Subject Index

Absence, 47, 79, 83, 87, 89, 131, 143, 204, Appearances, 8, 10, 11, 17, 19, 51, 96, 112, 227, 230, 232, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272, 279, 121, 123, 127, 128, 130, 159, 162, 180, 315, 317, 318, 320–325, 354, 373 184–192, 224, 242, 261, 288, 289, 292, Abstraction, 6, 172, 174, 176, 178, 187, 194, 322–325, 335, 350–352, 356, 357, 359, 361, 338, 354, 368, 369, 373, 375, 400, 402, 404, 365, 373, 406 412 Art, 17, 20, 31, 93, 131, 338, 399–404, 411– Accident, 128, 144, 145, 189, 204, 212, 213, 420 234, 360, 364 abstract art, 20, 401–405, 411, 412 Accommodation, 203, 211, 224–226 color, 402, 403–404 Action-perception synergies, 131, 132, 133 compositional techniques, 399–404 Activation zone, 375 constructivism, 396, 398, 406, 407, 412, Active vision, 131 418 Adaptive strategies, 85, 96, 97 generative art, 20, 411, 412, 414–418 Additive scanning, 364 history, 184, 393 Aesthetics, 2, 9, 16, 17, 85, 90, 91, 93, 97, 113, modulation, 83, 402–403 121, 413 Pop/Op, 31, 113, 124, 352 Affine distortion, 220, 223 Artificial intelligence, 1, 28, 31 Affordance, 14, 15, 186, 338, 356, 359 Artistic expression, 83, 85, 90, 91, 97 Afterimage, 112, 149, 150 Astigmatism, 112 Alphabet, 271, 347, 351, 367 Attention, 6, 51, 84, 96, 99, 100, 125, 174, Amodal, 47, 315, 336 190, 355, 356, 375, 376, 394, 396, 397 boundaries, 263, 266 Attneave points, 5, 125, 129 completion, 175, 261, 265, 270, 273, 315, Auditory objects, 340 318, 322–324, 328, 329, 374, 376 Auffälligkeit, 375 contours, 8, 15, 19, 263, 280 Automatic processes, 4, 32, 85, 96, 97, 100, perception, 97, 274, 277, 322, 328, 333, 356, 201, 412 374 Awareness, 30, 40, 111, 194, 354 presentation, 374 level, 397, 405, 407 wholeness, 322, 323, 324, 329, 335 presentational, 37 Anticipation, 31, 363 situational, 32, 35, 41 436 Subject Index

Bauhaus, 406 semantic, 169, 173, 179, 180, 182, 183, 186, Bayesian, 15, 32, 36, 153, 166, 204, 207, 209, 289, 378 216, 218 substantival, 289, 360, 361, 365, 374 Beholder’s share, 31, 40 typicity, 346, 358, 361, 362, 363, 378 Binding, 354 Causal Binocular disparity, 143, 203, 204, 206, 210, action, 13 214, 220–227 attribution, 10, 13, 50 Biological anthropology, 363 information content, 234 Blending, 346, 367, 373, 395 Causality, 9, 159, 167, 176, 290, 376 content, 346 internal, 19, 159, 189, 191 theory, 366, 367 Cézanne artworks Blur gradient(s), 120, 121, 132, 203, 211, Lac d’Annecy (1896), 402 226–229 Mont-Sainte-Victoire Seen from the Bibemus Bottleneck, 110, 111 Quarry (c. 1897), 401–402 Boundary, 20, 67, 68, 77, 78, 87, 231, 241, Still Life with Fruit and Basket (1890), 400–401 242, 245, 247, 256, 263, 266, 270, 281, 304, Town of Gardanne (1895–1896), 407 318, 321, 322, 346, 348–352, 361, 368, Chance, 416, 418 374–376 Channel capacity, 40, 42, 110 contour completion, 19, 116, 127–129, 261, Chromatic assimilation, 10 275, 280, 329 Clue, 17, 33, 35, 38, 118, 130 extension, 84, 100 Code, 27, 31, 71, 176–178, 180, 182, 183, function, 267, 356 345–347, 354, 357 measurement, 71, 250, 252, 253 Cognition, 2, 9, 14, 16, 44, 45, 50, 51, 77, 79, shadow boundaries, 252, 253, 256 87, 88, 98, 149, 151, 160, 168, 183, 187, Bridging member, 370–374, 379 289, 322, 337, 338, 345, 354 Brightness, 8, 9, 12, 14, 122, 147, 187, 214, collages, 361 251, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 351, 364, 371, linguistics, 9, 