Aspectos Da Presença De Autores Franceses Do Século Xviii Nas Crônicas Machadianas E Suas Implicações Intertextuais

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Aspectos Da Presença De Autores Franceses Do Século Xviii Nas Crônicas Machadianas E Suas Implicações Intertextuais UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS, LITERÁRIOS E TRADUTOLÓGICOS EM FRANCÊS DIRCEU MAGRI ASPECTOS DA PRESENÇA DE AUTORES FRANCESES DO SÉCULO XVIII NAS CRÔNICAS MACHADIANAS E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES INTERTEXTUAIS (VERSÃO CORRIGIDA) SÃO PAULO 2014 Nome: MAGRI, Dirceu. Título: Aspectos da presença de autores franceses nas crônicas machadianas e suas implicações intertextuais Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos Linguísticos, Literários e Tradutológicos em Francês do Departamento de Letras Modernas, da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras - Língua e Literatura Francesa. Aprovado em: _____/_____/_______. Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr.: ____________________________________________________ Instituição:______________________Assinatura: ___________________ Prof. Dr.: ____________________________________________________ Instituição:______________________Assinatura: ___________________ Prof. Dr.: ____________________________________________________ Instituição:______________________Assinatura: ___________________ Prof. Dr.: ____________________________________________________ Instituição:______________________Assinatura: ___________________ Prof. Dr.: ____________________________________________________ Instituição:______________________Assinatura: ___________________ 3 Li tudo, misturei, digeri, e aqui estou. Machado de Assis, ―Balas de Estado‖, 2/9/1883. Les abeilles pillotent deçà delà les fleurs, mais elles en font après leur miel, qui est tout leur. Montaigne, Essais, Liv. I, chap. XXVI. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Altíssimo pela força, coragem, esperança e fé! Aos meus pais e irmãs pela generosidade de sempre; Ao Prof. Dr. Gilberto Pinheiro Passos, por sua paciência ao longo das minhas jornadas de mestrado e doutorado, seu apoio e confiança, e por seu elevado senso de excelência como professor e pesquisador, algo que sempre me inspirou; Às Profas. Dras. Maria Cecília Queiroz de Moraes Pinto e Diva Barbaro Damato pelas valiosas sugestões e orientações, como membros da banca de Qualificação de Doutorado; Ao Francisco, pelos muitos livros e pelo dedicado incentivo; A Regina Krasovski, amiga de muitos livros e incansáveis conversas francesas; A Denise Duran, minha mais fiel entusiasta; A Edite Mendez Pi, do Departamento de Letras Modernas da USP, pela simpatia e eficiência; Ao Prof. Dr. Michel Delon, responsável por minha orientação acadêmica na Université Paris Sorbonne-Paris IV, sobretudo, por seus cursos dedicados aos estudos huitièmistes e a oportunidade de participar de colóquios e seminários doutorais; Ao Prof. Pierre Frantz, pelos animados cursos e seminários sobre Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau e o teatro setecentista, as jornadas de estudo no Centre de recherche du Château de Versailles e por meu ingresso na SFEDS-Sociète française d‘Étude du Dix- huitième siècle; A Marie-Andrée Grandguillaume e Anne-Marie Pialloux pela amizade, inspiração e alegria ao me dessiner un parisien; Ao CNPq pela concessão de uma bolsa de Doutorado-GD, que me permitiu dedicação integral aos meus estudos e pesquisas ao longo de meu doutorado na USP; À Fundação CAPES pela concessão da bolsa PDSE, que possibilitou a extensão de minhas pesquisas sobre o século XVIII na França. 5 RESUMO Este estudo visa sondar a presença de autores franceses setecentistas ligados às Lumières no universo das crônicas de Machado de Assis. Popularizados, sobretudo, graças à imprensa, força motriz na disseminação do conhecimento no início do século XIX, Voltaire, Rousseau e Diderot, destituídos da aura de grandes filósofos, integram-se facilmente na esfera do folhetim. Ali, obras, temas e princípios criados por eles (já decantados pela cultura popular e tornados clichês, axiomas e ditos) agregam sentidos, ampliam a compreensão do elemento local, concorrem para a característica irônico- chistosa do gênero e sedimentam a relação Brasil-França através da poética intertextual, traço profundo da escrita machadiana, cuja pluralidade de vozes fez da crônica um diálogo particular entre os dois países. A crítica moderna nos adverte quanto ao maniqueísmo da esquematização, ressaltando o lado arbitrário de toda periodização. Nota-se, contudo, que ao olhar o passado recente na tentativa de ―compreender‖ o século XVIII, os homens do XIX retomaram em parte imagens herdadas da autorrepresentação daquele que foi o século da audácia crìtica, de maneira que se pode ―isolar‖ o século XVIII, pois, mitificado, impõe-se ainda como identidade específica, irradiando a cultura francesa através de Voltaire, Rousseau e Diderot, seus exponenciais mitos mobilizadores. Palavras-chave: Machado de Assis, crônica, intertextualidade, Lumières, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Brasil-França. 