DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethiopia's Foreign Policy Under Emperor Haile Selassie I: an Appraisal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ETHIOPIA’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE I: AN APPRAISAL. BY ARKA ABOTA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVESITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. DECEMBER 6,2002 ADDIS ABABA ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ETHIOPIA’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE I: AN APPRAISAL. BY ARKA ABOTA ADVISOR SIGNATURE ------------------------------ ------------------------ EXAMINER SIGNATURE ------------------------------ ------------------------- EXAMINER SIGNATURE -------------------------------- --------------------------- ACKNOWLEDMENTS This thesis is the result of the cooperation and efforts of numerous people, which makes it an impossible task for me to acknowledge all diverse indebtedness. Grateful to all sources of assistance, I should like nevertheless to mention a few names. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) that sponsored me to pursue my post- graduate studies at Addis Ababa University. My special thanks go to Dr. Mengistu Huluka, the former Minister of MoA and now Ethiopian ambassador to Rome. I am also indebted to the staff of the Management and Training Service of the MoA for their all round support. I thank my thesis advisor Dr. Assefa Medhane for his guidance, encouragement and constant assistance without which this project would not have had its present shape. The understanding, support and encouragement that I have obtained from my spouse Hirut Hadaro, my children and all family members were a driving force throughout my study time. I wish to thank all of my friends for their constant support and encouragement. I would like to acknowledge my friend Kaleb Bassa for providing me with his personal computer and encouragement he rendered. I thank my friend Yakob Arsano for his encouragement and valuable advise. I thank Lij Michael Imru, Dejazmatch Dr. Zewde G/Selassie, Ato Emmanel Abraham, and Ato Getachew Bekele who served this country at different levels (ambassadors, prime ministers, and ministers) for sharing with me their rich personal experiences as interviewees (see Annex 6). I have special honor and respect to them all. I would like also to thank Ato Ejigu Retta for his encouragement and useful advice. Last but not least, I would like to thank the officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for providing me with relevant data for my research and in particular the staff of the archives section for their friendly and cooperative behavior. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES 1. INTRODUCTION 1-2 CHAPTER 1 1.1 . STATEMEMENT OF PROBLEM 3-9 1.2 . OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.3 . HYPOTHESIS 1.4 . METHODOLOGY 1.5 . SIGINIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.5.1. THE GENERAL OBJECTIVES 1.5.2. THE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1.6 . METHOD OF THE STUDY. 1.7 . THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY CHAPTER 2 2.1. THEORETICAL SETTING 10-17 CHAPTERR 3 3.1. SOME ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF ETHIOPIA’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER LIJ IYASU AND EMPRESS ZEWDITU 1 8-27 3.1.1. THE REIGN OF LIJ IYASSU: 1913-1916 3.1.2.THE REIGN OF EMPRESS ZEWDITU: 1916-1930 CHAPTER 4 2. ETHIOPIA’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER HAILE SELASSIE : 1930-1974 28-63 4.1. THE PERIOD FROM 1930-1936 4.2. THE PERIOD FROM 1941-1974 4.2.1. THE STRENGTHENING OF MODERN STATE BUREACRACY 4.2.1.1. THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS 4.2.1.2. THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF FOREIGN POLICY OF ETHIOPIA UNDER THE MPEROR 4.2.1.3. THE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPASION OF ETHIOPIA’S DIPLOMACY CHAPTERN 5 5.1. ETHIOPIA’S FOREIGN RELATIONS AFTER LIBERATION WITH COUNTRIES OF DIFFERENT SOCIAL SYSTEMS 64-85 5.1.1. ETHIO-BRITAIN RELATIONS 5.1.2. ETHIO-USA RELATIONS 5.1.3. ETHIO-USSR RELATIONS CHAPTER 6 6.1. APPRAISAL OF HAILE SELASSIE’S FOREIGN POLICY: SOME SALIENT ISSUES 86-105 6.1.1. PROBLEMS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF FOREIGN POLICY GOALS 6.1.1.1. POWER MAKING (1916-1935) 6.1.1.2. POWER CENTRALISATION (1930-1935), AND 6.1.1.3. POWER RESTORATION AND DECAY (1941-1974) 6.2. THE FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING UNDER THE EMPEROR: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE UNDER THE DERG . 7 CONCLUSION 106-107 REFERENCES 108-115 ANNEXES 116-154 GLOSSARY 155-156 QUESTIONNAIRE 157 DECLARATION 158 List of Appendices 1. Negarit Gazeta, No.5, 2. List of ambassadors accredited to different countries during the Imperial era, 3. List of ministers of Foreign Affairs from the time of its establishment, 4. List of consuls, consul-generals, and ministers designated to different countries during the Imperial era. 5. List of Ambassadors accredited to different countries during Derg era 6. Biography of former officials who were interviewed List of figures 1. The graphical representation of the employees of the MoFA in 1949 (EC) 2. Negadras Hayla-Gogories Wolde-Mikale, the first Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1907-1910. 