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Assessment of Enthesitis in Psoriatic Arthritis

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Assessment of Enthesitis in Psoriatic Arthritis Editorial Assessment of Enthesitis in Psoriatic Arthritis There has been an increasing focus on enthesitis in psoriatic They found a higher prevalence of entheseal tenderness in arthritis (PsA). Enthesitis, defined as inflammation at the FM but more enthesitis using US in PsA and psoriasis. insertion of tendons and ligaments into bone, has been Overall, B-mode US changes were common, particularly proposed as the primary pathological lesion of PsA, and this around the knee, with power Doppler abnormalities being hypothesis has received support from animal models that less frequent across the 3 groups of patients. Therefore, is have focused on the enthesis in spondyloarthropathy-like my advice to clinicians to rely only on the Achilles tendon 1,2 disease . Enthesitis is part of the entry “stem” for the justified by this report? No, because clinically an equal ClASsification for Psoriatic ARthritis criteria (CASPAR) proportion of patients with PsA and FM had tenderness at criteria, although it must be emphasized that only a few cases the Achilles entheseal insertion; and yes, because power 3 of PsA had isolated entheseal involvement in that study . Doppler abnormalities at the Achilles (at cortical bone Yet the clinical evaluation of enthesitis remains a vexing insertion, pre-insertional area, and body of tendon) were problem. When delivering educational symposia, I am often found much more frequently in PsA. asked by dermatology and rheumatology colleagues how to What are the strengths and weaknesses of this study? The assess and treat enthesitis. To the dermatologists I say look authors correctly state that because none of the patients with only at the Achilles insertion because (1) it is readily identi- PsA were taking disease-modifying drugs or steroids, it is fiable, (2) it is the major enthesis of the body, and (3) likely that they represent a milder spectrum of disease, and involvement is quite specific for spondyloarthropathy (SpA). this is reflected in the 28-joint count Disease Activity Score I caution against misinterpreting a fusiform swelling of the (DAS28)4. Nor do we have data on skin severity, an important Achilles tendon 5–10 cm proximal to the insertion as inser- omission in any study of PsA and psoriasis. It would also have tional tendinitis — Achilles paratendinitis is quite common been useful to have nail data, because previous reports have and mostly unrelated to SpA. To the rheumatologist I give found more enthesitis in those with nail involvement. And we the same advice, but also advise using a simple enthesitis have to assume that the Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis index for assessment, such as the Leeds enthesitis index, in Enthesitis Score was properly assessed, because this is not which the patient is queried about pain when pressure is clear from the Methods section. It would also have been applied at each lateral epicondyle, medial femoral condyle, helpful to have a group of healthy controls to have context and Achilles tendon insertion. I warn about overinterpreting for the clinical and US findings. On the positive side, this was pure entheseal disease without arthritis for 2 reasons. First, a large study, and given the difficulties of standardizing US there is a consistently poor relationship between what we assessment, the authors must be applauded for trying to make think is enthesitis clinically and what ultrasound (US) the scan technique as uniform as possible. However, it would reveals; and second, other conditions may mimic this have also been appropriate to try to standardize the clinical condition, particularly where allodynia is a common feature, assessments. The DAS28 score is inappropriate for assessing such as fibromyalgia (FM). We cannot be too reliant on joint disease activity in PsA because joints below the knee 5 clinical examination of enthesitis as a marker of underlying are not counted . And the authors also correctly point out that disease except perhaps at the Achilles insertion. the groups were not matched for age, sex, and body mass In this issue of The Journal, Macchioni and colleagues index, all of which can influence US scores, although 4 provide some further insights4. In a well-designed multi- regression analysis allowed for these differences . center study they examined entheses of patients with PsA, How does this study fit with others in the field? A relevant 6 psoriasis, and FM, both by clinical examination and with US. comparison is the study by Højgaard and colleagues . They See Enthesitis in psoriatic disease and FM, page 904 Personal non-commercial use only. The Journal of Rheumatology Copyright © 2019. All rights reserved. Helliwell: Editorial 869 Downloaded on September 23, 2021 from www.jrheum.org assessed the presence of widespread pain (WP), using the extending the theory of the pathogenesis of PsA into the validated WP index and other patient-reported and clinical clinical realm by physical examination alone remains for me (tender point) features of central sensitization, and examined an enigma