6 ABSTRACT This study aims, above all, at scrutinizing the presence of French writers from the eighteenth century, related to the Lumières, in the universe of Machado de Assis‘s chronicles. Popular, especially due to the press – driving force in the dissemination of knowledge in the beginning of the nineteenth century – Voltaire, Rousseau and Diderot, destitute of the great philosopher‘s aura, easily fit into the universe of the broadsheet, where works, themes and principles created by them (which no longer enchanted the popular culture and had become clichés, axioms and sayings) were able to attribute meanings, broaden the understanding of the local element, compete for the mocking- ironic characteristic of the genre and strenghten the Brazil-French relationship through intertextual poetics – deep feature of Machado‘s writings, whose plurality of voices turned the chronicles into a particular dialogue between the two countries. Modern criticism advises us about the manichaeism of scheming, by highlighting the arbitrarity side of periodization. However, by looking at the recent past while trying to ―understand‖ the eighteenth century, it is possible to notice that those men from the nineteenth century resumed, in part, the images inherited from the self- representation of the century which was the time for the critical audacity, so as that one can ―isolate‖ the eighteenth century, since, mythified, it also imposes itself as a specific identity, irradiating the French culture through Voltaire, Rousseau and Diderot, its exponential moving myths. Key words: Machado de Assis, chronicle, intertextuality, Lumières, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Brazil-France. 7 RÉSUMÉ Cette étude vise, avant tout, à scruter la présence d'autres auteurs français huitièmistes liés aux Lumières dans l'univers des chroniques de Machado de Assis. Popularisés notamment grâce à la presse, puissance dans la diffusion du savoir au début du XIXe siècle, Voltaire, Rousseau et Diderot, dépourvus de l'aura de grands philosophes, s‘intègrent facilement dans la sphère du feuilleton. Dans ce domaine, leurs oeuvres, thèmes et principes (déjà décantés par la culture populaire et devenus des clichés, des aphorismes et des dictons) acroissent des sens, élargissent la compréhension de l'élément local, en concourant à la caractéristique ironique-facétieuse du genre et en consolidant la relation Brésil-France moyennant la poétique de l‘intertextualité, trace profonde de l'écriture machadiana, dont la pluralité des voix a fait de la chronique un dialogue particulier entre les deux pays. La critique moderne nous met en garde contre la schématisation et le manichéisme, en soulignant le côté arbitraire de la périodisation. Il est à noter, cependant, que quand on regarde le passé récent dans une tentative de « comprendre » le dix-huitième siècle, on remarque que les hommes du XIXe ont repris en partie des images héritées de l‘auto-représentation de celui qui a été le siècle de l'audace critique, de sorte qu‘on peut « isoler » le dix-huitième siècle, car mythifié, il s‘impose encore comme une identité spécifique, en rayonnant la culture française par le biais de Voltaire, Rousseau et Diderot, ses mythes mobilisateurs exponentiels. Mots-clés: Machado de Assis, chroniques, intertextualité, Lumières, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Brésil-France. 8 NOTAS Neste trabalho foram observados os seguintes critérios: Assim como Machado de Assis em seus escritos semanais, a palavra folhetim e crônica trazem a mesma sinonímia. Ora no intuito de se evitar a repetição de palavras, ora em proveito da estilística e da expressão, foram utilizadas uma pela outra; Em itálico, aparecem palavras estrangeiras, expressões curtas e ou aquilo que se quis destacar ao longo da escritura; Luzes, Iluminismo, Ilustração ou Lumières? Consultados os dicionários Houaiss e Aurélio, além de várias outras publicações, notei que não há consenso ao classificar o período das Lumières. O Houaiss, por exemplo, para o verbete ―luz‖ (pl.) traz: ―conhecimentos advindos do exercìcio da razão na filosofia iluminista‖, porém ―iluminista‖ remete a ―iluminismo‖, que por sua vez traduz a ―doutrina dos que crêem na ação de uma intuição mística, luz sobrenatural ou iluminação divina no interior do ser humano, guiando-o para a verdade religiosa‖. Ao consultar a palavra ―ilustração‖, o pesquisador encontra: ―mesmo que iluminismo‖. ―Iluminismo‖ apresenta ainda uma definição mais apropriada: ―movimento intelectual do sXVIII, caracterizado pela centralidade da ciência e da racionalidade crítica no questionamento filosófico, o que implica recusa a todas as formas de dogmatismo‖, porém, em meio a uma enormidade de nominatas
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