DOCSLIB.ORG

The Six-Port Technique with Microwave and Wireless Applications for a Listing of Recent Titles in the Artech House Microwave Library, Turn to the Back of This Book

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Six-Port Technique with Microwave and Wireless Applications for a Listing of Recent Titles in the Artech House Microwave Library, Turn to the Back of This Book The Six-Port Technique with Microwave and Wireless Applications For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Microwave Library, turn to the back of this book. The Six-Port Technique with Microwave and Wireless Applications Fadhel M. Ghannouchi Abbas Mohammadi Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 978-1-60807-033-6 Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner © 2009 ARTECH HOUSE 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including pho- tocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to the SixPort Technique 1.1 Microwave Network Theory ........................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Power and Reflection ............................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Scattering Parameters ............................................................................... 3 1.2 Microwave Circuits Design Technologies ...................................................... 6 1.2.1 Microwave Transmission Lines ............................................................... 6 1.2.2 Microwave Passive Circuits ..................................................................... 7 1.2.3 Fabrication Technologies ....................................................................... 10 1.3 SixPort Circuits ............................................................................................ 13 1.3.1 Microwave Network Measurements ....................................................... 13 1.3.2 Wireless Applications............................................................................. 16 1.3.3 Microwave Applications ........................................................................ 17 References ...................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2 SixPort Fundamentals 2.1 Analysis of SixPort Reflectometers ............................................................... 2 2.2 Linear Model ................................................................................................. 24 2.3 Quadratic Model ............................................................................................ 26 2.4 Six- to FourPort Reduction .......................................................................... 28 2.5 Error Box Procedure Calculation .................................................................. 31 2.6 Power Flow Measurements ........................................................................... 32 2.7 SixPort Reflectometer with a Reference Port .............................................. 33 2.8 Measurement Accuracy Estimation ............................................................... 34 References ..................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3 The Design of Six Port Junctions 3.1 Design Consideration for SixPort Junctions ................................................ 39 3.2 Waveguide SixPort Junctions ...................................................................... 41 3.3 Frequency Compensated Optimal SixPort Junctions ................................... 43 3.4 Frequency Compensated Quasi-Optimal SixPort Junctions ........................ 49 3.5 A SixPort Junction Based on a Symmetrical Five-Port Ring Junction ........ 53 v vi The Six-Port Technique with Microwave and Wireless Applications 3.6 High Power SixPort Junction in Hybrid WaveGuide/ Stripline Technology ............................................................................................. 58 3.7 WorstCase Error Estimation ........................................................................ 59 References ..................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 4 Calibration Techniques 4.1 Calibration Method Using Seven Standards .................................................. 65 4.2 Linear Calibration Using Five Standards ...................................................... 67 4.3 Nonlinear Calibration Using Four Standards ................................................ 70 4.4 Nonlinear Calibration Using Three Standards............................................... 71 4.5 SelfCalibration Based on Active Load Synthesis ........................................ 79 4.6 Dynamic Range Extension ............................................................................ 81 4.7 Diode Linearization Technique ..................................................................... 