DOCSLIB.ORG

Health Information for International Travel 1996-97

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Health Information for International Travel 1996-97 CDCCENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION Health Information for International Travel 1996-97 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service This document was created with FrameMaker 4.0.4 ATTENTION READERS It is impossible for an annual publication on international travel to remain absolutely current given the nature of disease transmission in the world today. For readers of this text to be the most up-to-date on travel-related diseases and recommendations, this text must be used in conjunction with the other services provided by the Travelers’ Health Section of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Changes such as vaccine requirements, disease outbreaks, drug availability, or emerging infections will be posted promptly on these services. For these and other changes, please consult either our Voice or Fax Information Service at 404-332-4559 or our Internet address on the World Wide Web Server at http://www.cdc.gov or the File Transfer Protocol server at ftp.cdc.gov . Because certain countries require vaccination against yellow fever only if a traveler arrives from a country currently infected with this disease, it is essential that up-to-date information regarding infected areas be maintained for reference. The CDC publishes a biweekly "Summary of Health Information for Interna- tional Travel" (Blue Sheet) which lists yellow fever infected areas. Subscriptions to the Blue Sheet are available to health departments, physicians, travel agencies, international airlines, shipping companies, travel clinics, and other private and public agencies that advise international travelers concerning health risks they may encounter when visiting other countries. The Blue Sheet is also available by dialing our fax information service at (404) 332–4565 and requesting document number 220022#. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, (202) 512–1800. Health Information for International Travel 1996-97 December 1996 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Quarantine Atlanta, Georgia 30333 ___________________ All material in this publication is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated. Suggested Citation: CDC, Health Information for International Travel 1996-97, DHHS, Atlanta, GA. 1997. ___________________ PREFACE One of the important responsibilities of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is to provide up-to-date and comprehensive information on immunization requirements and recommendations for international travelers. Readers are invited to send comments and suggestions regarding this book to: CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Quarantine (E-03) Attention: Travelers' Health Section Atlanta, Georgia 30333 CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION David Satcher, M.D., Ph.D. Director National Center for Infectious Diseases James M. Hughes, M.D. Director Division of Quarantine Robert B. Wainwright, M.D. Director Rosamond R. Dewart, B.A. Chief, Travelers' Health Section The Travelers’ Health Section gratefully acknowledges the considerable contributions and assistance of the staff of the National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, the National Center for Infectious Diseases, the National Immunization Program, and the National Center for Environmental Health. iii This document was created with FrameMaker 4.0.4 CONTENTS CHANGES SINCE 1995 EDITION . .ix INTRODUCTION . 1 REFERENCES . 2 VACCINATION INFORMATION . 5 List of Countries by Region . .5 Exemption from Vaccination . .9 Unvaccinated Persons . .9 Travel on Military Orders . .9 Persons Authorized to Vaccinate and to Validate International Certificate of Vaccination . .9 Persons Authorized to Sign Certificate . .9 Model of a Correctly Completed Certificate . .10 VACCINATION CERTIFICATE REQUIREMENTS . 11 Summary of Vaccinations that may be Required by International Health Regulations (WHO) . 11 Vaccination Certificate Requirements for Direct Travel from the United States to Other Countries . .12 Return to the United States . .12 How to Use This Book to Determine Vaccinations Required or Recommended . .13 Vaccinations Required and Information on Malaria Risk and Prophylaxis, by Country . .17 UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE RECOMMENDATIONS . 81 Introduction . .81 General Recommendations on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) . .82 General Recommendations on Vaccination and Prophylaxis . .82 Age at Which Immunobiologics are Administered . .84 Spacing of Immunobiologics . .84 Multiple Doses of Same Antigen . .84 Simultaneous Administration . .84 Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule, United States, July-December 1996 . .85 Recommended Immunization Schedule for Infants and Children Less Than 7 years of Age Who Start the Series Late . .86 Recommended Immunization Schedule for Persons 7 years of Age or Older . 87 Minimum Age for Initial Vaccination and Minimum Interval Between Vaccine Doses. .88 Non-Simultaneous Administration . .89 v Immune Globulin. 89 Hypersensitivity to Vaccine Components . 90 Altered Immunocompetence . 91 Vaccination of Persons with Acute Illnesses . 92 Vaccination During Pregnancy . 92 Breast-feeding . 93 Immunization Schedule Modifications for International Travel for Infants and Inadequately Immunized Young Children <2 Years of Age . 