WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER, 2 finely-ground lenses of the sociology of work as developed by Anselm Strauss and refined by Leigh Star (1991:265) who wrote: 001. Publication Committee Meeting "Work is the link between the visible and the invisible." I focus 1:00 to 3:00 pm on three forms anticipation work which are often, though not Crowne Plaza: Savoy always, invisibled/deleted. First is abduction, the feedback loopings from empirical elements to conceptualizations of them 002. 4S Council Meeting through which we produce and perform anticipation, tracing 3:00 to 6:00 pm some of its roots in pragmatist philosophy and how guessing is Crowne Plaza: Savoy work. I then extend the process(es) of simplification as analyzed by Leigh Star (1983) vis-a-vis scientific work as a key process of 003. Welcome and Opening Remarks anticipation in largely non-scientific spaces and places. I discuss 6:15 to 6:30 pm how various kinds of work "disappear" through simplifying Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East strategies, noting the loss of complexities, and the shifting An overview of 4S conference 2011. politics of responsibility for doing anticipatory labor. Last, I Chair: touch on hope, attempting to specify how it threads itself into possible futures in relation to anticipation as fuel, as energy Roli Varma, University of New Mexico source, as drive, as process, as product. In conclusion, I discuss 004. Opening Plenary: The Intellectual Legacies of Susan Leigh the shifting politics of responsibility for doing anticipatory labor, Star especially in relation to its visibility. Who does it? Under what 6:30 to 7:30 pm conditions? With what kinds of recognition or invisibling? Why Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East might it matter when anticipatory labor is commonly invisible? Susan Leigh Star (1954–2010) Mapping the Body across Diverse Information Systems: Shadow Bodies and They Make Us Human. Ellen Balka, Participants: Simon Fraser University; Susan Leigh Star, Santa Clara Sand in the Grain of the World: Working the Boundaries. University Geoffrey Bowker, Santa Clara University In this talk, I introduce the term “shadow bodies” (Star & Balka, Susan Leigh Star's work always revolved around people and 2009), a concept Leigh Star and I were working on at the time of processes that didn't quite fit traditional classifications, her death. Using ski area injuries as a starting point, I organizational charts and understandings of the world. She demonstrate how shadow bodies are created as notions of health deployed her intellectual lucidity to explore silence and suffering and illness are negotiated across multiple jurisdictions (such as rather than the shibboleths of certainty. The world for her was the ski patrol, ambulance service, local clinic), information needs messy, interesting and tractable in ways ways that others had not (e.g., those of a provincial safety officer, who receives seen. I discuss three themes of her work: boundary objects; information if an injury involves a ski lift) and information invisible work and other ways of knowing - in each case weaving systems, with each jurisdictional boundary demarking a differing the personal with the professional and the intellectual. In view of the body – “shadow bodies” (Star & Balka, 2009). I then conclusion, I theorize the ability of her work to cross multiple take up Leigh’s broader line of inquiry to demonstrate how these disciplinary boundaries and to reach so many hearts. infrastructure shadows permeate our bodies in action, interaction, Lost in Translation: Problems of Large Scale Data Sets. and history, where these shadows take the form of absences and Lawrence Busch, Michigan State University & Lancaster presences encoded by all types of information technology - University which are not, themselves, yet considered institutionally. As the body of shadows accumulate (in the form of blogs, electronic As Leigh Star began to argue 30 years ago, technoscientific traces of many sorts, the aggregation of information about research always involves simplification and standardization. In individuals), little in the way of moral or sentimental order recent years, the collection and analysis of large scale data sets in guides their proliferation, with documents and traces following, fields as diverse as marketing, physics, sociology, molecular in ever-thickening ways, nearly every domain of life (e.g., book- biology and logistics has become the norm. These are often buying, health, where one lives, how standard one may be or not convenience samples – people who bought a certain product, be). I end by suggesting that as an aggregate social form, these families that are part of a given government program, particles shadows of the self are under-theorized, and, in the spirit of that pass through a certain target, books that Google has scanned, Leigh’s inquiry, that we now turn our focus to consideration of proteins from a given plant. They are often analyzed by data the about the existential and political ways of life engendered by mining techniques, sifting through vast quantities of data to find the volume and entanglement of multiple infrastructures. the proverbial needle in the haystack. Moreover, these data are often used as the basis for public and private policy and action. A Chair: variety of ‘translations’ produce simplification/standardization Adele E. Clarke, University of California, San Francisco including but not limited to (1) lossiness (where aggregation 005. Reception leads to irreversible loss of detail), (2) disproportionality (extreme outliers have an impact on variables of interest), (3) 7:30 to 9:00 pm distancing of the observer from the phenomenon of interest so as Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom Assembly Area to make invisible subtle differences, (4) amplification of that which can be calculated and standardized, even as other aspects of phenomena are reduced, (5) assuming that underlying relations hold uniformly across time and space as opposed to being THURSDAY, NOVEMBER, 3 situated, (6) displacement of hermeneutic questions as the data appear to "speak for themselves," and (7) shifts in the depiction 006. Critical Perspectives on "Personal" Engagements with of risk and consequent shifts in behavior. At the same time, large "Public" Health Discourses scale suggests completeness, crowding out other interpretations; 8:30 to 10:00 am hence, understanding their limits should be of the utmost Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim concern. This multi-disciplinary panel explores diverse ways in which the values Anticipation as Work: Abduction, Simplification, Hope. Adele and imperatives of "public" discourses on healthy living, obesity and E. Clarke, University of California, San Francisco cancer in Canada and Europe interact with "personal" healthcare identities, This paper is a meditation on some overlapping, nonfungible and understandings and experiences. Given the contemporary neo-liberal messy work processes of anticipating. I draw especially on the emphasis on individual responsibility, consumer empowerment, and patient involvement in healthcare, how are these values both reproduced and what they learn to others. We focus, in particular, on those whose reconfigured in differing contexts? How do public health discourses shape accounts include attempts to enlist others into the project of subjective identities and experiences of "good" healthcare healthy aging. Using Latour’s (2005) distinction between citizens/consumers, and how do citizens/consumers take up, reconstruct, information mediators and intermediaries, we discuss the health- and possibly resist these discourses? Our critical engagement with these informing work of volunteer health agents who pass along, with questions includes analyzing the epistemic and ideological implications of little translation, the message of the state, and that of health commonplace metaphors that people use to describe their understandings of evangelists who try to save others with their version of the "good healthy eating; tracing the complex information-seeking and news" about healthy living. info(r)mediation practices of older citizens on the topic of healthy living; “Obesity is Definitely a Problem!”: Assembling Evidence and examining expert discourses and interventions in obese bodies not simply Normalizing Bodies. Ulrike Felt, University of Vienna; Kay as efforts to normalize body weight, but as multilevel engagements in re- Felder, Departement of Social Studies of Science at standardizing and re-normalizing bodies and lives; interrogating how standard breast-cancer narratives interact with public institutional University of Vienna; Theresa Oehler, University of Vienna; discourses of cancer to complicate notions of objectivity and subjectivity; Michael Penkler, Department of Social Studies of Science, and exploring how certain "patient involvement" discourses enlist women University of Vienna with cancer in health care work, with implications for care equity. In the past decade, obesity as a public health concern has moved Together, our diverse perspectives offer a multi-faceted view of ways in high on the political agenda. While there seems consensus when which prevalent public discourses of "good" healthcare citizenship both it comes to defining obesity and rising obesity rates as medical shape and are re-shaped by people’s "personal" healthcare identities, and societal problems, a closer analysis of diverse expert knowledges and practices. discourses on obesity shows substantive variations in the Participants: construction of what obesity is and how it should be treated. It thus seems rewarding to understand medical and educational Healthy Eating Metaphors We Live By. Philippa Spoel, interventions in obese bodies not simply as efforts of normalizing Laurentian University; Roma Harris, The University of body weight, but as multilevel engagements in re-standardizing Western Ontario; flis henwood, university of brighton and re-normalizing bodies and lives: defining normal eating Contemporary neo-liberal healthcare emphasizes individual behavior, exercising patterns, looks, bio marker values, and many responsibility to care for oneself by becoming informed about more. Both problem definition and connected interventions thus and engaging in healthy living practices. In this context, health appear as (1) tied to specific kinds of evidence creation and to promotion messaging about the importance of “healthy eating” specific assemblages of evidence, experience, and wider value figures prominently. But how do citizens understand and systems; (2) participating in a deep rethinking/rewriting of bodies reconstruct these messages - this civic imperative - within their and everyday practices. The paper investigates these “obesity own lives? Working with data from interviews with 55 people multiples” beneath the broader consensus. We aim at shedding aged 45-70 in Canada and the UK, this presentation addresses the light on the dynamics of this specific public health discourse, on question of how people understand “healthy eating” by analyzing the multiple connections between evidence-making and recurring metaphor clusters that they use to describe what healthy normalisation, as well as on the broader politics of biomedical eating means to them. Drawing on rhetorical theories of problem-making in contemporary societies. Our analysis draws metaphor and on research in the public understanding/public on (1) interviews with stakeholders and scientists involved in reconstruction of science, this analysis reveals four main research and policy making on obesity in Austria and (2) policy interacting clusters: i) balance metaphors; ii) machine / engine materials produced in a larger research project on perceptions metaphors; iii) battle / survival metaphors; and iv) waste / and imaginations of obesity as a socio-scientific problem in the pollution metaphors. The prevalence of these culturally Austrian context. commonplace metaphors within our participants’ accounts (http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/en/research/perceptions-and- suggests the degree to which dominant health discourses - and imaginations-of-obesity) the normative assumptions about health and bodies that these The Reciprocity of Personal and Institutional Discourses of discourses reinforce - shape the public’s understandings of what Breast Cancer. Judy Z. Segal, University of British it means to live healthily; at the same time, however, the Columbia particular ways in which our participants discursively (re)enact these metaphors in their accounts indicates the creative This paper draws together ideas on breast-cancer narrative, complexities and ambivalences of their situated engagements positive thinking, empowerment, objectivity and standpoint. The with dominant health "knowledge." standard breast-cancer narrative (“I found a lump; I was scared; I fought; I recovered; now I’m a better person”) is typical of the Healthy Aging: The New Evangelism? Roma Harris, The cult of positive-thinking described by Barbara Ehrenreich; the University of Western Ontario; Philippa Spoel, Laurentian story is sometimes challenged by other critics as well. Not yet University; flis henwood, university of brighton adequately discussed is the extent to which the standard story Public health discourse that emphasizes personal responsibility meets institutional needs - in particular, the needs of the breast- for health “calls upon the individual to enter into the process of cancer establishment: the research agencies, treatment facilities, his or her own self-governance through processes of endless self- health-care professionals and fundraisers, who desire a docile examination, self-care and self-improvement” (Petersen, 1997, p. patient. The very institutions that claim objectivity in cancer care 194). Underlying this message of individual responsibility is the are neither neutral nor disinterested: they are invested in assumption that illness can be avoided by those who elect a maintaining cancer patients as cheerful subjects. Over and over "healthy lifestyle." As the definition of "successful" aging again, in institutional literature, most mainstream publication, evolves to include the prevention of chronic disease (Smith- and even some putatively feminist publication, we are told that DiJulio, Windsor & Anderson, 2010), it could be argued that the empowered cancer patient is one who has not lost her sense working to keep one’s self healthy is the project of the of humor. Susan Sontag wrote, in regard to her own cancer responsible aging citizen. We recently interviewed 55 older experience and the writing of Illness as Metaphor, that she Canadian and UK residents about how they understand and wished not to offer another story of a person who got sick and perform "healthy eating" and "active living" – two of the main suffered and was well; rather she wished to offer “an idea.” I themes of public health promotion in the West. Most of the wish also to offer not a narrative, but an idea, and I wish to interviewees appear to have largely accepted the idea that they develop that idea autoethnographically, from the margins of should be responsible for their own health and many described cancer culture. My idea is that the most available terms for their efforts, both successful and unsuccessful, to live "right." In narrating cancer experience are reciprocal with the regimental this paper, we explore interviewees’ accounts of how they inform discourse of public cancer institutions, and that this reciprocity themselves about healthy living and how they pass on (or not) complicates notions of objectivity and subjectivity. Of Time and Troubles: Patient Involvement and Healthcare plants. Secondly, however, the social model was not shared by Disparities. Christina Sinding, McMaster University the people concerned because of their distrust of the model. The Patient involvement in care practice has many and diverse problem lies in the failure of the model in making infinite social proponents. It is endorsed by healthcare institutions; it is responsibility finite. This paper argues that this kind of failure promoted by community agencies representing people with arising from the underdetermination of policy should be illness. A vast literature documents the benefits of patient sociologically discriminated from failure arising from the involvement and describes ways to enable it. This presentation underdetermination of scientific knowledge. contributes to a critical analysis of patient involvement. Drawing Technocracy and Deliberation in Nuclear Waste Management in on institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry and oriented Finland, France and the UK. Markku Lehtonen, Sussex by a concern for equity, I describe the work done by women with Energy Group, SPRU, University of Sussex cancer in relation to care timelines and in responding to troubles This article analyses the nature and role of recently established with care. Instances of success in this work are highlighted, as state- and industry-led deliberative and participatory mechanisms are instances of struggle and "failure." I also draw attention to of planning and decision-making on radioactive waste continuities between the work women undertake, and discourses management (RWM) in three countries that have recently of patient involvement as they manifest in documents circulating committed to extending their nuclear capacity – Finland, France at an Ontario cancer center. In making visible the social and and the UK. The paper builds on two analytical vantage points, material resources that underpin successful involvement this each seeking to illustrate the interplay between technocratic and study shows how initiatives that promote "the involved patient" deliberative modes of decision-making. The first one identifies can function to exacerbate healthcare and social disparities. As the normative, substantive and instrumental functions of citizen well, the study extends analysis of the individualization and participation, while the second examines to what extent and in privatization of health by showing how contemporary discourses which ways the participatory processes have "opened up" or of involvement enlist patients to monitor and sustain not only alternatively "closed down" the processes toward various their own health, but also the healthcare they receive. interests as well as normative and cognitive perspectives. These Chair: experiences are placed within a wider context of the relevant Philippa Spoel, Laurentian University cultural, institutional and political framework conditions in each country. All cases exhibited varying degrees of tendency toward 007. Participation Coupled with Technocracy in Nuclear "closing down" of the processes in order to achieve pre- Questions established goals and foster a limited range of interests. 8:30 to 10:00 am However, while in France and in the UK, a certain degree of Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East "opening up" of the RWM policy to new options and new actors The utilization of nuclear energy has triggered serious disputes and could be identified, in Finland the deliberative potential of contestation across the world, notably with regard to the siting of nuclear participation was undermined by a drive toward closure around installations. Participatory decision-making have been suggested as a the disposal option advocated by the nuclear industry and the means of managing such disputes, and of rendering the processes less government. Three country-specific contextual factors may help technocratic and more democratic. However, these participatory processes to explain the differences: the control of knowledge production in face a number of challenges, including a tendency to couple participatory the area of RWM, the degree of trust in public institutions and and technocratic decision-making in an increasingly sophisticated way, the credibility and status of the NGOs. making it difficult for the various actors (including ordinary citizens, of The Strange Case of Being Inclusively Excluded: Canadian course) involved to notice the coupling. The attempts to identify an Waste, Eh. Darrin Durant, York University, Canada appropriate and acceptable way of managing high-level radioactive waste The Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) in (HLW) illustrate the various forms of such “technocratic-participatory” Canada is responsible for researching and implementing what is coupling and the potential prospects and risks that such coupling presents known as Adaptive Phased Management, a fancy term referring for democracy. Such challenges have thus far received little attention in to burying high-level nuclear waste in a deep geological STS research. The presentations and an intensive discussion in this session repository. The members of the NWMO are mostly the very will shed light on the social and democratic implications of the delicate industry and bureaucratic groups that, at a public inquiry that combination of participatory and technocratic approaches to decision- effectively ran 1989-1997, much of lay public requested not be making on HLW. Building on case studies on radioactive waste put in charge. Understanding how such groups, that most lay management policy from Europe, Japan and Canada, we shall explore the public declared were untrustworthy and self-interested, managed potential of STS to illuminate the tensions, possibilities and risks involved to assume responsibility for digging a hole few want means in the coupling of participatory and technocratic decision-making. By understanding the reinvention of the nuclear industry. The exploring some of the “untold stories” underpinning HLW management – NWMO has had to carve out an image of itself as extraordinarily which typically exhibit modern, post-modern, and even pre-modern inclusive of lay publics, all the while excluding them at each turn elements – the session seeks to expand the range of narratives except the only turn that matters to the NWMO, which is a host conventionally employed in STS research, and thereby open new horizons community turning to the NWMO with an acceptance of a deep to the interplay between science and democracy. geological repository. So how does being included mean you are Participants: actually excluded? What does it mean to say participatory practices are being expertly managed by technocratic thinking? Underdetermination of Policy in Nuclear Waste Disposal in This paper answers those questions by presenting vignettes Japan: Participation of the People, by the People, for Whom? drawn from two aspects of the NWMO’s so-called democratic Miwao Matsumoto, The University of Tokyo engagement with lay publics. One kind of engagement is the way This paper describes and analyses the way through which the the NWMO models lay publics, essentially co-opting public underdetermination of policy is fixed by assuming specific heterogeneity. This is the public face of the NWMO, found in its sociological parameters in nuclear waste disposal with reference glossy publications, web presence, and reports to parliament. A to the case of Japan. In particular, the paper focuses on a kind of second engagement lacks the gloss, and is found by noting some social model where the promotion of the understanding of of the real-life challenges faced by lay public groups attempting nuclear waste disposal is coupled with participation by the people to debate the NWMO. This is the private face of the NWMO, and of the people based on the survey of articles published by found in its resource dominance, its slick sticking to the message academic sector and of responses of the governmental sector to non-engagement with dissenters, and its strategic use of public comments. Two points are made. First, this particular boundaries others would collapse. The public face is social model is further backed up by compensation by money, participatory, the private technocratic, suggesting STS is missing which was routinized in the siting processes of nuclear power the boat if we forget to be very circumspect about whether the theory of participation is matched by its reality. individuals scattered over wide geographical areas. Medical Rethinking the Introduction of Participatory Process in Japanese patients, video game players, musical performers, and many Nuclear Scene. Kohta Juraku, The University of Tokyo other publics have emerged on the Internet with significant consequences for social life. The technocratic decision-making in Japanese nuclear scene has been problematized and criticized in more than 50 years history Hacking for Social Justice: Tech Activism in the Newest Social of nuclear utilization in Japan. It has been said that every Movements. Kate Milberry, Faculty of Information, important decision, such as the establishment and modification of University of Toronto national nuclear program, design and deployment of regulation, This paper traces the rise of tech activism, which has roots in the siting process in local areas, and so on, have been made under the free software movement but has cultivated its own ethically interaction of limited number of stakeholders, and many grounded and socially informed agenda. It examines how and criticisms have been raised. Since the latter half of 1990s, the why tech activists have appropriated wiki technology, using it as Japanese nuclear governance system has been reformed, partly a space and tool for democratic communication in cyberspace. In triggered by such criticism. Many official reports and statements turn, this has enabled the realization of new communicative have used the words like “openness,” “transparency” and practices offline, establishing a dialectical relation between the “citizens’ participation” and argued the reform made the technological and the social. Democratic practice online decision-making process more participatory one and improve prefigures the desire for a more just society; actualized as public acceptance and trust toward nuclear utilization. Current democratic interventions into the development and use of Japanese HLW (high-level radioactive waste) disposal program technology, it then manifests in alternative modes of social can be seen as an outcome of this reform. However, the organization in the "real" world. implementer has no candidate site yet, though the voluntary From Commodification to Communication: Alternative application process of it has run for almost 9 years. Furthermore, Rationalities in the History of Online Education. Edward the process caused a serious social dispute in a town which considered the application for this site selection process. By a Hamilton, Capilano University; Andrew Feenberg, Simon case study on the establishment and deployment of this process, Fraser University it will be highlighted that this process is still “closed” to keep This paper examines the history of online education as a social technocratic authoritarianism and not "opened" enough to deal history of technology. Debates over online education often break with highly complex events with high degree of uncertainty such down over differing evaluations of general and inevitable as HLW management through extensive public discussion, and it historical trends associated with technology as such. Proponents may cause many risks for the public. of technological change see in new educational technologies the end of the traditional university and the emergence of new Chair: business models for higher education. Critics take up these Lynn Eden, Stanford University claims and paint the technological future of higher education as Discussant: one of inevitable commodification, commercialization and Allison Macfarlane, George Mason University deskilling. Both sides depict online education around the same historical trends and depict these trends as the essence of its 008. (Re)Inventing the Internet: New Forms of Agency underlying technologies. This paper outlines how the logic of 8:30 to 10:00 am economic rationalization that stands in for the essence of Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West technology in the online education debate, actually acts as a This session applies the critical theory of technology to the Internet. The “technical code” for its concrete realizations. It also outlines an focus is on the implications of user agency for politics in the widest sense alternative technical code, developed in conjunction with early of the term. Although it has been in existence for more than three decades, experiments in educational computer conferencing and that might the Internet remains a contested technology. Its governance and role in ground a critical practice in online education. In playing these civic life, education and entertainment are all still openly disputed and two codes against one another, this paper