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Ethiopia's Foreign Policy Under Emperor Haile Selassie I: an Appraisal

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Ethiopia's Foreign Policy Under Emperor Haile Selassie I: an Appraisal ETHIOPIA’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE I: AN APPRAISAL. BY ARKA ABOTA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVESITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. DECEMBER 6,2002 ADDIS ABABA ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ETHIOPIA’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE I: AN APPRAISAL. BY ARKA ABOTA ADVISOR SIGNATURE ------------------------------ ------------------------ EXAMINER SIGNATURE ------------------------------ ------------------------- EXAMINER SIGNATURE -------------------------------- --------------------------- ACKNOWLEDMENTS This thesis is the result of the cooperation and efforts of numerous people, which makes it an impossible task for me to acknowledge all diverse indebtedness. Grateful to all sources of assistance, I should like nevertheless to mention a few names. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) that sponsored me to pursue my post- graduate studies at Addis Ababa University. My special thanks go to Dr. Mengistu Huluka, the former Minister of MoA and now Ethiopian ambassador to Rome. I am also indebted to the staff of the Management and Training Service of the MoA for their all round support. I thank my thesis advisor Dr. Assefa Medhane for his guidance, encouragement and constant assistance without which this project would not have had its present shape. The understanding, support and encouragement that I have obtained from my spouse Hirut Hadaro, my children and all family members were a driving force throughout my study time. I wish to thank all of my friends for their constant support and encouragement. I would like to acknowledge my friend Kaleb Bassa for providing me with his personal computer and encouragement he rendered. I thank my friend Yakob Arsano for his encouragement and valuable advise. I thank Lij Michael Imru, Dejazmatch Dr. Zewde G/Selassie, Ato Emmanel Abraham, and Ato Getachew Bekele who served this country at different levels (ambassadors, prime ministers, and ministers) for sharing with me their rich personal experiences as interviewees (see Annex 6). I have special honor and respect to them all. I would like also to thank Ato Ejigu Retta for his encouragement and useful advice. Last but not least, I would like to thank the officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for providing me with relevant data for my research and in particular the staff of the archives section for their friendly and cooperative behavior. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES 1. INTRODUCTION 1-2 CHAPTER 1 1.1 . STATEMEMENT OF PROBLEM 3-9 1.2 . OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.3 . HYPOTHESIS 1.4 . METHODOLOGY 1.5 . SIGINIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.5.1. THE GENERAL OBJECTIVES 1.5.2. THE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1.6 . METHOD OF THE STUDY. 1.7 . THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY CHAPTER 2 2.1. THEORETICAL SETTING 10-17 CHAPTERR 3 3.1. SOME ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF ETHIOPIA’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER LIJ IYASU AND EMPRESS ZEWDITU 1 8-27 3.1.1. THE REIGN OF LIJ IYASSU: 1913-1916 3.1.2.THE REIGN OF EMPRESS ZEWDITU: 1916-1930 CHAPTER 4 2. ETHIOPIA’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER HAILE SELASSIE : 1930-1974 28-63 4.1. THE PERIOD FROM 1930-1936 4.2. THE PERIOD FROM 1941-1974 4.2.1. THE STRENGTHENING OF MODERN STATE BUREACRACY 4.2.1.1. THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS 4.2.1.2. THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF FOREIGN POLICY OF ETHIOPIA UNDER THE MPEROR 4.2.1.3. THE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPASION OF ETHIOPIA’S DIPLOMACY CHAPTERN 5 5.1. ETHIOPIA’S FOREIGN RELATIONS AFTER LIBERATION WITH COUNTRIES OF DIFFERENT SOCIAL SYSTEMS 64-85 5.1.1. ETHIO-BRITAIN RELATIONS 5.1.2. ETHIO-USA RELATIONS 5.1.3. ETHIO-USSR RELATIONS CHAPTER 6 6.1. APPRAISAL OF HAILE SELASSIE’S FOREIGN POLICY: SOME SALIENT ISSUES 86-105 6.1.1. PROBLEMS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF FOREIGN POLICY GOALS 6.1.1.1. POWER MAKING (1916-1935) 6.1.1.2. POWER CENTRALISATION (1930-1935), AND 6.1.1.3. POWER RESTORATION AND DECAY (1941-1974) 6.2. THE FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING UNDER THE EMPEROR: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE UNDER THE DERG . 7 CONCLUSION 106-107 REFERENCES 108-115 ANNEXES 116-154 GLOSSARY 155-156 QUESTIONNAIRE 157 DECLARATION 158 List of Appendices 1. Negarit Gazeta, No.5, 2. List of ambassadors accredited to different countries during the Imperial era, 3. List of ministers of Foreign Affairs from the time of its establishment, 4. List of consuls, consul-generals, and ministers designated to different countries during the Imperial era. 5. List of Ambassadors accredited to different countries during Derg era 6. Biography of former officials who were interviewed List of figures 1. The graphical representation of the employees of the MoFA in 1949 (EC) 2. Negadras Hayla-Gogories Wolde-Mikale, the first Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1907-1910. 