DOCSLIB.ORG

Psychopathology & Abnormal Psychology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Psychopathology & Abnormal Psychology PsychopathologyPsychopathology && AbnormalAbnormal PsychologyPsychology WeWe havehave talkedtalked aboutabout individualindividual differencesdifferences inin personality,personality, abilities,abilities, etc.,etc., butbut somesome individualindividual differencesdifferences gogo beyondbeyond thethe rangerange ofof normalnormal functioningfunctioning andand areare usuallyusually calledcalled psychologicalpsychological disordersdisorders JustJust howhow toto definedefine psychopathologypsychopathology isis thethe subjectsubject ofof somesome disagreementdisagreement Is it simply statistically infrequent behavior? Violation of social norms? Behavior that produces personal distress? Maladaptive or dysfunctional behavior? PsychologicalPsychological disordersdisorders generallygenerally fitfit severalseveral ofof thesethese criteriacriteria ClassificationClassification schemesschemes ThreeThree categoriescategories (up(up untiluntil aboutabout 2525 yrsyrs ago)ago) Organic brain syndromes Neurosis : any disorder characterized by conflict and anxiety that cause distress and impair a person ’s functioning but don ’t render him/her incapable of coping with external reality (e.g., phobias, panic disorder, obsessive -compulsive disorder, etc.) Psychosis : any disorder characterized by severely disordered thought or perception to the point of a break with reality (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) Examples ClassificationClassification schemesschemes TheThe currentcurrent emphasisemphasis isis onon clear,clear, observableobservable criteriacriteria (vs.(vs. theorytheory --basedbased inferencesinferences aboutabout unseenunseen processes,processes, e.g.,e.g., ““unconsciousunconscious conflictconflict ””)) TermsTerms havehave changedchanged somewhatsomewhat neurosis:neurosis: notnot asas widelywidely usedused psychosis:psychosis: stillstill usedused butbut moremore narrowlynarrowly DSMDSM --IVIV ClassificationClassification andand DiagnosisDiagnosis ofof MentalMental DisordersDisorders DiagnosticDiagnostic andand StatisticalStatistical ManualManual IVIV (DSM(DSM --IV):IV): TheThe mostmost widelywidely usedused schemescheme forfor classifyingclassifying psychologicalpsychological disordersdisorders TheThe ““BibleBible ”” ofof mentalmental disordersdisorders CatalogueCatalogue ofof mentalmental disordersdisorders andand howhow toto diagnosediagnose themthem FiveFive Axes,Axes, oror categoriescategories ofof evaluationevaluation ClassificationClassification andand DiagnosisDiagnosis ofof MentalMental DisordersDisorders DSMDSM --IVIV axesaxes (the(the individualindividual getsgets anan evaluationevaluation onon eacheach axis)axis) AxisAxis 1:1: MajorMajor ClinicalClinical SyndromesSyndromes AxisAxis 2:2: PersonalityPersonality DisordersDisorders AxisAxis 3:3: PhysicalPhysical DisordersDisorders AxisAxis 4:4: StressfulStressful LifeLife EventsEvents AxisAxis 5:5: OverallOverall LevelLevel ofof FunctioningFunctioning AnxietyAnxiety DisordersDisorders AnxietyAnxiety disordersdisorders areare characterizedcharacterized byby anxietyanxiety —— AA sensesense ofof apprehensionapprehension oror doomdoom thatthat isis accompaniedaccompanied byby manymany physiologicalphysiological reactions,reactions, suchsuch asas acceleratedaccelerated heartheart rate,rate, sweatysweaty palms,palms, tightnesstightness inin thethe stomach,stomach, tension,tension, fear,fear, insomniainsomnia Generalized anxiety disorder Phobias Panic disorder (PD) Obsessive -compulsive disorder (OCD) Stress disorders GeneralizedGeneralized AnxietyAnxiety DisorderDisorder AnxietyAnxiety isis ““freefree --floating,floating, ”” notnot relatedrelated toto anyany clearclear objectobject PersonPerson isis visiblyvisibly worriedworried andand fretful,fretful, oversensitive,oversensitive, cancan ’’tt concentrateconcentrate oror makemake decisions,decisions, sufferssuffers fromfrom insomniainsomnia PhysiologicalPhysiological accompaniments:accompaniments: rapidrapid heartheart rate,rate, irregularirregular breathing,breathing, excessiveexcessive sweating,sweating, chronicchronic diarrheadiarrhea SpecificSpecific PhobiasPhobias Irrational,Irrational, persistentpersistent fears,fears, anxiety,anxiety, andand avoidanceavoidance thatthat focusfocus onon specificspecific objects,objects, activities,activities, oror situationssituations PeoplePeople withwith phobiasphobias realizerealize thatthat theirtheir fearsfears areare unreasonableunreasonable andand excessive,excessive, butbut theythey cannotcannot controlcontrol themthem SpecificSpecific PhobiasPhobias Name Object or Situation Feared Acrophobia Heights Agoraphobia Open spaces Algophobia Pain Astraphobia Lightning and thunder Claustrophobia Enclosed spaces Hematophobia Blood Monophobia