84 4.8 Power Calibration Technique ........................................................................ 86 References ..................................................................................................... 88 Chapter 5 SixPort Network Analyzers 5.1 General Formulation ..................................................................................... 91 5.2 Case of a Reciprocal TwoPort DUT ............................................................ 93 5.3 Case of an Arbitrary TwoPort DUT ............................................................. 94 5.4 SixPort Based De-Embedding Technique: Theory ...................................... 96 5.5 TwoPort DeEmbedding Technique ............................................................ 99 5.6 Calculation of the ErrorBox Parameters .................................................... 102 5.7 Determination of S Parameters of an Arbitrary DUT .................................. 103 5.8 TriSixPort Network Analyzer ................................................................... 104 5.9 N-SixPort Network Analyzer ..................................................................... 109 5.10 A Single SixPort NPort Vector Network Analyzer ................................ 111 5.11 NPort Calibration Algorithm ................................................................... 113 References ................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 6 Source Pull and LoadPull Measurements Using the SixPort Technique 6.1 Principles of SourcePull/LoadPull Measurements .................................... 119 6.2 Impedance and Power Flow Measurements with an Arbitrary Test Port Impedance ........................................................................................................... 120 6.3 Operation of a SixPort in Reverse Configuration ...................................... 122 6.3.1 SixPort Reflectometer Calibration in Reverse Configuration ............. 124 6.3.2 Error Box Calculation for Reverse SixPort Measurements ................. 127 6.3.3 Discussion ............................................................................................ 128 6.4 SourcePull Configuration Using SixPort .................................................. 129 6.4.1 Passive SourcePull Configuration ....................................................... 129 6.4.2 Active Source-Pull Configuration ........................................................ 130 Introduction to the Six-Port Technique vii 6.5 LoadPull Configuration Using SixPort ..................................................... 131 6.5.1 Passive LoadPull Configuration .......................................................... 131 6.5.2 Active Branch LoadPull Configuration .............................................. 133 6.5.3 Active Loop LoadPull Configuration .................................................. 134 6.6 SourcePull/LoadPull Configuration Using Six-Port ................................. 135 6.7 A DeEmbedding Technique for OnWafer LoadPull Measurements ....... 136 6.7.1 Calibration and Measurement Techniques ........................................... 136 6.8 Applications of SourcePull Measurements ................................................ 139 6.8.1 Low Noise Amplifier Characterization ................................................ 139 6.8.2 Mixer Characterization ......................................................................... 140 6.8.3 Power Amplifier Characterization ........................................................ 141 6.9 SourcePull/LoadPull Oscillator Measurements ........................................ 142 6.9.1 SixPort Reflectometer with Variable Test Port Impedance ................ 143 6.9.2 Oscillator Measurements ...................................................................... 143 6.10 AMAM/AMPM Distortion Measurements of Microwave Transistors Using Active LoadPull ....................................................................................... 145 6.10.1 Principle of Operation ........................................................................ 145 6.10.2 Measurement Procedure ..................................................................... 149 6.11 Time-Domain
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 6 Two-Port Network Model
