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Utilizing UVPD Fragmentation for Plant Molecules: Phenylpropanoids

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Utilizing UVPD Fragmentation for Plant Molecules: Phenylpropanoids Utilizing UVPD Fragmentation for Plant Molecules: Phenylpropanoids Romain Huguet1, Tim Stratton1, Seema Sharma1, Christopher Mullen1, Jesse Canterbury1, and Vlad Zabrouskov1 1Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California, USA RESULTS A significant difference between the fragmentation approaches arises from the means in which UVPD Laser In addition to early observation of typically higher energy fragmentation channels in the UVPD, an ABSTRACT they initiate fragmentation. In HCD, energy is imparted by the initial injection of the ions into the increase in fragment ions arising from ionization of the aromatic rings or the conjugated double For this work, we used a Nd:YAG (neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet) laser. This is an collision cell and collisions with a relatively static gas. A greater voltage offset gives rise to more Purpose: Investigate the potential use of UVPD to provide unique and potentially diagnostic Compound Structure and UV Absorption bond chalconoids was observed (Figure 6). While ionization was largely the result of the ketone or optically pumped laser that typically emits in the infrared range (>1000nm). When operated in a energetic collisions. The energy is internally distributed with bonds breaking to form fragment ions fragmentation information for structure determination of small molecules, specifically alcohol functions present on the compounds, specific absorption of photons generated unique pulsed Q-switching mode, where the laser energy is released in a pulse when reaching a threshold, which may also undergo subsequent fragmentation events generating several generations of phenylpropanoids and chalconoids. fragmentation. Several of these fragment ions were not observed in HCD at any energy level frequency doubling of the pulses can be used to obtain shorter wavelengths. The laser in this study We studied the UVPD of two categories of compounds – phenylpropanoids and chalconoids. fragment ions in a single scan. In UVPD, subsequent pulses may impart additional energy to th (from 10 to 200% NCE). Methods: Fragmentation data was acquired on several pure standards of compounds and for used the 5 harmonic of the Nd:YAG fundamental, resulting in a radiated wavelength at 213nm. Chalconoids are precursors to the diverse chemical space of flavonoids and are themselves formed fragments formed in previous pulses and create multi-generation fragments that can reach farther from coenzyme A thioesthers of phenylpropanoid derivatives. Phenylpropanoids themselves are a matrix sample submitted to fragmentation by high energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and The laser was mounted such that the path entered the dual linear ion trap with fragmentation down into fragment pathways (Figure 5). almost ubiquitious in the plant kingdom and play a role in multiple parts of plant life including ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD). All data acquired was high resolution accurate mass occurring in the high pressure region (Figures 1). The laser energy imparted could be adjusted by Phenylpropanoid Conjugate Fragmentation structural polymers, cell signaling, and plant defense. CaffMeE_UVPD150_01 #891 RT: 2.97 AV: 1 NL: 3.15E6 data and comparison of fragmentation (HCD) was made against a reference standard library. increasing the pulse count for each fragment scan. For this work, we applied 125, 375, and 750 FigureT: FTMS + c5. ESI Comparing d Full ms2 [email protected] Kinetics: [50.0000-500.0000] Methyl Caffeate – UVPD 50 msec vs. HCD Low and High eV 195.0665 One key point of interest for UVPD is the potential generation of novel and unique fragmentation pulses which equates to 50, 150, and 300 msec respectively. These may seem relatively long times Figure 2. Phenylpropanoid and Chalconoid Structures 100 Results: Laser-induced fragmentation provided unique fragments or enhanced the detection which could be diagnostic for structure determination of unknown compounds. In this work, special of kinetically unfavorable fragment ions in many of the compounds analyzed. These unique when compared to resonance excitation fragmentation (trap CID) or to trapping-based collision Chalconoids 90 OH attention was given to the phenylpropanoid conjugates as additional fragmentation information could fragments provide additional information on the compounds studied which could be used to induced fragmentation (HCD) style devices, however the applied energy of either collision based OH 80 O OH prove useful in determining structure especially when normal collision induced methods primarily method is the result of multiple collisions (through resonance excitation or voltage offset acceleration) 70 infer structure information. HO OH 89.0392 