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Afrique Centrale 5 Afrique 101 Chapitre 11 Afrique 1. Afrique du Nord 2. Afrique de l’Ouest 3. Afrique de l’Est 4. Afrique centrale 5. Afrique australe 6. Afrique – petites îles Couvert forestier d’après la carte des forêts du monde 2000 (FRA2000) Forêt fermée Forêt ouverte et fragmentée Figure 11-1. Afrique: division sous-régionale utilisée dans ce rapport L’Afrique (voir figure 11-1 27 et tableau 11-1) comprend Seul 1 pour cent de la superficie forestière est classée environ 650 millions d’hectares de forêts, soit 17 pour cent comme plantations forestières. Le changement net de la du total mondial. Le pourcentage de forêt par habitant est superficie forestière en Afrique est le plus important de de 0,85 hectare, chiffre proche de la moyenne mondiale. toutes les régions du monde. La perte annuelle nette, Presque toutes les forêts se situent dans le domaine suivant les données extraites des rapports nationaux, est écologique tropical, et l’Afrique renferme environ un quart estimée à -5,3 millions d’hectares par an, soit -0,78 pour de toutes les forêts tropicales ombrophiles du monde. cent par an. 27 La division en sous-régions a pour seul objectif de faciliter la synthèse des données à un niveau géographique intermédiaire et ne traduit aucune opinion ou considération politique dans le choix des pays. La représentation graphique des limites nationales des pays ne traduit aucune opinion de la FAO quant à l’étendue des pays ou au tracé de leurs frontières nationales. www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/nav_world.jsp 102 FRA 2000 - Rapport principal Tableau 11-1. Afrique: ressources forestières par sous-région Sous-région Superficie Superficie forestière 2000 des terres Changement de la Volume et biomasse Forêts Plantations Total forêts superficie entre 1990 aérienne naturelles forestières et 2000 (total forêts) (total forêts) 000 ha 000 ha 000 ha 000 ha % ha/ hab. 000 ha/an % m3/ha t/ha Afrique centrale 403 298 227 377 634 228 011 56,5 2.6 -852 -0,4 127 194 Afrique de l’Est 590 078 134 132 1 291 135 423 23,0 0.7 -1 357 -1,0 28 38 Afrique du Nord 601 265 4 569 1 693 6 262 1,0 n.s. 33 0,5 32 51 Afrique australe 649 213 192 253 2 601 194 854 30,0 1.6 -1 741 -0,9 42 72 Afrique de l’Ouest 733 359 83 369 1 710 85 079 11,6 0.4 -1 351 -1,5 61 84 Afrique - petites îles 1 181 130 107 237 20,1 0.1 4 1,9 88 121 Total Afrique 2 978 394 641 830 8 036 649 866 21,8 0.8 -5 262 -0,8 72 109 TOTAL MONDIAL 13 063 900 3 682 722 186 733 3 869 455 29,6 0.6 -9 391 -0,2 100 109 Source: Annexe 3, Tableaux 3, 4, 6 et 7. Afrique: zones écologiques 103 Chapitre 12 Afrique: zones écologiques Figure 12-1. Afrique: zones écologiques La figure 12-1 indique les zones écologiques de l’Afrique ombrophiles d’Amérique du Sud et d’Asie, les forêts telles qu’elles ont été identifiées et cartographiées africaines sont relativement pauvres sur le plan floristique. FRA2000. Le tableau 12-1 donne, par sous-région, les La formation la plus étendue est la forêt ombrophile statistiques relatives à la superficie de chaque zone guinéo-congolaise de plaine, concentrée dans le bassin du écologique, et le tableau 12-2 indique le pourcentage de Congo. C’est une forêt haute et dense, de plus de 30 m de forêt de chaque zone par sous-région. hauteur, avec des émergents qui peuvent atteindre 60 m et plusieurs strates. Certaines espèces sont décidues mais la FORÊT TROPICALE OMBROPHILE forêt est dans l’ensemble sempervirente ou semi- Cette zone couvre la partie centrale de l’Afrique de part et sempervirente. Les grands arbres comprennent d’autre de l’équateur, ainsi que la côte du sud-est. Le climat Entandrophragma spp., Guarea cedrata, Guarea est plus ou moins tropical. Les précipitations sont comprises thompsonii, Lovoa trichilioides, Maranthes glabra, Parkia de 1 000 mm à plus de 2 000 mm par an. S’il existe une bicolor, Pericopsis elata et Petersianthus macrocarpus. Des saison sèche, elle ne dure pas plus de trois à quatre mois et petits îlots de forêt ombrophile humide sempervirente ou coïncide toujours avec l’hiver. La température est toujours semi-sempervirente se rencontrent avec une seule espèce élevée, généralement supérieure à 20°C, sauf dans les zones dominante, généralement Brachystegia laurentii, montagneuses. Cynometra alexandri, Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, La majeure partie de la zone était couverte, jadis, par des Julbernardia seretii ou Michelsonia microphylla, qui sont forêts ombrophiles et des forêts marécageuses. Aujourd’hui, il toutes des légumineuses. ne reste qu’un peu de forêt ombrophile non perturbée alors que La forêt ombrophile de Madagascar est haute de 25 à les formations herbeuses secondaires et les recrûs forestiers à 30 m, sans beaucoup d’arbres émergents, mais très riche en différents stades sont très répandus. Comparées