    Chapter 6 Two-Port Network Model 6.1 Introduction In this chapter a two-port network model of an actuator will be briefly described. In Chapter 5, it was shown that an automated test setup using an active system can re- create various load impedances over a limited range of frequencies. This test set-up can therefore be used to automatically reproduce any load impedance condition (related to a possible application) and apply it to a test or sample actuator. It is then possible to collect characteristic data from the test actuator such as force, velocity, current and voltage. Those characteristics can then be used to help to determine whether the tested actuator is appropriate or not for the case simulated. However versatile and easy to use this test set-up may be, because of its limitations, there is some characteristic data it will not be able to provide. For this reason and the fact that it can save a lot of measurements, having a good linear actuator model can be of great use. Developed for transduction theory [29], the linear model presented in this chapter is 77 called a Two-Port Network model. The automated test set-up remains an essential complement for this model, as it will allow the development and verification of accuracy. This chapter will focus on the two-port network model of the 1_3 tube array actuator provided by MSI (Cf: Figure 5.5). 6.2 Theory of the Two–Port Network Model As a transducer converts energy from electrical to mechanical forms, and vice- versa, it can be modelled as a Two-Port Network that relates the electrical properties at one port to the mechanical properties at the other port.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Microwave Networks
    ! a b L • ! t • h ! 9/ a 9 ! a b • í { # $ C& $'' • L C& $') # * • L 9/ a 9 + ! a b • C& $' D * $' ! # * Open ended microstrip line V + , I + S Transmission line or waveguide V − , I − Port 1 Port Substrate Ground (a) (b) 9/ a 9 - ! a b • L b • Ç • ! +* C& $' C& $' C& $ ' # +* & 9/ a 9 ! a b • C& $' ! +* $' ù* # $ ' ò* # 9/ a 9 1 ! a b • C ) • L # ) # 9/ a 9 2 ! a b • { # b 9/ a 9 3 ! a b a w • L # 4!./57 #) 8 + 8 9/ a 9 9 ! a b • C& $' ! * $' # 9/ a 9 : ! a b • b L+) . 8 5 # • Ç + V = A V + BI V 1 2 2 V 1 1 I 2 = 0 V 2 = 0 V 2 I 1 = CV 2 + DI 2 I 2 9/ a 9 ; ! a b • !./5 $' C& $' { $' { $ ' [ 9/ a 9 ! a b • { • { 9/ a 9 + ! a b • [ 9/ a 9 - ! a b • C ) • #{ • L ) 9/ a 9 ! a b • í !./5 # 9/ a 9 1 ! a b • C& { +* 9/ a 9 2 ! a b • I • L 9/ a 9 3 ! a b # $ • t # ? • 5 @ 9a ? • L • ! # ) 9/ a 9 9 ! a b • { # ) 8
    [Show full text]
  • Brief Study of Two Port Network and Its Parameters
    © 2014 IJIRT | Volume 1 Issue 6 | ISSN : 2349-6002 Brief study of two port network and its parameters Rishabh Verma, Satya Prakash, Sneha Nivedita Abstract- this paper proposes the study of the various ports (of a two port network. in this case) types of parameters of two port network and different respectively. type of interconnections of two port networks. This The Z-parameter matrix for the two-port network is paper explains the parameters that are Z-, Y-, T-, T’-, probably the most common. In this case the h- and g-parameters and different types of relationship between the port currents, port voltages interconnections of two port networks. We will also discuss about their applications. and the Z-parameter matrix is given by: Index Terms- two port network, parameters, interconnections. where I. INTRODUCTION A two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole) is an electrical network (circuit) or device with two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits. Two For the general case of an N-port network, terminals constitute a port if the currents applied to them satisfy the essential requirement known as the port condition: the electric current entering one terminal must equal the current emerging from the The input impedance of a two-port network is given other terminal on the same port. The ports constitute by: interfaces where the network connects to other networks, the points where signals are applied or outputs are taken. In a two-port network, often port 1 where ZL is the impedance of the load connected to is considered the input port and port 2 is considered port two.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Transmission Lines
    INTRODUCTION TO TRANSMISSION LINES DR. FARID FARAHMAND FALL 2012 http://www.empowermentresources.com/stop_cointelpro/electromagnetic_warfare.htm RF Design ¨ In RF circuits RF energy has to be transported ¤ Transmission lines ¤ Connectors ¨ As we transport energy energy gets lost ¤ Resistance of the wire à lossy cable ¤ Radiation (the energy radiates out of the wire à the wire is acting as an antenna We look at transmission lines and their characteristics Transmission Lines A transmission line connects a generator to a load – a two port network Transmission lines include (physical construction): • Two parallel wires • Coaxial cable • Microstrip line • Optical fiber • Waveguide (very high frequencies, very low loss, expensive) • etc. Types of Transmission Modes TEM (Transverse Electromagnetic): Electric and magnetic fields are orthogonal to one another, and both are orthogonal to direction of propagation Example of TEM Mode Electric Field E is radial Magnetic Field H is azimuthal Propagation is into the page Examples of Connectors Connectors include (physical construction): BNC UHF Type N Etc. Connectors and TLs must match! Transmission Line Effects Delayed by l/c At t = 0, and for f = 1 kHz , if: (1) l = 5 cm: (2) But if l = 20 km: Properties of Materials (constructive parameters) Remember: Homogenous medium is medium with constant properties ¨ Electric Permittivity ε (F/m) ¤ The higher it is, less E is induced, lower polarization ¤ For air: 8.85xE-12 F/m; ε = εo * εr ¨ Magnetic Permeability µ (H/m) Relative permittivity and permeability