hopes to demonstrate debated. The issues include censorship and network control, privacy and how the critical politics of technology in educational reform is surveillance, the political impact of activist blogging, peer to peer file not a matter of resistance to technology, but of the appropriation sharing, the effects of video games on children, and many others. Media of the discursive foundations of online education. conglomerates, governments and users all contribute to shaping the forms The Digitization of Children’s Bedroom Culture and the and functions of the Internet as the limits and potentialities of the Preemptive Politics of Prosumption. Sara M. Grimes, technologies are tested and extended. What is most surprising about the Faculty of Information, University of Toronto Internet is the proliferation of controversies and conflicts in which the Using the notion of “bedroom culture” as a starting point, this creativity of ordinary users plays a central role. The title, (Re)Inventing the paper considers the dual, sometimes overlapping and oftentimes Internet, refers to this extraordinary flowering of agency in a society that conflicting roles of production and consumption in a relatively tends to reduce its members to passive spectators. This panel presents a new form of online participatory culture - child-specific virtual series of critical case studies that examine specific sites of change and worlds. Here, bedroom culture is understood to reference a contestation. These cover a range of phenomena including computer number of key studies examining youth culture, including more gaming cultures, online education, tech activism, and the mutual shaping of recent explorations of the technologically enabled reframing of digital technologies and civic life. children’s bedrooms as important “productive spaces” wherein Participants: children can engage in various forms of cultural production and Critical Theory of Communication Technology. Andrew civic participation. This paper engages with the idea that internet Feenberg, Simon Fraser University technologies open up the traditionally private and highly contained space of the bedroom to new forms of public and The debate over the contribution of the Internet to democracy is community engagement. It proposes that virtual worlds in far from settled. Some point to the empowering effects of online particular not only provide children with potentially rich new discussion on recent electoral campaigns in the US and its opportunities for peer play, but contain a promise of mobilizing power in North Africa to argue that the Internet will collaboration and creativity that could yield significant restore the public sphere. Others claim that the Internet is just a implications for their participatory and cultural rights. I argue virtual mall, a final extension of global capitalism into every that this promise is undermined, however, by emerging, corner of our lives. This paper argues for the democratic thesis commercially-driven standards within the technical design and with some qualifications. The most enduring contribution of the management of children’s virtual worlds which work to Internet to democracy is not necessarily its effects on the reconfigure and rationalize children’s online participation in electoral process, nor even its power of mobilization but rather its accordance with exiting relations of production, as new ability to assemble a public around technical networks that enroll subjectivities of consumption or "prosumption" are intertwined that by looking and comparing Mexico’s GMO corn and with (albeit oftentimes challenged and subverted by) children’s Canada’s GMO salmon debates, governance analysts should be increased access to digital content production tools. able to identify the close similarities of both jurisdictions that Chair: have so far been missed. We argue that emerging technology governance needs to be revisited and reclassified along different Andrew Feenberg, Simon Fraser University lines. Through a case study, we conclude that deeper 009. Biotechnology, Controversy and Policy in Latin America – I considerations to local and regional conditions and a more open 8:30 to 10:00 am and fluid dialogue between Latin America and other periphery Crowne Plaza: Dolder countries should help develop more socially robust governance solutions. As a technological innovation, agrarian biotechnology has been surrounded by controversy. Transgenic plants, in particular, have been extremely Genetically Modified Organisms in Brazil After the Big contentious in public, policy, and scientific realms. While this is a global Controversies. Julia Guivant, Federal University of Santa phenomenon, there have been significant regional differences. Answering Catarina the question: how has biotechnology interacted with Latin America? This Between the mid-90s and the mid-00s, the controversies and panel explores how the controversy over genetically modified plants has conflicts around genetically modified organisms (GMOs) were played out across Latin America. Cases from Argentina, Brazil and crossing the world. Different social actors were involved, in Mexico, are explored in comparison to global trends in the arenas of public many countries, transforming the decision process about participation, scientific knowledge production and governance. The panel potentially risky technologies, including through public contributes to science and technology studies through its examination of engagement experiences. I will analyze how the Brazilian case the complexity attendant on the introduction of contemporary technological allows us to emphasize the relevance of studying cross-national innovations. The panel demonstrates this complexity, both in terms of variations. Even if we are in a world risk society, risks are regional differences and the different spaces of public, policy and scientific translated in different scientific and political traditions and knowledge production into which such innovations are inserted. cultures and some of these traditions are more resistant than Participants: others. I have previously argued that the silence about public participation in Brazil and the noise of the confrontation of both Evolving Trends in Latin American Politics of Biotechnologies: coalitions (pro and against its approval), finally contributed to the Delving into the “GM Soya Model” in Argentina. Pierre strengthening of the standard tradition of science and its Delvenne, University of Liege; Ana Maria Vara, Universidad conventional relation to policy. Since the Biosafety Law was Nacional de San Martin, Argentina; Federico Vasen, approved in Brazil in 2005, and many other commercial and Universidad de Quilmes, Argentina regulatory resolutions were taken around the globe, the Our interest is to understand the challenges to modern science controversy started to dissolve and GMOs are getting less and innovation regimes under conditions of globalization and attention. This situation can also be seen in academics, with “multiple modernities” (Eisenstadt 2000). Different scholarly fewer studies around the issue. My main objective is to present attention has been paid to existing institutions that may no longer an update on the current condition of transgenics: How are be adequate to address those challenges. This may be because farmers perceiving the benefits and costs? How are scientists and modern institutions are pressured for a greater reflexive opening NGOs understanding the transformation? How is the global up of their structures (Beck and Lau 2005) or because the modern market for GMOs? Finally, I will discuss the post controversy world-system is facing severe turbulences that would ultimately period, which is crucial to understanding the role of coalitions, lead to a time of structural dissolution (Wallerstein 2005). This the life of public participatory experiences, the transformation of renders it interesting to trace the responses to these challenges, evidences and the changes in regulation. and we suggest doing it in the field of STS. Our ongoing multi- The Mexican Genome Project: Between Polymorphisms and the level comparative research takes Latin American countries as an Quest for National Identity. Mayra Roffe Gutman, entrance point to finding responses that are different from those Université de Montréal occurring in European countries. Our presentation is based on In late 2009, the Mexican Institute for Genomic Medicine Argentina and it focuses on biotechnology in agriculture. (INMEGEN) announces the publication of the first “genomic Argentina today is the second largest exporter of GM crops and it map” of the Mexican population. According to the press release, has been the first country in Latin America to establish a through the study of the genetic polymorphisms INMEGEN professional regulatory framework in the early 1990s. GM soya claims to have demonstrated the Mexican genome is, 1) unique crop is specifically analyzed because of its importance - more and clearly distinguishable from other genomes and, 2) a mestizo than 60 percent of the cultivated areas - and its controversial or miscegenated genome composed of a precise mixture of three aspect: it is presented at the same time as an elixir for agro- racial origins: 41.8 percent white, 55.22 percent indigenous, 3.5 industrial ills and as a techno-economic network increasing the percent black. The project, partially fueled by the perceived need benefits of the global North while dramatically affecting public to compensate for Mexico’s – and, indeed, all of Latin America’s health and the environment. We suggest diagnosing population - exclusion from the HapMap project raises developments and perceptions of issues related to health, fundamental questions around the complex relationship between economy, ecological diversity, fertility of soils, regulation and genomics and the reconfiguration of racial and ethnic intellectual property. categorization imaginary, as well as on the stakes of its future Reclassifying Biotechnology Governance; Peeking at repercussions on public health policy. The aim of this Peripheries in Latin and North America. Dan Badulescu, documental, archival and controversy-based research is to University of British Columbia, Faculty of Land & Food approach the Mexican Genome Project through the prism of Systems and Centre for Applied Ethics; Antonio Flores, interactions between race, genomics and nation building Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City processes; as well as that of the particularities of Mexico's history of linkage between the life sciences and the nationalist discourse In spite of some clear technological advantages, biotechnology based on the idea of a shared homogenous mestizo identity. continues to be defined by tension and conflict in many regions Moreover, our research intends to place the Mexican Genome around the globe. Why is it that after more than 20 years since Project within a broader historical perspective to show how this the inception of genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, nationalist mestizo identity has been - since the late XIX century heightened controversy around its development and adoption - repeatedly legitimized by means of genetic, eugenic and bio- continues to be the norm? In our research, we look at how typological sets of arguments. We will thus try to show how the peripheral jurisdictions in North and Latin America have Mexican Genome Project is characterized by a tension between responded to ethical, political and social challenges created by the search for difference and the affirmation of communalities the push and introduction of emerging technologies. We argue amongst a vast, diverse population. Environmental Disaster. Wesley Shrum, Louisiana State Chair: University Christina Holmes, EHESS-CNRS, Paris The investigation of the flooding following Hurricane Katrina was the largest, most costly, and complex scientific and 010. Engineering Normativities – I engineering investigation ever to emerge from a single disaster. 8:30 to 10:00 am Contemporary STS leads one to suspect that only part of the Crowne Plaza: Hassler reason for this was the magnitude of the event itself. I argue that What is engineering for? What are engineers for? The term “engineering the complexity and character of the investigation were the result normativities” refers to the broader socio-material projects enacted in the of the intersection of engineering, reporting and litigation in three making of engineers and the practices of engineering work. Engineering distinct phases. In the first, rescue phase, individuals at different studies research investigating engineering formation and engineering work distances and with different histories of relations to key actors has critically examined a range of normativities. Some of these include, for sought rough knowledge and role definition. In the second, example, claims of professional and ethical autonomy (Layton, Noble, organizational phase, teams with different affiliations and levels Lundgreen, Grelon, Meiksins, Herkert, Mitcham, Sørensen, Seely, of resources engaged in a variety of competitive and Williams, Seron, Silbey) as well as gender normativities (Hacker, collaborative interactions, seeking comprehensive accounts Sørensen, Oldenziel, Faulkner, Tonso, Lagesen, McLoughlin, Paulitz), constrained by deadlines and weakly related to legal processes racial normativities (Slaton) and hetero-normativities (Cech, Waidzunas). already underway. In the third, legal, phase, expert consultants Others include commitments enacted in design practices (Bucciarelli, and witnesses sought defensible proof of liability. Litigation Vinck, Blanco, Picon, Jørgensen, van de Poel, van Gorp, Johnson), claimed shaped both the location and character of investigation, jurisdiction over technology (Downey, Wisnioski) and territorial producing a shift in research focus and a new causal explanation differences (Meiksins, Smith, Kranakis, Hård, Knie, Brown, Downey, of the disaster closely tied to the concept of legal immunity. The Lucena, de Matos, Diogo, Han, Valderrama). Still others involve Katrina investigations offer a strategic research site for hierarchies in development practices (Baillie, Catalano, Riley, Lucena, understanding forensic engineering, media and law. Schneider, Leydens, Nieusma). Work such as this (a key concern in the Female Doctoral Students' Interactions with Faculty and Their journal Engineering Studies!) is just beginning to scratch the surface. These Aspirations to Pursue Academic Careers. Diane Yu Gu, presentations further the critical analysis of engineering normativities. University of California, Los Angeles Donna Riley, Heidi Waugh, and Alice Pawley examine how gender and According to a 2004 report from the Commission on class boundaries prevented wartime engineering work by students at Smith Professionals in Science and Technology, women in engineering College from counting as engineering. Wesley Shrum explores how and the physical, mathematical, and environmental sciences forensic engineering following Hurricane Katrina came to perform make up less than 6 percent of full professor positions. Two practices of legal immunity. Diane Gu investigates the implications gender decades ago, researchers projected that occupational equity for normativities have for the interactions women doctoral students have with females in science and engineering was just “a matter of time” - their engineering advisers. Scott Knowles explores the ambiguities in time for increasing the number of female Ph.D. students and making U.S. engineers arbiters of disaster mitigation. Gary Downey asks if moving them through the ranks of academia (Fox, 2001). dominant practices in engineering formation, while claimed to advance However, the prediction that growing numbers of female Ph.D. humanity as a whole, are actually contributing to localized images of students would lead to greater gender equity among the material progress and mediating relations across territories. All participants professoriate has not come to pass. Fox (2000) studied women wrestle with questions of critical participation in the engineering doctoral students’ experiences in science and engineering by normativities they study. surveying more than 3,000 women. Her findings revealed that Participants: women are less likely to be “taken seriously” by their advisers, Class and Gender Norms in Wartime: Engineering at Smith feel less comfortable speaking in research groups, and are less College. Donna Riley, Smith College; Heidi Waugh, Smith likely to receive effective help and feedback from their College; Alice Pawley, Purdue University professors. Her work suggests that greater attention should be paid to understanding the experiences of women graduate During the First and Second World Wars, women at Smith students in science and engineering, with a particular focus on College engaged in engineering activities that were not typical their interaction with faculty members. Although a wide range of for students in other periods. In World War I, the correspondence higher education literature emphasizes the importance of student- of the Smith College Relief Unit documents a request from a faculty interaction on students’ satisfaction and professional French engineer for students to dig wells, as well as a request development (Astin, 1977, 1985, 1993; Bean, 1985; Bean & from the Relief Unit to an engineer for advice and instruction on Kuh, 1984; Pascarella, 1985; Pascarella & Terenzini, 1976, 1979, de-activating land mines. On campus, students were using 1981; Tinto, 1993; Wilson et al., 1975), the research on female Industrial Engineering techniques to manage volunteer work graduate students and their interactions with faculty in science knitting socks for soldiers, and the College brought in a local and engineering is fairly limited. Accordingly, the objective of auto mechanic to teach repair and shop skills to students joining this project is to examine interaction among women graduate the relief effort in France. During the Second World War, the students and their faculty members in the field of engineering. College instituted a more formal Defense Curriculum, preparing More specifically, I examine how student-faculty interactions students to work in munitions factories in Massachusetts and support or limit women's aspirations to pursue academic careers. Connecticut. Smith was also a site for the WAVES officer To pursue these issues, I conducted ten in-depth semi-structured training program, drawing women nationally for Navy jobs interviews with female doctoral students in the School of normally held by men. We examine the role of class and gender Engineering at Western University - a large research university in norms in shaping the activities of Smith students and the the western region of the United States. This university was narratives generated around these activities. Coursework and selected due to its strong engineering programs and large number programmatic activities resemble engineering in important ways, of graduate students in engineering. Theoretically speaking, I but often sit outside the historically gendered boundaries of the utilized theories related to mentoring and organizational field. For these upper-class college women, hands-on work socialization, combined with feminist standpoint theory, to guide challenges peacetime class and gender norms, but is justified in my study throughout its duration. The specific research questions narratives of service to country or to war-stricken populations. are: 1) In what ways do student-faculty interactions influence the We both describe how the field has built and maintained these socialization experiences of women doctoral students in gendered and classed boundaries, and outline an institutional engineering? 2) How do student-faculty interactions impact history that resists and transgresses these boundaries. women doctoral students' aspirations to pursue academic careers? Forensic Engineering in Katrina: Levees, Litigation and This research suggests that improving organizational practices and policies in various areas concerning the advising relationship, funding and non-academic issues such as expanding Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute counseling and social opportunities would no doubt enhance the quality of women doctoral students' mentoring experience. Such 011. Mediating War after 1945 efforts may effectively assist graduate women in engineering to 8:30 to 10:00 am overcome academic, professional and personal hardships and Crowne Plaza: Savoy encourage them to pursue careers in academia. The increase and On September 11, 2001, war theorist Paul Virilio told Jean Baudrillard, quality of female professors in academia may in turn benefit “This is the start of the International Civil War.” By this Virilio signaled a future women doctoral students in their mentoring and career collapse of the distinction between the outside and inside of modern training. warfare. Instead of an external “theater of operations,” we have, he argues, Learning from Disaster? Engineers in the Post-9/11, Post- entered a global system of war where the borders between civilians and Katrina United States. Scott Knowles, Drexel University soldiers, intelligence officers and attack drones have been blurred. Following this lead, our panel explores the role information science and Since 9/11, and certainly since Hurricane Katrina, a new wave of technology plays in the modern military arena. In broad strokes, our concern over the idea that engineers are “learning from disaster” panelists interrogate the media-military discourse (e.g., aiming, is flowing from government, citizens, media, educators and bombardment, capturing, delivering, developing, surveillance, targeting, professional engineering organizations. Major government etc.); the role of recording media in negotiating the impact and investigations and professional assessments alike have called for interpretation of atrocity and emergency; the perceived role of information engineers to be at the lead of changes in building and safety science and technology in shaping minds and morale and the ethics and codes, warning systems, education and pre-disaster mitigation aesthetics of wartime media. In particular, Mark Andrejevich’s paper will and preparedness efforts in order to create a nation more resilient address the overlap in military and corporate data surveillance strategies; in the face of both technological and natural disasters. This Peter Asaro will uncover the hidden role that humans continue to play in challenge presents two key difficulties to the ways that “normal the deployment of attack drones in US-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq; engineering” takes place. First, putting engineers at the vanguard Carolyn Kane will reexamine new demands for visual realism in depictions of disaster mitigation asks them to re-imagine cost-benefit of war after World War II; and Benjamin Peters will survey the post- protocols, revise their methods of standards development, and to Stalinist military-academy complex for contributions to early Soviet develop and champion precautionary development principles - an civilian-use computer network projects. Bookending the panel with their approach common in Europe but far less common in the United expertise, Paul Edwards will serve as chair and Geoffrey Bowker, as States. Second, with an emphasis on disaster mitigation engineers discussant. Together, focused by the prism of modern warfare, our panel are also being asked to become more central as arbiters of the refreshes ongoing conversations in the intersection of STS and media ethics of risk-taking in high-risk systems. Though engineers have studies. often engaged both of these concerns, the post 9/11-era has seen specific engineers and engineering bodies - such as Leslie Participants: Robertson (engineer of the World Trade Center), or the U.S. InfoWar 2.0: Mobilizing Surveillance via Interactivity. Marc Army Corps of Engineer - investigated and criticized for their Andrejevich, University of Iowa failures to anticipate the outcomes of their works in the face of disaster. This paper investigates two key areas of the “learning This presentation considers the modalities of surveillance from disaster” challenge: mitigation through engineering associated with national security in the post-9/11 era. In practice, and disaster engineering ethics. particular it considers the way in which the invitation to participate in forms of self-surveillance and the monitoring of Know-For: Normative Holism in Engineering Formation. Gary others aligns itself with the participatory promise of the Downey, Virginia Tech interactive era. The citizen-soldier (soldizen?) is the national Engineering leaders have long tended to equate the technical security analogue of the "prosumer" in the neoliberal era. At the contents of engineering practices with material advancements same time, technologically-facilitated forms of "soldizen-ship" across the planet for human benefit. I call this normative holism. do not necessarily coincide with more democratic forms of state Taking normative holism for granted grounds images of accountability, but rather with the development of national- engineering practice as knowledge in service. It also frees security themed forms of popular entertainment, like reality engineers from assigning themselves responsibility for the actual shows focused on the Department of Homeland Security. The consequences of their work. Drawing on short vignettes from the invitation to participate, in short, is by no means tantamount to an territories of Japan, France and Germany during the late offer of democratization or power sharing. Rather it envisions a nineteenth century, the approach taken here - the ethnography of form of total mobilization that is the obverse of generalized dominant images - investigates the extent to which normative surveillance. holism may be a localized phenomenon. While claiming to Mediating the Enemy: Drone Networks as Technologies of Risk produce engineers to work for humanity as a whole, might the Management. Peter Asaro, New School University makers of engineers actually have been following localized pathways that both responded and contributed to distinct The recent US-led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have seen an dominant images of material progress? Have the makers of explosion in the use of robotic systems, most notably the armed engineers been designing local engineers? Normative holism may aerial Predator and Reaper drones. While the image of the drone be a key normativity in engineering formation for two reasons. is often presented by the media as a discrete entity, and called an One is that practices of engineering formation emerge whenever "unmanned" system, the reality is that these drones depend on a territory is reclaimed to become a country, in relation to other complex socio-technical networks of communication, command countries across other territories. Inflected by normative holism, and control. Within both the military and the media, these drones practices of engineering formation mediate relations across are repeatedly described as "protecting" US troops, and allowing territorial boundaries. The other is that engineers’ ready embrace them to conduct dangerous missions from distant and safe of normative holism may make it a key site for effectively locations. What they do not describe are the potential increased translating critical analysis into critical participation. If risks these systems might pose to civilians, or their potential to engineering students and working engineers can come to see and blur the line between combatants and civilians who operate these analyze dominant normativities as such, might they be more able globally distributed systems. More recently these same drones, and willing to pursue additional and/or alternative normativities? allegedly under control of the CIA and launched from secret bases in Pakistan by private contractors, have been the focus of Chair: highly controversial targeted killings in Pakistan. The drone Vivian Anette Lagesen, Norwegian University of Science and strikes in Pakistan operate in a grey area of international law, a Technology limbo between war and peace, which further challenges legal definitions of combatants and civilians. My presentation will Discussant: examine the intersection between the complex socio-technical networks of armed drones and the networks of global mass media increasing levels of interdisciplinarity are changing health research and the and international diplomacy to see how targeted drone strikes translation from bench to bedside. Examples are the Human Genome have become the US weapon of choice for fighting terrorism. Project, the compilation and digitization of large-scale biomedical Infrared, Or, the