Predicting And Regulating Boat-generated Waves Within Rivers And Sheltered Waterways

Associate Professor Gregor Macfarlane Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania

SYDNEY, | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY • All marine vessels generate waves. • Vessels now go faster, further and more often. • New issues for other users and the environment: • bank erosion; • damage to moored vessels, jetties and other marine structures; • endanger people working or enjoying activities in small craft or close to the shore.

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Gordon River, south-west Tasmania

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Test Sites

Boat / Ship Wave Wake Test Sites : • Gordon River, Tasmania • Strahan Harbour, Tasmania • Tamar River, Tasmania • Derwent River, Tasmania • Sydney Harbour (5 locations), Sydney, New South Wales • Parramatta River, Sydney, New South Wales • Hunter River, Newcastle, New South Wales • , Bulimba, Brisbane, • Brisbane River, upstream of Bremer River, Queensland • , Noosa, Brisbane, Queensland • , , Queensland • Swan River, Perth, Western Australia • Canning River, Perth, Western Australia • Daly River, Malak Malak region, Northern Territory • Willamette River, Oregon, United States of America

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Need to take action…

• regulate vessel operations (vessel speed and/or route); • optimise the vessel design; or, • implement remedial measures on shore.

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Need to take action…and planning in the early stages

• regulate vessel operations (vessel speed and/or route); • optimise the vessel design; or, • implement remedial measures on shore.

• Suitable/reliable predictive tools, and; • Adopt suitable and sustainable vessel operations and/or regulatory criteria……..easier said than done!

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Vessel Speed Regimes Relative to Length

All vessels experience different dynamic 40 conditions according to their length and 35 speed – especially planing craft. 30 high speed The length Froude number allows vessels 25 푢 of different lengths to be compared. 퐹푟퐿 = 20 𝑔퐿

15 Example: a 5m ski boat at 20 knots and a speed(knots) transition u = ship speed (m/s) 50m ferry at 63 knots are dynamically 10 L = vessel length (m) equivalent. 5 slow speed All vessels experience a peak in 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 wavemaking at FrL = 0.5 waterline length (m)

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Vessel Speed Regimes Relative to Water Depth

Sub-Critical Frh < 0.75 Short-crested divergent waves Transverse waves present Well-known Kelvin deep water wave pattern 푢 Trans-Critical 퐹푟ℎ = 0.75 < Frh < 1.0 𝑔ℎ Divergent wave angle increases Period of leading waves increases u = ship speed (m/s) h = water depth (m) Critical Frh = 1.0 One or more waves perpendicular to the sailing line Crest length grows (laterally) at a rate equal to the vessel speed Super-Critical Frh > 1.0 No transverse waves Long-crested divergent waves Long-period leading waves SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY 15 10 y/L = 0.3 5 0 -5 -10 -15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 15 10 y/L = 0.5 5 0 -5 -10 -15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 15 10 y/L = 0.7 5 0 -5 -10 -15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 15 10 y/L = 1.0 5 0 -5 -10 -15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 15 10 y/L = 2.0 5 0 -5 -10 -15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 15 10 y/L = 2.5 5 0 -5 -10 -15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY 70 Frh = 1.07 Wave A Monohulls FrL = 0.64 Wave A Catamarans 60 h/L = 0.35 Wave B Monohulls Wave B Catamarans Wave C Monohulls 50

g Wave C Catamarans

40

30

Wave Height Height Constant,Wave 20

10

0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 L / V1/3

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY The Lesson Continues …

• Basic wave parameters • Wave packets / groups • Waves and depth effects • Wave energy • Wave energy and erosion • Shoreline types • Operating criteria / regulation / policy

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Water skiing (~30 knots)

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Wakeboarding (~17-20 knots)

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Wakesurfing (~9-11 knots)

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY 20 450 All Ballasted Wakesurfing Craft at Speeds = 10 to 12 mph All Ballasted Wakesurfing Craft at Speeds = 10 to 12 mph All Unballasted Wakesurfing Craft at Speeds = 10 to 12 mph 18 400 Fishing Boat 2004 Thunder Jet Alexis at Speeds = 10 to 12 mph All Unballasted Wakesurfing Craft at Speeds = 10 to 12 mph 16 BENCHMARK 2008 Reinell 197 Ski Boat Speed = 22 to 24 mph 350 Fishing Boat 2004 Thunder Jet Alexis at Speeds = 10 to 12 mph BENCHMARK 2015 Ski Nautique 200 Speed = 30.4 to 32.3 mph 14 2015 Nautique G23 (WSIA Study) 300 BENCHMARK 2008 Reinell 197 Ski Boat Speed = 22 to 24 mph

12 BENCHMARK 2015 Ski Nautique 200 Speed = 30.4 to 32.3 mph 250 10 2015 Nautique G23 (WSIA Study) 200 8

150 Maximum Wave Height Height (inches) MaximumWave 6 Energy(lb.ft/ft) MaximumWave

100 4

2 50

0 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Lateral Distance (feet) Lateral Distance (feet)

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Questions ?

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY Over 30 peer-reviewed publications related to vessel-generated wave wake by AMC Personnel. Selected articles are listed below:

Macfarlane, G.J. and Graham-Parker, K., Marine vessel wave wake: transient effects when accelerating or decelerating, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 2018

Pethiyagoda, R. et al., Time-frequency analysis of ship wave patterns in shallow water: modelling and experiments, Ocean Engineering, 2018.

Macfarlane, G.J. et al., Rapid assessment of boat generated waves within sheltered waterways, Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, Special issue on Coasts and Oceans, 2014

Macfarlane, G.J., Marine vessel wave wake: focus on vessel operations within sheltered waterways, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Australia.

Macfarlane, G.J., Correlation of prototype and model scale wave wake characteristics of a catamaran, Marine Technology, SNAME, 2009

Robbins, A. et al., Vessel trans-critical wave wake, divergent wave angle and decay, RINA Transactions. International Journal of Maritime Engineering. 2009

Macfarlane, G.J. et al., Bank erosion from small craft wave wake in sheltered waterways, RINA Transactions, Intl. Journal of Small Craft Technology, 2008

Macfarlane, G.J. and Cox, G., An introduction to the development of rational criteria for assessing vessel wash within sheltered waterways, IMarEST Journal of Marine Design and Operations, 2007

Macfarlane, G.J., Correlation of prototype and model wave wake characteristics at low Froude numbers, RINA Transactions, Intl. Journal of Maritime Engineering, 2006

Macfarlane, G.J. and Cox, G., The development of vessel wave wake criteria for the Noosa and Brisbane Rivers in Southeast Queensland, Proc. 5th Intl. Conf. Coastal Environment, Spain, 2004

Macfarlane, G.J. and Renilson, M.R., Wave wake – a rational method for assessment, Proc. RINA Intl. Conf. on Coastal Ships and Inland Waterways, London, UK, 1999

Nanson, G.C., et al., Experimental measurements of river bank erosion caused by boat-generated waves on the Gordon River, Tasmania, Regulated Rivers, Research and Management, 1994

Doctors, L.J. et al., Waves and wave resistance of a high-speed river catamaran, Proc. 1st Intl. Conf. Fast Sea Transportation, Trondheim, Norway, 1991

Renilson, M.R. and Lenz, S., An investigation into the effect of hull form on the wake wave generated by low speed vessels, Proc. 22nd ATTC, 1989 SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY • Shorelines tolerate wind waves < threshold. • Increased wind waves - armouring themselves with a change of slope.

• Vessel waves represent energy that may be orders of magnitude greater than wind waves. • Shorelines may have little or no protection mechanism.

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA | 14 -18 October 2018 MANAGED BY