    [Show full text]
  • WAVEGUIDE ATTENUATORS : in Order to Control Power Levels in a Microwave System by Partially Absorbing the Transmitted Microwave Signal, Attenuators Are Employed
    UNIT II MICROWAVE COMPONENTS Waveguide Attenuators- Resistive card, Rotary Vane types. Waveguide Phase Shifters : Dielectric, Rotary Vane types. Waveguide Multi port Junctions- E plane and H plane Tees, Magic Tee, Hybrid Ring. Directional Couplers- 2 hole, Bethe hole types. Ferrites-Composition and characteristics, Faraday Rotation. Ferrite components: Gyrator, Isolator, Circulator. S-matrix calculations for 2 port junction, E & H plane Tees, Magic Tee, Directional Coupler, Circulator and Isolator WAVEGUIDE ATTENUATORS : In order to control power levels in a microwave system by partially absorbing the transmitted microwave signal, attenuators are employed. Resistive films (dielectric glass slab coated with aquadag) are used in the design of both fixed and variable attenuators. A co-axial fixed attenuator uses the dielectric lossy material inside the centre conductor of the co-axial line to absorb some of the centre conductor microwave power propagating through it dielectric rod decides the amount of attenuation introduced. The microwave power absorbed by the lossy material is dissipated as heat. 1 In waveguides, the dielectric slab coated with aquadag is placed at the centre of the waveguide parallel to the maximum E-field for dominant TEIO mode. Induced current on the lossy material due to incoming microwave signal, results in power dissipation, leading to attenuation of the signal. The dielectric slab is tapered at both ends upto a length of more than half wavelength to reduce reflections as shown in figure 5.7. The dielectric slab may be made movable along the breadth of the waveguide by supporting it with two dielectric rods separated by an odd multiple of quarter guide wavelength and perpendicular to electric field.
    [Show full text]
  • A Unified State-Space Approach to Rlct Two-Port
    A UNIFIED STATE-SPACE APPROACH TO RLCT TWO-PORT TRANSFER FUNCTION SYNTHESIS By EDDIE RANDOLPH FOWLER Bachelor of Science Kan,sas State University Manhattan, Kansas 1957 Master of Science Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 1965 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate Col.lege of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 1969 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SEP 2l1 l969 ~ A UNIFIED STATE-SPACE APPROACH TO RLCT TWO-PORT TRANSFER FUNCTION SYNTHESIS Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College ii AC!!..NOWLEDGEMENTS Only those that have had children in school all during their graduate studies know the effort and sacrifice that my wife, Pat, has endured during my graduate career. I appreciate her accepting this role without complainL Also I am deeply grateful that she was willing to take on the horrendous task of typing this thesis. My heartfelt thanks to Dr. Rao Yarlagadda, my thesis advisor, who was always available for $Uidance and help during the research and writing of this thesis. I appreciate the assistance and encouragement of the other members of my graduate comruitteei, Dr. Kenneth A. McCollom, Dr. Charles M. Bacon ar1d Dr~ K.ar 1 N.... ·Re id., I acknowledge Paul Howell, a fellow Electrical Engineering grad­ uate student, whose Christian Stewardship has eased the burden during these last months of thesis preparation~ Also Dwayne Wilson, Adminis­ trative Assistant, has n1y gratitude for assisting with the financial and personal problems of the Electrical Engineering graduate students. My thanks to Dr. Arthur M. Breipohl for making available the assistant­ ship that was necessary before it was financially possible to initiate my doctoral studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission Line and Lumped Element Quadrature Couplers