3. Blatta-Geta Heruy Wolde- Selassie The second Minister of foreign Affairs from 1931- 1936 4. Emperor Haile Selassie I around the end of his Government List of tables 1. Ethiopia’s foreign representation during the time of Empress Zawditu when Ras Tafari was a heir. 2. Educational qualification of Ambassadors during the Emperor 3. Social composition of Ambassadors during the Emperor 4. Educational qualification of Ambassadors during the Derg 5. Social composition of Ambassadors during the Derg Acronyms Bala Balambaras Bela.Get Blata (en) Getta Bir.Gen Birgador-General Bitw Bitwoded BMM British Military Mission in Ethiopia Commo Commodore Commn Comander Dej Dejazmach ELF Eritrean Liberation Front ETHSO Ethio-Soviet Trading Company FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Fit Fitawrari IEG Imperial Ethiopian Government Let.Gen Letenal- General Maj.Gen Major- General MCL Master of Criminal Administration MCL Master of Criminal Law MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoI Ministry of Information NA Not Available OAU Organization of African Unity OETA Occupied Enemy Territory Administration OLF Oromo Liberation Front PDRY Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen Qagnam Qagnazmatch TLF Tigrai Liberation Movement UNO joint Nations Organization USA United States of America USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Wag. Seu Wag- Shum Abstract Ethiopia stands one of the oldest countries in international relations. Nevertheless, its foreign relations began to take modern shape under Haile Selassie I. It is during his period that permanent representations have begun and diplomatic missions were opened in many countries. Haile Selassie oversaw Ethiopia’s early participation in international relations. In this respect he became an international figure. It is thus, the purpose of this study is to appraise Ethiopia’s foreign policy under the Emperor Haile Selassie I. The study employed a neo-classical theory as its instruments of analysis. In light of this foreign policy of Ethiopia under the Emperor is apprised and the internal and external factors that affected the country’s foreign relations analyzed. For the purpose the available published and unpublished documents are used. Furthermore people with knowledge of the time are interviewed and recorded. The role the Emperor played in foreign policy formulations is analyzed and his personal diplomacy is evaluated. In this connection, the study underlined how personal domination in foreign policy by the Emperor has stagnated the dynamism of the foreign policy making bodies and institutions in the country. Finally, the study appraised the weaknesses and strength of Ethiopia’s foreign policy under the period. The study is believed to be a new input, since there has been no book-length study of Ethiopian foreign policy under the Emperor (Clapham, 1999:99). 1. INTRODUCTION Foreign policy is a set of goals, means, strategies, tactical structures and processes designed to attain state or party objectives in international relations (Rosenau, 1961,146). Foreign policy is primarily concerned with the pursuit of national interest and the attainment of national objectives. National objectives are diverse and some of which vary from time to time. National security, however, stands out first in the foreign policy of all countries. In light of this, Ethiopia’s diversified foreign relations with countries of different socio- economic and political orientations have contributed to its “national self-preservation” (Rubenson, 1976:1). Maintaining of national security alone cannot be an end by itself in foreign policy. Foreign policy in its overall nature has to contribute to the domestic development efforts of a country, peace, stability, and raise the living standard of the people. There is unity between domestic and foreign policy. Foreign policy of a country emanates from domestic environment. A foreign policy maker takes into considerations both external and internal environments in foreign policy making process. This relationship makes one influence the other in its making and that is why it is said, “foreign policy is nothing more than a by-product of domestic politics…” (Macridis,1976: 4, ellipsis mine). Foreign policy is a systematic arrangement of states’ national interests in their relations with other states. The setting of national interest takes into consideration different variables of national and international characters. The internal character contain variables such as economic power, military strengths, natural endowment, level of technological development, geographic location, etc., which are some to mention. The techniques of identifying the relevant foreign policy variables from the irrelevant ones need an institutional approach and 1 scientific analysis. Furthermore, the quality of foreign policy of a country is determined by many factors of which the role-played by highly skilled and experienced personnel, the level of participation and the method of policy decision making are of paramount importance. Thus, it is within this framework that Ethiopia’s foreign policy under the Emperor is studied and appraised. The study amplified the personal role of the Emperor in the foreign policy decision- making, and the limited role of other policy-making institutions. The study is structured into six chapters.
Recommended publications
  • Ethiopia Briefing Packet

