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Skarainās Ipsenes Gypsophila Paniculata L. Ietekme Uz Kāpu Augu

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Skarainās Ipsenes Gypsophila Paniculata L. Ietekme Uz Kāpu Augu LATVIJAS UNIVERSIT ĀTE BIOLO ĢIJAS FAKULT ĀTE BOT ĀNIKAS UN EKOLO ĢIJAS KATEDRA Skarain ās ģipsenes Gypsophila paniculata L. ietekme uz k āpu augu sabiedr ību strukt ūru Ma ģistra darbs Autors: Gita Rudz īte Studenta apliec ības nr.: biol 010063 Darba vad ītājs: Dr. biol., prof. Guntis Br ūmelis Recenzentsi: Asoc. prof. Ga ļina Pospelova Katedras vad ītājs: Dr. biol., prof. Guntis Br ūmelis Darba aizst āvēšanas datums: 12.06.2006. RĪGA, 2006 Kopsavilkums Gita Rudz īte, 2006. Ma ģistra darbs. Skarain ās ģipsenes Gypsophila paniculata L. ietekme uz k āpu augu sabiedr ību strukt ūru. Biolo ģisk ās daudzveid ības saglab āšana un lietder īga biolo ģisko resursu izmantošana ir svar īgākās lietas ilgsp ējīgai cilv ēces att īst ībai. Biolo ģisk ā daudzveid ība tiek apdraud ēta daž ādi, un viens no draudiem ir pieaugošais svešo invaz īvo sugu skaits. Transporta, t ūrisma un ekonomikas att īst ība rada iesp ēju eksotisk ām sug ām š ķē rsot ģeogr āfisk ās barjeras un t ādējādi apdraud ēt dabisk ās sugas jaunaj ā viet ā. Bieži sveš ās sugas agres īvo raksturu izr āda tikai pēc vair ākiem gadu desmitiem. Svar īgi ir paredz ēt invaz īvo sugu draudus un ietekmi aizsarg ājam ās teritorij ās. Skarain ā ģipsene Gypsophila paniculata L. ir sveša suga Latvijas k āpās. Šis augs ir svešs un invaz īvs Zieme ļamerik ā un Lietuv ā, ta ču Latvij ā tas iek ļauts Sarkanaj ā gr āmat ā. G. paniculata Latvijas teritorij ā ievies ās 20. gadsimt ā un šobr īd aug ruder ālās viet ās, blakus dzelzce ļa uzb ērumiem un Baltijas j ūras krasta k āpās. Darba m ērķis bija apsekot G. paniculata popul ācijas Latvij ā un Lietuv ā un aprakst īt š ī auga ietekmi uz k āpu augu sabiedr ībām. Četru gadu laik ā izp ētītas k āpas vair ākās viet ās un veikti past āvīgi parauglaukumu nov ērojumi, lai raksturotu G. paniculata popul āciju dinamiku un telpisko strukt ūru. Individu āls matriksa modelis apstiprina pie ņē mumu, ka G. paniculata ir atradusi savu nišu k āpu augu sabiedr ībās. Augu sabiedr ību anal īzē tiek izdal īts jauns, nere ģistr ēts klases Ammophiletea arenariae Br.-Bl. Et R.Tx. sintaksons, ko veido G. paniculata , Tortula ruralis , Artemisia campestris , Carex arenaria , Sedum acre, Leymus arenarius, un kas rakstur īgs trauc ētām pel ēkām k āpām un k āpu p ļav ām. Galvenais secin ājums – augs, kas tiek uzskat īts par aizsarg ājamu, ietekm ē k āpu augu sabiedr ības, un priekšroc ības konkurences c īņā , sal īdzinot ar citiem tipiskiem k āpu augiem, ir G. paniculata. Turkl āt G. paniculata turpina izplat īties uz zieme ļiem. Stabila degrad ējoš ā sukcesion ālā stadija limit ē G. paniculata nostiprin āšanos jaun ās teritorij ās. Nepieciešams ņemt vērā, ka G. paniculata var apdraudēt k āpu biolo ģisko daudzveid ību un izmain īt k āpām tipisko augu sabiedr ību strukt ūru, turkl āt t ās aiz ņemto teritoriju palielin āšan ās liecina par pieaugošu antropog ēno slodzi. 2 S u m m a r y Gita Rudz īte, 2006. Master Theses. Baby breath Gypsophila paniculata L. influence on the structure of plant communities of dunes. The conservation of biodiversity and economical use of natural resources are main aspects of sustainable human development. There are many threats to biodiversity and one of them is a growing number of alien invasive species. Developing transport, tourism and economy leads to a problem that exotic species can get over geographic barriers and endanger native species and biotopes in new locations. Often exotic species become invasive after several decades. It is important to predict the threat and influence of invasive species in protected areas. Baby breath Gypsophila paniculata L. is a exotic species in the dunes of Latvia. This plant is invasive and nonnative in North America and Lithuania, but it is included in the Red Data Book of Latvia. G. paniculata established in the territory of Latvia during the 20th century and nowadays it grows in ruderal areas, near railways and in the dunes of Baltic Sea seacoast. The aim of the work was to study populations of G. paniculata in the Latvia and Lithuania and describe impact of this plant on plant comunities of dunes. Several territories of dunes are investigated during four-year studies and permanent plots were established to describe the population dynamics and spatial structure of G. paniculata . Individual based matrix model confirms that G. paniculata has found its’ niche in the dune communities The new, no-officially registered taxa of plant communities class Ammophiletea arenariae Br.