Being alone Mysophobia Dirt or germs Nyctophobia Darkness Ochlophobia Crowds Pathophobia Disease Pyrophobia Fire Taphophobia Being buried alive Triskaidekaphobia Thirteen Zoophobia Animals, or a specific animal SocialSocial PhobiasPhobias SocialSocial phobiasphobias areare veryvery commoncommon andand oftenoften involve,involve, forfor example,example, FearFear ofof embarrassmentembarrassment oror humiliationhumiliation inin frontfront ofof othersothers AvoidanceAvoidance ofof situationssituations ofof possiblepossible exposureexposure toto publicpublic scrutinyscrutiny AvoidanceAvoidance ofof publicpublic speakingspeaking oror performingperforming forfor fearfear ofof failurefailure AvoidanceAvoidance ofof restaurantsrestaurants forfor fearfear ofof chokingchoking onon foodfood PhobiasPhobias –– PossiblePossible CausesCauses ClassicalClassical conditioning,conditioning, e.g.,e.g., Fear of dogs after a dog bite Fear of heights after a fall OversensitivityOversensitivity toto somesome stimulistimuli UnrealisticUnrealistic beliefsbeliefs Evolutionary:Evolutionary: phobiasphobias areare excessiveexcessive manifestationsmanifestations ofof otherwiseotherwise usefuluseful fears,fears, e.g.,e.g., fearfear ofof heightsheights couldcould havehave beenbeen naturallynaturally selected,selected, becausebecause itit waswas usefuluseful toto ourour ancestorsancestors toto avoidavoid fallingfalling toto deathdeath PanicPanic DisordersDisorders PanicPanic DisorderDisorder (without(without Agoraphobia):Agoraphobia): CharacterizedCharacterized byby suddensudden attacksattacks ofof acuteacute anxietyanxiety andand aa feelingfeeling ofof terror,terror, accompaniedaccompanied byby highhigh levelslevels ofof physiologicalphysiological arousal.arousal. LastsLasts fromfrom aa fewfew secondsseconds toto aa fewfew hourshours Panic Attack: Feels like one is having a heart attack, going to die, or is going insane Symptoms include vertigo, chest pain, choking, fear of losing control PanicPanic DisorderDisorder (with(with Agoraphobia):Agoraphobia): PanicPanic attacksattacks andand suddensudden anxietyanxiety stillstill occur,occur, butbut withwith agoraphobiaagoraphobia AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia (with(with PanicPanic Disorder):Disorder): Intense,Intense, irrationalirrational fearfear thatthat aa panicpanic attackattack willwill occuroccur inin aa publicpublic placeplace oror inin anan unfamiliarunfamiliar situationsituation Intense fear of leaving the house or entering unfamiliar situations Can be very crippling Literally means fear of open places or market (agora) AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia (without(without PanicPanic Disorder):Disorder): FearFear thatthat somethingsomething extremelyextremely embarrassingembarrassing willwill happenhappen awayaway fromfrom homehome oror inin anan unfamiliarunfamiliar situationsituation ObsessiveObsessive --CompulsiveCompulsive DisorderDisorder (OCD)(OCD) Extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors Obsession : Recurring images or thoughts that a person cannot prevent Cause anxiety and extreme discomfort Enter into consciousness against the person ’s will Most common: Being dirty, wondering if you performed an action (turned off the stove), or violence (hit by a car) Compulsion : Irrational acts that person feels compelled to repeat against his/her will Washing hands, counting, checking, cleaning Help to control anxiety created by obsessions Treatment typically involves certain antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy including ‘exposure - response -prevention ’ Seems to have a genetic component StressStress DisordersDisorders Occur when stresses outside range of normal human experience cause major emotional disturbance Symptoms: Reliving traumatic event repeatedly, avoiding stimuli associated with the event, recurrent nightmares, flashbacks, and numbing of emotions Acute Stress Disorder: Psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses from a traumatic event Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Lasts more than one month after the traumatic event has occurred; may last for years Typically associated with combat and violent crimes (rape, assault, etc.) Terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001, likely led to an increase of PTSD SomatoformSomatoform DisordersDisorders Hypochondriasis : Person is preoccupied with having a serious illness or disease Interpret normal sensations and bodily signs as proof that they have a terrible disease No physical disorder can be found Conversion Disorder : Severe emotional conflicts are “converted ” into impairment of sensory or motor function such as paralysis, anesthesia, blindness, deafness, etc. Caused by anxiety or emotional distress but not
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Psychopathology and Crime Causation: Insanity Or Excuse?