175, 289, 290, 345, 346, 354, 407 366 science, 3, 8, 28, 41, 171, 175, 176, 206, 233, Calibration, 7, 8, 16, 87, 98, 224, 231, 233, 265, 288, 354, 365, 367, 370, 371, 378, 405 235, 376 Cognitivist, 41, 201 co-calibration, 224, 233, 234 Color, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 18, 19, 33, 51, 138, sensorimotor, 219, 233 140, 141, 144, 149, 157, 159, 168, 184–190, Categories, 14, 16, 66, 109, 131, 159, 162–168, 191, 193, 205, 232, 241, 243, 245, 246, 248– 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 179, 185, 187, 206, 251, 253, 256, 261–263, 265–267, 270–277, 290, 354, 361, 362, 364, 365, 367, 371, 372, 279–281, 288, 291, 292, 295, 297, 300, 350– 377, 378 352, 357, 358, 364, 365, 368, 371, 374, 377– adjectival, 289, 362, 364 379, 396–400, 402–404, 406–408, 411, 417 adverbial, 360, 362, 364, 365, 374 bleeding, 243 basic, 361, 362, 378 constancy, 243 conceptual, 290, 346, 362, 378 information, 243 metaphorical, 357, 360, 361, 364 opponent process theory, 4, 14 radial, 362, 378 trichromacy theory, 4 Subject Index 437

Compatibility fields, 250 space-time continuum, 346 Completion, 42, 367 textural, 365, 370 amodal, 175, 261, 265, 270, 273, 315, 318, Coordinative field, 377 322, 323, 324, 328, 329, 374, 376 Correlate boundary, 127–129, 261, 266, 275, 280, 329 neural, 15–18, 71, 281, 350, 354, 357, 364, mental, 356, 371–373 376 perceptual, 15, 88, 371 physical, 9, 46 phenomenal, 321, 329, 356 psychophysical, 3, 364 subjective, 4, 325, 346, 356, 370, 375 Cues, 8, 15, 17, 27–29, 32–35, 38, 39, 41, 84, Conceptual forms, 162, 174, 176, 179–192, 94, 95, 111, 117, 121, 123, 127–130, 143, 194, 358 178, 182, 188, 202–216, 224–226, 231–235, adaptive requirements, 181 252, 264, 265, 400 evolutionary development, 172, 181, 192, ambiguous, 178, 179 194 combination, 178, 207–215, 218–223, 230– transmodal character, 11, 19, 180, 186, 234 189 depth, 125, 201–206, 209–212, 219, 222, 224, underspecified, 180, 183, 191 225, 234 Conceptualization, 2, 66, 169, 234, 288, 290, integration, 178, 181, 211 346, 350, 370, 372, 373, 374 pictorial, 8, 207–211, 214, 215, 221 anaphora, 355 Curvature, 61, 63–66, 117, 118, 129, 211, 218, metaphorical, 346, 348, 354, 357, 365, 366, 231, 232, 247–250 367, 368, 373, 378 Cytochrome oxidase blobs, 245, 248 primitive of, 367 schematic, 348 Data, 2, 14, 27–29, 31, 32, 35–38, 41, 71, 118, Cones (retinal), 14, 109, 112, 114–125, 127, 120–122, 125, 129, 162, 163, 167, 171, 173, 128, 130–132, 243, 245, 247 174, 176–182, 192, 194, 243–247, 411, 416 Construal, 290, 322, 363 sense, 50, 159, 160, 168, 170, 417 Content, 4, 6, 7, 9, 20, 79, 110, 287, 289, type, 194 323, 337, 345, 346, 367–370, 377, 398, Decorrelation, 109, 110 405, 411 Depth, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 120, 121, 124, 125, lexical, 175, 345, 346 130, 143, 144, 145, 147, 162, 163, 180, 189– part, 346, 371 191, 201–236, 243, 253, 254, 261–265, 271, partial, 367–371, 373, 378 273, 276, 279–281, 297, 300, 356, 398, 400, semantic, 29, 287, 345 408 undistributed, 368, 373 absolute, 202, 206, 207, 219–228, 231–235 variable, 363 egocentric, egocentrically scaled, 206, 219, Context, 11, 27, 29, 39, 43, 70, 76, 79, 81, 221–224, 226, 230, 231 84, 85, 94, 95, 97, 100, 110, 149, 161, 187, order, 202, 206, 222 226, 241, 250, 328, 334, 337, 363, 365, 373, qualitative salience, 206 411 ratios, 222 Continuity, 19, 80, 100, 179, 184, 232, 325, relative, 202, 206, 219, 221–227, 231, 235, 335, 360, 373, 377 236 Continuum, 20, 334, 347, 364, 372, 374, 378 relief, 209, 210, 220–223, 230 438 Subject Index