    Ethiopia Briefing Packet

    ETHIOPIA PROVIDING COMMUNITY HEALTH TO POPULATIONS MOST IN NEED se P RE-FIELD BRIEFING PACKET ETHIOPIA 1151 Eagle Drive, Loveland, CO, 80537 | (970) 635-0110 | [email protected] | www.imrus.org ETHIOPIA Country Briefing Packet Contents ABOUT THIS PACKET 3 BACKGROUND 4 EXTENDING YOUR STAY 5 PUBLIC HEALTH OVERVIEW 7 Health Infrastructure 7 Water Supply and sanitation 9 Health Status 10 FLAG 12 COUNTRY OVERVIEW 13 General overview 13 Climate and Weather 13 Geography 14 History 15 Demographics 21 Economy 22 Education 23 Culture 25 Poverty 26 SURVIVAL GUIDE 29 Etiquette 29 LANGUAGE 31 USEFUL PHRASES 32 SAFETY 35 CURRENCY 36 CURRENT CONVERSATION RATE OF 24 MAY, 2016 37 IMR RECOMMENDATIONS ON PERSONAL FUNDS 38 TIME IN ETHIOPIA 38 EMBASSY INFORMATION 39 WEBSITES 40 !2 1151 Eagle Drive, Loveland, CO, 80537 | (970) 635-0110 | [email protected] | www.imrus.org ETHIOPIA Country Briefing Packet ABOUT THIS PACKET This packet has been created to serve as a resource for the 2016 ETHIOPIA Medical Team. This packet is information about the country and can be read at your leisure or on the airplane. The final section of this booklet is specific to the areas we will be working near (however, not the actual clinic locations) and contains information you may want to know before the trip. The contents herein are not for distributional purposes and are intended for the use of the team and their families. Sources of the information all come from public record and documentation. You may access any of the information and more updates directly from the World Wide Web and other public sources.
  • A History of a Reaction of the Mareko People Against the Italian Invasion and the Five Year Italian Rule-In South Central Ethiopia

    A History of a Reaction of the Mareko People Against the Italian Invasion and the Five Year Italian Rule-In South Central Ethiopia

