BEHIND CLOSED CURTAINS Disinformation on messenger services Ann Cathrin Riedel ANALYSIS Imprint Publisher Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom Karl-Marx-Str. 2 14482 Potsdam-Babelsberg Germany /freiheit.org /FriedrichNaumannStiftungFreiheit /FNFreiheit Author Ann Cathrin Riedel Editing team Global Themes Unit International Department Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom Contact Phone +49 30 220126-34 Fax +49 30 690881-02 Email
[email protected] Version August 2020 Photocredits (P. 13) facebook.com/alternativefuerde (P. 27) naulicrea/envato elements (P. 30) Hendrik Wieduwilt Notice regarding the use of this publication This publication is offered for information purposes by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom. It is available free of charge and is not intended for sale. It must not be used by political parties or election workers for canvassing during an election campaign (German federal, state, or municipal elections, or elections for the European Parliament). License Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Contents Executive Summary 4 Introduction 5 Awareness and Complexity – definition of terms 5 The Three Types of Information Disorder 6 The Three Elements of Information Disorder 6 The Three Phases of Information Disorder 6 Media Consumption and Psychological Effects 7 Images as a way of spreading disinformation memorably 9 Messenger services – an overview 10 Disinformation on messenger services worldwide. A study of Germany, India and Brazil 11 German case study 11 Infrastructure 11 News consumption 11 Disinformation in German elections 12 Messenger services in political communication 13 Indian case study 15 Infrastructure 15 News consumption 15 Misinformation and disinformation in India 17 Motivations for sharing mis- and disinformation 18 Brazilian case study 18 Infrastructure 18 News consumption 18 2018 presidential election 18 Policy recommendations 21 1.