Study of Z-Disc-Associated Signaling Networks in Skeletal Muscle Cells by Functional and Global Phosphoproteomics

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Study of Z-Disc-Associated Signaling Networks in Skeletal Muscle Cells by Functional and Global Phosphoproteomics PHDTHESIS Study of Z-disc-associated Signaling Networks in Skeletal Muscle Cells by Functional and Global Phosphoproteomics Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Fakultät für Biologie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau vorgelegt von Lena Reimann geboren in Bielefeld Freiburg im Breisgau 01.08.2016 Angefertigt am Institut für Biologie II AG Biochemie und Funktionelle Proteomforschung zellulärer Systeme unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Bettina Warscheid Dekan der Fakultät für Biologie: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Driever Promotionsvorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Stefan Rotter Betreuer der Arbeit: Prof. Dr. Bettina Warscheid Referent: Prof. Dr. Bettina Warscheid Koreferent:Prof. Dr. Jörn Dengjel Drittprüfer: Prof. Dr. Gerald Radziwill Datum der mündlichen Prüfung:21.10.2016 ART IS I, science is we. - Claude Bernard Zusammenfassung Als essentielle, strukturgebende Komponente des Sarkomers spielt die Z-Scheibe eine maßge- liche Rolle für die Funktionalität der quergestreiften Muskulatur. Die stetige Identifizierung von neuen Z-Scheiben-lokalisierten Proteinen, sowie deren Relevanz in muskulären Krankheits- bildern, hat die Z-Scheibe zunehmend in den Fokus der aktuellen Forschung gerückt. Neben ihrer strukturgebenden Funktion zeigen neuere Studien, dass die Z-Scheibe ein Hotspot für Signalprozesse in Muskelzellen ist. Bisher gibt es jedoch keine globalen Untersuchungen zur Aufklärung der komplexen Signalwege assoziiert mit dieser Struktur. Um Z-Scheiben-assoziierte Signalprozesse näher zu charakterisieren, wurde im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit eine großangelegte Phosphoproteomstudie mit ausdifferenzierten, kon- trahierenden C2C12 Myotuben durchgeführt. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die tryptisch ver- dauten Proteine mittels SCX-Chromatographie fraktioniert. Die anschließende Phosphopep- tidanreicherung erfolgte mit Titandioxid, gefolgt von einer hochauflösenden massenspek- trometrischen Analyse. Insgesamt wurden 11.369 Phosphorylierungsstellen, darunter 586 in sarkomerischen Proteinen gefunden. Von diesen wurden 70% in Z-Scheiben-lokalisierten Proteinen identifiziert. Des Weiteren konnte Filamin c (FLNc) zusammen mit mehreren seiner bekannten Interaktionspartner als Phosphorylierungshotspot in der Z-Scheibe identifiziert werden. Die drei C-terminalen FLNc Phosphorylierungsstellen S2621, S2625 und S2633 in der Hinge 2-Region sowie in Domäne 24 wurden durch in silico Analysen als Substrate der Proteinkinase C (PKC) vorhergesagt. Radioaktive und MS-basierte in vitro Kinaseexperimente bestätigten S2625 als PKC-Substrat. Um die Prognose zu testen, dass FLNc im Bereich der Hinge 2-Region durch die Cysteinprotease Calpain 1 geschnitten wird, wurde die phospho- rylierungsabhängige Prozessierung dieser beiden Proteine mittels top down Massenspektrome- trie näher untersucht. Dabei wurde erstmalig gezeigt, dass sich der Calpain-induzierte Schnitt an FLNc Y2626 in direkter Nachbarschaft zur Phosphorylierungsstelle befindet. Des Weitern konnte durch quantitative Western Blot-Analysen und Co-Immunopräzipitationsexperimente (Co-IP) gezeigt werden, dass die Phosphorylierung das Protein vor der Calpainolyse schützt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde der Pi3k/Akt Signalweg in kontrahierenden Myotuben durch Stimulation mit IGF-1 und Inhibierung mit LY294002 in einer globalen quantitativen Phosphoproteomstudie untersucht. Dazu wurde die Funktionalität des Ansatzes zunächst über quantitative Western Blot-Analysen mit phosphospezifischen Antikörpern, die gegen bekannte Substrate des Signalweges gerichtet sind, bestätigt. Für die anschließende Phospho- proteomanalyse wurden die Peptidproben zunächst mittels SCX-Chromatographie fraktioniert. Anschließend wurden die Fraktionen mittels Titandioxid für Phosphopeptide angereichert und massenspektrometrisch analysiert. Insgesamt wurden 16.633 Phosphorylierungsstellen identifiziert, von denen 13.225 in zwei von drei Replikaten quantifiziert wurden. Motif-X Analysen der 243 signifikant herunterregulierten Phosphopeptide nach LY294002 Behandlung zeigte eine 148-fache Anreicherung des verlängerten, bisher unbekannten basophilen Motives RxRxxpSxxS in 20 Peptiden. In 19 dieser Peptide wurde auch das zweite Serin innerhalb dieses Motives als phosphoryliert identifiziert, was die Frage nach den Kinasen, die für diese Phosphorylierungen verantwortlich sind, aufwarf. In silico Vorhersagen und in vitro Kinase- experimente zeigten, dass S2234 und S2237 in FLNc von den Kinasen AKT beziehungsweise PKC phosphoryliert werden. Darüber hinaus konnte mithilfe von pull-down- und Co-IP- Experimenten gezeigt werden, dass diese beiden Phosphorylierungen die Interaktion zu dem neu identifizierten FLNc-Interaktionspartner FILIP1 verringern. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass für die exakte Lokalisation einer Phospho- rylierung zum Teil andere Proteasen als Trypsin eingesetzt werden müssen. Obwohl Trypsin die am Weitesten verbreitete Protease in der Proteomforschung ist, eignet sie sich nicht, wenn sich die potentielle Phosphorylierunsgsstelle direkt C-terminal zu einem Arginin oder Lysin befindet. Am Beispiel von Myl12b wurde gezeigt, dass Thermolysin geeignet ist, zwei benachbarte Phosphorylierungsstelle C-terminal zu Arginin eindeutig zu identifizieren. Summary Recent studies have questioned the role of the sarcomeric Z-disc as a solely rigid and structure- bearing component of the sarcomere. An increasing number of identified Z-disc proteins and the involvement of numerous Z-disc proteins in diseases and signaling pathways have emphasized the role of the Z-disc as a signaling hot spot in cross-striated muscle cells. Even though there have been studies addressing the role of several proteins associated with the myofibrillar Z-disc, no study globally investigating signal transduction networks associated with this structure has been published so far. With this background, the first part of this thesis focuses on the analysis of the global phosphoproteome in contracting C2C12 myotubes by large-scale phosphoproteomics. To this end, myotubes were lysed and proteins were digested using trypsin. Following SCX chromatography, phosphopeptides were enriched by titanium dioxide and analyzed by high resolution LC-MS. In total, 11,369 phosphosites, including 586 sarcomeric phosphosites, could be identified. Out of the sarcomeric sites, 70% were located on Z-disc and Z-disc- associated proteins, highlighting the Z-disc as signaling hot spot. Furthermore, the Z-disc- associated protein filamin c (FLNc) and several of its known interaction partners were found to be highly phosphorylated. In FLNc, three phosphosites, namely S2621, S2625 and S2633, were identified in its hinge 2 region and the beginning of its Ig-like domain 24. In silico kinase prediction proposed these sites to be substrates of protein kinase C (PKC). To test this hypothesis, radioactive and MS-based in vitro kinase assays were combined to obtain site-resolved data. The assays revealed that PKCa phosphorylates FLNc S2623 in a concentration-dependent manner. As the hinge 2 region and the Ig-like domain 24 were proposed to interact with the cysteine protease calpain, the phosphorylation-dependent association of FLNc and calpain was further analyzed. An MS-based top down approach was developed, which unequivocally identified FLNc Y2626 as calpain cleavage site for the first time. Based on the close proximity of the PKC phosphosite and the calpain cleavage site, the role phosphorylation was further analyzed using phospho-specific site mutants for quantitative Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. The results revealed that phosphorylation of S2625 by PKCa effectively protects FLNc from calpainolysis. In the second part of this work, the quantitative changes in the phosphoproteome of contracting C2 myotubes were measured by large-scale phosphoproteomics in response to activation and inhibition of the Pi3k/Akt pathway. For this purpose, C2 myotubes were incubated either with IGF-1 or with LY294002 to activate or block the Pi3k/Akt pathway. Subsequently, cells were lysed and protein digests were fractionated by SCX chromatography, followed by enrichment of phosphopeptides by titanium dioxide and LC-MS analysis. In total, 16,633 phosphosites were identified of which 13,225 phosphopeptides could be quantified in two of three biological replicates. Motif-X analysis of the 243 significantly down-regulated peptides following treatment with LY294002 revealed a 148-fold enrichment of an extended, so far unknown basophilic motif RxRxxpSxxS in 20 peptides. As 19 of these 20 peptides were also phosphorylated at the second serine, it raised the issue which two kinases might be involved in the phosphorylation in such close proximity. One of the proteins comprising this phosphorylation motif was FLNc phosphorylated at S2234 and S2237. In silico kinase prediction and in vitro kinase assays revealed that AKT is phosphorylating S2234, while PKCa was shown to mediate phosphorylation of S2237. Furthermore, pull-down and co- immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated, that these phosphosites are mandatory to decrease FLNc binding to the newly identified interaction partner Filip1. In the last part of this work, different proteases were tested with the aim to accurately localize phosphosites. Even though trypsin is the most commonly used protease in bottom-up proteomics, it hampers the site-specific localization of phosphosites C-terminal to arginine or lysine. In this work, thermolysin was proven to be a suitable protease to unequivocally identify two neighboring phosphosites C-terminal
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