-Bl. Et R.Tx that is typical for disturbed grey dunes and dune grasslands, is decribed. The dominant species of taxa are G. paniculata , Tortula ruralis , Artemisia campestris , Carex arenaria , Sedum acre, Leymus arenarius . The main conclusion is that the protected plant exerts an influence on the plant communities of dunes and G. paniculata has advantages in competition compared with other typical plants of dunes. G. paniculata can spread northwards. The only limitation factor for promoting the spread of G. paniculata is a stable degradational succesional stage. It is neccessary to take in acount that G. paniculata can endanger the biodiversity of dunes and change the structure of typical plant communities, besides growing number of territories with G. paniculata indicates about increasing antrophogenic stochasticity. 3 S a t u r s Ievads.......................................................................................................................................................................5 1. Literat ūras apskats.............................................................................................................................................6 1.1. Sveš ās invaz īvās sugas ..................................................................................................................................6 1.2. Skarain ā ģipsene Gypsophila paniculata L................................................................................................. 10 1.3. K āpu zonas raksturojums ............................................................................................................................ 16 1.4. Popul ācijas mode ļi ...................................................................................................................................... 19 2.Materi āls un metodes ........................................................................................................................................ 20 3.Rezult āti ............................................................................................................................................................. 25 3.1. Sugu un parauglaukumu ordin ācija ............................................................................................................ 25 3.2. Augu sabiedr ības......................................................................................................................................... 30 3.3. Papes piekrastes past āvīgo parauglaukumu nov ērojumi ............................................................................ 35 3.5. G. paniculata aiz ņemt ās teritorijas ............................................................................................................. 40 3.6. G. paniculata popul ācijas dinamikas mode ļa izveide.................................................................................. 42 4.Diskusija............................................................................................................................................................. 45 4.1. G. paniculata aiz ņemto teritoriju un biotopu anal īze.................................................................................. 45 4.2. Nov ērojumi past āvīgajos parauglaukumos ................................................................................................. 46 4.3. Mode ļa anal īze ............................................................................................................................................ 49 4.4. G. paniculata ietekme uz k āpu augu sabiedr ību strukt ūru .......................................................................... 52 4.5. G. paniculata k ā invaz īva auga izv ērt ējums ................................................................................................54 Secin ājumi............................................................................................................................................................. 55 Pateic ības............................................................................................................................................................... 56 Literat ūra.............................................................................................................................................................. 57 Pielikums ............................................................................................................................................................... 64 4 I e v a d s Mūsdien ās biolo ģisk ās daudzveid ības saglab āšanu apdraud daž ādu faktoru mijiedarb ība - biotopu fragment ācija, dz īvot ņu izzušana un sveš ās invaz īvās jeb agres īvās sugas, kas izkonkur ē viet ējās dabisk ās sugas un degrad ē biotopus. Visbiež āk eksotiska suga invaz īvo raksturu jaunaj ā dz īvesviet ā izr āda tikai p ēc vair ākiem gadu desmitiem. Eirop ā introdukcijas vēsture ir sena, ta ču par daudzu sugu s ākotn ējo izplat ību un ekolo ģiju datu nav vai tie ir novecojuši. Šī iemesla d ēļ var tikt pie ņemti k ļū daini secin ājumi par k ādas sugas aizsardz ības statusa
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