Algorithmic Production of Visual Knowledge. databases, and the construction and use of automated patient monitoring Carolyn Lee Kane, Hunter College, CUNY and medical data-collection systems. At the same time, aging populations and rising wealth in developing nations are transforming health care Since World War II there has been a significant reconfiguration practices. These changes are taking place in high-tech laboratories and in the production of visual knowledge. In exchange for the clinics, but also in the various public health initiatives that are rolled out classical models of vision, optics, and theories of the gaze that across many populations. The last decade has been characterized by an have long dominated film, media, and visual studies, informatics increasing interest in scientific collaboration in the academic and policy and mathematics have introduced a new image regime communities. The session will supplement existing insight in collaboration characterized by targeting, tracking, predicative scanning, and in physics and the life sciences with an exploration of changing patterns of capture. Linking modern warfare to aesthetic computing, in this collaboration in the health sciences and in health care. We will explore paper I analyze the use of infrared in the new media work of causes and consequences of working together and display how these Jordan Crandall made between 1999 and 2001. Referred to by collaborations carry consequences for knowledge-making and care-giving, Rey Chow as the “Age of the World Target,” by Phil Agre as as well as for the organization and institutionalization of research and care. “Capture,” or by Paul Virillio as “Speed Politics,” I extend this work to argue that algorithmic vision is rapidly gaining Participants: momentum as a cultural dominant. Through my focus on Collaboration from Life Sciences to Health Sciences and Care. infrared, a form of electromagnetic radiation falling just beyond Bart Penders, Radboud University Nijmegen; John Parker, the range of human visibility, I offer an ideal lens to understand NCEAS/UCSB the shifting relationships between the visible and invisible, and systems and images. We aim to supplement existing research on scientific collaboration with an exploration of changing patterns of Soviet Networks and the Collapse of the Cold War Digital collaboration in the health sciences and in health care. Mindset. Benjamin Peters, University of Tulsa Collaborations in health research and care act in different This paper advances the argument that the current preference institutional surroundings from those in scientific circles. Ties to among information technology enthusiasts for networks over (pharmaceutical) industries and government are heavily hierarchies recapitulates and continues, both in form and influencing knowledge-making and care-giving, as well as the intellectual tradition, the Cold War showdown between the US relationship between the two. Criteria for evaluating successes in free market and top-down Soviet statism. Furthermore, a closer collaboration are also different. They include, but are not look at the superpower attempts to encircle the globe in digital restricted to, according greater weight to patient benefit than networks reveals, in contrast to naive binaries, the important markers of scholarly excellence or output, as well as working interdependence of networked and hierarchical modes for within the constraint of internationally diverse reimbursement organizing information society and technology, both then and schemes. All things considered, collaboration across health now. In particular, this argument builds on a preliminary history research and care is a locus of increasing importance with unique and analysis of why the Soviet Union, despite repeated attempts, feature meriting increased scholarly attention to this distinctive failed to develop an equivalent of the US ARPANET. Drawing form of knowledge production and its intimate relationship to on recent work and archival evidence from the Russian Academy care-giving. We will use our expanding understanding of life of Sciences, some detail will be paid to a remarkable group of science collaborations as a platform for embarking on a Soviet cyberneticists and their struggles to secure institutional systematic analysis of collaboration in health sciences and in care support for ambitious nationwide networks for civilian use. This settings. case study - which Slava Gerovitch has recently called the Using Social Network Analysis to Assess Collaboration in “Soviet InterNyet” - makes possible a fresh rereading of the Health Research. Jenny Godley, University of Calgary; origins of digital networks: namely, while the United States first built distributed networks on state subsidy and communitarian Gary Robert Barron, University of Calgary; Arya Sharma, collaboration, the Soviet attempts to do the same failed largely University of Alberta due to unregulated competition among bureaucrats. In other While interdisciplinary research is necessary to understand the words, in a strong sense, digital networks first took hold under causes and consequences of complex health issues such as capitalists behaving like socialists, not socialists behaving like obesity, few studies utilize appropriate methods to evaluate capitalists. It also helps unsettle and critically rethink the interdisciplinarity. This study uses social network analysis to perennial correlation of capitalist and socialist cultures with examine the patterning of professional relationships among competition and collaboration practices in supporting military health researchers at one institution. We conducted a whole institutions. network survey of forty four obesity researchers at one Canadian university. The researchers were asked whether they know of Chair: each other, have met, co-supervised a student, co-applied for a Paul N. Edwards, University of Michigan grant, co-organized a conference session, or co-authored a paper Discussants: together. This network data enables us to assess the extent of Geoffrey Bowker, Santa Clara University collaboration, and the predictors of (and barriers to) collaborative Paul N. Edwards, University of Michigan relationships within a single institution. Whole network measures examined include: density, isolates, average degree and 012. Collaboration across Health Research and Care − l: multiplexity. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to examine Expanding the Laboratory the network composition variables by faculty. QAP regression is 8:30 to 10:00 am used to assess the impact of individual-level variables (Faculty Crowne Plaza: Ritz affiliation, length of time at the university, professorial rank and gender) on collaborative relationships. Belonging to the same Large-scale, collaborative and interdisciplinary health research is promoted faculty has the largest impact on collaborative work. However, nationally and internationally, by governments, as well as by philanthropic respondents are most likely to co-apply for grants and co- organizations. Collaboration in health research is supplemented by supervise students with members of other faculties, suggesting collaboration in care settings, e.g. clinics, hospitals and public health care. that these are the most interdisciplinary activities. This study In these different contexts, professionals of diverse plumage are joining demonstrates the utility of network methods and approaches to forces to tackle health threats and risks. It is assumed that increased assess interdisciplinary research collaboration in the health collaboration will help solving real-world health problems like Alzheimer's, sciences. Expanding the study across time, institutions and obesity, cancer or malaria. The advent of big science enterprises and research areas would be useful to track the progress of interdisciplinary health research and to assess methods of initiated. It will specifically discuss the establishment and encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration in health research. implications of two genetics research collaborations: the Autism The Projectification of Science: The Case of Virology. Niki Genome Project (AGP), which the largest international Vermeulen, University of Vienna consortium of scientists studying autism genetics, and the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE). AGRE is now the largest The sudden spread of SARS and the thread of H5N1 made privately owned autism-specific gene bank in the world. By scientists, governments and media pay increasing attention to the identifying the processes and strategies that parent advocates of risk of pandemics. In this context, the Netherlands Genomics autism engaged in their efforts to unravel the genetic Initiative has funded a five-year "innovative project," combining understanding of autism spectrum disorders, I argue that parent research in universities and companies to develop a new vaccine advocates of autism have effectively collaborated with scientists against influenza. In line with the goals and mission of national to advance autism research and initiated shifts in scientific government initiatives such as the NGI, science is increasingly practices. seen as a manageable process, featuring strategies, roadmaps and projects with acronyms and logos. However, reflection on the Chair: meaning and impact of this projectification of science is John Parker, NCEAS/UCSB seldomly found. I will argue that projects are a way of packaging inquiry more formally, through a design that considers a clearly 013. Collaboration Infrastructures in the Sciences: Sociotechnical defined problem that has a solution and a deliverable at the end. Issues In addition, the project format helps to align the different societal 8:30 to 10:00 am realms involved in the research. The discourse of "the project" Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen acts to mark out a specific time and space horizon within which The development of networked infrastructures for research and the project is to be undertaken and evaluated. However, the collaboration is certainly one of the most visible technological changes in examination of the VIRGO project also indicates some clear the sciences in the last decade. Infrastructures such as large databases tensions between (health) research and project work and shows develop in a context that promotes large-scale and interdisciplinary how the logic of science is repeatedly compromised. research. Online platforms open new possibilities for collaboration and The "Bermuda Principles": Model for Collaborative Science? participation both among scientists and from outside the scientific sphere. Rachel A. Ankeny, School of History & Politics, University These developments are changing research practices in fostering of Adelaide; Kathryn Maxson, Duke University; Robert heterogeneous forms of collaboration that challenge disciplinary boundaries and extend domain science frontiers. This panel contributes to Cook-Deegan, Duke University growing bodies of works on collaboration infrastructures in the sciences This paper explores the "Bermuda Principles" for rapidly sharing with a focus on heterogeneous collaboration and related sociotechnical DNA sequence data. This 1997 statement (revised from an initial issues. Special attention is devoted to the materialities of technologies and 1996 version) required researchers to post DNA sequences longer the social configurations of the empirical cases investigated. Presentations than 1000 base pairs within 24 hours for unconditional use by will explore the consequences of these heterogeneous collaborations for others. The Principles are often cited as a general model for open research practices and knowledge-making, as well as for researchers, and collaborative science, particularly in contrast to alternative research organizations and institutions. Heaton’s presentation explores the commercial or proprietary models and in pedigree studies of role of open infrastructure in promoting heterogeneous collaboration in medical conditions where sharing data through publication is botany. Millerand addresses the problem of integrating heterogeneity in a even sometimes contentious. Communitarian motivations to database project for Arctic researchers. Paine investigates the evolution of foster public science among other Mertonian norms are often current research practices in the context of groups that generate or consume tacitly assumed to have driven the formulation of the Principles. large quantities of data and use advanced computing resources. Lee Less attention has been paid to pragmatic considerations which investigates the concept of reuse of data and technologies across underlay the drafting of the principles. We explore how and why cyberinfrastructure development projects. the Principles were formulated when they were, and what political and practical problems they were intended to solve. Participants: These included the need to coordinate large-scale DNA Open Infrastructure Supporting Heterogeneous Collaboration: sequencing at major centers around the world as part of the The Case of TelaBotanica. Lorna Heaton, Universite de human genome projects (perhaps the best example of "big Montreal; Florence Millerand, Universite du Quebec a science" within biomedical research), and also to foster political Montreal support from smaller laboratories, which were concerned about undue "first access" privileges that would have been available to This presentation explores the role of infrastructure in promoting large centers without data-sharing rules similar to the Principles. heterogeneous collaboration. TelaBotanica is a French-language We then turn to how the Bermuda Principles have been network for exchange and communication among botanists subsequently used as a touchstone for open science, but with serving more than 14,000 members from Europe, Africa, North some caveats that the conditions under which the Principles were America, Asia and the Middle East. In keeping with the botanical formulated may not always apply in situations in which similar tradition, the network brings together botanists and naturalists, pre-publication data-sharing norms are being proposed. scientists and nonscientists, experts and amateurs, with two- thirds of its members having a professional connection to botany. Collaborations, Consortia and Collections Fueling Autism Using a grounded theory approach, we interpret data obtained Research. Jennifer Singh, Georgia Institute of Technology through interviews with key stakeholders and documents. We The work of parent advocacy groups has dramatically changed discuss changes in the field and in institutional configurations, the direction of autism awareness and research over the last 15 and the relationship between the technological support offered by years. This health social movement has generated new forms of the platform and changes in botanical practice. We pay particular collaboration between parent activists and scientists as both attention to the site’s botanical database and its increasing pursuers of treatment, prevention, research and expanded interconnnection with other botanical information on the Web, funding, as well as active participants in the research enterprise. both in harvesting data and in participating in a large Like many patient and parent advocacy groups before them, infrastructure project, the Global Plants Initiative. Our findings parent advocates of autism are emerging as new partners in the illustrate how botanists are working with increasingly large production of scientific knowledge. Based on qualitative volumes of data and collaborators of more diverse backgrounds. interviews (N=20) with scientists involved in autism genetics By encouraging the free circulation of botanical information, research and drawing on theories of health social movements, as TelaBotanica’s collaborative platform is producing a new well as biological and genetic citizenship, this paper highlights articulation of work between professional and amateur botanists. parent groups that have made research on the genetics of autism a This heterogeneous collaboration has also reconfigured the priority and the specific genetic research agendas they have French language botany scene. This raises questions for the potential implications of such collaborations. centers attempt to adopt a strategy of reuse whenever possible. Integrating Heterogeneity in a Database. Florence Millerand, Increasingly, we have seen that technological and data artifacts Universite du Quebec a Montreal; Olivier Gratton-Gagné, can only make sense in a new social world once a great deal of Universite du Quebec a Montreal work has been undertaken in order to make those artifacts “work” in the new context. Reuse within the context of sociotechnical This presentation examines the problem of heterogeneity in the systems is difficult and complicated, and this has significant development of a database project within a large Canadian implications for collaborative cyberinfrastructure development research network. How to integrate heterogeneity – of data, projects. We explore how these organizations do the work of technologies, practices and organizations – is a central problem effortful realignment, as opposed to “plug-and-play” reuse, in the in cyberinfrastrucure projects, e.g. large-scale databases that aim context of concurrent cyberinfrastructure development projects. at fostering scientific collaboration across disciplines, We interviewed 20 participants at NCSA in spring 2009 and 12 laboratories and institutions. ArcticNet is a Network of Centers participants at SDSC in summer 2009, for a total of 32 of Excellence of Canada that brings together scientists in the interviews. Data was analyzed using a grounded approach. natural, human health and social sciences, as well as researchers and managers in government, industry and northern communities Chair: to study the impacts of climate change in the coastal Canadian Florence Millerand, Universite du Quebec a Montreal Arctic. Highly multidisciplinary, the network is developing a 014. Caring Practices: On “Care” as Object, Intervention and shared database to publish, and ultimately to reuse all the data produced within the network. Using ethnographic methods and a Solution grounded theory approach, we analyzed data collected through 8:30 to 10:00 am interviews, observations, systems documents and prototypes. We Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller describe how heterogeneity is integrated in the database design as We begin with the premise that “care” deserves renewed conceptual a result of negotiations among participants defending disciplinary consideration, and seek a framework through which to make sense of care boundaries, as well as a result of a transformation of the project as a practice, and more specifically, as a distinct intervention. The papers to better accommodate existing data sharing practices. Our represent a broad range of contemporary research projects that each found findings emphasize that the database is deeply embedded in sets an iterative situation in which “care” was a term that framed a problem or of work practices in the Network; it is built upon particular data activity and conjointly was the proposed solution. In the world of cryonics sharing patterns as the same time that it enables them. We we find care formulated as an element in the ethics of life extension. In explore the possibility of the reordering of data practices, and of laboratory settings “care practices” are routinized and often erase labor, a reorientation of scientists’ views of their data. such as the work to keep cells alive. Care was also integral to the way in Cyberinfrastructure Supported Interdisciplinarity. Drew Paine, which human dignity was taken up as a uniquely worthwhile object of University of Washington; Tony Ferro, University of concern in distinct historical setting, and is now once again being brought Washington into play in contemporary bioethics, as it struggles to deal with advances in the biological sciences. In carceral settings, police see jail time as a care- Scientific research and practice are evolving rapidly as the providing action. And we can examine, on a conceptual level, how care availability and quantity of data increases. Scientists increasingly functions as an intervention, and with what attendant epistemological share data with each other within and across disciplines through assumptions and ethical framings, or modes of justification. Putting these advanced computing technologies to better be able to answer cases together, the panel asks: What are the practices of caring? How is their research questions. This study investigates the evolution of care understood in these different settings? How are these understandings current research methodologies and practices, usage of reshaping state and scientific policy? Each paper considers care as technology, and methods of education in the context of groups emerging STS conceptual tool, and in so doing, we aim to make significant that generate or consume large quantities of data and use and timely contributions to its understanding. advanced computing resources such as cyberinfrastructure (distributed organizations supported by advanced technological, Participants: and nascent human, infrastructures that support the work of First In, Last Out: Cryonics and Care of Suspended Persons. leading scientists). The increasingly data intensive nature of Abou Ali Farman Farmaian, City University of New York science and use of methodologies from multiple disciplines is Cryonics is the practice of preserving legally dead bodies at placing pressure on the boundaries of traditional scientific liquid nitrogen temperatures in the hopes of reviving them in the disciplines as they are thought of today. Using ethnographic future, when medical science will have advanced far enough. In methods and a grounded theory approach, we surveyed and the mean time, the cryopreserved, or suspended, figure exists. interviewed research leaders in multiple disciplines at The More than 200 cryopreserved bodies are stored in two facilities University of Washington about technological changes and in the US. Cryonicists do not consider these suspended bodies to changes in their research practice. The findings presented here be quite dead – though they are not considered quite alive either. illustrate how researchers work with increasingly large datasets What kind of care does this not-quite-dead figure require? What and collaborators of more diverse disciplinary backgrounds and new forms of care arise around its potential life in the future? The the potential implications of such collaborations. empirical, case-based examination of cryonics practices leads me Reuse of Data and Technologies Across Cyberinfrastructure to a larger analysis of care in contemporary biopolitics: the Development Projects. Charlotte P. Lee, University of management of anonymity and identity as important factors in Washington; Matthew J. Bietz, University of California care; and how orientations towards the future create care in the Irvine; Katie Derthick, University of Washington; Drew present. Paine, University of Washington On the Care of Human Dignity. Gaymon Bennett, FHCRC- This study investigates the concept of reuse at two premier University of Washington cyberinfrastructure development organizations in the United Since the middle of the last century, a diverse set of theologians, States: the National Center for Supercomputing Applications humanitarians and ethicists have enshrined human dignity as the (NCSA) and San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC). While defining object of care and concern. Despite differences in scale, supercomputing centers such as NCSA and SDSC continue to duration, and scope, these actors took up the common challenge serve those with unusually substantial computational needs of constituting responses to a demand for a mode and form of (processing power, storage, networking, etc.), they are under power calibrated to human dignity. In each case, human dignity increasing pressure to provide additional services to support the was formulated as a uniquely worthwhile object of concern; and use of advanced computation and also to find ways to reuse data, in each case, the problem was how to design an art of caring for databases and associated technologies across projects and such a worthwhile object. Significantly, this work was not domains. In response to scarce development resources, these uniquely philosophical. Rather, it consisted in confronting the more difficult challenge of inventing institutions capable of raises questions about the challenges and the potential of collaborative facilitating the care of human dignity. Focusing on three work between artists, scientists and science studies scholars. How do exemplary venues - the Vatican, the United Nations, and the U.S. artistic and scientific interests converge and diverge in collaborative work? President’s Council on Bioethics - this paper analyzes the ways What can science studies contribute to the interpretation and critique of in which human dignity became integral to contemporary artistic practices that address the sciences thematically and materially? Can conceptions and practices of care and shows and how relatively artworks provoke new questions or suggest new methodologies for the stable apparatuses connected to human dignity have recently social, historical and philosophical study of science, or for scientific been unsettled by efforts in bioethics to extend and refigure this practice? By bringing theorists into conversation with practitioners, this key notion. panel will experiment with models of interpretation, criticism, and peer Care Through Incarceration: Policing in the Therapeutic State. review in order to generate methodologies that are productive for the Michelle Stewart, University of Regina multiple disciplinary interests that art-science collaboration brings together. This is the third in a series of three panels that will address the relationship This paper investigates the rise of threat-based policing within between art and science studies. This series will bring together theorists the context of the Canadian Criminal Justice System. Based on and practitioners from a diverse array of disciplines to discuss qualitative research with Royal Canadian Mounted Police, I will methodological approaches, historical examples and contemporary works focus on the active-shooter training and prolific offender of art and their implications for science studies. management as key examples of threat-based policing. This form of police work relies on collaboration; both police and non-police Participants: agents agents must agree to participate and become involved in Dance of Scales. Megan K Halpern, Cornell University this type of policing. The two examples I have chosen fit This paper looks at the collaborative process during the comfortably within a story about public safety, responsibility, development of a dance/physics project titled Dance of Scales, prevention and efficiency, but they are also entangled in other presented at the Light in Winter Festival in 2010 in Ithaca, NY. stories about care and collaboration. Through the lens of risk, As a participant observer, I worked with a physicist and a actuarial justice and security studies, I argue threat-based choreographer to create a one-hour performance that explored policing is a novel set of practices that operate in excess of risk ideas about the movement of organisms at different scales. I used management. Accordingly management for these subjects has Hall’s theory of encoding/decoding to explore the collaboration. exceeded the “acceptable standards of risk” and these subjects In encoding/decoding, Hall describes the way cultural meanings are now are managed out of the risk protocols into something I and ideologies are encoded into texts by their producers, and are call threat-based policing practices. In threat-based policing, the present in the text as it is decoded by audiences in the context of focus is on the individual criminal not the crime, and policing their own lived experience. Using encoding/decoding, I was able turns to micro-managing certain individuals over more to consider the ways in which personal and professional generalized policing practices. Of note, these practices often link ideologies are woven into the creative process. Because each the offer of social services to enhanced surveillance in an attempt field has its own culture and its own standards for message to “break crime cycles.” This paper will consider how officers production, the encoding process for Dance of Scales showed understand this link and then asks about this new form of therapy evidence of negotiated and multiple encodings. As a result of through incarceration. clashing ideological