    Historical Research Letter www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3178 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0964 (Online) Vol.53, 2021 A History of a Reaction of the Mareko People Against the Italian Invasion and the Five Year Italian Rule-in South Central Ethiopia Yohannes Tesfsye Getachew * Buruk Woldemichael Jima Department of Histroy and Heriatge Management, Jimma University, Jimma, PO box 378, Ethiopia Abstract The prime objective of this paper is to explore a history of reaction made by Mareko people against the Italian invasion and the five year occupation. The paper also uncovers the role played by Mareko and other integrated ethno-linguistic individual patriots who fight against Italian occupation and rule at the then Mareko woreda (district). At the eve of the Fascist Italian aggression Mareko people were lived under Mareko woreda (district) which was under the administrative division of Shawa tekely gezat (division of country). Butajira town was the administrative site of the then Mareko woreda. Like other nation, nationalities, and peoples of Ethiopia, fighting class from Mareko people marched in Maychew and other battles to defend their county from Italian aggression. Even though the final battle at Maychew was unsuccessful, they actively resist Italian rule. To speak frankly the then governor of Dobena Sub- district and his officers peacefully submitted and became a leading collaborator, but the majority of Mareko people resisted for the Italian rule. The resistance was mainly led by Wärѐqѐ Märeyamѐ, spiritual leader of Mareko people in Mareko land, and qegnazmach Tuji Anjilo outside Mareko land. Subsequently the Italian Fascist officials established military camp at Koshe kebele the center of Dobena sub- district.
  • The Ethiopian State: Perennial Challenges in the Struggle for Development

    The Ethiopian State: Perennial Challenges in the Struggle for Development

    Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College International Studies Honors Projects International Studies Department 4-26-2016 The thiopiE an State: Perennial Challenges in the Struggle for Development Hawi Tilahune Macalester College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/intlstudies_honors Part of the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Tilahune, Hawi, "The thiopE ian State: Perennial Challenges in the Struggle for Development" (2016). International Studies Honors Projects. Paper 21. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/intlstudies_honors/21 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by the International Studies Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Studies Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ethiopian State: Perennial Challenges in the Struggle for Development Hawi Tilahune Presented to the Department of International Studies, Macalester College. Faculty Advisors: Dr. Ahmed I. Samatar and Professor David Blaney 4/26/2016 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 ABSTRACT 4 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 6 I. THE CHALLENGE 6 II. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 7 III. MOTIVATION 8 IV. SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 10 V. PREPARATION 10 VI. ORGANIZATION 12 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 15 I. THE STATE 15 II. NATIONHOOD AND NATIONALISM 30 III. WORLD ORDER 37 IV. DEVELOPMENT 43 CHAPTER III: BASIC INFORMATION 50 I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 50 II. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY 51 III. SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY 51 IV. ECONOMY 52 CHAPTER IV: EMPEROR MENELIK II (1889-1913) 54 I. INTRODUCTION 54 II. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN THE HORN 55 III. TERRITORIAL AND CULTURAL EXPANSION 58 IV.
  • Book Chapter

    Book Chapter

    Book Chapter Childhood Portraits of Iyasu: the Creation of the Heir through Images SOHIER, Estelle Reference SOHIER, Estelle. Childhood Portraits of Iyasu: the Creation of the Heir through Images. In: Ficquet, E. & Smidt W. The Life and Times of Lij Iyasu: New Insights. Zürich, Berlin : Lit Verlag, 2014. p. 51-74 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:34517 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Off-Print of: SOHIER, Estelle, “Childhood Portraits of Iyasu: the Creation of the Heir through Images.” In Éloi Ficquet and Wolbert G.C. Smidt, eds, The Life and Times of Lïj Iyasu of Ethiopia. New Insights. Zürich, Berlin: LIT Vlg, 2014, pp. 51-74 The Life and Times of Lïj Iyasu of Ethiopia New Insights edited by Éloi Ficquet and Wolbert G.C. Smidt __________ LIT Table of Contents List of Figures and Pictures, pp. vii-ix Note on the transliteration, pp. xi Map of Ethiopia under Lïj Iyasu, ca. 1909 – 1921, p. xiii. Foreword Éloi Ficquet & Wolbert G.C. Smidt, pp. 1-2 Part I: The Background: Family, Marriages and Alleged Origins Understanding Lïj Iyasu through his Forefathers: The Mammedoch Imam-s of Wello Eloi Ficquet, pp. 5-29. Some Observations on a Sharifian Genealogy of Lïj Iyasu (Vatican Arabic Ms. 1796) Alessandro Gori, pp. 31-38. Lïj Iyasu’s Marriages as a Reflection of his Domestic Policy Zuzanna Augustyniak, pp. 39-47. Part II: The Heir: Between Ethnic and Religious Pluralism, Reform and Continuity Childhood Portraits of Iyasu: the Creation of the Heir through Images Estelle Sohier, pp.
  • Abbysinia/Ethiopia: State Formation and National State-Building Project