result in the generation of the aconjugate fragment ion. In the case of chlorogenic acid, the initiation while UVPD, each photon carries 5.3 eV to the target molecule. The current laser, at 1.2 µJ/pulse, HO 60 12 of fragmentation from the aromatic phenyl and conjugated double bond gave rise to fragment ions not generates approximately 1.3 10 photons per pulse which is significantly higher than the total 50 5 6 63.0234 observed in HCD at any energy level (Figure 7). number of target molecules (in the range of 1 10 to 1 10 ) for even a single pulse. Of course, OH O 40 O O OH O 145.0294 consideration must be given to the cross section of the ions in the trap and the laser pulse. The Relative Abundance 30 117.0343 163.0401 Figure 7. Fragmentation of Chlorogenic Acid – UVPD vs. HCD INTRODUCTION difference in the mechanism of imparting energy has an observable difference in the type and extent Chalcone 4-methoxychalcone Butein Naringeninchalcone 20 135.0450 65.0391 193.0507 ChlorogenicAcid_HCD150_01 #545 RT: 1.82 AV: 1 NL: 2.83E6 of fragmentation observed. 95.0498 107.0498 123.0438 10 61.0078 77.0391 T: FTMS + c ESI d Full ms2 [email protected] [50.0000-500.0000] 133.0291 The determination of structure for unknown small molecules is a particularly difficult 87.0235 105.0453 153.0552 180.0647 163.0399 Phenylpropanoids 0 100 challenge. Typically, fragmentation data is acquired and used to compare against a reference 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 • O O O O UVPD, 150 msec Figure 1. Orientation of the lasers onto the Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Mass Spectrometer OH O m/z spectral library or provide information on potential matches. However, when the reference 80 HO Exterior right side view of the mass spectrometer Top-down view of the laser path (blue line) through the HO HO libraries do not contain the molecule in question, similarity searches can provide an indication OH OH OH O OH OH2 showing mounting of the laser. linear ion trap low and high pressure cells. 60 of possible substructure or structure class. These approaches are limited when considering HO HO HO compounds like plant secondary metabolites where there is significant chemical space and HCD, 15 eV 355.1047 2-hydroxy-trans- Methyl caffeate 40 117.0343 OH structure diversity and limited reference library coverage. Acquisition of high resolution Caffeic acid trans-Cinnamic acid Cinnamic acid accurate mass fragmentation data combined with substructure/similarity searching can Relative Abundance 20 111.0447 provide clues to previously unknowns. Furthermore, the ability to access more unique 134.0368 181.0509 The phenylpropanoids, in addition to their chemical diversity through multiple hydroxy and methoxy 0 fragments increases structural information. Typical fragmentation techniques rely on collision ChlorogenicAcid_HCD40_0150 100 #1420 RT: 1.87150AV: 1 NL: 6.79E7200 250 300 350 T: FTMS + c ESI d Full ms2 [email protected] [50.0000-366.0000] isomers, also undergo various conjugations with sugars and other small molecules to create m/z induced dissociation but ultraviolet photodissociation, in which a laser is used to provide the 163.0400 energy to a trapped molecular ion to drive fragmentation, could provide additional structure biologically active derivatives. Two such compounds, trans-Clovamide and chlorogenic acid (Figure 100 3) were also used in this study to investigate the potentially unique and diagnostic fragments information by accessing unique fragment pathways. Here we apply UVPD to several small Low Pressure Trap 80 HCD 30eV molecules to determine its utility for structure determination of small molecules. available using UVPD for these compounds. Figure 3. Phenylpropanoid Conjugates 60 O MATERIALS AND METHODS O OH OH 40 O O HCD, 78 eV Relative Relative Abundance 20 145.0294 NH OH HO Sample Preparation HO 89.0392 117.0343 OH OH 0 Standard material for 5 chalconoids (chalcone, 4-methoxy chalcone, butein, trans-clovamide, HO HO OH 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 and naringeninchalcone) and 5 phenylpropanoids (caffeic acid, methyl caffeate, chlorogenic OH O m/z acid, trans-2-hydroxycinnamic acid, and trans-cinnamic acid) were prepared by dissolving in High Pressure Trap trans-Clovamide 1:1:1 ACN:MeOH:water to a final concentration of 0.5 ug/mL. Chlorogenic acid Ultraviolet Photo Dissociation Mass Spectrometer Acquisition Conditions Phenylpropanoid and Chalconoid Behavior CONCLUSIONS Photodissociation utilizes the energy of incident photons (in this case, 5.3 eV/photon) to increase the Mass spectrometer: Thermo Scientific™ Orbitrap Fusion™ Lumos™ Tribrid MS with UVPD internal energy of a target molecule until it has sufficient energy to overcome its barrier for dissociation. UHPLC: Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Ultimate™ U3000 HPG pump and WP autosampler When subjected to UVPD, all chalconoids displayed similar behavior in which
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