assumptions about presenting work to a Care as Intervention. Meg Stalcup, Fred Hutchinson Cancer public audience, the participants were inclined to negotiate for Research Center their own perspective. As the piece was developed these This paper takes up “care” and “intervention” as two terms that negotiations shifted. Early on, participants aimed to integrate the can potentially be brought into useful relation, with the goal of dance and physics; however, as the piece progressed, their aim developing a platform from which to analyze and compare shifted toward equal representation. The resulting split between different interventions in empirical situations. Care can be the dance and the physics was indicative of problems often understood as an affect, and as an action; as an ethical practice encountered in art/science collaborations. Hall’s framework helps oriented towards oneself, others or objects. An intervention, as an unpack the ways in which the problems stem from ideologies action, is necessarily grounded in an epistemological framing and rather than content. an ethical mode, with the goal of bringing into being specific Synthetic Aesthetics: Bringing Together Synthetic Biology, subjects and objects. Rabinow (2009) discusses an attempt to Science Studies, Art and Design. Pablo Schyfter, Stanford develop human practices which would remediate the currently University; Jane Calvert, University of Edinburgh existing relations between knowledge and care in terms of mutual Synthetic biology aims to make of the living world a substrate for flourishing. Mullender, (2009) suggests that English negligence systematic engineering practice. That is, this burgeoning field law shares features of the human practices Rabinow describes, hopes to employ principles and practices from established including the logic of practical judgment, mutual flourishing, and engineering disciplines in order to make possible the design and capacity building. An intervention, in an ideal sense, seems likely fabrication of predictably functional biological technologies. to involve at least these features, but is currently Like all other engineering fields, synthetic biology is in the underdetermined. business of designing and making useful artefacts. A Chair: distinguishing feature of synthetic biology has been its early Meg Stalcup, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center interest in developing collaborations with diverse parties, including social scientists, philosophers, lawyers, policymakers 015. Art and Science Studies: Practice and Criticism and a range of publics. This paper presents addresses one such 8:30 to 10:00 am undertaking in collaboration, the "Synthetic Aesthetics" project. Crowne Plaza: Hanna Synthetic Aesthetics has brought together scientists and This panel presents the work of four groups of artists and scientists and engineers from synthetic biology with a range of art and design seeks to engage panelists and audience members in a critical discussion of practitioners with the aim of examining what it means to design the implications of this type of artwork for science studies. Rosana Norio with nature. That living systems are to follow from design Monteiro will present her investigations of a work produced through choices rather than evolutionary pressures suggests that the living collaboration between an artist and a molecular biologist. Pablo Schyfter world may be constituted on the basis of human interests, values, and Jane Calvert will present their work on "Synthetic Aesthetics," a presuppositions, aims and desires. Exploring design entails project that brings the expertise of artists and designers to bear on the work exploring the trajectory of this field, the character of its products, of synthetic biology. Megan Halpern will discuss the collaboration of a and its place within the broader scope of human practices. As dancer and a physicist, and Olivier Perriquet will present an artwork such, exploring design presents a valuable opportunity for addressing the languages of scientific discourse, in which the audience will science studies to "open up" synthetic biology. We present some be invited to participate throughout the conference. Each of these projects results from Synthetic Aesthetics’ six paired residencies. In addition to describing some of the work catalyzed by this project, Thomas J. Fennewald, Indiana University we discuss what may be learned about trans-disciplinary One way to engage the public in science discourse recommended collaborations. Namely, we address how such projects may in regular addresses from the office of the United States president provide new space for cooperation and debate, promote critical (Obama, 2009) and leaders of institutions such as the National reflection, help identify pressing issues and challenges, and Institutes of Health (Zerhouni, 2008) is the placement of reveal assumptions that underlie scientific and engineering scientists in classrooms. From 1999 until its cancellation in 2011, practices. the National Science Foundation sponsored the Graduate STEM The Technology of Art and Art of Technology: Exploring the Fellows in K-12 Education (GK-12) program as a way to Materiality of Technology through Art. Ellen Balka, Simon promote translational science discourse and learning between Fraser University Graduate Research Fellows in the STEM disciplines, K-12 Recent scholarship in science, technology and society studies teachers and K-12 students (Mervis, 1999, 2011). In this (STS) suggests that a greater focus on the materiality of presentation, we examine one of the four main goals for the GK- technology can contribute to our understanding of the nature of 12 program, that of increasing communication and instructional technological change. Leonardi & Barley (2008) have suggested skills on the part of fellows. This examination attempts a partial that the epistemological and ontological nature of the relationship deconstruction of the motives behind the effort to increase between the material and the social remains unresolved. They science communication skills as a way to generate discourse on have suggested that scholars have had difficulty grappling with science, specifically reviewing the way in which the NSF and the the materiality of technology because “they often conflate the research evaluators that published literature in this program distinction between the material and social with the distinction conceptualized and approached the study of communication. In between determinism and voluntarism” (p. 159). They suggest particular we examine the working definitions of communication that one result of the equation of materialism with determinism is adopted and the effort to define and measure communication as a that STS scholars have generally paid little attention to skill in terms of a validity framework that considers the technology’s material constraints and affordances, preferring program’s aim to engage publics in discourse about science. This instead to focus on the embededness of technologies in their review highlights methodologies used by program evaluators to social contexts, and the ways that social contexts influence assess communication skill and suggests a set of complementary technological change. Although social contexts into which methodological approaches which could have been used in GK- technology are introduced are clearly important, focusing on 12 and similar projects that aim to foster science communication social aspects of technology directs attention away from material and discourse. features of technology people use. Drawing on insights gained The Five Stages of Public Consultation Periods: Potential and from ethnographic observation and interviews, in this paper I Pitfalls. Erica Blom, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor explore the materiality of technology in relation to technologies Scholars and practitioners are increasingly focused on used in the practices of art. Developing a better understanding of governance strategies that bring diverse perspectives into the characteristics and properties of technology can help us decision-making, particularly those decisions involving highly develop strategies and mechanisms for anticipating and technical or scientific matters. These strategies, often referred to responding to the complexities of contemporary technological as public participation or deliberative democracy, aim to foster systems. This work will help build a dialogue between artists and inclusive, representative policymaking that is both more technologists, both of whom serve to benefit from greater legitimate and effective. One of the most common forms of interaction across what is often perceived as an art/ technology public participation employed today is public consultation divide. periods: sanctioned moments in time where members of the Chairs: public are given a chance to comment on and inform proposed Hannah Star Rogers, Cornell University legislative or regulatory decisions. Despite their pervasiveness, public consultation periods remain understudied. What are the Dehlia Hannah, Columbia University, Philosophy Department stages of a public consultation period’s design and 016. Communicating Scientific Knowledge: Media, implementation? Who are involved in these critical stages? How Dissemination and Evaluation might these stages affect consultation period outcomes, including 8:30 to 10:00 am both inclusion and policy influence? Through a comparative Crowne Plaza: White analysis of the United States’ genetically modified alfalfa and Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights Act amendments consultation Innovation and invention depend upon knowledge in science and periods, this paper identifies the five stages of public consultation technology and the understanding of cultural form and institutional effort periods, the potential for controversy and concord at each stage, that support the creation and dissemination of scientific knowledge. and recommendations to best achieve the goals of deliberative Creation and dissemination of scientific knowledge depend upon robust democracy throughout the entire public consultation process. education (formal and informal), informed policymaking, and not the least, invention and innovative use of technology. However, science Audience Matters: Cultivating Publics to Engage with Science communication is often perceived as a one-way process, that is, scientist to and Technology. Wyatt Galusky, Morrisville State College novice, authority to layman, professional to amateur, and so on. This Events and activities designed to facilitate public engagement misunderstanding of communication process leads to inefficiency in with science have long confronted issues surrounding the publics dissemination of scientific knowledge, and consequently, obstructs the being reached. Taking seriously the insight that science is always progress of innovation and invention in science and technology. This panel performed for an audience (Delborne 2011; Delborne & Galusky aims to address problems of science communication by investigating 2011), this paper examines attempts by the authors to intervene interactions between scientists and ‘novice’ and between policy-makers with a particular population, to enable a fuller and richer form of and the public. What may be the benefits and pitfalls of placing scientists in participation. The engagement event emphasizes classrooms, hosting "science café" in an academic library, consulting the "complementarity" – exploring scientific and technological public in the making of science policy, and using non-specialist terms in approaches to complex issues (e.g., food), on the same plane with disseminating scientific knowledge? In answering this question, we also historical, ethical, social, artistic engagements. Its structure address issues such as challenges in communicating scientific knowledge to contains certain assumptions about audience that tended to leave the public, the innovative use of media for disseminating scientific out large portions of the student population. Rather than knowledge, and methods for evaluating the effectiveness of science compelling students to attend, however, the authors attempted to communication. intervene and generate interest by “awakening” an audience. In six first-year composition classes, two of the authors designed Participants: course readings and writing around the topic of food, hoping to NSF Fellows in Classrooms: A Way to Communicate Science? enable students to explore the topic’s personal relevance through narrative as a prelude to participation. In this paper, we will offer 017. Different Strokes: Women and ICTs preliminary observations and reflections from the most recent 8:30 to 10:00 am symposium. First, we sketch the specific community context and Crowne Plaza: Allen format of the event. Then, examining participant surveys, interviews, and student writing, we endeavor to provide Participants: preliminary answers to three primary questions: as an Feeling the Fleshy Borders between Humans and Machines: An engagement event, what kinds of publics are presumed in the Analysis of Robot Skin. Kelly Ladd, York University design and implementation of the event; did a new public emerge Concerned with ways of knowing, apprehending and from the course-based intervention; how can the format of the representing the world through tactile modes of knowledge- event and course be modified to work more successfully? making and data representation, this paper examines the multiple, Activating Publics around S&T Issues: TWISTS as Theory and embodied objectivities that emerge with (and around) Practice. Saul Halfon, Virginia Tech apparatuses designed to haptically know the world, in particular Building on recent literature exploring “engaged STS,” this talk robot ‘skins’. Performing the double duty of recreating how we reports and reflects on an ongoing public engagement effort – the feel the world and how the body feels to the touch, robotic skins Theatre Workshop in Science, Technology, and Society are designed to sense the world in ways that exceed our own (TWISTS). TWISTS is a performance-based STS engagement ‘feeling’ abilities while simultaneously recreating the ‘feel’ of the model that takes as its goal community activation around human body. Existing as uncanny points of contact between controversial science and technology issues. The project begins humans, machines and the world, robotic skins are currently with several commitments: 1. the decentering and diffusion of being designed to increase the feasibility of human-machine expertise; 2. a focus on transformation of both self-perception interaction: robot skins must convey detailed sense data so that and interactions within various communities, rather than explicit machines can regulate the amount of force needed to hold and policy goals; and 3. a refusal to mask disagreements and tensions manipulate different objects. As a result, from synthetic silicon in a push toward consensual positions. The aim of this skins to nanowire matrix e-skins, robot skins are simultaneously engagement activity is thus to activate agonistic engagements barriers to and bridges between humans and machines. I seek to among our participants and audiences through a personal examine the complicated assemblage of representation encounter with unfamiliar perspectives. Using a recent techniques, data collection, haptic interaction and ‘feelings’ that performance – “Living Darwin” – as a starting point, I explore make up this liminal technology. To better understand this fleshy the contradictions and tensions that exist within such an borderspace, this project examines the languages and images explicitly open, decentered, and interdisciplinary practice. While robotic-skin researchers use to describe both the skin itself and the open structure is endemic to the conception and goals of the their own interactions with it. In conversation with current STS project, it requires encounters with co-creators who do not share literature on knowledge formation and embodied thought, this STS conceptions of science, expertise, or publics, and therefore project offers new articulations of embodied forms knowledge deeply challenge the theorized goals of the project. Here, theory engendered by interactions with machines that are, in many meets practice in a particularly messy, but ultimately productive ways, rearticulations of the human body way. Seeing Who They Want You to See: OKCupid & the Visual. Conceptualizing and Negotiating Educational Goals for Public Bryce Renninger, Rutgers University Engagement with Science: Science Cafés at Cal Poly. Jane This paper seeks to understand the parameters set up by the L Lehr, California Polytechnic State University OkCupid infrastructure and its adjunct publicity-seeking blog There is growing interest in strengthening and expanding Public OkTrends that impact visual communication and (the discourse Engagement with Science (PES) initiatives. Much conceptual of) visual attraction on the dating Web site. OkCupid openly support exists for the development of PES projects that directly distinguishes itself by being run by a bunch of quants – four impact policy. A growing body of research and conceptual Harvard-educated mathematicians who are obsessed with data. literature describes the potential educational impacts of PES Drawing off of Knorr Cetina’s work on the scopic and various projects that do not seek to directly inform policy, in which PES theorizations of affective labor (from Hardt and Negri to more projects function as sites where “active citizen engagement with closely related work by Terranova, Arvidsson, and Martens), I science and technology” can “be worked on, and learned” (Leach set out to conceptualize the effects of the infrastructure OkCupid & Scoones, 2006, p. 59). A recent Center for the Advancement of affords its users. In order to do this, I will both analyze the Informal Science Education inquiry group report argues that, infrastructure of the site using visual interpretive methodologies “[a] fuller articulation of impacts and associated indicators” and and conduct interviews with users regarding their browsing and “more empirical analyses of PES in [informal educational other use patterns in order to note 1) the effects of the various settings] are needed, including theoretically based assessments of visual components of the OkCupid interface on its use and 2) the specific activities” (McCallie, et al, 2009). This paper responds effect of the visual components of the interface on OkCupid’s directly to this call via an analysis of an academic library-based, blog of interpreted analytics and pseudoscientific surveying. undergraduate-focused science café series at Cal Poly. Science Digital Mimesis: Touchscreens, Subjectivity and the Puer cafés seek to promote wide-ranging, informal interactions around Aeternus. Brittany Chozinski, New School for Social contemporary science: “[a] science café’s casual meeting place, Research plain language, and inclusive conversations create a welcoming How has the saturation of the mediascape by mobile and comfortable atmosphere for people with no science touchscreens affected epochal discourses of subjectivities? background” (http://www.sciencecafes.org/). Drawing from Through mimetic processes, touchscreens create an interface that interviews with event organizers and presenters, and discourse brings us into closer contact with our subjectivities by analysis of science café interactions, two primary questions are hypermediating processes of (in)dividuation. Mobile explored: 1) How does the academic library as simultaneously touchscreens differ from prior forms of tactile technology in their formal and informal shape event planning, format and reaction to the body (i.e. through capacitance vs. manipulation), interactions? 2) In what ways are educational goals related to and their power is in the extension of the mimetic (meaning efforts to increase public understanding of contemporary science imitation, in the sense of a re-presentation) faculty toward a more and increased public engagement with science conceptualized corporeal experience. Touchscreens have reached a speed of and negotiated by organizers, presenters and attendees? representation that negates the possibility of an original, Chairs: operating through Kracauerian immediacy, and expanding Lai Ma, Indiana University mimesis to epimimesis, a process that gives us access to things Wyatt Galusky, Morrisville State College outside ourselves as well as things within ourselves, our subjectivity. This signals a shift from a visual ontology to an ontology of tactility. Subjectivity is explored through Jungian science classes. Working against the department's rhetorical individuation and Deleuzian dividuation, as joint operations commitment to changing attitudes toward evolution in the allowing for analysis of the (in)dividual as a ceaseless general population, tenured faculty focus on their relatively small modulation of coded information embedded within a society that number of biology majors. At the same time, some adjunct both pre-exists and is affected by it. The puer aeternus (eternal faculty downplay or omit evolution from the explicit curriculum child) is analyzed not as a return to child-like modalities of play, of the course. In every case, with both full-time faculty and but as the child who is borne of the man, embodying growth, adjunct, human evolution is a subject that is avoided. Faculty potential and novelty. If mobile touchscreens, through additionally reflect on the chilling effect that negative course epimimesis, have augmented epochal discourses of subjectivities evaluations play in their decision to teach evolution. in ways that bring us toward a more intimate relation with The Evidence of Expertise: Technological Ownership and the ourselves and our world, to what effect is this done? Analysis Performance of Paranormal Expertise. Michele Hanks, proceeds through a history of ideas and ethnographic work, and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign prompts greater humanism in STS. Since mid-1990s England, paranormal research has emerged as IT as an Occasion for Structuring: Gender Hierarchies and an important site for the production and consumption of popular Power Relations in the OR. Ulrike Tikvah Kissmann, knowledge, and it simultaneously has provided a meaningful Humboldt University Berlin arena for the enactment of new forms of expertise. Both popular The paper explores how the introduction of computer-supported and expert interest in paranormal encounters in England have information systems changes the work practices in the ORs of proliferated dramatically and the divide between ghost hunting two hospitals. It describes the way in which information enthusiasts, on the one hand, and “serious” paranormal technology shapes the patterns of work amongst the four researchers, on the other, has increased proportionately. While occupational groups of the OR: viz. surgeons, anesthesiologists, the approaches to the paranormal preferred by lay persons and surgical nurses and anesthesiological nurses. The findings show those advocated by serious researchers differ considerably, the that two different styles of work emerged in the ORs of the two two groups are distinguished as least as much by their utilization hospitals after the introduction of a computer supported of and reliance on technology, or the lack thereof, in the case of information system of the same manufacturing company. The ghost enthusiasts, in approaching the paranormal. Drawing on 18 cooperative style of work in the first hospital was a means to months of ethnographic research with paranormal researchers in restructure existing gender hierarchies and power relations. northern England, I argue that it is the public performance of Computerized coordination was equally shared by all technological ownership – rather than technological mastery or occupational groups; surgical nurses, especially, gained in theoretical or practical knowledge, that ultimately indexes and autonomy. In contrast to this, the classical preliminary style of constitutes paranormal expertise both for researchers and for the work in the second hospital was a means to reassert existing general public that eagerly consumes paranormal knowledge. gender hierarchies and power relations. The computerized Further, although paranormal researchers are able to use coordination was devalued by male head physicians and assistant technology to provide evidence of their expertise, such expertise directors of the surgical department. It became women’s work is ultimately unsatisfying, as it yields no concrete evidence of the and was added to existing preliminary duties. The paper aims at paranormal encounters it purports to document. In this paper I describing the conditions which led to (a) the reorganization of also consider why paranormal expertise in England is currently power relations in the first hospital and to (b) their stabilization being constructed and contested and how the dichotomy between in the second hospital. It explains why information technology “expert” and “lay” knowledge reflects an ambivalent relationship was used differently in these two cases. Video analyses, not between “science” and “magic,” but with “science” itself. supplemented by narrative interviews and participant The Meeting Between Darwin and Microbes: A Historical observation, were used to study the impact of information Examination. Shijian Yang, Tsinghua University technology in the OR. For about 100 years, the evolution of the microbial world has not Chair: been a major topic in evolutionary biology. Evolutionary theory Ulrike Tikvah Kissmann, Humboldt University Berlin was primarily confined to plants and animals whose histories cover no more than 20 percent of the evolutionary history. The 018. The Worlds of Science and Non-Science possible reasons for the absence of microbes include the negative 8:30 to 10:00 am image created by the germ theory in nineteen century, and the Crowne Plaza: Hope stereotype that microbes are tiny and insignificant in Participants: evolutionary history, etc. Because of these, the studies on symbiosis between microbes and microbes were also neglected Epistemological Politics in Practice in a University Biology by the mainstream biologists. In the later part of 20th century, Department. David E. Long, Valdosta State University with the progress in molecular biology and discovery of While science policymakers and educators work toward instilling symbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells, this situation began to "scientific habits of mind," evangelical Christian college students change. Each year brings research attempting to combine the take and pass classes in evolutionary theory, often refusing to see Darwinian theory with microbes and symbiosis. In order to evolution as a plausible explanatory mechanism within science. answer this question, “How did Darwin meet microbes?” this This paper discusses the politics and decision-making of an paper exams the evolution of three concepts and their complex arguably typical American biology department and faculty who, interactions: microorganism, symbiosis, individuality. at once, rail against this state of affairs, while doing little Specifically, I plan to address three questions: How did the effective work to challenge the epistemological and rhetorical establishment of germ theory and other social events shape politics of Creationist students. Ethnographic insight from within people’s attitudes toward microorganisms and overshadow the the department shows faculty at best hesitant to have serious status of microorganisms in evolution? How did the picture of discussion regarding the basis and limits of scientific knowledge “competition for persistence” in the classical Darwinian vis-à-vis religious knowledge. At worst, this same faculty paradigm prevent mainstream biologists’ interest in symbiosis? discloses an internal politics, curricular structure and How did the extension of the concept of “individual” and programmatic rationale deferential to the whims of the neo- progress in gene sequencing give rise to scientists’ interest in the liberal university, with faculty aligning their career goals with the ontological status of microbial communities and symbiotic market. Where one might expect seasoned faculty to take on the communities? This paper provides a meaningful case study for challenge of working through the epistemological issues of anti- sociology and history of biology. evolutionary sentiment, the reality of course staffing sees Resilient Recapitulation: Ernst Haeckel and the Public adjuncts and part-time faculty teaching a majority of non-major Understanding of Evolution. constance sommerey, Maastricht University recommendations for change. I also focus on the kind of work The history of