    Abbysinia/Ethiopia: State Formation and National State-Building Project

    Abbysinia/Ethiopia: State Formation and National State-Building Project Comparative Approach Daniel Gemtessa Oct, 2014 Department of Political Sience University of Oslo TABLE OF CONTENTS No.s Pages Part I 1 1 Chapter I Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Presentation – Ethiopia 1 1.2 Concept Clarification 3 1.2.1 Ethiopia 3 1.2.2 Abyssinia Functional Differentiation 4 1.2.3 Religion 6 1.2.4 Language 6 1.2.5 Economic Foundation 6 1.2.6 Law and Culture 7 1.2.7 End of Zemanamesafint (Era of the Princes) 8 1.2.8 Oromos, Functional Differentiation 9 1.2.9 Religion and Culture 10 1.2.10 Law 10 1.2.11 Economy 10 1.3 Method and Evaluation of Data Materials 11 1.4 Evaluation of Data Materials 13 1.4.1 Observation 13 1.4.2 Copyright Provision 13 1.4.3 Interpretation 14 1.4.4 Usability, Usefulness, Fitness 14 1.4.5 The Layout of This Work 14 Chapter II Theoretical Background 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 A Short Presentation of Rokkan’s Model as a Point of Departure for 17 the Overall Problem Presentation 2.3 Theoretical Analysis in Four Chapters 18 2.3.1 Territorial Control 18 2.3.2 Cultural Standardization 18 2.3.3 Political Participation 19 2.3.4 Redistribution 19 2.3.5 Summary of the Theory 19 Part II State Formation 20 Chapter III 3 Phase I: Penetration or State Formation Process 20 3.0.1 First: A Short Definition of Nation 20 3.0.2 Abyssinian/Ethiopian State Formation Process/Territorial Control? 21 3.1 Menelik (1889 – 1913) Emperor 21 3.1.1 Introduction 21 3.1.2 The Colonization of Oromo People 21 3.2 Empire State Under Haile Selassie, 1916 – 1974 37
  • Scarica Il Libro in Formato

    Scarica Il Libro in Formato

    Richard Pankhurst Etiopi Dalle prime testimonianze umane alla repubblica federale InDICE 6 Cenni sulla traslitterazione 7 Preistoria e geografia 19 Punt, i faraoni e i Tolomei, il regno aksumita Titolo originale: Ethiopians. A History e l’avvento della Cristianità © 2006 Black wells, Oxford 51 La dinastia Zagué, le chiese di Lalibela © 2012 Beit casa editrice, Trieste e la “Restaurazione” salomonica ISBN: 978-88-95324-32-6 67 Vita nel Medio Evo: contatti con i vicini musulmani Traduzione: Piero Budinich e Camilla Pieretti e con la remota cristianità In copertina: Foto di Pierangelo Gramignola, 89 Ahmad ibn Ibrahim, la migrazione oromo In quarta di copertina: e la conquista islamica di Massaua 109 Lo spostamento della capitale a nordovest e l’intermezzo cattolico 121 Gondar: ascesa e caduta 145 L’inizio del xix secolo e l’avvento di Tewodros ii 173 Iohannes, Menelik e le Potenze europee La scheda bibliografica è riportata nell’ultima pagina del libro. 205 Gli inizi della modernizzazione: Menelik, Iyasu, Per conoscere le ultime novità visitate il sito www.beitcasaeditrice.it Zauditu e Haile Selassie 231 Invasione, occupazione e liberazione 265 Restaurazione e rivoluzione 295 Note ai capitoli 309 Bibliografia 325 Cronologia essenziale 327 Una transizione lunga vent‘anni, non ancora conclusa di Gian Paolo Calchi Novati 353 Indice dei nomi 359 Repertorio dei nomi geografici e degli argomenti CEnnI SULLA TRASLITTERAZIOnE DELLE PAROLE STRAnIERE L’alfabeto dell’amharico L’amharico (āmariññā) è la lingua ufficiale dell’Etiopia. non esiste una traslitterazione comunemente accettata dell’amharico nell’alfabeto latino. L’alfabeto ge‘ez comprende 260 segni sillabici, divisi in sette ordini a seconda della coloritura vocalica.
  • Dem (Däm) (A,Geez) 1. Blood; 2. Sap of Plant; Deem (O) Go ?? Dem Bahir