95 Routine Childhood Vaccine Preventable Diseases . 95 Other Vaccines and Immune Globulin . 97 Adverse Events Following Immunization: Reporting . 99 Communicable Diseases in Disasters . 99 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VACCINATION AND PROPHYLAXIS . 101 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) . 103 African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis) . 105 Amebiasis . 105 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas' Disease) . 105 Cholera . 106 Cryptosporidiosis . 107 Cyclospora . 107 Dengue Fever . 107 Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis . 110 Encephalitis, Japanese . 112 Encephalitis, Tickborne . 116 Filiariasis, Lymphatic . 117 Giardiasis . 117 Haemophilus Influenzae, Type b Meningitis & Invasive Systemic Disease . 118 Hepatitis, Viral, Type A . 119 Hepatitis, Viral, Type B . 124 Lassa Fever . 127 Leishmaniasis . 127 Malaria . 128 Measles . 137 Meningococcal Disease . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Autophagy in Trypanosomatids
    Cells 2012, 1, 346-371; doi:10.3390/cells1030346 OPEN ACCESS cells ISSN 2073-4409 www.mdpi.com/journal/cells Review Autophagy in Trypanosomatids Ana Brennand 1,†, Eva Rico 2,†,‡ and Paul A. M. Michels 1,* 1 Research Unit for Tropical Diseases, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, postal box B1.74.01, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Campus, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28871, Spain; E-Mail: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. ‡ Present Address: Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-2-7647473; Fax: +32-2-7626853. Received: 28 June 2012; in revised form: 14 July 2012 / Accepted: 16 July 2012 / Published: 27 July 2012 Abstract: Autophagy is a ubiquitous eukaryotic process that also occurs in trypanosomatid parasites, protist organisms belonging to the supergroup Excavata, distinct from the supergroup Opistokontha that includes mammals and fungi. Half of the known yeast and mammalian AuTophaGy (ATG) proteins were detected in trypanosomatids, although with low sequence conservation. Trypanosomatids such as Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are responsible for serious tropical diseases in humans. The parasites are transmitted by insects and, consequently, have a complicated life cycle during which they undergo dramatic morphological and metabolic transformations to adapt to the different environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis Year 2006 Volume
    ZFBS 1""5 1SPHSBNNF *44/ WPMVNF "HBJOTU "GSJDBO QBSU 5SZQBOPTPNJBTJT 43%43%!.$4290!./3/-)!3)3).&/2-!4)/. $EPARTMENTFOR )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT year 2006 PAAT Programme volume 29 Against African part 1 Trypanosomiasis TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMIASIS INFORMATION Numbers 13466–13600 Edited by James Dargie Bisamberg Austria FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2006 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this in- formation product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] © FAO 2006 Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Information Volume 29 Part 1, 2006 Numbers 13466–13600 Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Information TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMIASIS INFORMATION The Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Information periodical has been established to disseminate current information on all aspects of tsetse and trypanosomiasis research and control to institutions and individuals involved in the problems of African trypanosomiasis.
    [Show full text]
  • M the Battle Against Neglected Tropical Diseases Forging the Chain “Results Innovative Build Trust, and with Intensified Trust, Commitment Management Escalates.”
    SCENES FROM THE BATTLE AGAINST NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES FORGING THE CHAIN “RESULTS INNOVATIVE BUILD TRUST, AND WITH INTENSIFIED TRUST, COMMITMENT MANAGEMENT ESCALATES.” Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General “RESULTS INNOVATIVE BUILD TRUST, AND WITH INTENSIFIED TRUST, COMMITMENT MANAGEMENT ESCALATES.” Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Forging the chain: scenes from the battle against neglected tropical diseases, with the support of innovative partners. 1. Tropical Medicine 2. Neglected Diseases I. World Health Organization ISBN 978 92 4 151000 4 (NLM classification: WC 680) © World Health Organization 2016 Acknowledgements All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website Forging the chain: scenes from the battle against neglected tropical diseases (with the support of (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, innovative partners) was prepared by the Innovative and Intensified Disease Management (IDM) unit 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). of the WHO Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases under the overall coordination and supervision of Dr Jean Jannin. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website The writing team was coordinated by Deboh Akin-Akintunde and Lise Grout, in collaboration with (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). Grégoire Rigoulot Michel, Pedro Albajar Viñas, Kingsley Asiedu, Daniel Argaw Dagne, Jose Ramon Franco Minguell, Stéphanie Jourdan, Raquel Mercado, Gerardo Priotto, Prabha Rajamani, Jose The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the Antonio Ruiz Postigo, Danilo Salvador and Patricia Scarrott.