Direction, 9, 16, 28, 79–89, 93, 95, 115, 117, Egocentric, 202, 206, 219–227, 230, 231 118, 121, 127, 129, 140, 227, 232, 234, 247, Egocentrically scaled, 206, 223, 224, 226, 203, 249, 252, 266, 288, 293–315, 318, 321, 323, 231 325, 326, 328, 329, 337, 350, 363, 366, 375, Effects, 68, 69, 72, 96, 112, 116, 121, 127, 131, 397 140, 141, 143, 152, 179, 194, 243, 251–254, Dislocation, 355, 374, 376. See also Represen- 261, 262, 265–267, 271, 274, 279, 291, 293– tational momentum; Representational 317, 321, 362, 397, 400–403 gravity; Gestalt illusions flash-lag effect, 140, 355 Distance, 9, 14, 16, 51, 61, 80, 86, 204, 210, Frölich effect, 355 221–236, 243–245, 267–269, 274–277, 310, plastic effect, 204–206, 224–233 350, 351, 354, 370, 372, 373, 403 Eidetic variation, 378 absolute, 222, 224 Elements, 15, 30, 44, 46, 68–70, 72, 79, 86, 87, diffusion, 244, 245 95, 99, 100, 110, 121, 122, 175, 183, 241, egocentric, 202, 206, 222, 223, 225–227, 230, 261, 265, 288, 291–293, 295–297, 301, 305, 231 313, 318, 328, 336, 337, 348, 350, 367–370, Double trill, 377 396, 417 Dynamics, 111, 114, 115, 127, 280, 400, 403, Enactive, 6–8, 20, 206, 233, 235 406 Environment, 4, 15, 18, 32, 37, 45, 66, 79, in art and aesthetics, 83 119, 123, 140, 142, 181, 184, 185, 192, 338, in cognition and mental representation, 75, 351, 361, 396, 404, 411, 416 76, 79, 80, 81–85, 94, 97, 98, 290, 375 Regularities and invariants, 85–87, 89, 97, 100 extrinsic, 76, 81, 83, 84, 85, 90 Ethology, 161, 171, 176, 179, 183, 193 in Gestalt principles, 75, 76–80, 97, 98 Euclidean transformation, 247 as history, 83, 90, 99 Event, 7–9, 12, 45, 131, 151, 153, 180, 247, in human artefacts, 82 288–290, 323, 325, 328, 349, 353, 354, 363, as information, 75, 76, 79–85, 93, 94, 96, 97, 378, 395, 416, 418 99 Evidence, 18, 33, 34, 36–38, 41, 66, 79, 80, 84, intrinsic, 76, 81–83, 90, 91, 288, 346, 348, 99, 112, 115, 123, 142, 149, 151, 160, 171, 359 175, 178, 180, 182, 187, 189, 193, 210, 211, and motor programs, 93, 94 220, 224, 225, 229, 287, 371 in natural forms, 82, 111 Experience error, 12–16 neuronal, 137, 140, 142, 153 Experimental phenomenology, 19, 20, 171, range, 205 289, 290, 318 as simplification, 77–79, 85, 87, 89, 97 Extension, 44, 84, 100, 176, 245, 290, 291, structural, 11, 18, 80–82, 85, 91, 94 350, 361, 362, 371, 376 temporal, 114, 115, 137, 325 External reality, 6, 7, 14, 111, 206 Eye movement, 6, 117, 119, 121–123, 125, Ecological, 4, 6, 204, 206, 338 127, 129, 130, 140 objects, 109 optics, 51, 52 FAÇADE model, 266, 281 physics, 172, 185 Family resemblance, 373 surface, 109 Features, 6, 15, 17, 66–68, 79, 120, 121, 130, Edge detector, 39, 40 140, 142, 144, 162, 171, 175, 177, 178, 180– Subject Index 439