    Fidei et Veritatis: The Liberty University Journal of Graduate Research Volume 1 Issue 1 Article 4 2016 Psychopathology and Crime Causation: Insanity or Excuse? Meagan Cline Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/fidei_et_veritatis Part of the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Cline, Meagan (2016) "Psychopathology and Crime Causation: Insanity or Excuse?," Fidei et Veritatis: The Liberty University Journal of Graduate Research: Vol. 1 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. Available at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/fidei_et_veritatis/vol1/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fidei et Veritatis: The Liberty University Journal of Graduate Research by an authorized editor of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cline: Psychopathology and Crime Causation: Insanity or Excuse? PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CRIME CAUSATION: INSANITY OR EXCUSE? By Meagan Cline One of the most controversial topics in the criminal justice industry is the "insanity defense" and its applicability or validity in prosecuting criminal cases. The purpose of this assignment is to identify and discuss psychopathology and crime causation in terms of mental illness, research, and the insanity defense. For this evaluation, information was gathered from scholarly research, textbooks, dictionaries, and published literature. These sources were then carefully reviewed and applied to the evaluation in a concise, yet informative, manner. This assignment also addresses some of the key terms in psychopathology and crime causation, including various theories, definitions, and less commonly known relevant factors influencing claims of mental instability or insanity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Psychopathology in the New Psychiatric Era
    Psychopathology of the present The role of psychopathology in the new psychiatric era M. Luciano1, V. Del Vecchio1, G. Sampogna1, D. Sbordone1, A. Fiorillo1, D. Bhugra2 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy; 2 Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK; World Psychiatric Association Summary based their practice over the last century. Re-examination The recent increase in mental health problems probably reflects should include the paradigm of mental disorders as nosologi- the fragmentation of social cohesion of modern society, with cal entities with the development of a new psychiatric nosol- changes in family composition, work and living habits, peer ogy, the concept of single disease entity, and a patient-cen- communication and virtual-based reality. Fragmentation can tered psychopathology, since actual descriptions are not able also be due to the rapid expansion of urban agglomerations, to catch the inner world and reality of patients with mental too often chaotic and unregulated, the increase of market illicit health problems. Some of these changes will be highlighted substances, the reduction of social networks and the increase of and discussed in this paper. social distance among people. As society changes, psychiatry has to adapt its role and target, moving from the treatment of Key words mental disorders to the management of mental health problems. This adaptation will require a re-examination of the paradigms Psychopathology • Biopsychosocial model • Nosology and classifica- of psychiatry on which mental healthcare professionals have tion of mental disorders • DSM-5 Introduction The fragmentation of social cohesion, which has de- termined changes in family composition, working and Since the institution of asylums, which had been func- living habits, problems in peer communication and the tioning for several centuries, introduction of antipsy- constitution of virtual-based realities, has brought many chotic drugs brought about a revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaplan & Sadock's Study Guide and Self Examination Review In
    Kaplan & Sadock’s Study Guide and Self Examination Review in Psychiatry 8th Edition ← ↑ → © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA, LWW.com 978-0-7817-8043-8 © 2007 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, a WOLTERS KLUWER BUSINESS 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA, LWW.com “Kaplan Sadock Psychiatry” with the pyramid logo is a trademark of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. Printed in the USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sadock, Benjamin J., 1933– Kaplan & Sadock’s study guide and self-examination review in psychiatry / Benjamin James Sadock, Virginia Alcott Sadock. —8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7817-8043-8 (alk. paper) 1. Psychiatry—Examinations—Study guides. 2. Psychiatry—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Sadock, Virginia A. II. Title. III. Title: Kaplan and Sadock’s study guide and self-examination review in psychiatry. IV. Title: Study guide and self-examination review in psychiatry. RC454.K36 2007 616.890076—dc22 2007010764 Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Psychopathology in Modern Psychiatry
    JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Editorial 2018;24:111-112 A. Fiorillo1, B. Dell’Osso2, The role of psychopathology 3 4 G. Maina , A. Fagiolini in modern psychiatry 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy; 2 University of Milan, Department of Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Psychiatry has been significantly influenced by the social, economic and Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of scientific changes that have occurred within the last few years. These in- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford University, CA, USA; fluences have evolved psychiatry into a modern medical specialty that is “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology increasingly knowledgeable about the structure and function of the brain, and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, mind (thoughts, feelings, and consciousness), behaviors and social re- Italy; 3 Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Italy; lationships. Nonetheless, this knowledge has not uniformly spread and, 4 University of Siena, Department of Molecular in many institutions, psychiatric education and practice remain largely and Developmental Medicine, Siena, Italy based on knowledge developed over the last century. Over a century ago, the target of psychiatry was madness, and psychiatrists were called “alienists” 1. Along the years, the target has changed: for a number of years psychiatrists have been asked to treat mental disorders, and now the target has evolved to include the promotion of the mental health of the general population 2 3. In fact, some traditional illnesses have seemingly disappeared from clinical observation (e.g., organic brain disorder or in- volutional depression which were listed among the DSM-III diagnoses), while new forms of mental health problems have become of frequent ob- servation by psychiatrists.
    [Show full text]
  • People with Dementia As Witnesses to Emotional Events
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: People with Dementia as Witnesses to Emotional Events Author: Aileen Wiglesworth, Ph.D., Laura Mosqueda, M.D. Document No.: 234132 Date Received: April 2011 Award Number: 2007-MU-MU-0002 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Laura Mosqueda, M.D. INSTITION: The Regents of the University of California, UC, Irvine, School of Medicine, Program in Geriatrics GRANT NUMBER: 2007-MU-MU-0002 TITLE OF PROJECT: People with Dementia as Witnesses to Emotional Events AUTHORS: Aileen Wiglesworth, PhD, Laura Mosqueda, MD DATE: December 23, 2009 Abstract Purpose: Demented elders are often the only witnesses to crimes against them, such as physical or financial elder abuse, yet they are disparaged and discounted as unreliable. Clinical experience with this population indicates that significant emotional experiences may be salient to people with dementia, and that certain behaviors and characteristics enhance their credibility as historians.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Psychopathology and Daily Impairment in Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder
    University of Central Florida STARS Faculty Bibliography 2010s Faculty Bibliography 1-1-2014 An Examination of Psychopathology and Daily Impairment in Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder Franklin Mesa University of Central Florida Deborah C. Beidel University of Central Florida Brian E. Bunnel University of Central Florida Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/facultybib2010 University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Bibliography at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Bibliography 2010s by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Mesa, Franklin; Beidel, Deborah C.; and Bunnel, Brian E., "An Examination of Psychopathology and Daily Impairment in Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder" (2014). Faculty Bibliography 2010s. 5834. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/facultybib2010/5834 An Examination of Psychopathology and Daily Impairment in Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder Franklin Mesa*, Deborah C. Beidel, Brian E. Bunnell University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America Abstract Although social anxiety disorder (SAD) is most often diagnosed during adolescence, few investigations have examined the clinical presentation and daily functional impairment of this disorder exclusively in adolescents. Prior studies have demonstrated that some clinical features of SAD in adolescents are unique relative to younger children with the condition. Furthermore, quality of sleep, a robust predictor of anxiety problems and daily stress, has not been examined in socially anxious adolescents. In this investigation, social behavior and sleep were closely examined in adolescents with SAD (n = 16) and normal control adolescents (NC; n = 14).