    [Show full text]
  • Plants As Sources of Anti-Protozoal Compounds
    PLANTS AS SOURCES OF ANTI- PROTOZOAL COMPOUNDS Thesis presented by Angela Paine for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Medicine of the University of London Department of Pharmacognosy The School of Pharmacy University of London 1995 ProQuest Number: 10104878 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10104878 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 dedicated to my late father Abstract The majority of the world's population relies on traditional medicine, mainly plant-based, for the treatment of disease. This study focuses on plant remedies used to treat tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites. The following protozoal diseases: African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis. South American trypanosomiasis and malaria, and the traditional use of plant remedies in their treatment, are reviewed in a world wide context. In the present work, vector and mammalian forms of Trypanosoma b. brucei, the vector forms of Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma cruzi and the mammalian forms of Plasmodium falciparum were maintained in culture in vitro in order to evaluate the activity of a series of plant extracts, pure natural products and synthetic analogues against these protozoan parasites in vitro.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Trypanosomiasis in India: Is It an Emerging New Zoonosis?
    Chapter 4 Human Trypanosomiasis in India: Is it an Emerging New Zoonosis? Prashant P Joshi HUMAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS Trypanosomes are flagellated protozoan parasites infecting man (human trypanosomiasis) and a wide range of animals (animal trypanosomiasis) (Figures 1 and 6). Human trypanosomiasis is confined to Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and exists in two forms: 1. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) (sleeping sickness) is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is a dreadful fatal disease and was responsible for devastating epidemics in 1920s, with resurgence in 1990s. It is caused by Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) gambiense (chronic form) or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (acute form) and 2. American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) caused by T. cruzi is endemic in Latin America. Both diseases are transmitted by vectors: Human African Trypanosomiasis by infected saliva of Tsetse fly, and chagas by infected feces of bugs (Figure 2). Clinically, HAT has two Figure 2: Tsetse fly—the vector for HAT is not found in India stages: Stage 1 or hemolymphatic stage characterized by fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, especially in the posterior triangle (Winterbottom’s sign), splenomegaly, rash, pruritus, muscular pain, anemia, thrombocytopenia and carditis, which can sometimes be fatal. This is followed by stage two, the neurological phase or the meningoencephalitic stage with CNS invasion, in which there is marked sleep disturbance characterized by day-time somnolence and night-time insomnia. However, human trypanosomiasis of neither the kind which is evidenced in Africa and America, nor their vectors is found in India. ANIMAL TRYPANOSOMIASIS In contrast to human trypanosomiasis, animal trypano-somiasis has a worldwide distribution and is common in India.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rare Case of Human Trypanosomiasis Caused by Trypanosoma Evansi
    Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, (2006) 24 (1):72-4 Case Report A RARE CASE OF HUMAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS CAUSED BY TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI *RM Powar, VR Shegokar, PP Joshi, VS Dani, NS Tankhiwale, P Truc, J Jannin, A Bhargava Abstract Human trypanosoma infections like the ones seen in Africa and South America are unknown in India. The only exception in literature is of two documented cases of a self-limiting febrile illness, being attributed to Trypanosoma lewisi like parasites. We are reporting an unusual case of trypanosomiasis from the rural parts of Chandrapur district in Maharashtra. An adult male farmhand who used to practice veterinary medicine also, presented with history of febrile episodes on and off since five months and drowsiness before admission to this Institute. Though routine blood and other investigations were within normal limits, the peripheral smear showed a large number of trypanosomes which morphologically resembled the species Trypanosoma evansi, the aetiological agent of surra - a form of animal trypanosomiasis. A battery of assays covering the spectrum of parasitology, serology, and molecular biology confirmed the infecting parasite to be T. evansi. Failure to demonstrate the central nervous system (CNS) involvement, as evidenced by the absence of parasite in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) advocated the use of suramin - the drug of choice in early stage African trypanosomiasis without any CNS involvement. Suramin achieved cure in our patient. The case is being reported because of its unique nature as the patient was not immunocompromised and showed infestation with a parasite which normally does not affect human beings. Key words: Trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma evansi Human trypanosomiasis is unknown in India but is nagana in domestic animals, T.