182, 188, 212–214, 216, 217, 266, 287, 289, closure, 73, 87, 270, 292 337, 353, 359, 360, 362, 363, 367, 378 common fate, 87, 292 Fictive motion, 353 good continuation, 75, 87, 242, 245, 248– Figural goodness, 76, 77, 87, 98 250, 254, 270, 292, 296, 321 Figure/ground, 15, 67, 71, 114, 120, 121, 123, proximity, 75, 86, 87, 270, 292, 318, 321 128, 140, 141, 175, 217, 271, 281, 288, 321, and representational momentum, 75, 76, 83– 375, 376 100 Flow, 119, 122, 130, 178, 247–257 similarity, 75, 87, 291–293, 295–297, 299, hue flow, 243, 249–257 300, 315, 321, 328, 333, 337 shading flow, 125, 127, 241, 245, 249–257 Gestalt psychology, 73, 171, 175, 193, 206, Form 254, 287, 288, 292, 335, 348, 363, 395 apprehension, 368 Giveness, 348, 358, 360, 371 boundary of, 348 Goethian account, 28, 29, 36, 41 format, 38 grammatical, 348, 360, 378 Hallucination, 28, 29, 32–36, 39, 45 internal, 287 controlled, 27, 28, 36 lexical, 348, 360 Homology field, 47, 373 perception, 201 Hue, 242, 243, 245, 249–257, 358, 403 symbolic, 32, 37, 43, 47 color circle, 245, 247 visual, 350 fields, 245, 248 Fractal analysis, 123 Hybrid, 373, 374 Frame, 32, 93, 95, 111, 116, 118, 132, 140, 204, 225, 226, 247, 249, 301, 303, 349, 361, Identity, 95, 170, 206, 219, 230, 232, 235, 367 349, 354, 355, 373, 393 Fusion, 20, 207, 346, 349, 366–368, 370, 371, layout, 20, 27, 67, 111, 143, 153, 201–207, 374 220–224, 231, 232 modified weak fusion, 207 Ill-posed problem, 111, 208 Illusions, 5, 10, 11, 82, 85, 96–98, 127, 140, Gamma motion, 82, 98 144, 147, 151–153, 166, 201, 204, 208, 209, Ganzfeld, 358 230, 233, 293, 295–300, 310–315, 318, 321, Generalization commitment, 346 323, 324, 329, 351, 352, 356, 378, 398, Geometry, 44, 47, 73, 90, 98, 207, 230–232, 400 241, 245, 249, 254 Ehrenstein illusion, 127, 261, 262 Euclidean, 13 Gestalt, 86, 96, 98 differential, 242, 247, 254 illusory contours, 11, 19, 77, 78, 82, 94, 96– harmonics, 243, 245–247 98, 127, 129, 144, 261–263, 265–271, 273, Gestalt, 2, 4, 6, 20, 38, 43, 46, 69, 70, 90, 143, 274, 275–277, 279–281 160, 175, 180, 183, 291, 318, 348, 355, 360, illusory line motion, 84 364, 368, 374, 375, 377, 396, 397, 404, 406, Necker cube illusion, 33, 44, 376 407 Kant’s transcendental illusion, 166 Gestalt principles, 15, 75, 76, 79–81, 85–87, memory illusion, 96, 100 91, 94, 96–98, 100, 270, 293, 318, 329, 333, Ouchi illusion, 114, 120, 121 335, 374, 405 Poggendorff illusion, 315–318 440 Subject Index

Image, 28, 30, 31, 40, 45, 79, 80, 112, 121, Levels 144, 185, 188, 201, 202, 207–209, 212–215, amodal, 329, 336 226, 234–236, 241–243, 245, 247, 251, 323, ante-predicative, 378 345, 350, 352, 405, 414, 417 figurative, 347 averaged image, 112, 116 mental, 290, 373, 375 color, 249 ontological, 39, 289, 350, 364, 371, 375, 378 concept, 241 perceptual, 9, 10, 290, 296, 321, 322, 333, retinal, 211, 212, 214, 261 334, 337 segmentation, 19, 66, 241 phenomenal, 140, 289, 364 Impressionism, 393, 394, 397, 398, 407 physical, 9, 11, 50, 364 Information of reference, 378 dictionarial, 345, 361 root, 38, 43 and dynamics, 75, 76, 85, 89, 94, 97, 100 Lightness, 10, 11, 50, 87, 191, 206, 217–219, and figural goodness, 76, 77, 79, 87, 97, 98 230–232, 235, 243, 266 and meaning, 79, 98, 99, 100 Likelihood principle, 265 notion of, 298 maximum likelihood estimation, 153, 207, processing, 2, 11, 77, 79, 85, 149, 151, 168, 208, 211, 212 354, 357 Lines, 14, 34, 42, 46, 47, 82, 127, 190 selective, 27, 29, 30 smear, 116–122, 124, 125, 127, 129, 131 theory, 8, 27, 30, 37, 41, 52, 109, 110, 363, Linear weighted averaging, 207, 209– 395 211 Intention, 180, 181, 186, 348, 415 Local sign, 31, 227 Intentionality, 3, 4, 6–9, 17, 27, 39, 41, 45, 46, Luster, 185, 187, 189 66, 371, 373, 375, 376, 395, 407 stereoscopic, 186, 188 Interfaces, 41, 45, 51, 163, 177, 178, 179, 182, triggering conditions, 188, 190 183, 194, 231 Internal