3. Blatta-Geta Heruy Wolde- Selassie The second Minister of foreign Affairs from 1931- 1936 4. Emperor Haile Selassie I around the end of his Government List of tables 1. Ethiopia’s foreign representation during the time of Empress Zawditu when Ras Tafari was a heir. 2. Educational qualification of Ambassadors during the Emperor 3. Social composition of Ambassadors during the Emperor 4. Educational qualification of Ambassadors during the Derg 5. Social composition of Ambassadors during the Derg Acronyms Bala Balambaras Bela.Get Blata (en) Getta Bir.Gen Birgador-General Bitw Bitwoded BMM British Military Mission in Ethiopia Commo Commodore Commn Comander Dej Dejazmach ELF Eritrean Liberation Front ETHSO Ethio-Soviet Trading Company FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Fit Fitawrari IEG Imperial Ethiopian Government Let.Gen Letenal- General Maj.Gen Major- General MCL Master of Criminal Administration MCL Master of Criminal Law MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoI Ministry of Information NA Not Available OAU Organization of African Unity OETA Occupied Enemy Territory Administration OLF Oromo Liberation Front PDRY Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen Qagnam Qagnazmatch TLF Tigrai Liberation Movement UNO joint Nations Organization USA United States of America USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Wag. Seu Wag- Shum Abstract Ethiopia stands one of the oldest countries in international relations. Nevertheless, its foreign relations began to take modern shape under Haile Selassie I. It is during his period that permanent representations have begun and diplomatic missions were opened in many countries. Haile Selassie oversaw Ethiopia’s early participation in international relations. In this respect he became an international figure. It is thus, the purpose of this study is to appraise Ethiopia’s foreign policy under the Emperor Haile Selassie I. The study employed a neo-classical theory as its instruments of analysis. In light of this foreign policy of Ethiopia under the Emperor is apprised and the internal and external factors that affected the country’s foreign relations analyzed. For the purpose the available published and unpublished documents are used. Furthermore people with knowledge of the time are interviewed and recorded. The role the Emperor played in foreign policy formulations is analyzed and his personal diplomacy is evaluated. In this connection, the study underlined how personal domination in foreign policy by the Emperor has stagnated the dynamism of the foreign policy making bodies and institutions in the country. Finally, the study appraised the weaknesses and strength of Ethiopia’s foreign policy under the period. The study is believed to be a new input, since there has been no book-length study of Ethiopian foreign policy under the Emperor (Clapham, 1999:99). 1. INTRODUCTION Foreign policy is a set of goals, means, strategies, tactical structures and processes designed to attain state or party objectives in international relations (Rosenau, 1961,146). Foreign policy is primarily concerned with the pursuit of national interest and the attainment of national objectives. National objectives are diverse and some of which vary from time to time. National security, however, stands out first in the foreign policy of all countries. In light of this, Ethiopia’s diversified foreign relations with countries of different socio- economic and political orientations have contributed to its “national self-preservation” (Rubenson, 1976:1). Maintaining of national security alone cannot be an end by itself in foreign policy. Foreign policy in its overall nature has to contribute to the domestic development efforts of a country, peace, stability, and raise the living standard of the people. There is unity between domestic and foreign policy. Foreign policy of a country emanates from domestic environment. A foreign policy maker takes into considerations both external and internal environments in foreign policy making process. This relationship makes one influence the other in its making and that is why it is said, “foreign policy is nothing more than a by-product of domestic politics…” (Macridis,1976: 4, ellipsis mine). Foreign policy is a systematic arrangement of states’ national interests in their relations with other states. The setting of national interest takes into consideration different variables of national and international characters. The internal character contain variables such as economic power, military strengths, natural endowment, level of technological development, geographic location, etc., which are some to mention. The techniques of identifying the relevant foreign policy variables from the irrelevant ones need an institutional approach and 1 scientific analysis. Furthermore, the quality of foreign policy of a country is determined by many factors of which the role-played by highly skilled and experienced personnel, the level of participation and the method of policy decision making are of paramount importance. Thus, it is within this framework that Ethiopia’s foreign policy under the Emperor is studied and appraised. The study amplified the personal role of the Emperor in the foreign policy decision- making, and the limited role of other policy-making institutions. The study is structured into six chapters.
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