, Wall Lamps, Chandeliers, Street Lamps, Etc. 100 Candle Power Yo ur Je weler Benn hours ONE CE:NT. No _'VBRI(ATl§S:';-: Ask ·Wicb:. No Smoke. ;"\0 Odor. Absolutely safe. THEY SELL AT SIGH'l'. I 5��:r:[ Exduslve territory to good&genU!. tTWritefor ANYTHISoOml S.ING CLIN TO N ST. Co., 401 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City, N. J. catalogue and prices. fL':If.�ff.US-A New York Standard Watch SOlar Light Depl G, Chicago C.K BlSLY 8CQ Chisago Co.