semantics, 1, 2, 159, 171, 173–175, Marrian account, 28, 29, 36, 40 179, 181, 184, 185, 187, 189 Material appearances, 11, 19, 159, 184–186, Invariants, 86, 87, 289, 293, 328, 349, 357, 188, 190, 192 361, 364, 367, 378 simulations in paintings, 184 perceptual, 32, 289, 290, 335, 370, 373 triggering conditions, 185, 186 Isomorphism Material qualities, 11, 18, 159–164, 181, 184– Gestalt view of, 90, 98, 355 192 second-order, 75, 85, 90, 91, 97, 98, 100 glassy, 162, 190–192 glossiness, 185, 187, 205, 358, 364, 377 Kanizsa triangle, 5, 47, 49, 50, 77, 78, 94, 96, smoothness, 232, 358 127, 230, 261–265, 270 Meaning, 1, 3, 8, 16, 17, 19, 20, 27, 30, 32, 35, Kant’s transcendental illusion, 166 38–43, 79, 96, 99, 110, 116, 132, 162, 167, Kernel, 244, 245 171, 173, 175, 178, 182, 186, 287–293, 321– 339, 346–348, 360, 363, 370, 372, 383, 411, Language, 2, 8, 12, 19, 20, 28, 38, 40, 171, 412 176, 177, 180, 287–290, 323, 328, 334, 335, internalist approach, 174, 175, 193, 309 337, 338, 346, 363–365, 376, 378, 411 schematic, 363 Figurative, 347 subjective, 39 Subject Index 441

Mental imagery, 79, 80, 90, 97, 99, 100 Object Metàbole, 347 accidental and essential properties, 341 Metaphor, 45, 345–347, 350, 351, 353, 354, actual becoming, 355 356, 357, 361, 363, 364, 366, 367–375 higher order, 3, 346, 368, 369, 373, 379 creative, 20, 345 proto-, 355 lexicalized, 366 of reference, 8, 375 Metonymy, 345 visual, 15, 67, 151, 261, 288, 352, 356, 395 Model, 3, 7, 15–17, 31, 32, 69, 98, 110–118, Ontology, 2, 3, 6, 17, 19, 29, 39, 173, 180, 121, 127, 128, 132, 168–171, 177, 180, 187, 233, 289, 346, 347, 350, 358, 362, 364, 365, 201, 206–212, 216–219, 223, 224, 230–234, 371, 378 248–250, 266, 281, 287, 362, 396–398, Op art, 113, 124 402 Opponent process, 4, 14 Modes of appearance, 186, 187, 190 Optics illumination colors, 12, 187, 243, 288 ecological, 51, 52 Katz’s conception, 186–188, 190 flow, 119, 122, 130, 178 surface colors, 187, 267, 280 inverse, 15, 16, 28, 45, 51, 169, 207, 208, volume colors, 187 231, 233, 234 Modularism, 194, 346 nerve, 30, 42, 110 Morphology, 47, 346, 362 retina, 110, 111, 130 Motion, 6, 10, 12, 82–87, 91–98, 112–133, Oriented filtering, 117, 118, 122, 129, 130 143, 160, 168, 193, 194, 256, 288, 323, 325, Ouchi illusion, 114, 120, 121 328, 350–353, 401 blur, 116–122, 125 Part/whole, 11, 47, 95, 288, 291, 296, 322, direction, 117, 118, 140 322, 334 gamma, 82, 98 functional, 348, 349 natural, 79, 80 meaningful, 349 parallax, 120, 125, 203–235 non-independent, 359, 374 stereokinetic, 355 occluded, 323, 375 stroboscopic, 9, 353, 376, 379 perceptively noticeable, 357 Motor plan, 7, 206, 232–234 perceptual, 357 Motor programs, activation, 93, 94 potential, 349 Munsell patches, 243, 245–247 processes, 348, 355, 361, 368, 373 Pattern, 351, 358–360, 362, 363, 365, 367, Naïve realism, 115, 164, 166 370–373, 378 Naïve realist, 7, 171, 219, 231 imaginative, 38 Neon color spreading, 144, 261, 262, 265–267, Perception 271, 272, 275–277, 279–281 Bayesian, 36, 166, 207 Neural correlate, 16–18, 71, 281, 354, 357, as calibration, 7, 16 364, 377 commonsense conception of, 160, 161, 164, Neuronal, 11, 14, 15, 17, 137, 141, 142, 350, 165, 167, 170–175, 183 354 direct, 6, 7, 13, 14, 16, 30 Nonaccidental(ness), 204, 212 enactive, 6–8, 20, 206, 233, 235 Nondeterministic Systems, 416–418 evolutionary development of, 172, 181, 192, Noun, 323, 362, 364 194 442 Subject Index