science often conceptualizes the life span of that "risk" is doing for regulators and for consumer advocacy scientific theories as rise-shine-decline sequences. However, groups, as the legislation codifies a general "risk-based" there are examples of scientific theories that somehow outlive approach to the problem of food safety. Risk will be defined their rejection by the scientific community. German zoologist through the extension of a program called Hazard Analysis Ernst Haeckel’s (1834-1919) Theory of Recapitulation is such an Critical Control Point to nearly all food producers regulated by "undead" theory that has informed the public understanding of the Food and Drug Administration, a program that is already evolution up to this day, in spite of its scientific refutation around codified in EU law. Though my focus is on the United States, I 1900. The public success of Darwinism has often been attributed discuss how the food safety regulatory arena reveals how the to the supposition that evolution makes for a good story. nation-state looks both inward and outward, considering its own Nevertheless, the narratologist Porter Abbott has convincingly food production, consumption, and regulation in tandem with its argued that evolution in fact defies narrativization, given its a- global relations. teleological dynamics: evolution does not have a purpose and is Stem Cell Patents and the Politics of Expertise in the United devoid of intentionality (Abbott, 2003). This paper argues that States and Europe. Shobita Parthasarathy, University of Haeckel propagated evolution so effectively because Michigan recapitulationism suggested a solution to the problem of Over the last few decades, the patent system has come under unnarratability. Historians of science have exposed Haeckel’s increasing attack from scholars and civil society groups who influence on social Darwinism (Gould, 1977) and his supposed challenge its approach to the public interest. These challengers proto-Nazism (Gasman, 1971; Weikart, 2004). In reaction, others argue that the patent system, which has traditionally focused on have tried to exculpate Haeckel by contextualizing his work in stimulating innovation to enhance economic growth, has 19th century science (Richards, 2008). These accounts, however, enormous implications on our health, our environment, our overlook the more basic question of how recapitulationism societies, and even our sense of morality. They support these survived into the twentieth century in the first place. My paper challenges by introducing new experts and types of evidence to will supplement historical inquiry into the vagaries of Haeckel’s the domain. I argue that challengers’ success in introducing these recapitulationism with insights and methods from narrative different forms of expertise and evidence, and in achieving a analysis in order to explain this theory’s remarkable resilience. response from patent system insiders, depends on what I call the Chair: “expertise barrier”—formal and informal rules within a constance sommerey, Maastricht University policymaking domain that make it difficult for those without recognized expert knowledge to engage as equals. These barriers, 019. Understanding the Politics of Expertise in Policy Domains which develop over the course of a policy domain’s history, and 8:30 to 10:00 am are shaped by its institutions, stakeholders, rhetoric, and context, Crowne Plaza: Newman shape how a policy domain defines expertise and reasoning, and Over the past few decades there has been a growing body of STS its relative openness to alternative approaches to knowledge. In scholarship that focuses on the politics of expertise in policy domains. this paper, I demonstrate that the expertise barrier surrounding Much of it has focused on the roles that scientists play in the policy the patent policy domain is much stronger in the United States process. The ways that scientists develop and maintain their expertise are than in Europe and focus on the politics of stem cell patents. In deeply social and political, and can vary in significant ways across the United States, while challengers were able to introduce some contexts. In recent years, scholars have also begun to analyze how non- alternative forms of expertise, particularly related to how patents scientists and civil society organizations have tried to establish their own might stifle access in both research and health care, they were expertise in highly technical policy domains in order to influence decision- largely dismissed. In Europe, by contrast, challengers introduced making. The proposed panel seeks to build on this body of scholarship, and many more alternative forms of evidence and expertise, and focus on the following types of questions: (i) What forms of expertise are forced patent system insiders, bureaucrats, and policymakers to privileged in different science and technology policy debates, and what engage with them. While the European Patent Office ultimately forms of expertise are routinely excluded from those domains? (ii) What disallowed stem cell patents based on traditional forms of strategies do non-scientists and civil society organizations use as they try to expertise, there is some evidence that the alternative forms of establish the relevance of their own expertise to a policy or regulatory knowledge—and simultaneously, the alternative approach to the process? (iii) How do policymakers and other public officials contend with public interest—proposed by challengers has begun to effect the the alternative forms of evidence and expertise proposed by non-scientists culture of the European patent system. and civil society organizations? (iv) To what extent do different branches Converging Expertise at the Vaccine Court: Mothers, Lawyers, of government (e.g., legislatures, courts, regulatory agencies) and and Scientists. Anna Kirkland, University of Michigan international agencies involved in a policy domain vary in their acceptance In this paper, I explain how vaccine policy, tort reform, and the of alternative forms of expertise? We will compare the politics of expertise rise in autism diagnoses all came together in our special no-fault across multiple policy domains including intellectual property, food, vaccine compensation tribunal. Debates about expertise form the vaccines, stem cell research, and genetically modified crops. core of contention about what this court was meant to do when it Participants: was set up by statute in 1986 and what its role is now, when so Regulatory Sciences and Political Consumerism in US Food much has changed. Congress designed this court back when Safety Regulatory Politics. Angie Boyce, Cornell University there were only a few childhood vaccine mandates and it was fairly clear that there were some damaging reactions: brain Food safety regulatory politics is a highly contested public arena. damage from the whole cell DTP or measles vaccines and polio Over the past decade, numerous foodborne illness outbreaks and from the live polio vaccine. The assumption was that expert associated product recalls have driven public outcry over the knowledge could not really explain how vaccines cause adverse safety of the food supply. In this paper, I look at foodborne reactions, so it was best to compensate generously even if we illness outbreaks and product recalls as a problem of governance, might be compensating without a clear scientific basis. Now focusing on how microbiology, epidemiology, genetics, and the those vaccines have been reformulated to be much safer, but law itself are being (re-)configured as regulatory sciences; and many more vaccines are now recommended for children at the how these regulatory sciences shape and are shaped by political same time as activist parents have tied increasing autism rates to consumerism and the figure of the "consumer-citizen." I discuss vaccines. The vaccine compensation program has become highly the recent shifts in this arena, due to the passage of the Food adversarial and complex, with bitter disputes over causation. Safety Modernization Act, and highlight the role of consumer Families of children with autism recently lost a series of high- advocacy groups in conducting "implementation work," and the profile cases on the causation issue in which scientific expertise kind of special regulatory expertise that these groups develop in played a pivotal role. Drawing on analyses of the cases, the court, doing so, carefully balancing pragmatism and possibility in their interviews with attorneys and government officials and primary tsunami-affected Sri Lankans who continue to live near the sources, I show how different conceptions of the role of expertise ocean, to astrological predictions of impending natural are fighting it out to control our vaccine injury compensation catastrophes, nature and the environment are indeed both made system. sense of and sensed in Sri Lanka. I consider these senses of Categories and Sources of Expertise about Transgenic Crops: disaster and the environment alongside and within the uneasy Battles over “Marketability” in Canada. Abby Kinchy, conditions of Sri Lanka’s recently ended and decades-long civil Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute war. In Sri Lanka, an awareness of outbreaks of danger and violence has long been a part of its social history. Through In conflicts over the regulation of agricultural biotechnology, two ethnographic detail, then, I discuss how these multiple questions about expertise are frequently raised: 1) What articulations of nature and the environment are enacted and categories of knowledge are relevant to decision-making? 2) experienced, and though different, cohere and interact in ways Who is qualified to provide knowledge in those categories? With that illustrate both the power and limits of disaster governance in respect to the first question, critics and advocates of ag-biotech Sri Lanka. frequently clash over the relevance of knowledge about the social and economic impacts of the technology, as well as other kinds Creating Parks from Brownfields: Environmental Sense- of knowledge (such as long-term health effects). The second Making in Post-Industrial Southeast Chicago. Christine question is raised when farmers, environmental activists, and Walley, MIT other non-scientists offer their own knowledge claims and This paper examines environmental sense-making among city criticize the experts whose knowledge is used in regulatory planners and community activists in Southeast Chicago, a region processes. This paper examines a longstanding debate in the that features large numbers of toxic brownfields and waste Canadian ag-biotech policy domain about the regulatory disposal sites. In recent years, these sites have been redefined as relevance of knowledge about the “marketability” of transgenic “open space,” and activists and urban planners have sought to crops. Because Canada’s farmers are highly dependent on export create parks and nature areas in this heavily polluted post- markets, producers’ organizations have been attentive to the industrial landscape that also contains vestigial wetlands and objections raised about transgenic crops in key markets like the large numbers of waterfowl. What kinds of environmental sense- European Union. Both the biotechnology industry and Canada’s making go into these efforts to push beyond the symbolic regulatory agencies have firmly rejected the idea that dichotomies of nature/culture and pristine/polluted? What kinds marketability should be one of the criteria for deregulation of of concerns are being acted upon or obscured in the process? transgenic crops. However, farmers’ groups and their allies have This paper is based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews fought, on several occasions, to establish the relevance of conducted in Southeast Chicago between 2004 and the present, knowledge about export markets to the ag-biotech policy domain, as well as analysis of reports, scientific studies, and planning through lawsuits, direct pressure on the ag-biotech industry, and documents relating to Southeast Chicago’s environment. The the legislative process. In these struggles, farmers’ groups have paper explores a series of questions of concern to STS not only argued that expertise about marketability is relevant to environmental scholarship. What new kinds of naturecultures the regulatory process, but, in some instances, have also asserted might such projects call into being? How does the conversion of the credibility of their own knowledge about markets. This brownfields to parks simultaneously underscore and obscure presentation analyzes and compares the outcomes of each of forms of non-human agency, ranging from that of migrating these efforts, finding that different organizations involved in a waterfowl to the circulation of PCBs and other toxic policy domain (e.g. courts, corporations, or legislature) vary in contaminants? And, what matters of concern emerge from this their receptiveness to alternative categories and sources of kind of environmental sense-making and which are obscured? knowledge about transgenic crops. Making Plants Make Sense: Evolution and Experimentation Chairs: With C4 Rice. Chris Kortright, University of California, Shobita Parthasarathy, University of Michigan Davis Abby Kinchy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute In this paper, I examine the evolutionary and biological stories told by a set of researchers attempting to create a transgenic rice Discussant: plant for poor farmers in the developing world. Based on 15 Clark Miller, Arizona State University months of ethnographic fieldwork at the International Rice 020. Making Environmental Sense Research Institute, I will explore a project that is attempting to 8:30 to 10:00 am change the photosynthetic pathways of the rice plant - The C4 Crowne Plaza: Kaye Rice Project. This scientific project sees the nature and the production of knowledge as a process of learning from evolution, Environmental concerns and sensibilities are notoriously complicated and and places human intervention as a part of the processes of difficult to communicate. Papers on this panel explore efforts to make biological change. This view is one of interweaving processes of environmental sense - by scientists, activists and people proximate to risk, biology and knowledge as part of a changing and moving by the law and by corporations. Papers explore the technical, conceptual universe. The C4 Rice researchers construct biology/evolution as and aesthetic underpinnings of environmental sense-making, and the means relations between genes, biochemical components, structural by which environmental objects emerge as objects of concern. Papers also units and environments in which biologicals and non-biologicals explore the affects of environmental sense-making, animating the co-produce the material world. The conceptions of evolution that production of concern and political action, as well as greenwashing and frame the C4 Rice Project constructs an experimental system that disavowal. The panel extends longstanding effort within STS to understand pushes notions of biological and chemical agency as they test environmental knowledge production and governance, casting climate change, CO2 levels and plant. Utilizing the theoretical contemporary environmental sense making as a new act in the long, work of anthropologists and science and technology studies volatile and often dark drama that puts objectivity and “sound science” scholars as well as biologists, this paper explores center stage, as questionable figures. ethnographically how evolutionary stories and experimental Participants: practices can produce an intra-active political environment. This “Sensing” Natural Disasters in Sri Lanka. Vivian Y. Choi, paper argues that transgenic crops are a pharmakon that needs to University of California, Davis be situated in an economy of ecological ideas and practices, not in a conception of nature or the natural. After the unexpected devastation wrought by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, in Sri Lanka, natural disaster preparedness has Collaborative Cartographies: Visualizing Usable Environmental become a part of everyday and institutional life. From the Knowledge. Brandon Costelloe-Kuehn, Rensselaer establishment of a National Disaster Management Centre and a Polytechnic Institute national disaster warning system, to the heightened awareness of Public awareness of the urgency and complexity of environmental problems has increased dramatically in the past and objective conditions of existence. The paper is grounded in few decades. This is in part due to developments in different theoretical paradigms, crossing contributions ranging environmental information systems (EIS) - such as geographic from Frankfurt School to Habermas and interaccionism, as well information systems (GIS), geo-coded databases on toxics and as other more recent developments in the area of politics, science online video distribution - that have enabled people to visualize studies and communication studies. The results indicate that and contemplate problems distributed over space and time in new modern politics is entrenched and balances between the ways. Based on interviews at the U.S. Environmental Protection justifications of the realism of the present and the wiliness to Agency (EPA), this paper examines the development of the Atlas carry out a change (not necessarily utopia or dystopia, neither of Ecosystem Services in order to illustrate recent developments imaginary) which is strongly based on the adulation of the in environmental communication technologies and techniques. performative power of technological and scientific development. This paper departs from widely circulating accounts of science That is well expressed in the own scenario which is built together communication as unidirectional, “outside” and “after” with politicians and people from media, as well as scientists and knowledge development and argues that communication of experts who end up performing roles extremely centered on environmental information between different groups is getting audience and votes, thus securing their confidence and increasingly central to the creation of new and usable knowledge. visibility towards citizens, in general. The empirical data comes This paper also argues that EIS can instill literacies that change from different sources used in a research project on Future and not only what people know, but also how they know, Politics. It involves, mainly, the content analysis of political encouraging a more ecological mode of seeing, thinking and discourses in television and blogs, newspapers and other more acting. While contributing empirically to the ethnographic and official documents, particularly socio-economic reports. historical record of contemporary media producers in the Exploring the Digitalization of Norwegian Local Governments. environmental arena, this paper offers insights into what Lucia Liste Munoz, NTNU scientific and environmental literacy could become in the digital age. Norway has planned and implemented e-government initiatives at the local and other levels of government for a long time. Measuring the Material World: Contested Expertise in Life Norwegian local governments aim to promote electronic citizen Cycle Assessment. Susanne Freidberg, Dartmouth College dialogue, offer digital services and have a more efficient The field of life cycle assessment (LCA) aims to measure the government through the use of ICTs. However, previous studies multiple cradle-to-grave environmental impacts of material have shown that, despite the ambitious aims and the increasing goods. In recent years, LCA has emerged from the relative level of political and financial commitment, e-government has obscurity of academia and small-time consulting to become a key not delivered its promises. Furthermore, the considerable tool in the supposed greening of supply chain capitalism. Top differences in the outcomes of this process of digitalization are LCA experts now lead efforts to develop the metrics, methods leading to a geographical digital divide among municipalities. and databases that companies need in order to assess and Why have the aims not been fulfilled? Which are the reasons compare the overall “sustainability” of their products. But LCA’s behind the apparent gap between visions and reality? Why do the increased influence has highlighted the tensions between those outcomes of the digitalization vary so much? This paper aims to calling for simplification (so that LCA’s holistic worldview will answer these questions and gain a better comprehension of the spread and have practical effect, though perhaps at the expense of phenomena. To do so, I argue that we need to understand the accuracy) and those who aspire to ever more comprehensive digitalization of the Norwegian local governments not as a linear assessments (so as to capture the true complexity of material process of diffusion, rather as a domestication process. Drawing goods’ ecological lives, though in a manner bewildering to non- on this socio-technical approach, and based on the results of an experts). This paper will explore how these tensions are playing electronic survey directed to the IT responsible persons of the out in ongoing debates about how to measure the footprint of Norwegian local governments, this paper studies the different food, an especially basic yet complicated part of our material implementation strategies adopted by different municipalities, the world. challenges and assets they may perceive and experience during Chair: the process of digitalization and the domestication of aims. Alison Kenner, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Intervention Devices and Demarcation of Colombian Psychology: About Control and Political Legitimization of 021. New Technologies and their Politics Psychological Technologies. Fredy Mora-Gámez, 8:30 to 10:00 am Universidad Nacional de Colombia Crowne Plaza: Miller The relationship between psychology, its techniques of Participants: intervention and the public confrontations related to the first The Future in Politics: Media and Technoscience. Emília applications of psychological techniques in Colombian prisons is Rodrigues Araujo, University of Minho approached in a case study. The disciplinary demarcation of psychology as a result of the circulation of technical devices is The relationship between media and politics may be approached described and some of the controversies around the use of from different angles, mainly because politics defines a vast field modification techniques such as token economies in prisons are of actions and discursive practices extremely embedded in reconstructed. Through the review of public media, institutional everyday life, and because the media provide a level of proximity files and interviews, different interest groups are identified as between citizen and politics each time more instantaneous. their rhetoric and discourses are addressed; then, some ideas Therefore, the subject of study forms a complex configuration of about control and modification as major objectives of conceptualizations whose arguments and empirical contents keep psychological techniques are discussed. In a general way, surprising us, given the high dynamics of the field. This interests related to power and political issues are proposed as communication seeks to explore the concept of mediatization of possible mediators and legitimating factors of behavior politics, with a view to provide an analysis about the way media modification techniques in Colombia. Finally, categories from serves as a vehicle for politics to create specific visions of future, Social Studies of Science and Technology are proposed as means which are supported by arguments strongly emphasizing the role for the reconstruction of psychology, approaching its technical of technoscience on it and which, in turn, maybe conceptualized devices as agents whose relational properties make them whether as ideology, utopia or just modes of justification. This is pertinent for deconstructing scientific assumptions about human particularly pervasive in case of countries such as Portugal which behavior in the context of issues such as control, therapeutic are sociologically characterized for being contextually bounded effectiveness and mental health. by a typical time in advance of itself, in Gurvitch's sense (1964). That is, countries in which political actions tend to be directed to Where are “Epistemic Counterpublic(s)”? Science, Democracy, objectives and goals which are different from the present needs and Venter’s Synthetic Biology. Esha Shah, University of Sussex contribution to carbon lock-in, high capital and operating costs. CCS is Last year, Craig Venter and his colleagues announced that they special in that it sits right on the fault line between the fossil economy and had created life from chemically synthesized genome. They the climate change imperative. On the one hand, it has helped bringing the declare that over the next 20 years synthetic genomics will actors of the fossil fuel regime to the negotiation table regarding climate convert the bacterium into a factory for producing novel change policy. On the other hand, there are suspicions that it may not work substances. Although the possibility of producing fuels and well enough, or be available fast enough, or even that it is a smoke screen pharmaceuticals in the factory of a bacterium is purely a that will not get past the stage of promises. This makes CCS a prime target speculation, far from real, the scientific research and for STS research about the politics of technology. The papers of the session development these days is increasingly guided by the idea of contribute to the understanding of technology politics in several ways, mixing, matching and fully designing an organism’s genome spanning the range from constructivist analyses of how framings and from scratch. Underlying the hyped claims of Venter and team is expectations shape action, to realist takes on innovation pathway scenarios the political legitimacy of science, which, these days, is and the – increasingly politicized – risks and opportunities they can help us increasingly hinged on the assessment of consequences, understand and manage. performativity, applications, and end results and products. Venter Participants: and team’s hyped claims of synthetic biology is an instance of Colonizing the Future: The Case of Carbon Capture and post-normal science wherein the highly uncertain – soft – claims of science meets strong – hard – social pressure and political Storage. Anders Hansson, Linköping University goals. The aim of this essay is twofold. By referring to In the climate change debate, an oft-used proposition is the claim philosophy of science and technology, I show that the reference that mankind stands at a historic crossroad. The two paths are to common good in Venter’s public appearance is arbitrary and is either to release CO2 in the atmosphere or bury it in the crust of not intrinsic to the episteme of the project. Secondly, this essay the earth – in this context the alternative to dramatically reduce follows the public and political debates following Craig Venter’s the CO2 production is often marginalized. Hence, the arguments announcement and explores the extent to which the external for the necessity of Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) are often demands for accountability and relevance possibly create stated with strong conviction - the expectations of the technology conditions for a drift or erosion in the internalist epistemic are high. But, as no CCS demonstration coal plant exists yet the criteria. Where one could possibly find “epistemic development of CCS is connected to significant scientific, counterpublics” for an all-rounded democratic critique of science technical and economical uncertainties. At the moment several and technology is the question that this essay aims to raise. competing future oriented discourses about CCS and its impact Contours of American Biological Citizenship in a Prison exist. This may be viewed not only from the perspective that there is an inherent uncertainty interconnected with claims about Sentence Suspended for a Kidney. Anne Pollock, Georgia future technological development, but also from perspectives on Tech how certainty is socially constructed by central actors such as When Mississippi governor Haley Barbour released sisters Jamie scientists, experts and other influential system builders. I will and Gladys Scott from prison, after serving 16 years of their analyze how expectations of CCS are constructed from the STS- double life sentences for their role in a robbery in which no one perspective sociology of expectations. So far there are no was injured, he did so on an extraordinary condition: that Gladys