    Dem (Däm) (A,Geez) 1. Blood; 2. Sap of Plant; Deem (O) Go ?? Dem Bahir

    dem (däm) (A,Geez) 1. blood; 2. sap of plant; deem (O) go ?? Dem Bahir ../.. [Ch] Lake about a mile in diameter, formed in a depression on a lava field - lava blocks instead of mud can be seen on the bottom through the clear water. Close by is another similar lake, Kurt Bahir. [Cheesman 1936] HEF80 Dem Bet 11°36'/39°23' 1908 m 11/39 [Gz] HDK21 Dem Gijo 09°14'/37°41' 1688 m 09/37 [AA Gz] dema: demma (dämma) (A) bleed, make bleed; dema, deemaa (O) lustful, lewd, lecherous, promiscuous HED70 Dema, see Deyma HED92 Dema (area) 11/37 [WO] JEC50 Dema Lay Terara (Dema'lay T.) 11°19'/41°37' 831 m 11/41 [MS] JEC40 Demaali (Dema'ali), see Damahale JDC72 Demadegu, see Gicha GCU33 Demai 07/34 [WO] demb (dämb) (A) usage, established custom, rule HBL37 Demb (Uamore Demb?) (area) 03°54'/39°08' 03/39 [WO Gz] HFF23 Demba Mikael (church) 13°49'/39°41', east of Wikro 13/39 [Gz] dembal doro: dooro (Som), doro (A) chicken HBM73 Dembal Doro (Dembeldora, Dambaldoro) 04/39 [Gz LM WO] 04°19'/39°38' 1133 m HDE37 Dembala (area) 08/39 [WO] dembar (T) awkward, bashful; dembara (A) border, boundary; denbari (dänbari) (A) shy, skittish HCK78c Dembara, 2120 m, cf Denbera, Dimbira 07/38 [Gu] HCK79 Dembara 07°01'/38°20' 1789 m 07/38 [Wa Gz] HC... Dembara, see Denbara Kela ?? Dembaro ../.. [20] Menilek made submission to Yohannes IV at his camp at Dembaro on 20 March 1878 in an elaborate ceremony. Menilek was crowned King of Shewa on 26 March.
  • Ethiops Attack U. S. Legatio