Perception (cont.) Pointing, 4, 82, 94, 95, 249, 306, 308–310 as recognition, 16 Polysemy, 345, 362, 370 as recovery of world structure, 169, 170 Prägnanz, 18, 70, 75–77, 82, 85, 87, 96–98, standard model of, 162, 167–171, 177, 180, 270, 292, 321, 393, 395, 404, 405 187, 207 Predication, 289, 348, 364, 365, 378 as a system of conceptual forms, 162, 174, adverbial, 378 176, 179–186, 188–194 Presentation, 36, 37, 42–50, 287, 324, 325, as (unconscious) inference, 170 368, 369, 379 Perceptual attributes amodal, 356, 374 edible, 159, 180 mental, 21, 356, 373 graspable, 204, 226, 227 perceptive, 4, 11, 15–17, 358, 359, 373 manipulable, 180, 184 phenomenal, 356 touchable, 204, 226, 227 Primitives, 8, 11, 12, 13, 67, 68, 176, 290, 323, walkable, 160, 180 348, 353 Perceptual momentum, 355 of metaphorical construct, 353, 357, 363, Perceptual organization, 44, 137, 142–144, 367, 370 149, 153, 163, 183, 189, 241, 242, 254, 261 ontological, 347, 358 continuity, 19, 373, 377 semiotic, 358 figurality, 20, 187, 288 Probability, 213–217, 244, 411 good continuation, 75, 87, 241, 292, 321, posterior, 207 373 prior, 207, 209, 215, 216 grouping, 18, 19, 75, 76, 85, 97, 98, 100, 175, Property, 32, 50, 68, 80, 115, 163, 189, 206, 291, 288, 292, 293, 295–298, 305, 318, 321, 230–232, 266, 336, 337, 350, 356, 362, 371 324, 328, 329, 334, 335, 337–339, 375, 397, intrinsic, 174, 187, 189, 219 406 material, 27, 51, 110, 116, 162, 187–189, 205 similarity, 75, 87, 292, 293, 295–297, 299, metrical, 51 315, 321, 328, 333 spatial, 51 Phase contour, 127, 128 Prototype, 358, 361, 362 Phenomenal Proxy, 39 percept, 4, 8, 13, 16, 98, 161–163, 179, 180– Pseudo surfaces, 125, 127 182, 346, 348, 349, 354, 357, 365, 395 Psychophysics, 2–4, 27, 46, 50, 51, 52, 70, 99, reality, 184 118, 137, 153, 167, 168, 171, 178, 186, 245, space, 75, 79, 81, 83–85, 90, 97, 350, 357, 357, 359, 394 406 external, 350, 357 Physics, 3, 10, 28, 30, 31, 35, 39, 50, 51, 160, internal, 377 161, 166, 172, 176, 185, 289, 347, 348, 350–353, 376 Qualitative vividness, 19, 202, 204, 206, 219 Pictures, 6, 8, 30, 31, 90, 100, 111, 112, 127, Qualities, 8–12, 15–20, 46, 47, 50, 97, 125, 131, 201–236, 352, 399, 400, 408 127, 130, 143, 147, 225–228, 233, 289, 346, pictorial depth, 19, 201, 204, 206, 219, 222– 349, 350, 357–361, 367, 377, 378, 395, 405 224, 230 of demand character, 186, 358, 359 pictorial duality, 181, 230 depth, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 120, 121, 124, 125, Plastic effect, 204–206, 224–233 130, 143, 144, 145, 147, 162, 163, 180, 189– Plenoptic function, 28 191, 201–236, 243, 253, 254, 261–265, 271, Subject Index 443

273, 276, 279–281, 297, 300, 356, 398, 400, inner, 369–373, 378, 379 408 metaphorical, 349, 367 expressive, 4, 15, 358, 359, 371, 377 Relative, 112–115, 118–121, 123, 125, 127, figural, 371, 374 128, 143, 202, 206, 207, 209, 219–227, 230, material, 11, 18, 159–164, 181, 184–192 231, 235, 236, 264, 266, 276, 288, 296, 324, mental, 358 348, 350, 371, 403 perceptual, 350, 357 Relief, 209, 210, 220–223, 230 primary, 357, 359 Renaissance, 61, 63, 93, 184, 201, 401 secondary, 358, 360, 364, 371, 378 Rendering in computer graphics, 15, 184, 185 tertiary, 14, 358, 360, 364, 371, 378 Representation, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 27, 29, 36, of unity, 367 37, 41, 67, 70–72, 75–77, 79–100, 118, 