publications on sociology of expectations and the CCS case. The donate a kidney to her ailing sister Jamie. Although the condition main methodology is text analysis of scientific reports regarding that the governor has put on their suspended sentences is CCS future potential (scenarios, forecasts, roadmaps). One of the extremely unusual, it is a revealing site for considering the main arguments is that expectations are developed and co- contours of biological citizenship in the United States more constructed in scientific activities, in other words expectations broadly. Whereas much of the discussion of biological are both the cause and consequence of these activities. I will also citizenship in STS considers either some specific non-Western also discuss some issues of practical relevance for scientists and place or is framed in a way that homogenizes the Global North, I policymakers. argue that we should attend more closely to how the Controversy in CCS Demonstration at Weyburn: Media and particularities of American history, culture, and political Stakeholder Responses. Amanda Boyd, University of economy matter—including the legacy of slavery in organizing American bodies, in such disparate and yet overlapping spheres Calgary; Edna F. Einsiedel, University of Calgary; Yue Liu, as imprisonment and access to health care. Our very bodies are Clark University; James Meadowcroft, Carleton University; shaped by our historical and contemporary context, characterized Tarla Rai Peterson, Texas A&M University; Melissa Pollak, by both radical disenfranchisement and rhetorics of just University of Minnesota; Jennifer Stephens, Clark treatment. If we are to grapple with biological citizenship in the University; Elizabeth Wilson, University of Minnesota U.S., both our famously high-tech medicine and our infamously Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has emerged in the past unequal access to it are fundamental. By situating the Scott decade as a unique climate mitigation energy technology that is sisters’ experience in the contexts of racism and the particularly perceived by some to have potential for deep reductions in Christian and consumerist valorization of organ donation in the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Recent controversy has U.S., this paper seeks to articulate some of the contours of a emerged surrounding alleged leakage of CO2 from underground distinctly American biological citizenship. storage at one of the first CCS demonstration projects in Chair: Weyburn Sasketchewan Canada. This research explores the Anne Pollock, Georgia Tech media coverage and stakeholders’ strategic responses to this controversy, which first emerged in the public sphere in January 022. CCS and the Politics of Fossil Fuels and Climate Change 2011. Experiences with other novel technologies have 8:30 to 10:00 am established that adverse incidents can play a critical role in the Crowne Plaza: Owens formation of public perceptions of potential risks and benefits. This session is about carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. It Since this is the first public reporting of leakage at a major CO2 reflects the widening field of STS research on CCS, from public storage operation, developments are being closely watched by understanding (media representations), to expert framing and its potential both advocates and critics of CCS. This research is tracking the roles in the energy system (lock-in). CCS holds out the promise of squaring public controversy by (1) monitoring and evaluating the extent the circle of continued use of fossil fuels and climate change mitigation. As and type of news media coverage in Canada, the US and other CCS is emerging from its origins in research and political visions and English-speaking countries, and (2) monitoring and evaluating brought closer to real-world application, it has also been increasingly the communication strategies of various stakeholders (including confronted with the harsh realities of public and commercial scrutiny. companies, governments, NGOs, independent experts). Results Current concerns include the reliability of CO2 storage, potential of analysis of news media and social media, as well as interviews will be presented. the face of unequal conditions and diverging trends. In light of this newly CCS and Carbon Lock-in: Reviewing Assumptions and released report with several authors from the 4S community, we host a Approaches. Nils Markusson, University of Edinburgh; discussion on the Report that will address several topics such as: what this Simon Shackley, The University of Edinburgh Report means for the 4S community? How can the 4S community utilize the report, build upon it and participate in its dialogue? What is the There is a growing body of work in technology studies concerned situation for the social studies of science? What opportunities and/or with the role of CCS in the evolution of the energy system, constraints does it indicate in regards to training, research and applications? drawing on notions of technological systems and their dynamics. The Session will begin with a short introduction of the World Social Especially, the potential risks of CCS reinforcing the fossil fuel Science Report using materials supplied by ISSC. Each panelist will be and carbon lock-in effects (Unruh & Carrillo-Hermosilla, 2006; asked to speak for 5-10 minutes on one or more of the questions posed Markusson & Haszeldine, 2010; Vergragt et al., 2011; Shackley above. Then the floor will be open for discussion among the panelists and & Thompson, forthcoming). There is basic agreement that this audience. type of risk exists, but the literature diverges in its analysis of these risks, both as to their precise nature and severity, and what Participants: can and should be done about them. This paper seeks to address Digitizing Social Science and Humanities. Sally Wyatt, this divergence, through a review of the literature and a Maastricht University comparative analysis of the assumptions made and approaches This is a roundtable on the World Social Science Report and each chosen. Special attention will be given to the unit of analysis author will be basing their discussion on their paper in the report, (incl. system boundaries and interactions between levels of as well as the overall report. analysis), lock-in mechanisms/processes (existence, reversibility, etc.), assumptions made about predictability and governability of Research Funding as Selection. Peter Van den Besselaar, VU system change, and of course the conclusions reached. The paper University Amsterdam & Rathenau Instituut will seek to identify strengths and weaknesses of different This is a roundtable on the World Social Science Report and each approaches, ways to reconcile them and recommend ways author will be basing their discussion on their paper in the report, forward for further analysis. It will also discuss the evidence that as well as the overall report. has been used so far, and assess what new types of evidence Peer Review and Soical Science Research Funding. Edward could be useful. Finally, the paper will discuss the wider Hackett, Arizona State University relevance of the analysis. There are lessons here for how to This is a roundtable on the World Social Science Report and each govern CCS, fossil fuels and the wider systems of energy author will be basing their discussion on their paper in the report, provision and use, so as to avoid and/or mitigate carbon lock-in as well as the overall report. risks. Japan as a Technocratic State: Analyzing Social Construction of Standpoint Methodologies and Epistemologies: A Logic of Carbon Capture and Storage in Japan. Shin'ichiro Asayama, Scientifice Inquiry for People. Sandra Harding, University Jiji Press; Atsushi Ishii, Center for Northeast Asian Studies, of California, Los Angeles Tohoku University This is a roundtable on the World Social Science Report and each author will be basing their discussion on their paper in the report, Despite the fact that Japan is the fifth largest greenhouse gas as well as the overall report. emitting country in the world and a global leader in advanced energy saving technologies, Japanese news media reporting on Where are Social Sciences Produced? Yves Gingras, CIRST climate change has been under-researched to a surprising extent. and UQAM This study explores how climate change technologies are socially This is a roundtable on the World Social Science Report and each constructed in Japan by the media, the policymaking processes, author will be basing their discussion on their paper in the report, and the expert community using carbon capture and storage as well as the overall report. technology as the empirical case. In order to explore how CCS is Chair: framed and to identify the dominant story lines, we apply the methodology of discourse analysis to the newspaper media, the Wiebe E. Bijker, Maastricht University relevant policymaking processes, and the Japanese technical 024. Coffee Break I papers on CCS. Special attention will be given to investigating 10:00 to 10:30 am how CCS is framed in terms of its anticipated risks, the asserted Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom Assembly Area justifications of and expectations on CCS, and to the relevant domestic and international contexts in explaining the causes of 025. Author Meets Critics - Marion Fourcade, Economists and the identified social construction of CCS in Japan. Emphasis will Societies: Discipline and Profession in the United States, also be given to which important aspects of CCS are neglected in Britain and France, 1890s to 1990s such framing. The analysis suggests that there is an interesting 10:30 to 12:00 pm homogeneous framing of CCS in the three arenas and that such Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim homogeneity may be caused by the political and technocratic contexts of the Japanese society. Finally, we will discuss the In this session, three distinguished commentators will discuss Marion broader theoretical and practical implications of our results to the Fourcade's ambitious and wide-ranging new book on the trajectory of the analysis of Japanese climate change politics and the general economics profession in three countries. social construction of CCS. Chair: Chair: Andrew Lakoff, USC Nils Markusson, University of Edinburgh Discussants: 023. Roundtable: World Social Science Report 2010: Knowledge Ted Porter, UCLA Divides Mary S. Morgan, London School of Economics 8:30 to 10:00 am Daniel Breslau, Virginia Tech Crowne Plaza: Boardroom Marion Fourcade, UC Berkeley Produced by the International Social Science Council (ISSC) and co- 026. Interim Reflection on the Impacts of the Great Eastern published with UNESCO, the World Social Science Report 2010 is a Japan Earthquake and Severe Nuclear Accident comprehensive review of the state of the social sciences: how social 10:30 to 12:00 pm science knowledge is produced, disseminated and used. The leading theme Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East of this report is how social science disciplines are coping and evolving in A severe accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant caused by the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Tsunami on March 11 has shaken also allows an opportunity to think about STS topics: science/risk Japanese society drastically. The name of “Fukushima” has now acquired communication, public understanding of science (PUS), science the same connotation of “Chernobyl.” It has also shaken all the disciplines journalism, etc. Considering this situation, we can ask several of Japanese academic communities, not limited to fields of nuclear questions, such as the following: “What is the feature of engineering. The scholarship of STS is not an exception. Its impact is so information during disasters?” and “What kinds of problems are huge that it has already triggered, for example, legislative processes of expressed and discussed?” In addition, during and after this government to reconsider and amend the 4th Science and Technology disaster, Net media and social network service (SNS), such as Basic Plan that was supposed to start in this April. Within the circle of Twitter or Facebook, have played big roles in promoting STS, there has been serious and lively discussion about societal roles of information flow. Thus, we can also put questions such as, “What STS expertise as well as scientific ones in the time of crisis. In this session, kind of roles and functions have the Net media played?” and “Is we aim to present our interim observation and reflection on what has been there any difference between the flow and the characteristics of occurring in the relationship between science, technology and society due information between legacy and Net media?” In order to answer to the nuclear accident in Fukushima, though the full width and depth of these questions, in this paper, we would like to provide a meaning of the event has not unfolded yet. A few papers focus on the preliminary analysis of the characteristics of the discourses on aspect of communication among the government, individual scientists, legacy and Net media concerning the Japanese triple disaster. We academic community, mass media and individual citizens through legacy investigated discourses in several Japanese/UK/USA elite media such as newspapers and television, as well as the Internet, with sites newspapers. Then, we analyzed discourses in net media, such as Twitter. Another paper addresses questions of social particularly focusing on Twitter. We are anticipating a basic responsibilities of scientists and engineers, and one sheds light on the lack understanding of the characteristics of information generated of social scientific information and theories that could serve critical but regarding the crisis and a discovery of the differences between quick decision-making. the different types of media and the countries from which it Participants: came. Thoughts from the Fourth Afternoon after the Earthquake: Social Responsibility of Scientists and Engineers in the Case of Individuality of Knowledge Contexts, Roles of “Social Disaster: The Meaning of “Unexpected” and Conflicts Science" and Needs for Theories of Critical but Quick between Professionals. Yuko Fujigaki, University of Tokyo Decisions. Masashi Shirabe, Tokyo University of This study aims to investigate Japan’s 3/11 disaster from the viewpoints of social responsibility of scientists and engineers. Agriculture and Technology Based on review of previous papers, social responsibility of On the 4tfourth afternoon after the earthquake, I went to the scientists can be classified into three major categories: a) airport to see off my family, who would fly to Okinawa for responsible conduct of research, b) responsible products, and c) “evacuation.” I had booked the last flight of the day and stayed responsibility to public inquiry. In the accidents, although there. But, I cancelled it as scheduled and went home to Tokyo, category b) is important for nuclear power plant professionals, c) 230 kilometers away from the nuclear plant. In a series of my is the most important one for professionals for all fields. In this actions, how I assembled necessary information/knowledge, paper, I will discuss on the following two points: 1) What what/how I thought, and what might have been missing under “unexpected” means in the disaster, considering responsibility of such a critical circumstance are the topics of the present paper. scientists and of engineers, 2) How can we describe the This is a rather atypical academic work, but it, as a case study, responsibility of scientists and of engineers when there is a gap would provide a source of perspectives on science/risk between opinions from different field’s professionals, e.g. communications. What I had to decide on the day was simple, between physicists, nuclear-power-plants professionals and that is, who would stay in Tokyo (none or just myself or all). radiologists? On the first point: For the Tsunami countermeasure, However, there were too many factors to consider in a short some professionals have been done “disaster presentation period of time. They varied from rather general factors like training” in the Kamaishi-city based on their “expectation” or possibilities of powerful aftershocks, physical and biological assumption of the effect of the tsunami. However, the height and effects of radioactive matters, possibilities of serious social power of the tsunami was beyond their assumption – i.e. instabilities in Tokyo, and prospects for recoveries of distribution “unexpected”, and more than 50 people died in spite of their networks to personal factors, such as my daughter’s mental evacuation behavior followed by the “disaster presentation condition, my job security and even the deadline of paper training” by these professionals. How can we formulate the submission to this conference. The knowledge and information I responsibility of these professionals? In addition, nuclear power had on such general factors were somehow partial and tentative, plant professionals always stress that this is an “unexpected” still there was a lot of relevant information on the Internet. The situation, but there existed the simulation of “loss of electric challenges were how to individualize such knowledge and power supply” of cooling system. In this case, they “expected” information, lack of “social science” information, and lack of the loss of electric power supply, but not expected the loss of theories on critical but quick decisions. electric supply caused by earthquake and by tsunami. How can Flow and Character of Information during Crisis: A Case Study we describe the responsibility of these professionals? On the of the Japanese Triple Disasters. Ryuma Shineha, Kyoto second point: We can observe the gap in opinions between University physicists, nuclear power plant professionals and radiologists. As a result, citizens measured radioactivity by themselves, and After the terrible impact of the earthquake on March 11 and the disclosed the observed data on the Web. Citizens shared these tsunami it caused, a flood of information on the legacy and Net observed data, and made decisions on evacuation by themselves. media occurred. Soon after, the crisis of the nuclear power plant Based on these observations, I will discuss how we can describe in Fukushima prefecture added another barrage of information, the social responsibility of these professionals. including status updates of the power plant, scientific information about nuclear power, the adverse effects of radiation on human Science Reporting on 3/11 Disaster. Mikihito Tanaka, health, and social and economic risk. Since the occurrence of the Graduate School of Journalism, Waseda University; Motoko Japanese triple disaster “Big earthquake,” “Tsunami,” and Kakubayashi, Waseda University “Nuclear Power Plant accident,” a variety of discourses and What is the answer to solving the problem between science and representations of triple disasters and scientific information about the media? After a long time researching journalists and them has been generated, which has spread through the media scientists, observing what has been done overseas, we learned and shown a time-line of changes. The understanding of the from a group in the UK and launched the "Science Media Center character and flow of information during the disaster has taught of Japan." The project kicked off in October 2010 and things us many lessons and given much insight into considering the were coming together when the 3/11 Tohoku earthquake struck treatment of information regarding crisis, risk and science. This the country. In the days that followed, we found ourselves tangled in a growing web of conflicting information coming from straddles the nexus of the biological sciences, social sciences and the scientific community and the Internet. The most devastating ethical philosophy. My proposal for new avenues of discourse on earthquake, tsunami and consequent nuclear accident in Japan's the mind as a boundary object incorporates integrative history could also be considered as one of the worst disasters to perspectives on social brains and sensing cyborgs from Leslie hit a developed country in the last half-century. As things moved Brothers, Andy Clarke and other interdisciplinary students of from a natural disaster to human disaster, various scientific mind. explanations and problems were exposed, but these continuously Neuroscientists in Crisis: Ways to See Thinkers as They Think changed over a short period of time and made the overall about Thought. Rachel A. Dowty, Louisiana State University situation extremely complicated. With so many scientific elements involved, it was hard to find "the right expert" when the Social interactions amongst neuroscientists allow STS scholars to scientific community were warning experts to keep quiet. As glimpse the literal construction of brain through observation of well as this, sensationalistic science reporting from overseas neuroscientists assembling their data into socially acceptable found its way into Japan through the Internet. This led to meanings. This paper will develop methods for analyzing social skepticism toward the Japanese government, and created greater interactions of neuroscientists as they work to resolve crises of confusion when new information was trying to get out. Here we meaning during regular research meetings. These methods report about these events and explore what the media and combine approaches by social anthropologist Mary Douglas and scientific community’s role is in the face of an unprecedented sociologist Randall Collins to analyze conversations among disaster. neuroscientists. The analysis not only shows resolution of crises involving neuro-rationalities but also supplies answers to Chair: questions neuroscientists ask, but cannot answer using their Hideyuki Hirakawa, Osaka University Center for the Study of existing methodologies. Communication-Design The Narcissus Theorem: Recasting Mirror Neurons as Symbolic Discussant: Interactionism. Colin Beech, Academy Software, LLC Wiebe E. Bijker, Maastricht University Recent scholarship in neuroscience has postulated the discovery of “Mirror Neurons,” supposedly physiological structures that 027. Do You Mind?: The Matter of Brains and Why and How foster the mechanism of imitation, mood recognition and state of They Matter mind in higher order primates including humans. An additional 10:30 to 12:00 pm claim is that mirror neurons are responsible as well for higher Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West order linguistic capabilities, and a lack of functioning mirror The promotion and power of brain research has provoked images of a neurons may also be responsible for autism. The common coming “neurosociety” supported in part on the foundation of emerging conjecture of mirror neuron theory is that it is a “neurotech” industries. The voices of the social sciences and S&TS have neurophysiological mechanism for social behavior, and thus been overshadowed if not silenced by the dominant disciplines in brain social life is a derived outcome from its evolution and studies – neuroscience, cognitive science, philosophy, psychology and the functioning. The aim of this paper is to situate the development biological sciences. This panel contributes to creating a larger space and of mirror neuron theory in a larger debate of the origin of social stronger voice for the social sciences and S&TS in research and theory on behavior within a biological, cognitive context. brain and mind. The organizer and chair Sal Restivo (RPI) has been Beyond the Mind-Body Divide? Embodied Cognition Research. lecturing on the sociology of mind and brain for more than a decade and is Harald Kliems, Cornell University currently writing a book on the social life of the brain. Colin Beech The concept of “embodied cognition” has become a buzzword in (Academy Software, LLC) and Rachel Dowty (Louisiana State University) fields such as social psychology and cognitive science. The idea recently completed dissertations in S&TS at RPI focused on problems in of embodied cognition is based on the rejection of the “computer brain and mind studies. Jennifer Croissant (Arizona) has recently turned her metaphor” and a strict separation between mind and body. attention to S&TS perspectives on the neurosciences. Sabrina Weiss is a Instead of conceptualizing the brain as a modular processor of new Ph.D student at RPI working with Sal Restivo on brain and mind as abstract semantic symbols, researchers in this field view boundary objects at the nexus of ethical philosophy, and the social, cognition as inextricably situated in the physical body and its biological and neuro-sciences. environment. Changes in the body, for example, wearing a Participants: backpack, being in a cold room, or extending your middle finger, Change Your Brain, Change Your Life: Neo-Liberal influence cognitive processes and, vice versa, changes in cognitive processes can lead to bodily reactions. Based on Subjectivities and the Brain. Jennifer Croissant, University interviews with researchers and participant observation in the of Arizona field of embodied cognition, I will discuss a) what kind of body Several popular self-help programs focus on brain malleability, and what kind of subject is conceptualized in this type of with the brain as an outcome of social and behavioral processes research; b) how researchers situate their field within the larger presumed to be in the control of the subject. In this regard, the discipline of psychology which remains based on a mind-body brain and cognition are emergent properties in the same light as dualism; and c) how researchers think about the epistemological poststructuralist theories of performativity and ANT descriptions aspects of their research and how they think about their own of the emergence of entities in entelechies. Yet there is also a bodies in their research practice. Science and technology studies lingering determinism undergirding neurosciences, in part from has a long-standing interest in the embodied dimension of genetic orientations to the brain, and also from structural and scientific practice as well as in the shaping of bodies through functional imaging discourses. What is at stake in the persistence science and technology; studying a discipline that experimentally of these contradictions and the heterogeneity of conversations investigates embodiment will provide a novel way of thinking about the brain? about the dynamic tension between mind, body and knowledge Do You Mind?: Modeling "Mind” as an Interactive production. Interdisciplinary Process. Sabrina Weiss, Rensselaer Chair: Polytechnic Institute Sal Restivo, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute As interest in the neurosciences increases, new perspectives are being brought to the discussion that call into question existing 028. Biotechnology, Research and the State in Latin America – Il models for brain, mind, self and consciousness. Of particular 10:30 to 12:00 pm interest is the recent addition of social science concepts to the Crowne Plaza: Dolder current literature based in biology, psychology, and philosophy. National policy can impact the direction of scientific research in important In this presentation, I explore a way to think about the mind that ways that have far reaching consequences for the citizens of those states. This panel explores the interaction of biotechnology with public research counterparts in Canada. Known factors that promote the and regulatory policies within Latin America. Policy interactions with predominance of some scientific fields over others, such as biotechnology can be both direct, such as national policy regulating scientific status and public research policy, are examined in this biotechnology, as well as indirect, as it plays out within nationally case to suggest how scientific continuity and innovation are important research institutions which shape the introduction of articulated, with global differences, within a scientific field that biotechnology to their nation states. Latin American responses to the has important applied outcomes. introduction of technological innovation, in the case of biotechnology, have Hindsight and Foresight: Latin America's Response to Ethical been varied, but feature novel aspects in comparison to global trends. Using and Policy Challenges around Biotechnology. Barbara a regional perspective, this panel contributes to work on the impacts and Martinez, UBC; Fernando Lolas, Universidad de Chile; interaction between policy and research within science and technology studies. Heather Walmsley, Concordia University; Antonio Flores, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City; Dan Participants: Badulescu, University of British Columbia, Faculty of Land Implications of the Role of the State