    [Show full text]
  • The Trypanosomiases
    SEMINAR Seminar The trypanosomiases Michael P Barrett, Richard J S Burchmore, August Stich, Julio O Lazzari, Alberto Carlos Frasch, Juan José Cazzulo, Sanjeev Krishna The trypanosomiases consist of a group of important animal and human diseases caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. In sub-Saharan Africa, the final decade of the 20th century witnessed an alarming resurgence in sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis). In South and Central America, Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis) remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases. Arthropod vectors transmit African and American trypanosomiases, and disease containment through insect control programmes is an achievable goal. Chemotherapy is available for both diseases, but existing drugs are far from ideal. The trypanosomes are some of the earliest diverging members of the Eukaryotae and share several biochemical peculiarities that have stimulated research into new drug targets. However, differences in the ways in which trypanosome species interact with their hosts have frustrated efforts to design drugs effective against both species. Growth in recognition of these neglected diseases might result in progress towards control through increased funding for drug development and vector elimination. Parasitic protozoa infect hundreds of millions of people similarities and discrepancies in their biology, the diseases every year and are collectively some of the most important they cause, and approaches to their treatment and control. causes of human misery. The protozoan order Kineto- plastida includes the genus Trypanosoma, species that cause The parasites and their vectors some of the most neglected human diseases. Superficially, there are many similarities between There are many species of trypanosome, and the group trypanosome species and the diseases they cause (table).
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitology
    Parasitology Lec.Dr.Ruwaidah F. Khaleel Introduction • Parasites are traditionally considered to be protists, worms and arthropods, adapting themselves to live in or on another organisms termed host • The relationship between two dissimilar organisms that are adapted to living together is called symbiosis and the associates are symbionts • Textbooks on parasitology frequently distinguish among the fallowing three general kinds of symbiosis: commensalism, mutualism and parasitism Commensalism: • this occur when one member of association pair, usually the smaller, receives all the benefit and the other member is neither benefited nor harmed, the commensai organism referred as non-pathogenic, exp. Entamoeba. coli Mutualism: • This occurs when each member of association benefits the other exp. Termites and their flagellates. Parasitism : • The original meaning of the word parasite (from the Greek parasitos ) was one who eats at another’s table, or one who lives at another's expense. Parasite benefits, gain shelter and nutrition on the expanse of the other (host) the host may suffer from wide range of functional and organic disturbance due to such association. The parasitic organism referred as pathogenic, exp. Entemeoba histolytica (pathogenic). Type of parasites Various descriptive names denote special type or functions of parasites such as: 1. Ectoparasites: lives on the outside of the body (on the surface) and the relationship called infestation most parasitic arthropods belong to this category 2. Endoparasites: lives within the body of the host(infection). 3. Temporary or intermitted parasite: visit the host from time to time for food. 4. Facultative parasites: organism that can exist in a free living state or as a parasite.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA in Field-Caught Sand Flies from Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas of Leishmaniasis in Southern Thailand
    Article Detection of Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA in Field-Caught Sand Flies from Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas of Leishmaniasis in Southern Thailand Pimpilad Srisuton 1, Atchara Phumee 2,3, Sakone Sunantaraporn 4, Rungfar Boonserm 2, Sriwatapron Sor-suwan 2, Narisa Brownell 2, Theerakamol Pengsakul 5 and Padet Siriyasatien 2,* 1 Medical Parasitology Program, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2 Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 3 Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 4 Medical Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 5 Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-2256-4387 Received: 8 June 2019; Accepted: 31 July 2019; Published: 2 August 2019 Abstract: Phlebotomine sand flies are tiny, hairy, blood-sucking nematoceran insects that feed on a wide range of hosts. They are known as a principal vector of parasites, responsible for human and animal leishmaniasis worldwide. In Thailand, human autochthonous leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis have been reported. However, information on the vectors for Leishmania and Trypanosoma in the country is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to detect Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA in field-caught sand flies from endemic areas (Songkhla and Phatthalung Provinces) and non-endemic area (Chumphon Province) of leishmaniasis. A total of 439 sand flies (220 females and 219 males) were collected.