131, 149, 153, 163, 170, 175, 178, 190, 193, 194, Radiance, 27, 28, 30, 36 202, 207–211, 217, 222, 230, 235, 241–249, Radiation, 13, 50, 357 266, 281, 290, 292, 323–325, 345, 346, 366, electromagnetic, 27 367, 375, 378, 395, 396, 401, 404, 411, 412 Rainbows, 112, 347, 349, 351 gravity, 83, 84, 96, 99 Random, 35, 42, 67, 112, 191, 211, 214, 243, layered, 235, 242 276, 347, 361, 416 momentum, 75, 83, 84, 85, 87–91, 95–100 Reality, 11, 19, 20, 36–39, 44, 45, 111, 167, Retina, 10, 13, 18, 30, 40, 67, 109–113, 115– 172, 173, 175, 176, 184, 201, 202, 206, 222, 123, 125, 127, 128, 130–132, 137, 140, 151, 234, 346, 352, 353, 375, 394, 399 163, 201, 211, 212, 214, 215, 224, 226, 227, external, 6, 7, 14, 111, 206 235, 261 naïve, 115, 164, 166 Retinex theory, 241 phenomenal, 184 Realness, 184 Saturation, 205, 242, 243, 245, 246, 364 Redundancy, 109, 110 Scheme, 46, 168, 289, 290, 310, 324, 361, 370, Reference, 4, 6, 8, 9, 16, 17, 63–70, 116, 123, 375 167, 173, 310, 325, 347, 350, 369, 371, 372, Scintillating, 127, 128 375, 378, 405, 411 Second-level awareness, 397, 405 indirect, 367 Second-order feedback, 112, 114 inner, 372, 373 Seeing eye, 109 Reflectance, 3, 10, 17, 32, 46, 50, 79, 82, 85– Segmentation, 19, 66–72, 114, 117–122, 125, 87, 90, 96–100, 125, 162, 190, 219, 230, 127–129, 164, 165, 175, 189, 241, 281 232, 233, 235, 241, 243, 288, 371 Semantics, 1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 29, 41, 72, 99, 159, coplanar, 208, 215, 217, 218, 231 167, 169, 171–179, 180, 182, 183, 186, 191, function, 231 194, 234, 287, 289, 290, 345, 346, 354, 360, pattern, 76, 110, 201, 202, 206–208, 214, 362, 363, 365, 376, 378, 411 218, 230–232 field, 371–373 Regularities, 85, 86, 87, 97, 100, 185 internal, 1, 2, 159, 171, 173–175, 179, 181, external world, 172, 185, 186, 191, 192 184, 185, 187, 189 Relation objectivistic, 346 conceptual, 366 relation, 174, 194 displacement, 112, 115, 119, 128 underspecification, 183, 191 geometrical, 44 Semiotics, 41, 358 444 Subject Index

Sensorimotor contingencies, 7, 8, 206, 233 perceptual, 187, 189, 190, 347, 348 Sensory, 1–3, 6, 7, 11, 15, 87, 109, 137, 153, phenomenal, 75, 79, 81, 83–85, 90, 97, 348– 159, 160, 162, 166–184, 186, 190, 191, 104, 350, 357, 406 207, 214, 223–225, 227, 232, 233, 411 pictorial, 202, 222–226, 230, 355, 401, 403, codes, 176, 178, 182, 183 406 dual function, 182 search, 87, 89 mode, 360 subjective, 349, 353, 364, 375 systems, 177–184, 194 wavelength, 243, 245 Shading, 8, 19, 72, 111, 125, 127, 202, 203, Spatial filtering, 67, 122, 123, 130 207, 209, 214–216, 241, 242, 245, 249–256, Spatiospectral interactions, 245 288, 399 Spatiotemporal, 8, 75, 79, 85, 132, 137, 138, Shannon theory, 1, 27, 29, 30, 37, 40–43, 45, 160, 163, 164, 167, 169, 173, 179, 183, 184, 46, 50, 109, 395, 411 289 Shape, 7, 8, 13, 16–19, 65–72, 76, 79, 81–83, bias, 75, 84, 85, 100 90, 85, 96, 117, 119, 125, 127, 129, 130, response, 111 159, 180, 202, 206, 207, 209, 210–212, 217– Specious present, 36 224, 234, 288, 293–305, 308, 310, 318, 321– Statistical reliability, 206, 209, 234 329, 333–339, 350, 351, 356, 360, 369, 370, Stereometric, 397 378, 379, 396, 398, 400 Stereoscopic, 186, 188, 190, 191, 204–206, global, 64–66, 68, 71, 210 220, 224, 225, 280, 281 from shading, 251 Stereotype, 362 Sharpness, 116, 151, 205, 356, 364, 367 Stimulus Signal, 1, 33, 37, 41, 67, 69, 70, 109, 110, 