in the Provision of & Food Systems and Centre for Applied Ethics Biotechnology: The Case of Soybean Agriculture in In the last few decades, biotechnology has made important Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Felipe Amin Filomeno, strides around the globe. Agriculture, health and environment are Johns Hopkins University the locus of incoming emerging technologies. Global regulation Since the 1980s, the provision of new plant varieties through has been superficially defined through the two-camp model, biotechnology has been increasingly privatized and concentrated where the European versus the American model seem to offer in the hands of transnational corporations from rich countries. narrow options. Latin America possesses a unique science and Accordingly, public agricultural research institutes created in the technology development profile and a dynamic socio-economic middle of the 20th century have lost ground in the seed industry. structure. In our paper, we analyze Latin America’s character and In this paper, however, we examine the quite distinct trajectories position in biotechnology development and adoption. We discuss that Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay have shown in public how the region’s distinctive socio-political conditions have research applied to soybean agriculture, one of the most helped develop innovative but sometimes timid responses to important industries of South America. We argue that these ethical and political challenges in the field. We point at future different trajectories have had important implications for the scenarios that may help visualize where Latin America’s introduction, diffusion and governance of agricultural biotechnology may be going in the near future and how to biotechnology. In Argentina, the weakening role of the state in incorporate the Latin American experience to forecast and solve the provision of seeds has intensified conflicts between soy challenges in other parts of the world, including Europe and growers and seed companies over the right of farmers to save North America. seeds. In the absence of a public source of competitive Knowledge Production for Small Farmers in Latin America: technology, soy growers have relied on this right to offset the Some Evidences. Milena Serafim, Campinas State market power of private seed companies. In Brazil, instead, soy University growers have relied on the Brazilian Corporation of Agricultural and Livestock Research (EMBRAPA) to obtain seed varieties This paper analyzes the coherence between the institutional that can compete with those provided by multinationals. A speeches and actions implemented by the Brazilian Agricultural similar situation might exist in Paraguay, although in an incipient Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) and the National Institute for form due to the weaker pre-existent technological capacity, the Agricultural Technology (INTA) in Argentina. It focuses in the almost full privatization of research and the dependence on recent period characterized by the debut of more progressive foreign funds. Thus, the Brazilian model seems to be more administrations in Brazil and Argentina and shares the capable of providing a socially stable influx of biotechnological comprehension that both institutions – at least in their discourse – innovations with potential to improve local technological have followed the tendency of recognizing the importance of capacities and a balanced sharing of benefits and costs from small farmers in both governments’ development strategies. The agricultural biotechnology. paper’s main argument is that EMBRAPA and INTA have evolved, based on neutral and triumphalist conceptions of science The Integration of Biotechnology with Conventional Plant and technology and on the linear model of innovation, and have Breeding Methods in Latin America: Shaping Future Plant encountered difficulties in adequating their activities to small Breeders in Colombia. Christina Holmes, EHESS-CNRS, farmers’ needs. This is due to the fact that the more an institution Paris moves on a given trajectory, the more difficult it will be to Biotechnological methods in agriculture are sometimes seen as in change its course. The methodology used in this paper encloses conflict with conventional plant breeding methods on the three forms of data collection: review of the literature, grounds that biotechnology has been siphoning research funding, documental research and interviews. The paper is mainly based students, and prestige away from research using more traditional on the neoinstitutionalist framework, which considers institutions methods of agricultural science. This is of particular concern to as an essential factor in the development of individual behaviors, breeders worried about the skills that the next generation of plant in collective actions or in public policies. It also draws from STS breeders are, or are not, receiving. Training in and specialization studies, which offers elements for the analysis of the in some skills over others has the possibility of affecting plant incorporation of users in the process of knowledge and breeding for qualitative (single gene) traits versus quantitative technology construction. This paper offers elements to the (multi-genetic) traits in significantly different ways that could comprehension of how institutional trajectories and cultures may have important applied implications for the continued condition knowledge construction. It also tries to explain why improvement of crops in the future. The training received in the institutional actions of research and extension are not so adherent university system within a country sets the stage for the talent to national proposals. pool on which private plant breeding firms, as well as public Chair: research institutes, can draw. Nevertheless, the range of methods Christina Holmes, EHESS-CNRS, Paris presented by agricultural biotechnology is sufficiently wide (from tissue culture, to molecular markers and genetic 029. Engineering Normativities – II engineering) that multiple combinations of these methods with 10:30 to 12:00 pm conventional breeding methods are possible. This paper explores Crowne Plaza: Hassler the process of the integration of biotechnological methods with What is engineering for? What are engineers for? The term “engineering conventional plant breeding methods by studying the training of normativities” refers to the broader socio-material projects enacted in the future plant breeders in Colombia, in comparison to their making of engineers and the practices of engineering work. Engineering studies research investigating engineering formation and engineering work argue that it is strictly a technical field. This paper suggests an has critically examined a range of normativities. Some of these include, for engineering philosophy framework based on Carl Mitcham’s example, claims of professional and ethical autonomy (Layton, Noble, (1994) characterization as a means of analyzing different claims Lundgreen, Grelon, Meiksins, Herkert, Mitcham, Sørensen, Seely, within the systems engineering community. The aim of the study Williams, Seron, Silbey) as well as gender normativities (Hacker, is to conceptualize systems engineering as engineering Sørensen, Oldenziel, Faulkner, Tonso, Lagesen, McLoughlin, Paulitz), philosophy with a view to critically investigating its origins, racial normativities, (Slaton), and sexual normativities (Cech, Waidzunas). ambitions and limits. The study involved a discourse analysis of Others include commitments enacted in design practices (Bucciarelli, systems engineering textbooks, journal articles and a qualitative Vinck, Blanco, Picon, Jørgensen, van de Poel, van Gorp, Johnson), claimed questionnaire administered within the International Council on jurisdiction over technology (Downey, Wisnioski), and territorial variations Systems Engineering United Kingdom Chapter and University (Meiksins, Smith, Kranakis, Hård, Knie, Brown, Downey, Lucena, de College London Centre for Systems Engineering. The research Matos, Diogo, Han, Valderrama). Still others involve hierarchies in found that there are three distinguishable paradigms in the development practices (Baillie, Catalano, Riley, Lucena, Schneider, sampled systems engineering community. These representations Leydens, Nieusma). Work such as this (key concerns in the journal are systems engineering as ex novo (something new), systems Engineering Studies) is just beginning to scratch the surface. These engineering as good engineering and systems engineering as presentations further the critical analysis of engineering normativities. meta-methodology. The study confirms the persistence of Leonore Phillips examines how a movement to shape Berlin as an exciting multiple views about systems engineering which diverge on the place for arts, sciences and industry frames immigrant computer engineers discipline’s concept, origin, purview, role, training, as desirable and key to locating the city at the forefront of German epistemological positions and weltanschauung (worldview). A competitiveness. Usman Akeel and Sarah Bell highlight and critically paradigm transition is suggested as responsible for the multiple examine the normative contents of the origins, ambitions, and limits of views. systems engineering. William Lynch investigates how an epistemological Second-Guessing Engineers: Post Hoc Criticism and the move in green chemistry - highlighting the life-cycle of chemical synthesis Reform of Engineering Practice in Green Chemistry. - enabled practitioners to proactively address ethical concerns for William Lynch, Wayne State University environmental sustainability and public safety. Andrew Chilvers, Sarah Bell and Tania Cobham compare the normative practices of a design Lynch and Kline (2000) used Diane Vaughan’s analysis of the consultancy that focused on the longstanding considerations of engineering Challenger launch accident as a model for how case studies could function, cost and safety with another one that took the risk of first asking focus on the latent ethical implications of ordinary engineering what ethical issues were in fact at stake and who possessed what sorts of practice well before disaster strikes. Vaughan had identified the knowledge to address those issues. Gian Marco Campagnolo examines how “normalization of deviance” as a process of incremental change sales systems engineers and consultants found that successfully away from desirable safety standards recognizable only at the last commodifying their software product depended on framing it as moment or in hindsight. The difficulty with this proposal was normatively vague. All participants wrestle with questions of critical how to train future engineers to identify ethically salient participation in the engineering normativities they study. processes prospectively, when normalization of deviance is a routine (and unpredictable) characteristic of engineering practice. Participants: How can post hoc analysis of engineering disasters help us do Immigration, Information and Computer Engineering in Berlin, better in the future? I address the obstacles to incorporating Germany. Leonore Phillips, University of Minnesota reflection into engineering practice by examining a case where Outside the Technical University in Berlin, the red flags that engineers themselves challenged past unsafe and polluting lined up around a traffic circle read “Sei Zukunft, Sei Innovation, processes of chemical synthesis by developing new methods and Sei Berlin” (“Be future, be innovation, be Berlin”). These flags standards of green chemistry. Green chemistry builds upon a are just a touch of the huge “Be Berlin/Sei Berlin” policy that has critique of unsustainable past practices in calling for attention to attempted to shape Berlin as a creative, exciting place for arts, the life-cycle of chemical synthesis. Chemical feedstocks and end sciences and industry. Within this art/science/industry triad, products were to be designed to break down into benign Berlin policy is also attempting to make itself an attractive place substances, a rethinking spurred in part by high-profile cases of for foreign computer engineers, who can fill empty research and chemical pollution. Green chemists proceeded by developing an job spots created by the skilled-worker shortage – particularly in epistemological basis for a research program that would satisfy engineering. Drawing on a-year-and-half of fieldwork conducted the ethical concern with the environment and public safety. I in Berlin between January 2011 and July 2010, this paper focuses conclude with discussion of how Science and Technology on the experiences of Berlin-based foreign workers and Studies-based research into ethically motivated transformations researchers employed in the Information and Communication of engineering practice can help engineering ethics achieve real- Technology (ICT) and computer engineering fields and how world impact. those experiences relate with regards to regional and national Contrasting Two Modes of Engineering Practice Encountered in policies in Germany. In a time of skilled worker shortage, many the Field: Implications for Engagement with Values. of these local and national policies attempt to maintain Andrew Chilvers, Dept. Civil Environmental and Geomatic Germany's position as a continued leader in technological Engineering, University College London; Sarah Bell, Dept. innovation and global competitiveness. Drawing on my Civil Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University participant observation in local ICT events and in depth College London; Tania Cobham, Arup interviews with engineers, this paper also analyzes the continued relationship between ICT and Computer Engineering in Berlin How do engineers enact socio-political values in their practice? and how the introduction of foreign engineers affects this Are they explicitly considered and how do they shape technical community. As such, although focused on Germany, this paper outputs? Findings are presented from participant-observation of touches on larger themes of international work in the field of ICT two engineering consultancy projects completed by the firm and the role of engineering in ICT. Arup and selected for their contrasting nature. A typical structural engineering role was studied whereby design services Systems Engineering as Engineering Philosophy. Usman Akeel, were provided in the design of a public building and amenity University College London; Sarah Bell, Dept. Civil space. Observation was made of engineer’s objective Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University interrogation of design options to identify the most economic College London means of achieving the architectural vision in a structurally safe Systems engineering has evolved to assume diverse roles within and functional way. In this case, issues of embodied values and the engineering profession. While some systems engineers conflict between these and stated aims were outside of the contend that the discipline is capable of addressing socio- engineer’s role, which conformed to a classical model of technical systems including climate change and terrorism, others engineering practice and epistemology. Standing in contrast to this, a team comprised of environmental engineers was observed reengineering initiatives conceptualized and designed within the as they developed a risk assessment tool for the management of discourses of the national e-Governance plan in West Bengal water and health in remote indigenous communities of Australia. form the meso-level of analysis. Finally, the efforts in Consistent with trends in Mode 2 knowledge production, the operationalizing the common service centers and interactions of engineers took on a research role whereby they first had to the citizen-users at the centers form the micro-level analysis of configure internal and external expertise in a novel way to meet this study. Based on this multi-level analysis, the paper observes the perceived market need entailing an initial ethical framing of that the common service centers in West Bengal failed to the perceived problem (Gibbons et al, 1994; Nowotny et al, integrate the ordinary citizens and in the process, the three 2001). They then undertook a synthesis of socially distributed primary attributes of the national e-Governance plan, namely, knowledge. A key theme was constant dialogue regarding the efficiency, transparency and accountability in public services social objectives and a number of actions to actively frame this in could not be accomplished in West Bengal. their technical output, which is divergent from classical The Calculus of Jobs: Energy Policy and Neoliberalism in the representations of engineering practice and epistemology. United States. David John Hess, Rensselaer Polytechnic From System to Tool: How the Generic Software Makes Institute Engineering Vague. Gian Marco Campagnolo, University of This paper is based on a book project that is the third in a series Edinburgh on pressure points in political systems that would improve The paper develops the idea that the commodification process by responsiveness to sustainability and social fairness goals. The which a software engineering know-how becomes an accepted current project contributes to transition theory and social product engenders transformations in engineering practice. These movement studies of blue-green coalitions by exploring long- transformations entail compromises and negotiations with respect term changes in sociotechnical systems through policy fields. to the original idea of engineering as a problem solving practice. Because of long-term changes in the global economy that include This is described on the basis of the illustrations deriving from the relative decline of the United States, energy and the case of a Norwegian system engineering company developing environmental policy have been translated into the frames of job a modelling tool for the US Enterprise Architecture Market. creation and industrial development. The result is that green- Based on ethnographies of software demonstrations at different energy policy debates are increasingly subjected to a calculus of sites, the paper concludes that the process whereby sales system market-oriented job loss and creation rather than justified in engineers and consultants commodified their knowledge is to terms of environmental goals. In this regard, the neoliberalization develop a lingua franca through "generifying" the frame of their of environmental and energy policy occurs through a translation products and approaches and a methodology for selling them into the economics of job creation and loss. However, the based on an attitude to "vagueness" with respect to restricting the concern with jobs also drives a protectionist discourse that is possible set of their usages. reflected in policy outcomes intended to protect American green Chair: jobs from foreign competition or to create American green jobs through import substitution. As a result, the calculus of jobs leads Tanja M. Paulitz, University of Graz back into a critique of trade liberalization, arguably the most Discussant: fundamental tenet of neoliberal thought and policy. The paper Gary Downey, Virginia Tech will survey the green-transition coalitions, their role in policy controversies, the calculus of jobs, and the relations between the 030. Neoliberalism, Science and Technology: Political green jobs frame and neoliberal thought. (Research is supported Sociological Approaches by the NSF STS program, SES #0947429.) 10:30 to 12:00 pm Greening Neoliberalism: The Politics of Green Jobs Training Crowne Plaza: Savoy Programs. Matthew Hoffmann, Loyola University STS research on neoliberalism has tended to focus on the Advocates of a transition to a green energy economy hold out the commercialization of science, especially in universities in developed hope and potential of energy independence and national security, countries. This panel provides a broader portrait of issues related to economic growth and poverty-alleviation and ecological neoliberalism, science and technology. First, the papers provide a remediation. Yet, my and others’ research has shown that comparative perspective that includes the global South, and second, the industry- and state-supported green jobs training programs do not papers explore issues of knowledge and neoliberalism in diverse policy significantly differ from traditional workforce development in fields. The papers provide a political sociological contribution to the study terms of the skills taught. Many programs instruct in common of neoliberalism, science and technology; that is, they focus on issues of construction or horticultural skills. Additionally, official green inequality and power and the institutional matrix of government, industry, job training aligns with the neoliberal paradigm of employment and/or civil society/social movements. policy that focuses on industrial competitiveness as opposed to Participants: primarily being concerned with unemployment, a shift in policy A Multi-level Analysis of the Common Service Centers in West that began in the 1970s. In the present-day recession, characterized by the lack of job growth, green job training Bengal. Shib Shankar Dasgupta, Rensselaer Polytechnic programs flood the market with the newly trained to compete Institute with experienced workers who are “on the bench,” or were West Bengal is a particularly interesting location for the study of recently laid off. By flooding the labor pool and, presumably, neoliberalism and large technological systems because it is a lowering the cost of labor, green jobs training increases the traditionally Marxist state that has undergone liberalization in competitiveness of U.S.-based industries through increased recent years. Global development organizations have encouraged capital efficiency and lower costs of production. However, as the use of e-Governance strategies to reduce and flatten training programs add to the pool of potential workers, they have government bureaucracies, increase transparency, and make not had any demonstrable effects on unemployment more governments more responsive to citizens as consumers of generally. In this paper, I investigate these issues in more detail, services. However, the implementation of e-Governance systems asking the following questions: What is different about green job does not always match the neoliberal models of responsive, training programs compared to other workforce development efficient government services. This paper uses a multi-level programs of the past and present? What models of self-hood, analysis to study the national e-Governance plan in West Bengal. community and nationhood green jobs training programs Global information capitalism along with various e-Governance construct? How do they define sustainability? What are some strategies of the national ministries and departments at New wider political ramifications for these programs? Delhi are sites of action for the macro-level design and Researching Development, Developing Research: An deployment of the common service centers in West Bengal. The Institutional Ethnography of Non-Profits in an Age of Information. Michael Mascarenhas, Rensselaer Polytechnic science in the global South. The study is based on interviews and Institute site visits in Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai over a The production and use of knowledge about development work 12-month period. has become an intensely commercialized activity. How we come Chair: to know about the needs of those less fortunate has not been a David Hess, Rensselaer straightforward process and the implications of this knowledge are very much uncertain, particularly for those who are studied 031. Collaboration across Health Research and Care − ll: and objectified. This project analyzes the role that International Collaboration from Bench to Bedside Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) play in producing 10:30 to 12:00 pm knowledge about those in “underdeveloped” parts of the Crowne Plaza: Ritz world. INGOs are not only involved in helping those less fortunate, they are also involved in producing knowledge about Participants: the other. That knowledge is partial, often negotiated locally, but Translational Science and the Hidden Research System in certainly internationally, and purposeful. In other words in is Universities and Academic Hospitals: A Case Study. Bryn commercially and politically motivated. In particular, and the Lander, University of British Columbia; Janet Atkinson- subject matter of this paper, this form of knowledge production is Grosjean, University of British Columbia increasingly neo-liberal in character. The genesis of this project Innovation systems (IS) and science policy scholarship comes from much reflection on doing development work. Its predominantly focus on linkages between universities and origins start with my fieldwork in West Rajasthan, India in 2009 industry, and the commercial translation of academic discoveries. and continues to fieldwork in Rwanda in 2010. Overlooked in such analyses are important connections between Fear and Fun: Emotional Landscapes of Science Under universities and academic hospitals, and the noncommercial Neoliberalism. Kelly Moore, National Science Foundation aspects of translational science. The two types of institutions tend Scientific ideas and practices have long been infused with to be collapsed into a single entity "the university" and relational economic values. The rise of neoliberalism as a dominant global flows are lost. Yet the distinctions and flows between the two are economic form has proven to be no exception to this rule. crucial elements of translational science and the biomedical Analysts have examined many of the ways in which neoliberal innovation system. This paper explores what has been called the logics and rules have shaped knowledge production systems in "hidden research system" that connects hospitals, universities, organizations such as universities and governments. STS scholars and their resources, with the clinical and scientific actors who have illuminated some of the mechanisms that linked science make the linkages possible and the untidy processes of and neoliberalism at the level of states, universities, and in supra- "translational work" that bring together the separate epistemic state systems such as transnational governance organizations, cultures of science and medicine around specific problems. Using including coercion (rewards for knowledge production are linked a novel conceptual model of translational science, we examine to privatization and to profit); bureaucratic scientization (moral the individual interactions and dynamics involved in a particular values are obfuscated through numericization of rules and example of the biomedical innovation system at work: the standards); and bureaucratic privatization (risks and rewards of diagnosis of IRAK-4 deficiency, a rare immunological disorder, scientific product use and development are placed on and the translational flows that result. Our research was individuals). I examine another way of examining the link conducted within a Canadian network of scientists and clinician- between science and neoliberalism by showing how neoliberal scientists studying the pathogenomics of immunological actors have helped to transform scientific ideas into consumer disorders and innate immunity. In doing so, we map the flow of commodities, linking them with emotional landscapes of fear and ideas, individuals and resources between the clinic and the pleasure to encourage citizens to enjoy personalizing risks and research lab and outline key components of this translational “investments” in the self. collaboration. Contra to conventional IS analyses, we are able to A Reflexive Approach to Models of Commercialization of point to the strong role of public-sector institutions, and the weak Science Using the Case of Neoliberal Reforms to Indian role of the private-sector, in the translational processes described here. Biomedical Research. Shailaja Valdiya, Rensselaer "Therapeutic Eagerness": Clinician-scientists as Polytechnic Institute Interdisciplinary Integrators and their Hopes for Large-scale This study analyzes the theoretical implications of the onset of neoliberal reforms in the Indian biomedical sciences since the Translational Research. Daniel Lehner Lehner, Institute for 1990s for broader STS literatures on the commercialization of Advanced Studies - Vienna; Elina Rantanen, University of scientific research. The effects of new intellectual property laws, Turku; Etienne Vignola-Gagné, Fraunhofer ISI Karlsruhe / new funding sources for basic science and privatization of U. of Vienna healthcare, are briefly outlined. In particular, I examine how the Recent studies of large-scale collaborations