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Paleozoogeography and Paleoecology of the Lower Kimmeridgian of Poland

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Paleozoogeography and Paleoecology of the Lower Kimmeridgian of Poland BULLETIN OF 1 HE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EARTH SCIENCES Vol. H No. 2. 1986 GEOLOGY Paleozoogeography and Paleoecology of the Lower Kimmeridgian of Poland by Lidia MALINOWSKA Presented by W. POZARYSKI on August 7, 1985 Summary. Analysis of macrofauna, especially ammonites of the genus Ataxioceras. showed that the whole Polish basin belonged to the Submediterranean province in Early Kimmeridgian times and the zonation used in that province appears also valid for this area. Subordinate Boreal influences are evidenced in northern parts of the country (Peribaltic Syneclize, Pomeranian Basin) by records of scarce ammonites of the genera Zonovia, Amoeboceras, Ringsteadia, and Pictonia. Extent of southern ammonite taxa (Aspidoceras, Katroliceras, Jdoceras, Nebrodites, Glochiceras. and Taramelliceras) appears much wider than hitherto assumed as the taxa have also been found in the Pomeranian and Szczecin Basins and Peribaltic Syneclize. The Polish basin was well connected with the Tethyan whereas its connections with the NW-European were limited, and with eastern ones—broken. The connections with the Boreal seas were due to the existence of the so-called Danish seaway. Lower Kimmeridgian rocks are widely distributed in Poland (Fig. 1), except for the Leba Elevation, the Sudetes and part of the Fore-Sudetic area, and eastern Poland, where the lack may be in part primary in character. Mudstone-marly rocks predominate in northern Poland, and somewhat more sandy in the east. Towards the south the rocks become marly and limestone-marly and sometimes oolitic. Top parts of the section appear eroded throughout the major part of the Polish basin. The maximum thickness of the strata, about 400 m, has been recorded in axial parts of the basin [18]. Lower Kimmeridgian rocks with fairly good paleontological record, including findings of ammonites of the genus Ataxioceras, are known from drillings in the Szczecin-Mogilno-Lodz Basin, Kujawy Swell, Pomeranian Basin, Peribaltic Syneclize, northern parts of Fore-Sudetic area, and Warsaw Basin. Moreover, they are known from outcrops in the Holy Cross Mts and Cracow-Czestochowa Upland. In the Outer Carpathians, ammonites 166 L. Malinowska Fig. I. Location of outcrops and boreholes encountering Lower Kimmeridgian strata in Poland; faunal localities after the Author's data, extent of the basin after Niemczycka and Brochwicz-Lewihski [18] 1 areas of predominance of denudation 2 -areas in which Lower Kimmeridgian strata have been removed by subsequent erosion. 3 present extent of Lower Kimmeridgian 4 Carpathian overthrust 5 - boreholes with ammonite record; I -Goldap 1C I. 2 Bartoszyce IG 1 3 -Krynica Morska IG 1 4 Klosnowo IG 1. 5--Lulom I 6 Stobno 3. 7-Stobno 2 8 Tuchola IG I. 9 Chojnice 3 10 Charzykowy IG I. II Nieluszkowo 21 •77. 12 Czlopa 2 13 Czlopa 3 14 Wtjgrowiec IG I 15 .lanowiec 2. 16 Ludomy I. 17 Parkowo I 18 Poznah IG I 19-Klecko 3. 20 Debnica 1. 21-Myslecin 1. 22 Bytyii 2. 23 Lusowo 24 Sroda IG I 25- Sroda IG 2 26 Czcszewo IG I. 27 Gijsiorow 81 74. 2»-Konstancin 77/78. 29 - Kretkow 73'82 33 /.uromin I 5 34 —Kcynia IG IV. 35 Sierpc, S--boreholes in Szamotuly region (Dolega 1 and Zielijtkowo 52). ft as above, in Retchatow region (Chorzenice 62 1. Ziobnica 3 78 Faustynow Duzy 52 17. Folwark 66/26 and 81/82 Lesna Niwa 4015 and Belchatow 38'20: borehole 38 22 Lodz Basil)): 6 outcrops: 30-1 rota now. 31 - Burzenin. 32 -Mstow: 7-extent of Altixhceru.s 8 areas situated beyond the extent of Ataxhceras; data from the literature: I Ciechocinek region (boreholes Aleksandrow Otloczyn Siarzewo). II Klodawa region (Borow. Pectawice TW 4) III -Leczyca region (Zagioba. Gora Sw. Mafgorzaty). IV Radomsko (Smotryszow. Rogaszyn) of the genus Ataxioceras have been reported from exotics occurring in the Carpathian Flysch, and outcrops in the Pieniny Klippen Belt. In the remaining parts of the country this guide fauna of the Lower Kimmeridgian remains unknown and biostratigraphic subdivision of the strata is based on records of ammonites of other genera, foraminifers, bivalves, etc. Stratigraphy of the Lower Kimmeridgian of Poland was discussed in Paleozoogeography and Paleovcology 167 detail in relevant part of The Geology of Poland [9], where there may also be found a summary of views on biostratigraphy of these strata. Moreover, strata of that age were covered in the last decades by detailed paleontological studies in some parts of the country [4, 13, 5, 15-17, 23-25]. Lower Kimmeridgian rocks were originating in sublittoral environment of a generally not deep basin stretching between land areas of the East-European Platform and Bohemian Massif and a land in western part of the country [18]. Some, often local bathymetric zones may be traced in this basin mainly on the basis of differences in paleontological assemblages and types of sediments. Lower Kimmeridgian sections often display some gaps. This