aux forêts espèces. Elle est sempervirente et se développe entre 800 et 104 FRA 2000 - Rapport principal Tableau 12-1. Afrique: étendue des zones écologiques Sous-région Superficie totale de la zone écologique (millions d’ha) Tropicale Subtropicale Tempérée Boréale Forêt ombrophile Humide Sèche Arbustive Désert Montagne Humide Sèche Steppe Désert Montagne Océanique Continentale Steppe Désert Montagne Conifères Toundra Montagne Polaire Afrique australe 26 187 192 106 76 22 8 8 31 Afrique centrale 291 112 13 1 19 Afrique de l’Est 21 68 79 268 103 76 Afrique de l’Ouest 70 106 86 226 222 10 Afrique du Nord 497 20 26 48 11 Total Afrique 409 473 370 601 898 147 8 35 48 42 TOTAL MONDIAL 1468 1117 755 839 1192 459 471 156 491 674 490 182 726 593 552 729 865 407 632 564 Note: Données obtenues par superposition des cartes mondiales du couvert forestier et des zones écologiques de FRA2000. La sous-région Afrique – petites îles n’est pas incluse dans le tableau en raison du manque d’informations complètes. Tableau 12-2. Afrique: pourcentage de forêt par zone écologique Sous-région Pourcentage de forêt dans la zone écológique Tropicale Subtropicale Tempérée Boréale Forêt ombrophile Humide Sèche Arbustive Désert Montagne Humide Sèche Steppe Désert Montagne Océanique Continental Steppe Désert Montagne Conifères Toundra Montagne Polaire Afrique australe 34 28 42 7 15 16 7 3 Afrique centrale 65 44 74 23 Afrique de l’Est 6 15 32 5 9 Afrique de l’Ouest 47 35 74 1 6 Afrique du Nord 23 7 Total Afrique 57 31 48 4 11 16 19 4 TOTAL MONDE 69 31 64 7 0 26 31 45 9 2 20 25 34 4 1 26 66 26 50 2 Note: Données obtenues par superposition des cartes mondiales du couvert forestier et des zones écologiques de FRA2000. La sous-région Afrique – petites îles n’est pas incluse dans le tableau en raison du manque d’informations complètes. 1 000 m d’altitude. Les familles les plus importantes FORÊT TROPICALE HUMIDE DECIDUE représentées dans l’étage supérieur de la canopée sont les Cette zone s’étend sur le grand plateau africain au sud du euphorbiacées, rubiacées, araliacées, ébénacées bassin guinéo-congolais, le plus souvent à une altitude (Diospyros spp.), sapindacées, burséracées (Canarium spp.), comprise entre 900 et 1 000 m, mais atteignant à certains anacardiacées, elaeocarpacées (Echinocarpus spp.), endroits jusqu’à 1 500 m, ainsi que le long de la côte sud-est lauracées, guttifères, myrtacées, malpighiacées et le de l’Afrique et sur la partie centrale de Madagascar. La remarquable monocotylédone géant, l’arbre des voyageurs saison sèche est toujours prononcée et dure jusqu’à six (Ravenala madagascariensis). mois. Il n’y a qu’une seule saison des pluies, en été, mais les La périphérie plus sèche de la zone possède des types de variations régionales sont marquées. Les précipitations forêts de transition. En Afrique de l’Ouest, ces forêts annuelles varient entre 800 et 1 500 mm, mais peuvent sempervirentes ou semi-sempervirentes sont composées des atteindre localement 2 000 mm. espèces suivantes: Afzelia africana, Aningeria altissima, La forêt sèche sempervirente est largement distribuée Aningeria robusta, Chrysophyllum perpulchrum, Cola sur les sables du Kalahari, et comprend différentes espèces gigantea, Khaya grandifolia et Mansonia altissima. Les des genres Marquesia, Berlinia et Laurea. La forêt semi- autres espèces importantes sont Triplochiton scleroxylon, sempervirente de type guinéo-congolais est principalement Celtis mildbraedii, Holoptelea grandis, Sterculia spp., confinée en Angola. Dans la plaine côtière orientale, la forêt Trilepisium madagascariense et Chlorophora excelsa. est climacique mais a été largement remplacée par des Les mangroves s’étendent le long des côtes aux sols formations herbeuses arborées et des cultures agricoles. vaseux et abritées du golfe de Guinée, de l’Angola jusqu’au Partout ailleurs, la végétation la plus caractéristique est Sénégal. Elles sont composées de Rhizophora racemosa, constituée de formations boisées, à savoir les formations Rhizophora harrisonii, Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia boisées humides zambéziennes de type miombo au sud et africana, Avicennia nitida, Laguncularia racemosa et les formations boisées soudaniennes au nord. Les Acrostichum aureum. formations boisées zambéziennes se caractérisent par Afrique: zones écologiques 105 plusieurs espèces de Brachystegia (B. floribunda, deux espèces introduites. Un arbre particulièrement B. glaberrima, B. taxifolia, B. wangermeeana, B. remarquable dans cette zone est le baobab (Adansonia spiciformis, B. longifolia, B. utilis) dont la hauteur atteint digitata) avec son tronc étonnamment gros. parfois 30 m. Les espèces associées comprennent Marquesia macroura, Pterocarpus spp., Julbernardia spp. FORMATIONS ARBUSTIVES TROPICALES et Isoberlinia spp.
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