    [Show full text]
  • Anxiety Disorders Resources
    Anxiety Disorders Resources (Note: the TDD/TTY telephone numbers are for telecommunication devices for the deaf.) Agoraphobics Building Independent Lives 400 West 32nd Street Richmond, VA 23225 (804) 353-3964 www.anxietysupport.org American Association of Suicidology 5221 Wisconsin Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20015 202-237-2280 National Suicide Prevention Lifeline 1-800-273-TALK (8255) www.suicidology.org American Foundation for Suicide Prevention 120 Wall Street, 22nd floor New York, NY 10005 212-363-3500 888-333-AFSP (2377) Toll-Free www.afsp.org American Psychiatric Association 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1825 Arlington, VA 22209-3901 703-907-7300 www.psych.org 243 244 ANXIETY DISORDERS RESOURCES American Psychological Association 750 First Street, N.E. Washington, DC 20002-4242 800-374-2721 202-336-5500 TDD/TTY: 202-336-6213 www.apa.org Anxiety Disorders Association of America 8730 Georgia Avenue, Suite 600 Silver Spring, MD 20910 240-485-1001 www.adaa.org Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 305 Seventh Avenue, 16th floor New York, NY 10001 (212) 647-1890 www.aabt.org Doctors Guide www.docguide.com Freedom from Fear 308 Seaview Avenue Staten Island, NY 10305 718-351-1717 www.freedomfromfear.org International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 60 Revere Drive, Suite 500 Northbrook IL 60062 847-480-9028 www.istss.org MedlinePlus: Health Information www.medlineplus.gov Mental Health America (formerly National Mental Health Association) 2000 N. Beauregard St., 6t floor Alexandria, VA 22311 800-969-6MHA (6642) 703-684-7722 TTY: 800-433-5959 www.mentalhealthamerica.net ANXIETY DISORDERS RESOURCES 245 National Alliance for the Mentally Ill Colonial Place Three 2107 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 300 Arlington, VA 22201-3042 800-950-NAMI (6264) 703-524-7600 TDD: 703-516-7227 www.nami.org National Anxiety Foundation 3135 Custer Drive Lexington, KY 40517-4001 606-272-7166 National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Dan Klein Psych a 338; 632-7859
    Dan Klein Psych A 338; 632-7859 PSY 596 - PSYCHOPATHOLOGY II: Externalizing and Psychotic Disorders Spring, 2018 The goal of this class is to familiarize you with current concepts and research on child, adolescent, and adult psychopathology. The class meets on Thursdays from 1:00-2:50 in Psych B 316. This is the second semester of a two-semester sequence. During the previous semester, we covered conceptual models and methods and the internalizing disorders (mood and anxiety disorders). This semester, we will deal primarily with externalizing and non-mood psychotic disorders. Class meetings will consist of lectures designed to provide a broad overview of the topic for that class and discussion. Typically, we will cover diagnosis and classification, epidemiology, course, and the genetic, neurobiological, and psychosocial factors implicated in the etiopathogenesis and maintenance of the disorder. We will not discuss treatment, as that is the focus of other courses. The required readings, listed below, will generally consist of 5-6 papers per week. Please make the time to read each of the assigned articles. Some of the readings will be difficult, so don't be discouraged if you have to struggle with them. Focus on the main questions, findings, and implications of the papers, and don’t worry if you cannot grasp the more technical details. Readings that address diversity issues are indicated by a + symbol. Almost all of the readings are available in the campus library electronic journal collections; I have placed a * in front of the exceptions. You may find it helpful to read the relevant sections from the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), although I am not assigning it.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Depressive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Etiologies, Course, Gender Differences, and Treatments
    VISTAS Online VISTAS Online is an innovative publication produced for the American Counseling Association by Dr. Garry R. Walz and Dr. Jeanne C. Bleuer of Counseling Outfitters, LLC. Its purpose is to provide a means of capturing the ideas, information and experiences generated by the annual ACA Conference and selected ACA Division Conferences. Papers on a program or practice that has been validated through research or experience may also be submitted. This digital collection of peer-reviewed articles is authored by counselors, for counselors. VISTAS Online contains the full text of over 500 proprietary counseling articles published from 2004 to present. VISTAS articles and ACA Digests are located in the ACA Online Library. To access the ACA Online Library, go to http://www.counseling.org/ and scroll down to the LIBRARY tab on the left of the homepage. n Under the Start Your Search Now box, you may search by author, title and key words. n The ACA Online Library is a member’s only benefit. You can join today via the web: counseling.org and via the phone: 800-347-6647 x222. Vistas™ is commissioned by and is property of the American Counseling Association, 5999 Stevenson Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22304. No part of Vistas™ may be reproduced without express permission of the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved. Join ACA at: http://www.counseling.org/ Suggested APA style reference information can be found at http://www.counseling.org/library/ Article 2 Major Depressive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Etiologies, Course, Gender Differences, and Treatments Paper based on a program presented at the 48th South Carolina Counseling Association Conference, February 24, 2012, Myrtle Beach, SC.