    Ethiops Attack U. S. Legatio

    A ttirttffltnr E ttntfng VnraU l vxTDSDXT. XiiTii n sc Hoaa Company No. 4 o f the South A divorce WM grantod to Ura.l that will ba onnouncad aaxt Triik AVHBAffli DAELF OmOOLATION ntt'MVAYtUlil' ABODTTOWN Maachaatar Flra dapartmcot waa Ro m Rlsw FnntnlM of Hvtford TO CONCLUDE “ B D iO r ''’ineen of tha ragular play naxt fW tha Maath at April. IMS Faraeaat al 0 . fc Wai caUad twloa yaatarday afternoon from Michael PanUleo of Man chi Friday night will be eligible for the BariferS for Area. Both arara atfll alarma tor on tha grounds o f Intolerable spedal game. WATKINS ^PS., -I SomUiy Wnaa of Dalmaat Tha flrat at 3:80 eaUed tha com­ cruelty by Judge John A. C rneU In CAM S NEXT FRIDAT Flair taaicfct amt Tmaatart eealar pany to eatlngulab a Are that had Last night's winners at Tinker OfOURFORATXID 5 , 8 4 6 t m SM today from Naw York Superior Court yesterday after­ Hall were as foUewa: regular prlaea Msiabar at Ike A a«t la west portiaa toaight, ritokOy atartad in tha wooda n'aa. Arvlne , _ Uia Orlmto for a aaron-^ay noon. The divorce was not contest­ Margaret Fltapatrick, Mrs. Oeoige warmer TneaSoy. > Iniiaa to SEavana. place. Tha aeoond call came at 9:90 ed by Mr. PanUleo. Mrs. Pantaleo A . O. H. and Ladies' Anxiliary ROBERT K. ANDERSON Bai aaa af CNranlatlaiia. for a wooda Ara off Oardnar atraat WUllams, Irene McDonald, Mrs. Funeral DIroetev MANiTIESTER — A CITY OF VILLAGE C^ARM was rsprasentod by Attorney Vic­ to Brinff Series of Weekly James Baker, Mrs.
  • Anhang / Annex

    Anhang / Annex

    Anhang / Annex Tabelle I. Mitt/ere Niederschlagsmengen (mm) Table I. Mean annual rainfall (mm) Station Breite Hohe J F M A M J J A S 0 N D Jahres- (ON) (m) mittel (mm) Latitude A/titude Annual in metres Mean 1. Nakfa 16.40 1670 1.2 1.2 1.6 11.8 28.9 7.0 52.9 58.2 13.4 8.4 2.8 0.5 188 2. Mitsiwa 15.36 5 30.5 29.2 15.2 13.2 5.8 0.0 8.2 9.3 3.3 14.5 22.9 35.2 187 3. Agordet 15.33 633 0.0 0.0 0.2 4.0 12.0 27.2 103.1 138.8 38.0 4.1 1.2 0.0 329 4. Asmera 15.17 2325 0.9 3.5 7.8 30.0 45.7 40.3 179.4 178.8 30.1 10.3 15.2 2.2 544 5. Teseney 15.06 585 0.0 0.8 1.2 6.8 13.9 40.9 126.5 160.5 67.4 14.4 3.1 0.0 436 6. Aseb 13.01 11 6.7 3.7 2.7 1.2 0.1 0.0 13.9 8.9 4.2 0.6 0.4 15.8 58 7. Maychew 12.44 2300 8.6 15.2 85.5 94.1 46.4 8.5 194.9 263.2 95.2 23.5 4.2 19.7 859 8. Gonder 12.35 2200 5.2 15.8 43.7 63.7 73.0 169.3 379.9 365.9 124.8 45.7 20.7 18.0 1356 9.
  • The Challenges of Emperor Haile Sellassie I in Post- Liberation Perid

    The Challenges of Emperor Haile Sellassie I in Post- Liberation Perid

    THE CHALLENGES OF EMPEROR HAILE SELLASSIE I IN POST- LIBERATION PERID 1.1 The Aborted (Failed) Coup D’état of 1960 in Ethiopia Introduction There had been various opposition against the Emperor Haile Sellassie rule in the post- liberation period. These oppositions were expressed in the form of plots and open rebellions either in group or individual. However, most of them had not significant effect. The root causes of the opposition Haile Sellassie’s government were prevailing economic and social inequalities, national oppression and absence of democratic rights. For example, the 1960 coup d’état was an open rebellion. This topic mainly deals with the 1960 coup d’état of Ethiopia to overthrow the Emperor Haile Sellassie I government by some prominent individuals and their supporters. Objectives After successful completion of this lesson, students will be able to; analyze the cause of the 1960 coup d’état; explain the prominent coup makers and the other participants with their functions; describe the course and its consequences of the 1960 coup d’état; and point out the strength and weaknesses of the 1960 coup d’état. Key Terms - Coup d’état: the sudden overthrow of an existing government by a small group. - Demonstration: a display which people to show their support or opposition for something. - Hostage: someone who is taken as prisoner by force or involuntary controlled by outside influence. - Rebel: rise in opposition or armed resistance to an existing government or leader. - Proclamation: an official declaration issued by a person of authority to make certain announcements or formal announcement made by a great seal of some matter.
  • Sistrenites! March, 2006 Rastafari Newsletter Volume 3, Issue 03