is especially the case of upper parts of the K. divisum zone (see also [29]). The gaps may be explained as due to oscillations and related uplift of seafloor and erosion, varying in intensity from one area to another. Thus it follows that we are dealing here with paleontological record for more or less incomplete parts of the section. Stratigraphic ranges of the identified fauna show that we may expect the presence of strata of the K. divisum zone almost throughout the area of present extent of the Lower Kimmeridgian. The maximum thickness of the strata (45 m) has been found in the borehole Kcynia IG IV but there remains an open question whether or not this section is complete as the strata are overlain by the Paleogene. This phenomenon is not limited to the area of Poland, being also known from north-western Europe. Therefore its extent may be wider than hitherto assumed. Limestone-marly rocks with ooids, pseudoooids and oncoids are widely distributed in eastern and south-eastern Poland. The sections often display intercalations of coquinas and pisolites, plant remains, as well as numerous styliolites, slickensides and erosional surfaces. The fauna is here represented by bivalves, gastropods, and brachiopods whereas ammonites are missing or very scarce. Sedimentary environment of the strata was undoubtedly extremely shallow and characterized by high water turbulence, i.e. favourable for origin of ooids and oncoids. Such conditions were appropriate for the development of benthic fauna but not the nectic, including ammonites. Ammonites are becoming markedly more frequent at the western margin of the Holy Cross Mts where such strata begin to be intercalated by chalky and pelitic limestones. The available data show that conditions favourable for the development of ammonite fauna were those of moderate water turbulence whereas depth of basin was of minor importance (in the case of inland basins). Such favourable conditions presumably prevailed in the axial part of the Polish basin, comprising the Fore-Sudetic area and Szczecin-Mogilno-Lodz Basins, 168 L. Malinowska characterized by predominance of mudstone-marly and marly limestone rocks with intercalations of marly shales and coquinas. The rocks appear very rich in both nectic and benthic fossils, the shares of which vary from one zone to another. TABLE Correlation of ammonite zonations of the Lower Kimmeridgian in the Submediterranean and Boreal provinces F.R.G. (SW part) ENGLAND Northern U.S.S.R. (F0.CIIII.I3EI: B.Ziegltr. 1974 ) (B.M.Coi. R.W.Gillils. (M.S.Mesezniukoi. G RDism 1981) 1973) ) Katroliceras N Katroliceras s divisum (pars Beds N zone Rasenia Rase n i a cymodoce bo rea1i s Ataxioceras Ataxioceras Bed s zone zone s. str. hypselocyclum h Beds zone KIMMERIDGIA KIMMERIDGIA Sutneria Pi cto n i a Rasen ia R Sutneria R L platynota bayle i involu ta Ataxiocera zone Beds zone zone LOWE LOWE Upper Oxfordian Oxford i an Oxfordian P The axial part of the Polish basin was characterized by vivid development of benthic fauna in Early Kimmeridgian times. Benthic assemblages, found in the axial part mainly, consist of bivalves of the genera Trichites, Barbatia, Lima, Chlamys, Macrodon, Modiola, Anisocardia, Pleuromya, Pholadomya, Gervillia, Arcomya, Cardium, Lucina, Mytilus. Goniomya, Pinna, Ostrea. Camptonectes, Astarte, Exogyra, and Pseudomonotis, Shells of these bivalves are the major component of coquinas known in vast areas from all the zones of the Lower Kimmeridgian. The Exogyra coquinas and marked concentrations of Astarte shells known from the A. hypselocyclum zone are especially characteristic. Moreover, concentrations of Pseudomonotis and other shells well delineate lower boundary of the K. divisum zone, similarly as in south-German Jurassic [12]. The assemblages also comprise scarce gastropods (Nerinea, Nerinella, Pseudonerinea, and Pleurotomaria). brachiopods (Septaliphoria, Zeilleria, and Sellithyris), crinoid stems {Pentacrinus, Balan- ocrinus, and Millericrinus), echinoid spines {Echinus and Cidaris), serpulids (Cycloserpula), and crab remains. Fauna found in mudstone-marly and sandy strata in northern Poland does not differ in composition from that mentioned above, which suggests PLATE 1 PLATE II PLATE III PLATE V PLATE VI Explanation to Plates: PLATE I Fig. 1. Ataxioceras (Parataxioceras) oppeli Geyer, the A. hypselocyclum zone, borehole Tuchola IG 1 (Pomeranian Basin), depth 1318.5 m, specimen No. MUZ IG 1564. II. 1. Fig. 2. Taramelliceras (Metahaploceras) subnereus Wegele, the S. platynota- A. hypselocyclum junction beds, borehole as above, depth 1320.0 m, MUZ IG 1564.II.2. Fig. 3. Ataxioceras (Parataxioceras) lothari (Oppel), the A. hypselocyclum zone. Trojanow locality (Fore-Sudetic area). MUZ IG 1564.11.3 All figures nat. size, unless staled otherwise PLATE II Fig. 1. Ataxioceras (Ataxioceras) discoboloides Geyer. the A. hypselocyclum zone, borehole Sroda IG 1 (Fore-Sudetic area), depth 289.4 m, MUZ IG 1563.11.40 Fig. 2. A. (A.) discobolum (Fontannes), the A. hypselocyclum zone, borehole as above, depth 260.2 m, MUZ IG 1564.JI.4 Fig. 3. A. (Parataxioceras) cf.
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