    High Frequency Design From November 2009 High Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2009 Summit Technical Media, LLC QUADRATURE COUPLERS Transmission Line and Lumped Element Quadrature Couplers By Gary Breed Editorial Director uadrature cou- This month’s tutorial article plers are used for reviews the basic design Qpower division and operation of power and combining in circuits divider/combiners with where the 90º phase shift ports that have a 90- between the two coupled degree phase difference ports will result in a desirable performance characteristic. Common uses of quadrature couplers include: Antenna feed systems—The combination of power division/combining and 90º phase shift can simplify the feed network of phased array antenna systems, compared to alternative net- Figure 1 · The branch line quadrature works using delay lines, other types of com- hybrid, implemented using λ/4 transmission biners and impedance matching networks. It line sections. is especially useful for feeding circularly polarized arrays. Test and measurement systems—The phase each module has active devices in push-pull shift performance performance may be suffi- (180º combined), both even- and odd-order ciently accurate for phase comparisons over a harmonics can be reduced, which simplifies substantial fraction of an octave. A less critical output filtering. use is to resolve phase ambiguity in test cir- In an earlier tutorial [1], I introduced a cuits. A number of measurement techniques range of 90º coupler types without much anal- have a discontinuity at 180º—as this value is ysis. In this article, we focus on the two main approached, a 90º phase “rotation” moves the coupler types—the branch-line and coupled- system away from that point.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dreaded “2-Port Parameters”
    The dreaded “2-port parameters” Aims: – To generalise the Thevenin an Norton Theorems to devices with 3 terminals – Develop efficient computational tools to handle feedback connections of non ideal devices L5 Autumn 2009 E2.2 Analogue Electronics Imperial College London – EEE 1 Generalised Thevenin + Norton Theorems • Amplifiers, filters etc have input and output “ports” (pairs of terminals) • By convention: – Port numbering is left to right: left is port 1, right port 2 – Output port is to the right of input port. e.g. output is port 2. – Current is considered positive flowing into the positive terminal of port – The two negative terminals are usually considered connected together • There is both a voltage and a current at each port – We are free to represent each port as a Thevenin or Norton • Since the output depends on the input (and vice-versa!) any Thevenin or Norton sources we use must be dependent sources. • General form of amplifier or filter: I1 I2 Port 1 + Thevenin Thevenin + Port 2 V1 V2 (Input) - or Norton or Norton - (Output) Amplifier L5 Autumn 2009 E2.2 Analogue Electronics Imperial College London – EEE 2 How to construct a 2-port model • Decide the representation (Thevenin or Norton) for each of: – Input port – Output port • Remember the I-V relations for Thevenin and Norton Circuits: – A Thevenin circuit has I as the independent variable and V as the dependent variable: V=VT + I RT – A Norton circuit has V as the independent variable and I as the dependent variable: I = IN + V GN • The source of one port is controlled by the independent variable of the other port.
    [Show full text]
  • ECE594I Notes Set 13: Two-Port Noise Parameters P
    ECE594I notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted ECE594I Notes set 13: Two-port Noise Parameters Mark Rodwell University of California, Santa Barbara [email protected] 805-893-3244, 805-893-3262 fax ECE594I notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted References and Citations: Sources / Citations : Kittel and Kroemer : Thermal Physics Van der Ziel : Noise in Solid - State Devices Papoulis : Probability and Random Variables (hard, comprehens ive) Peyton Z. Peebles : Probability, Random Variables, Random Signal Principles (introductory) Wozencraft & Jacobs : Principles of Communications Engineering. Motchenbak er : Low Noise Electronic Design Information theory lecture notes : Thomas Cover, Stanford, circa 1982 Probability lecture notes : Martin Hellman, Stanford, circa 1982 National Semiconductor Linear Applications Notes : Noise in circuits. StdSuggested references for stdtudy. Van der Ziel, Wozencraft & Jacobs, Peebles, Kittel and Kroemer Papers by Fukui (device noise), Smith & Personik (optical receiver design) National Semi. App. Notes (!) Cover and Williams : Elements of Information Theory ECE594I notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted Two-Port Noise Description Through the methods of circuit analysis, the internal noise generators of a circuit can be summed and represente d by two noise generators En and In . The spectral densities of En and In must be calculated and specified. The cross spectltral ditdensity must also be calcu ltdlated and specifie d. ECE594I notes, M. Rodwell, copyrighted Calculating Total Noise If the generator just has thermal noise, ~ S = 4kTR EN ,gen gen Represent the combination of amplifier voltage and current noise by a single source ETotal = EN + I N ⋅ Z gen We can now calculate the spectral density of this total noise : ~ ~ ~ S = || Z ||2 S + 2 Re S Z * En ,total ,amplifier g In { En In g } ~ ~ = || Z ||2 S + 2 Re S R − jX g In { En In ()gen gen } ECE594I notes, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Passive Devices for Communication Integrated Circuits