    [Show full text]
  • Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Symposium Advances in Basic and Applied Research
    British Society for Parasitology Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Symposium Advances in Basic and Applied Research Granada, Spain, 8th- 11th March 2020 0 Venue Information Address: Hotel Abades Nevada Palace, Calle Sultana, 3, Granada GR 18008 Tel: +34 902 22 25 70 Taxi: There are 60 designated taxi ranks in Granada. They all have a square blue sign with a T. Taxis can be hailed on the street too. They have a green light on their roof when they are available. You can book a taxi online using one of theses applications: pidetaxi Granada application https://www.granadataxi.com/pidetaxi-app or 1Taxi! application https://radiotaxigenil.com/taxi-online/ There are two taxi companies in Granada: Tele Radio Taxi Granada on 958 28 00 00 and Radio Taxi Genil on 958 13 23 23. You can call them to book a taxi in advance or immediately, if they are available near you 1 British Society for Parasitology Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Symposium GRANADA 2020, SPAIN Sunday, 8 to Wednesday, 11 March 2020 Advances in Basic and Applied Research Dear Colleagues, Nowadays many scientific meetings have grown very large and perhaps include too many broad fields and are rather impersonal and hard to navigate. The focused symposium in Granada and kindly provided by the British Society for Parasitology is centred on a small group of neglected diseases caused by related protozoa parasites and offers the perfect venue to meet together and with a suitable number of scientists to make the most of our time together. Furthermore, we chose a hotel as the symposium venue to increase considerably the potential for meeting, exchanging ideas and collaborating.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances in the Discovery of Novel Antiprotozoal Agents
    molecules Review Recent Advances in the Discovery of Novel Antiprotozoal Agents Seong-Min Lee y, Min-Sun Kim y, Faisal Hayat and Dongyun Shin * College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea; [email protected] (S.-M.L.); [email protected] (M.-S.K.); [email protected] (F.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 3 October 2019; Accepted: 23 October 2019; Published: 28 October 2019 Abstract: Parasitic diseases have serious health, social, and economic impacts, especially in the tropical regions of the world. Diseases caused by protozoan parasites are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity, affecting more than 500 million people worldwide. Globally, the burden of protozoan diseases is increasing and is been exacerbated because of a lack of effective medication due to the drug resistance and toxicity of current antiprotozoal agents. These limitations have prompted many researchers to search for new drugs against protozoan parasites. In this review, we have compiled the latest information (2012–2017) on the structures and pharmacological activities of newly developed organic compounds against five major protozoan diseases, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, trichomoniasis, and trypanosomiasis, with the aim of showing recent advances in the discovery of new antiprotozoal drugs. Keywords: protozoan diseases; parasitic; giardiasis; leishmaniasis; malaria; trichomoniasis; trypanosomiasis 1. Introduction It is well known that parasitic diseases are a serious health problem, that has a deep impact on the global human population [1]. Among parasites, protozoan parasites, such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania mexicana, Plasmodium falciparum, Giardia intestinalis, and Trichomonas vaginalis, are the major disease-causing organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitology
    Parasitology Dr: Fadia Al-Khayat Lec: twelve Flagellates-Protozoan Mostly uninucleate organisms, that possess, at some time in the life cycle, one to many flagella for locomotion and sensation. (A flagellum is a hairlike structure capable of whiplike lashing movements that furnish locomotion.) Mastigophora - the flagellates. Inhabit the mouth, bloodstream, gastrointestinal, or urogenital tracts. Morphological Characteristics Flagellum(ae) - organelles of locomotion; an extension of ectoplasm; moves with a whip-like motion. Axostyle - a supporting mechanism, a rod-shaped structure; not all flagellates have these. Undulating membrane - a protoplasmic membrane with a flagellar rim extending out like a fin along the outer edge of the body of some flagellates. Costa - a thin, firm rod-like structure running along the base of the undulating membrane. Cytosome - a rudimentary mouth; also referred to as a gullet. Identification of a flagellate is based upon: Size. Shape. Motility. Number and morphology of nuclei. Number and location of flagella Location in the body of the host. Flagellates are classified according to their occurrence in their vertebrate host body 1- intestinal and atrial flagellates which live in the alimentary canal and the urinogenital tract. 2-Blood and tissue flagellates which live in the blood,lymph and tissue of the host. Intestinal and atrial flagellates Giardia intestinalis (G.duodenalis, G.lamblia) Is a flagellate protozoan, that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis. common to human and several other mammalian species such as dogs, cats, bovines .The life cycle includes trophozoite and cyst phases. Morphology The trophozoite is pear shaped, with a broad anterior and much attenuated posterior.
    [Show full text]