    [Show full text]
  • Personality Theory and Psychopathology
    Learning Accelerator Research Paper PERSONALITY THEORY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Kate E. Walton Stephanie R. Pavlos 2015 Walton, K. E., & Pavlos, S. R. (2015). Personality theory and psychopathology. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol. 17 (914-919). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. This is a draft of “Personality theory and psychopathology,” and the copy of record is with Elsevier. (ISBN: 978-0-08-097087-5) LA015039 Personality Theory and Psychopathology Abstract The connection between personality and psychopathology has been studied for centuries. In the current essay, we provide an overview of contemporary research in the field. We begin with a review of trait models of personality and the current psychopathology classification system in use. We discuss the link between normal personality traits and personality disorders and other types of psychopathology and conclude with a discussion of different theoretical perspectives explaining the personality-psychopathology connection. The link between personality and psychopathology has been long-recognized, dating back to ancient Greece and Hippocrates’ discussions of the four humors. The four essential fluids of the body - phlegm, blood, bile, and black bile - were thought to determine temperament. Depending on the dominant humor, one could be phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, or melancholic, and each type had an accompanying set of attributes. An imbalance in these humors led to symptoms of illness, and therefore temperament was thought to be connected to all disease, physical or mental. Later, in the 19th century, Darwinian-influenced perspectives on the personality-psychopathology link arose. These were evolutionary perspectives, depicting mental illness as a genetically-based character deficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Concept Clarity in Psychopathology 1 Self-Concept
    Self-Concept Clarity in Psychopathology 1 Self-Concept Clarity and Psychopathology David C. Cicero, PhD University of Hawaii at Manoa Keywords: Self-Concept Clarity, Psychopathology, Schizophrenia, Psychosis, Schizotypy, Psychotic-Like Experiences, Depression, Anxiety, Anomalous Self-Experiences, Autism Self-concept clarity refers to the coherence of an individual’s identity, how confident one is about one’s attributes, and how consistent and stable these attributes are (Stinson, Wood, & Doxey, 2008). Studies have linked low self-concept clarity to poor psychological adjustment and functioning, and high self-concept clarity to adaptive psychological adjustment and functioning. Low self-concept clarity has also been linked to a variety of types of psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, and autism. However, the majority of work on the relations between self- concept clarity and psychopathology has focused on its role in schizophrenia spectrum disorders such as schizophrenia, attenuated psychotic disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. In this chapter, the relations between self-concept clarity and depression, anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders are briefly reviewed. Then, evidence for disturbances in self-concept clarity in schizophrenia is reviewed and linked to a long history of research dating back to the earliest descriptions of the disorder that conceptualized schizophrenia as a disorder primarily of the self. Self-Concept Clarity and General Psychopathology Theorists have suggested that low self-concept clarity may be related to a number of types of psychopathology such as depression, general anxiety, social anxiety, and autism. Much of the work on self-concept clarity in depression has included general population or college Self-Concept Clarity in Psychopathology 2 student samples.
    [Show full text]
  • The Placement of Hypomania Within a Structural Model Of
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa THE PLACEMENT OF HYPOMANIA WITHIN A STRUCTURAL MODEL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY INCLUDING THOUGHT DISORDER AND INTERNALIZING SPECTRA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PSYCHOLOGY DECEMBER 2017 By Jonathan R. Cohn Thesis Committee: David Cicero, Chairperson Charlene Baker Charles Mueller Keywords: structural psychopathology, schizotypy, hypomania, OCD, thought disorder Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 Current Study .....................................................................................................................14 Method ..........................................................................................................................................15 Participants ........................................................................................................................15 Materials ............................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]