still to be solved. the effect of WP on achieving minimal disease activity in PsA. WP was found frequently in PsA and correlated with ACKNOWLEDGMENT other measures of disease activity, including a clinical enthe- I am grateful for helpful comments from Dr. Philip J. Mease, Seattle, sitis score, but not US scores of enthesitis. Interestingly, more Washington, USA. tenderness was found at all enthesis sites in patients with WP, MA, DM, PhD, FRCP, including those around the heel. The authors hypothesize that PHILIP S. HELLIWELL , Professor of Clinical Rheumatology, inflammatory arthritis can cause peripheral and central Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and 6 nociceptive sensitization, thus leading to WP . In the same Musculoskeletal Medicine, way, WP may resolve once the inflammatory arthritis has University of Leeds, been treated, emphasizing the evanescence of this condition Leeds, UK. in some people. As a corollary to this, interventional studies Address correspondence to Dr. P.S. Helliwell, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, 2nd Floor, have consistently shown concurrent improvement in enthe- Chapel Allerton Hospital, Harehills Lane, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK. sitis scores along with improvement in other indices of E-mail: [email protected] disease activity: without US we do not know whether this is a true improvement in enthesitis or a decrease in peripheral REFERENCES pain sensitivity as the inflammatory disease elsewhere 1. Sherlock JP, Joyce-Shaikh B, Turner SP, Chao CC, Sathe M, Grein improves. In view of this I do not think it really matters which J, et al. IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on clinical enthesitis index is used, because none of them ROR-gammat+ CD3+CD4-CD8- entheseal resident T cells. Nat Med 2012;18:1069-76. reliably represents underlying, US-confirmed enthesitis. 2. Jacques P, Lambrecht S, Verheugen E, Pauwels E, Kollias G, To help us distinguish “true” enthesitis from allodynia, Armaka M, et al. Proof of concept: enthesitis and new bone Marchesoni and colleagues have suggested using other formation in spondyloarthritis are driven by mechanical strain and clinical features of PsA and FM7. They examined 266 stromal cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:437-45. patients with PsA and 120 patients with FM and found that 6 3. Taylor W, Gladman D, Helliwell P, Marchesoni A, Mease P, Mielants H; CASPAR Study Group. Classification criteria for or more “somatic” symptoms and 8 or more tender points psoriatic arthritis: development of new criteria from a large were the best predictors of FM in this mixed population. international study. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2665-73. Might we improve the accuracy of our examinations for 4. Macchioni P, Salvarani C, Possemato N, Gutierrez M, Grassi W, this clinical feature in PsA? We have previously suggested Gasparini S, et al. Ultrasonographic and clinical assessment of that if swelling, as well as tenderness, is present at the peripheral enthesitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, and fibromyalgia syndrome — the ULISSE Study. J Rheumatol enthesis then it is more likely to be associated with 2019;46:904-11. 8 US-demonstrated enthesitis . However, swelling is infre- 5. Coates LC, Fitzgerald O, Gladman DD, McHugh N, Mease P, quently seen at the enthesis, and is hard to detect at entheses Strand V, et al. Reduced joint counts misclassify patients with around the shoulder, pelvis, and knee, particularly if the oligoarticular psoriatic arthritis and miss significant numbers of person is obese. I have also advocated stressing the enthesis patients with active disease. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:1504-9. 6. Højgaard P, Ellegaard K, Nielsen SM, Christensen R, mechanically, by opposing the appropriate muscle contrac- Guldberg-Møller J, Ballegaard C, et al. Pain mechanisms and 8 tion, to improve the specificity of clinical examination . This ultrasonic inflammatory activity as prognostic factors in patients is easy to do at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the with psoriatic arthritis: A prospective cohort study. Arthritis Care insertion of supraspinatus, the quadriceps, and at the Achilles, Res 2018 Jul 5 (E-pub ahead of print). but less easy to do elsewhere and especially if the insertion 7. Marchesoni A, Atzeni F, Spadaro A. Lubrano E, Provenzano G, Cauli A, et al. Identification of the clinical features distinguishing is purely ligamentous. psoriatic arthritis and fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2012;39:849-55. So how should we move forward with clinical assessment 8. Groves C, Chandramohan M, Chew NS, Aslam T, Helliwell PS. of enthesitis in SpA? Clearly, tenderness at the enthesis is not Clinical examination, ultrasound and MRI imaging of the painful a reliable sign of underlying enthesitis, as defined by US. I elbow in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: which is better, would certainly be wary of making a diagnosis of PsA on the ultrasound or MR, for imaging enthesitis? Rheumatol Ther 2017;4:71-84. grounds of clinically assessed enthesitis alone, and wary of 9.
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