    Sistrenites! March, 2006 Rastafari Newsletter Volume 3, Issue 03

    SistrenItes! March, 2006 Rastafari Newsletter Volume 3, Issue 03 QueenQueen OmegaOmega Being the Balming Mistress of Many Worlds She Charges the Powerhouse Right Now. - The Promise Key Www.RastafariOnline.com Volume 3, Issue 03 From the Editor’s Tukul Page 1 Life has taught us that wisdom, knowledge and over- Inside this issue: standing are encoded within our DNA and written into the scrolls of our hearts. It is through man and womb- man’s desire that these treasures flourish and nourish Editorial page 1 the inner man. The bible bears witness that wisemind is of gentle voice, for her ways are pleasant; even while she tests a person’s Irits for loyalty and humility. Her Celebrating the 2-3 treasures make Rulers out of man and Ivine Nurturers Life of and Healers out of woman. For these reasons, Itege Menen wisemind will not give tarry with the foolish nor be- stow her precious pearls upon the unworthy. HIM Haile 4 Wisemind is like a seed which germinates in the dark- Sellassie I Speaks ness of the womb, buried deep within the soil of one About Itege and ones soul. Mother Earth, herself, contains the soil Menen within which the seeds of life are sown. She bears the weight of Man, Woman and Child and is relied upon to give and give and give. Upon her we depend to sup- Queen Omega: 5 port the needs of man, woman and child so that we Our Mother, may fulfill the Word and be fruitful and multiply. Our Role Model Mother Earth keeps herself within the righteous order by Sis Khanysia and has never rebelled and therefore She is Itinually fertile.
  • Modern African Leaders

    Modern African Leaders

    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 446 012 SO 032 175 AUTHOR Harris, Laurie Lanzen, Ed.; Abbey, CherieD., Ed. TITLE Biography Today: Profiles of People ofInterest to Young Readers. World Leaders Series: Modern AfricanLeaders. Volume 2. ISBN ISBN-0-7808-0015-X PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 223p. AVAILABLE FROM Omnigraphics, Inc., 615 Griswold, Detroit,MI 48226; Tel: 800-234-1340; Web site: http: / /www.omnigraphics.com /. PUB TYPE Collected Works General (020)-- Reference Materials - General (130) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS African History; Biographies; DevelopingNations; Foreign Countries; *Individual Characteristics;Information Sources; Intermediate Grades; *Leaders; Readability;Secondary Education IDENTIFIERS *Africans; *Biodata ABSTRACT This book provides biographical profilesof 16 leaders of modern Africa of interest to readersages 9 and above and was created to appeal to young readers in a format theycan enjoy reading and easily understand. Biographies were prepared afterextensive research, and this volume contains a name index, a general index, a place of birth index, anda birthday index. Each entry providesat least one picture of the individual profiled, and bold-faced rubrics lead thereader to information on birth, youth, early memories, education, firstjobs, marriage and family,career highlights, memorable experiences, hobbies,and honors and awards. All of the entries end with a list of highly accessiblesources designed to lead the student to further reading on the individual.African leaders featured in the book are: Mohammed Farah Aidid (Obituary)(1930?-1996); Idi Amin (1925?-); Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1898?-); HaileSelassie (1892-1975); Hassan II (1929-); Kenneth Kaunda (1924-); JomoKenyatta (1891?-1978); Winnie Mandela (1934-); Mobutu Sese Seko (1930-); RobertMugabe (1924-); Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972); Julius Kambarage Nyerere (1922-);Anwar Sadat (1918-1981); Jonas Savimbi (1934-); Leopold Sedar Senghor(1906-); and William V.