    Berkeley Passive Devices for Communication Integrated Circuits Prof. Ali M. Niknejad U.C. Berkeley Copyright c 2014 by Ali M. Niknejad Niknejad Advanced IC's for Comm Outline Part I: Motivation Part II: Inductors Part III: Transformers Part IV: E/M Coupling Part V: mm-Wave Passives (if time permits) Niknejad Advanced IC's for Comm Motivation Why am [are] I [you] here? Niknejad Advanced IC's for Comm Passive Devices Equally important as active devices at RF/microwave frequencies Quality factor of resonators determines phase noise (key spec for high data rate communication) Transistor requires matching in order to obtain Maximum gain Low noise High power Lack of \ground plane" in CMOS requires careful design of return paths and AC bypass capacitors Niknejad Advanced IC's for Comm Innovations in IC?s VDD V +V − out out + Vin +Vin Vin +Vin Vin +Vin Vin +Vin VDD Vout VDD − − − − − VDD Some of the best ideas in the past 10 years have come from custom passive devices which were not in the \library" Examples: DAT, tapered resonator, artificial dielectric transmission lines (slow wave and meta-material structures) Ref: [Aoki] Niknejad Advanced IC's for Comm Why should \designers" be involved? They know their circuits best and can make the best decisions. There are many solutions to a give problem with competing trade-offs. Without knowing the trade-offs, it's hard to make a decision in a vacuum. The designer should be aware of the layout of the passive elements to be sure that \what you see is what you get".
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission Lines for Ir Signal Routing
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2006 Transmission Lines For Ir Signal Routing Tasneem Mandviwala University of Central Florida Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Mandviwala, Tasneem, "Transmission Lines For Ir Signal Routing" (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1077. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1077 TRANSMISSION LINES FOR IR SIGNAL ROUTING by TASNEEM MANDVIWALA B.S. Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, India, 1999 M.S. University of Central Florida, 2002 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2006 Major Professors: Glenn D Boreman and Brian A Lail © 2006 Tasneem Mandviwala ii ABSTRACT In this dissertation, the design, fabrication, and characterization of coplanar striplines, vias, and microstrip lines is investigated, from the point of view of developing interconnections for antenna-coupled infrared detectors operating in the 8- to 12-micron wavelength range. To our knowledge, no previous efforts have been made to study the performance of metallic-wire transmission lines at infrared frequencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Linear Graph Modeling: One-Port Elements1
    MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2.151 Advanced System Dynamics and Control Linear Graph Modeling: One-Port Elements1 1 Introduction In the previous handout Energy and Power Flow in State Determined Systems we examined elemen- tary physical phenomena in five separate energy domains and used concepts of energy flow, storage and dissipation to define a set of lumped elements. These primitive elements form a set of building blocks for system modeling and analysis, and are known generically as lumped one-port elements, because they represent the spatial locations (ports)in a system at which energy is transferred. For each of the domains with the exception of thermal systems, we defined three passive elements, two of which store energy and a third dissipative element. In addition in each domain we defined two active source elements which are time varying sources of energy. System dynamics provides a unified framework for characterizing the dynamic behavior of sys- tems of interconnected one-port elements in the different energy domains, as well as in non-energetic systems. In this handout the one-port element descriptions are integrated into a common descrip- tion by recognizing similarities between the elemental behavior in the energy domains, and by defining analogies between elements and variables in the various domains. The formulation of a unified framework for the description of elements in the energy domains provides a basis for development of unified methods of modeling systems which span several energy domains. The development of a unified modeling methodology requires us to draw analogies between the variables and elements in different energy domains.
    [Show full text]