114– adequate, 49 117, 131, 132, 143, 144, 151, 152, 209, 211, error, 12 212, 223, 224, 227, 233, 281, 325, 347, 354, Structure 363 anticipatory, 8, 75, 98, 349 Simile, 347, 370, 372–374 emergent, 367 Simple cells, 39, 67, 118, 128, 131 Gestalt, 90, 368 Situational awareness, 32, 35, 41 inner, 44, 163, 167, 169, 170, 171, 173–175, Slant, 11, 14, 206–236, 349, 369–373 180, 181, 189, 233, 295, 323, 356, 375 Space optical, 32–38, 42–44, 47 blend, 366, 368 skeleton, 81 conceptual, 185, 374 stable visual, 119, 125 dynamic, 75, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 90, 97, 400 Substance, 51, 167, 176, 357, 360, 364, 365, extendedness, 350, 355, 376 377 generic, 366 Substrate, 28 inner, 357 neural, 29 input, 366, 367 Suprasummativity, 348 intentional, 375 Surfaces, 9, 11–13, 15, 18, 19, 31, 39, 69, 83, interpretation, 207, 215–218 109, 110, 115, 116, 125, 127, 130, 131, 142– mental, 366, 367 145, 147, 149–151, 153, 159, 160, 166, 169, metaphorical, 347, 373 179, 180, 185–187, 189–191, 201–236, 241– organization, 187, 189–192 243, 252, 253, 255, 256, 262–267, 270, 277, Subject Index 445

279–281, 350–352, 356, 374–376, 397, 398, Touchable, 204, 226, 227 403 Transduction, 114, 116, 121–128, 130, 131, continuity, 19, 80, 100, 232, 252 177, 178 dispositional properties, 4, 11, 18, 159, 160, Transitory contrast, 112, 114–119, 121, 123, 181 128, 132 perceptual, 7, 16, 19, 159, 206, 219, 230–233 Transmodal attributes, 11, 19, 180, 186, 189 real, 202, 206, 231 Triggering, 32, 51, 120, 137, 140, 151, 183, reflectance, 10, 50, 125, 190, 201, 202, 206– 265, 266, 281, 337, 363 208, 214, 215, 217–219, 230–233, 235, 241, conditions, 179, 184–186, 188, 190–192 243, 371 function, 182 3D shape, 34, 68, 125, 143, 151, 153, 201– Trompe l’oeil, 356 204, 206–225, 230–236 Trope, 345, 370 undulating, 112, 251, 328 Symmetry, 13, 42, 47, 64–66, 70, 71, 76, 132, Umwelt, 27, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52 234, 244, 265, 292, 293, 295–297, 302–306, Unit, 9, 41, 67, 70, 133, 222, 245, 248–250, 308–310, 312–315, 318, 321, 328, 329, 337, 352, 376 356 of inner presentation, 357 Synecdoche, 345 of sensation, 357 Synesthesia, 363 Systems theory, 114, 395 Vector, 50, 115, 118, 119, 247–249, 375 Black, 253 Temperature, 51, 364 gray, 253 Temporal information, 75, 79, 80, 85, 97 tangent, 247 continuity, 80 Velocity, 100, 115, 118, 123, 130, 325, 350, direction, 79, 80 352, 364 intrinsic, 79, 80, 85, 97 Verb, 193, 287, 289, 323, 364, 376 necessary, 79, 80, 85, 97 impersonal, 365 traditional View, 79, 80 Vergence, 203, 211, 224–226 Tenor, 346, 368–371, 373 Veridical(ity), 29, 35, 36, 50, 111, 115, 117, Texture, 43, 44, 47, 87, 120–122, 125, 127, 125, 173, 220, 222–224, 233, 234 128, 130, 140, 178, 187, 188, 191, 194, 203– Vernunft, 36, 37 235, 242, 245, 248–250, 266, 351, 401, 403, Verstand, 36, 37 404 Visual cortex, 39, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 109, 131, gradient, 14, 121, 130 137, 140–142, 151, 152, 248, 265, 281 Thing, 7, 37, 38, 52, 132, 166, 172, 186, 204, 226, 228, 231, 232, 288, 321, 323–325, 335, Weight, 61, 207, 209–212, 218, 244, 350, 364, 361, 373 371, 398 Time, 9, 10, 18, 20, 34, 44, 50, 79, 80, 87, 97, 100, 138, 289, 348, 349, 352–359, 367–369, 372, 375, 376, 406, 417 subjective, 325, 346, 353–355, 375, 376 TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation), 137, 138, 140–143, 153