and comparative perspective offered by India contributes to theories interdisciplinarity have highlighted the pivotal role of documenting the rise of academic capitalism, asymmetric "interdisciplinary integrators," individual scientists who embody convergence between academia and industry, the emergence of the admixing of disciplines and would possess exclusive the triple helix of government, academy, and industry and the competences for holding groups from different backgrounds emergence of transdisciplinary, mission-oriented “Mode 2” together, in these initiatives. Clinician-scientists, a long-standing science. The study deviates from normatively positive responses class of interdisciplinary integrators, have recently found ground to emerging models of institutional science that treat knowledge for re-asserting a diminished role in biomedical innovation as a black box to be handed off between university and industry through the attention afforded to translational projects. The scientists. It emphasizes that knowledge is embedded in social concepts of translational research (TR) are associated with some contexts and in relationships between people and materials. I of the largest initiatives of recent years to support health argue that the trends observed in the Indian case provide the basis research. Considered since the 1970s an "endangered species," for a more richly contextualized and comparative understanding clinician-scientists now argue themselves to be in a privileged of the effects of political-economic changes on the institutional position to coordinate TR networks that aim to integrate within contours of knowledge construction. Models of academia the equipments of molecular biology, pre-clinical commercialization that either neglect historical context or else product development resources of an industrial scale, and offer rigidly periodized accounts of regime shifts in the economic capacities to conduct large multicentre clinical trials. This management of science run the risk of effectively transporting presentation draws on 29 semi-structured interviews conducted prescriptive all-purpose Euro-American neoliberal doctrines to with biomedical leaders and policy makers involved in TR local higher educational infrastructure and government-organized initiatives in Austria, Finland and Germany to study how a reworked identity for clinician-scientists is being co-produced 2008) between academic and commercial research. In with the emerging approach. It provides a case of a highly conclusion, the findings show that the asymmetries of power problematic interdisciplinary identity, unable to be fully between actors and the shifting boundaries between the public established for the past 40 years. It also shows how the and private sector are pushing research to become more profit- establishment of large-scale collaborations for TR are related to oriented with greater emphasis on market potential and the the construction, by clinician-scientists notably, of policy clinical development of new products. narratives arguing for renewed attention to clinics as a solution to The Role of Hospitals in the Translation Process from Bench to the difficult translation of contents from molecular biology. Bedside. Pauline Mattson, Karolinska Instutet Who Wants to Collaborate with Social Scientists in Health To be able to put science into use it is of importance that actors Research? Biomedical and Clinical Scientists' Perceptions of that can further develop and commercialize research ideas the Social Sciences. Mathieu Albert, University of Toronto; actively collaborate with researchers. In the majority of fields this Suzanne Laberge, Université de Montréal is done through collaborations between academia and industry, Many funding agencies and universities in Europe and North but in life sciences an additional actor is involved in the process, America are attempting to break down the organizational namely health care providers such as clinics and hospitals. The boundaries between disciplines in order to promote roles of hospitals are multi-fold and include collaboration partner interdisciplinary research and foster the integration of the social for the industry and academia, health care provider, idea creator sciences into the health research field. Does this break down of and recipient of innovations. In order to best develop these roles organizational boundaries between disciplines ensure that and collaborations hospitals have to make strategic decisions, cultural boundaries will naturally fade away and prompt allocate resources, develop and acquire skills, and create biomedical and clinical scientists to engage in collaborative work incentive systems. In many countries hospitals are sorting under with social scientists? This study explores the extent to which the public sector that in many situations has its own agenda with biomedical and clinical scientists’ perceptions of social science economic constrains and staff working under time pressure. This research may (or may not) operate as a cultural boundary to the does not always follow what could be perceived as the most inclusion of social scientists within the health research field. appropriate conditions to develop innovative solutions that Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 biomedical benefit the patients. This study is investigating the role of scientists and 30 clinical scientists and analyzed by thematic hospitals in the complex network of actors involved in the content analysis. Result showed that although biomedical and translation process from bench to bedside and aims at develop an clinical scientists predominantly held an unfavorable and open-innovation model, in which the different roles are taken ambivalent posture toward social science research, their into account. perceptions varied widely, from very negative to positive. Chair: Clinical scientists tended to be more receptive to the social Bart Penders, Radboud University Nijmegen sciences than were biomedical scientists. Key rationales for an unfavorable posture were that the social sciences are not 032. Designs and Innovations scientific: no experiment is performed, researchers’ subjectivity 10:30 to 12:00 pm interferes at all stages, and there is no effective way to control for Crowne Plaza: Kelley bias. Key rationales for a favorable posture were that social science research questions are as relevant as those of the Participants: biomedical and clinical sciences and the methods they typically Designing Healthy Clients: A Study of Service Innovation. use are rigorous. But overall, biomedical and clinical scientists’ Fernando Secomandi, Delft University of Technology perceptions of the social sciences tend to operate more as a With the advent of postindustrial societies, innovation in services cultural boundary than as a facilitator to cross-disciplinary has an increasing impact on our experiences of a changing world. collaboration. The removal of organizational boundaries by As a contribution to science and technology studies of funding agencies and other science-related organizations may not innovation, I present an investigation into a program be sufficient to integrate the social sciences into the health commercialized by a multinational electronics firm to help domain and to foster collaboration between them and the other people attain healthier lifestyles by becoming more physically health sciences. active. This service is a complex technological offer consisting of Inter-organizational Collaboration in Biopharmaceutical multiple interfaces between providers and clients: a wearable Innovation: A Qualitative Study of Taiwan. Shih-hsin Chen, device that monitors daily activity levels, a website with a health- University of Nottingham improvement program and e-mail coaching support. Departing from in-depth interviews and other documentary sources, I draw The production, transfer and use of biopharmaceutical knowledge on Ihde’s contributions in the field of postphenomenology as a is best conceived as occurring in collaborative networks that link way to understand the clients’ embodied experiences with the firms, academic scientists, medical institutions, venture service interfaces. In particular, the focus is on how the non- capitalists and government agencies (Owen-Smith & Powell neutral presentation of personal activity levels through the 2001a, 2001b, 2004). This paper describes the findings of website helps constitute themselves as either healthy or empirical research which aims to analyze the pattern and nature unhealthy. Then, turning to developments within the firm, I of collaboration between groups during biomedical innovation. describe the experiences of people engaged in conceptualizing, Based on the result of more than 50 interviews with key actors implementing, and testing a modification to the website intended involved in collaborative network in the Taiwanese to persuade clients to improve their activity levels. Special biopharmaceutical innovation system, a number of findings were attention is given to the intermediary visualizations (flowcharts, identified: 1) A “systematic asymmetries of power” (Klein & prototypes, use scenarios, etc.) that evidence the client interface Kleinman, 2002) existed between the actors in the interactive generated in the process. As such, this study extends process of technology development and policymaking, 2) several postphenomenology beyond its customary concern with leading groups, including clinicians, representatives of VC, and quotidian and scientific uses of technology and into design the directors of academia centers, controlled the direction of practice. research, resource allocation and policymaking, and 3) these leading groups transplanted concepts of entrepreneurship and Innovation Communication: Between the Purely Discursive and several policy initiatives from North America into Taiwanese a Fully-fledged Socio-material Reality. Ursula Plesner, academia. This has both stimulated and framed academia- Copenhagen Business School industry collaboration and knowledge transfer. 4) In this context This paper tries to map what happened to the study of innovation the norms of industry have become dominant, reinforcing a communication after Everett Roger’s seminal work, The pattern of “asymmetrical convergence” (Vallas & Kleinman, Diffusion of Innovations. It asks how we may use insights from socio-technical studies of innovation processes and the sociology environment: the attributes of the asymmetrical dyadic of expectations to highlight communication activities throughout relationship encapsulated in mentor-mentee interaction, and the innovation processes. It also poses the question of whether it attributes of a micro-level context in the form of the laboratory might be fruitful to explicitly address the communicative aspects social environment. We hypothesize that these two sets of of assembling a socio-technical network, arguing that these are attributes influence mentees’ productivity. Using face-to-face often taken for granted in STS stories about innovations. On the survey data from a sample of 210 life science graduate students basis of a reading of the "communication as add on" literature in top universities in Japan, Singapore and Taiwan, we address and the "communication as taken for granted" literature, the the following questions: What characterizes mentor-mentee paper proposes to define innovation communication as ”a form of interaction (MMI) and laboratory social environment (LSE) in communication integral to innovation processes, aiming at East Asian research universities? What are the underlying factors generating support for the development of the innovation into a linked to these attributes of MMI and of LSE? Are these stable part of the socio-material reality.”The argument is made underlying factors associated with mentees’ productivity with references to empirical studies of how actors try to assemble measured in terms of number of manuscripts written, and technological and other elements in various ways, attempting to publications in international and in top journals? To answer these configure a stable innovation which can be marketed. The aim of questions, we extract orthogonal principal components from each these studies has been to trace how visions struggle to be set of attributes, and cast these components as predictors in our materialized and highlight innovation communication processes. negative binomial regression analyses – an analytical technique The focus has been rather broad, looking at innovation for severely positively skewed response variables. Our findings communication taking place across industries, not within an have implications for the formulation of best practices in organization. The paper draws on the sociology of expectations international graduate science training, and for gaining to argue that visions and expectations of the future are understanding about elite East-Asian knowledge production performative in the present (van Lente, 1993; Brown, Rappert & systems. Webster, 2000; Brown & Michael 2003), for instance, because Fluid Standards in Healthcare Improvement. Esther van Loon, they legitimize and justify actions and arguments, and help Erasmus university Rotterdam mobilize funds and the attention of other actors. It proposes that expectations should be understood as organizing properties In improving the quality of healthcare delivery, standards play a (Cooren, 2000; Cooren & Fairhurst, 2004, 2008) of innovations profound role. Scholars in the STS field have pointed out that in the making, and thus highlights their performative effects on standards are not always as inflexible and rigid as often organizing. proclaimed in medical sociology. Still, the ways in which standards "work" - how they are beneficial to healthcare Relational Evaluation Approach to Studying Practices in the improvement - remains, for a large part, unknown. This article Social and Health Field. Pasi Jussi Pohjola, Senior analyzes the development and use of a guideline for problem Researcher; Juha Koivisto, Senior Researcher behavior, which supports elderly care workers in reducing In this paper, a relational evaluation approach (REA) for studying problem behavior of their clients. Both the development of the the innovation processes of practices in the social and health field guideline by healthcare improvement agents and its use in elderly is introduced. REA studies innovation processes as non-linear care practice have been studied using qualitative research and open processes where the object of development and the methods. Elderly care workers regard the guideline as successful. innovation network co-evolve. It conceptualizes the practices as When used in the way envisioned by developers, it still is socio-material systems of action that are always developed for experienced as a tool to stimulate reflexivity and gaining insight some purpose and which are constituted by human actors in care workers’ thinking and acting. To explore this seemingly (clients, practitioners, management, decision makers), actions successful technology, I use the notion of "fluid standard" and interactions, as well as by resources that the human actors (adapted from De Laet & Mol 2000). A fluid standard is flexible, enact and mobilize in their activities (technical artifacts, rules, adaptable and responsive, is capable to "travel" easily from one concepts, laws). REA has been developed as a practical tool site to another, while remaining to some extent true to form and which consists of three parts: 1) the creation of an enactment function. I show how a close interaction between development of model of a practice where the transferable core of a practice is the guideline and knowledge and experience from the practice of possible to define; 2) the follow-up and evaluation of the elderly care resulted in the fluidity of the standard, in which the implementation and enactment process of a practice where it is worlds of development and practice become entangled. This possible to plan and evaluate the organizational implementation article shows that flexibility and standardization are not process of a practice; and 3) the follow-up and evaluation of the contradictory, and fluid standards can contribute in a meaningful change and realities a practice generates where it is possible to way to quality improvements in healthcare. plan and carry out the evaluation process. Both the Chair: implementation process and the evaluation of change are specific Esther van Loon, Erasmus university Rotterdam to and embedded in the environment where the practice is enacted. The REA-tool is being tested during 2011 in numerous 033. Rethinking Nuclear Energy development projects of the social and health field in Finland and 10:30 to 12:00 pm their innovation processes. The paper also discusses the Crowne Plaza: Willard preliminary results of these innovation processes. Mentor-Mentee Interaction, Laboratory Social Environment and Participants: Scientific Productivity. Marcus Ynalvez, Texas A&M Purity and Danger in Cold War Italy: Nuclear Power and Fears International University, Laredo Texas; Noriko Hara, of Pollution around the U.S. Navy Base of La Maddalena. Indiana University; John C. Kilburn, Texas A&M Davide Orsini, Joint Program Anthropology & History International University; Ruby A. Ynalvez, Texas A&M University of Michigan / STS program UM International University In 1972, following a secret agreement between the American and the Italian governments, the U.S. Navy installed a base for The literature in the sociology of science documents how the atomic submarines in the Archipelago of La Maddalena, Italy, larger contextual environment shapes the production of scientific which remained operative until February 2008. This paper looks knowledge. Most studies from that literature have focused on at the presence of U.S. nuclear submarines in La Maddalena as a macro-level socio-cultural forces, while the few extant studies way to explore cold war politics through local lenses. First, done on the contextual influences of science at the micro-level of drawing on local newspapers articles (dating from 1972) and oral the scientific training laboratory have been mainly qualitative in interviews, I will show how rumors and concerns about nuclear their methodological approaches. In this study, we focus on the contamination in the Archipelago of La Maddalena have been scientific laboratory and examine two aspects of that politically mobilized to “materialize” and articulate concerns power between 1945 and 2009. It presents a longitudinal analysis about the dangers of the American presence. I argue that the of news media framings of nuclear power (e.g. cartoons, idiom of nuclear pollution has been used in La Maddalena to advertisements) and distinguishes different phases (construction, structure political discourses about the U.S. Navy and to make maintenance, contestation, reconstruction) in the cultural visible (namely through claims of bodily deformations) the legitimation process. material and cultural risks connected to it. Second, this paper Ignoring a Research Cohort: American Atomic Soldiers and explores debates between scientists and lay people about the Radiation Exposure. Robert Jacobs, Hiroshima City monitoring of the levels of radioactivity in La Maddalena. By University focusing on expert and non-expert responses to U.S. nuclear power, both in public policy debates and “scientific reports,” I More than 200,000 American service personnel took part in U.S. look at the power dynamics between the technopolitical nuclear weapon tests at the two American nuclear test sites, in the apparatuses of the Italian state and the people of La Maddalena Marshall Islands and in Nevada, over a period of almost 20 years. as an important case for the study of science and citizenship Participating soldiers were exposed to varying levels of under the “imperatives” of cold war politics in Europe. To this radionuclides, yet no epidemiological studies were undertaken of end, my paper contributes to the growing STS literature on the the long term health effects of these exposures. I will contrast “technopolitics of cold war.” this history with the history of the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In their case, painstaking efforts were undertaken to Reconfiguring Nuclear Energy Futures. Basak Lesavre, Ecole document their location at the time of their exposures and des Mines de Paris (Mines Paristech) calculate their individual dose rates. Yet, for the so-called atomic My research investigates the problem of nuclear waste, without soldiers (although this included sailors and air personnel), each considering the issue as an isolated one, but as an integral part of soldier had been given a prior health exam, for each person their the nuclear energy policy and the future nuclear fuel cycles. STS exact location in relation to the exposure was known, and each literature has often examined the management of high-level long individual was wearing a dosimeter, offering unprecedented life nuclear waste through the following research interests; opportunities to document their exposure and track their health investigating the acceptance of long term waste disposal by from a known baseline. This paper will examine the history of potential host communities, questioning the public understanding the exposures of the so-called atomic soldiers and contrast them of science, exploring how the waste could be disposed in a with the medical attention being simultaneously focused on the fashion that would preserve intergenerational and/or survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Why were these two intragenerational equity, or pointing how decision making cohorts who were exposed to radiation defined so differently by processes should/could become more democratic. However, it epidemiologists? In what ways were the atomic soldiers has often been neglected that it is the future nuclear fuel cycles considered important research subjects? What was done with the that will determine the quality and the quantity of the nuclear medical information about their exposures? waste to be managed. In the U.S, a Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future has been settled in March 2009 to Chair: explore possible alternative solutions to the back end of the fuel Robert Jacobs, Hiroshima City University cycle. For doing so, the floor has being given to different actors 034. Doing the Digital: Data, Devices and the Performance of who are involved in the debate, though the research considers the Sociality Commission as a “magnet” for different actors. The arguments 10:30 to 12:00 pm on the nuclear futures rely essentially on scenarios, models and projections. For exploring how those different nuclear futures are Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen “rendered visible”; the paper does not only give “voice” to Despite its currency in social theory, the digital has been a rather neglected presenters and to how these futures are debated, but also lets topic in STS. Only sporadically have scholars started to deflate some of the “speak” models, projections and scenarios that materialize grandiose concepts that have long dominated the discussion, such as "the nuclear futures within scientific texts, political reports and power Internet," "the virtual" or "Network Society." The session will therefore point presentations. explore the lively, productive and performative qualities of the digital by Wild Horse to White Elephant: Contentious Cultural attending to the specificities of digital devices and their capacity to mobilize and materialize social and other relations. Rather than theorizing Legitimation of British Nuclear Power (1945-2009). Bram the digital, the papers draw on empirical case studies to investigate the Verhees, Eindhoven University of Technology specificities of digital devices. Taking a recent CRESC working paper Civilian nuclear power seems poised to make a comeback after (Savage, Law & Ruppert, Digital Devices: Nine Theses, 2010) as a starting the stagnation of its worldwide innovation journey following point, the session inquires about emerging stabilizations and fixities being Chernobyl. Growing concerns over climate change and energy performed by cascades of devices and how digital devices are materially security recently led the British government to call for a "nuclear implicated in the production and performance of contemporary sociality. renaissance," while other actors claim that "nuclear power needs What is it to observe and trace activities and doings? How can we think climate change far more than climate change needs nuclear about recent developments in the collection, storage, processing, analysis power." These contentious framings draw on and contribute to and presentation of data and the realities they bring about? How do digital historically developed antagonistic storylines. One is a "pro- devices interact with each other and how are they themselves implicated in nuclear" storyline, in which atomic energy was initially hailed as diverse social arrangements? And given our current social science a "wild horse" full of capricious potential which required apparatus, how can all this usefully be studied? domestication by science and politics. Another is an "anti- nuclear" storyline, in which nuclear power was at one point Participants: ridiculed as a "white elephant" whose upkeep costs far exceed its Not Just Another Database: The Relations that Make up Young usefulness but cannot be abandoned regardless. The storylines Offenders. Evelyn Ruppert, The Open University changed over time as adversaries engaged in framing struggles What do digital devices such as government management over the "correct" interpretation of "relevant" issues and events. information systems do? Rather than simply organize and In news media, actors performed their storylines on multiple manage information, I explore how they digitally materialize sets dimensions: mobilizing real-world events as evidence, claiming of distributed relations - between workers, subjects managers, expertise, drawing public attention, and linking nuclear power to computers, software, forms, algorithms, assessment criteria and broader societal discourses and citizens' everyday lives. Both legislation - which enact both the subjects and objects of storylines survive today as viable interpretive frameworks, governing. Beginning in 2009-10, each local authority in leaving the cultural legitimacy of nuclear power contested still. England and Wales established a multiagency Youth Offending This paper places the current discussion in a historical context by Team (YOT). YOTs enter cross-agency (e.g., Police, Probation examining the process of cultural legitimation of British nuclear Service, Social Services, Health Service, Education) individual level data into the Youth Justice Management Information "need to know." System (MIS) of the Youth Justice Board. The data is then used Big Data: Spectacularizing Qualculation for Fun and Profit. to assess children and young people (10-17 years of age) and Dawn Nafus, Intel Labs; tad hirsch, intel labs their likelihood of (re)offending, as well as to evaluate YOT performance and to generate national statistics and profiles on Information and communication technology (ICT) firms are youth offenders. While the MIS is described as a "management increasingly enamored with what they call “big data” and “social information system," this "system" includes multiple mediating analytics.” It is no longer just Google and credit card firms that elements that are necessary to hold it together and which it also seek to extract profits from patterns in data “freely” given by assembles and draws together (workers, managers, computers, their users. Indeed, non-profit organizations are using similar software, forms, algorithms, assessment criteria, legislation, datasets to answer epidemiological and climate change questions. subjects). I argue that it is not simply a database but the The practices of the latter can be used to legitimate the former. materialization of microrelations between people and things; it is For example, Bluefin is a company which crawls the web for a digital device that constitutes the young offender as a Twitter utterances about television shows, creating mathematical condensation of microrelations. While databases have long been measures of their social impact, but whose self-presentation used to materialize subjects, the MIS does so in new ways: it entails an origin story about the founder’s algorithm development constitutes subjects and populations as patterned and distributed to solve a linguistic psychology problem with video feeds. This relations and doings that can be ordered in multiple ways. And in paper ethnographically examines two discursive and visual tropes doing so it generates variability and multiplicity in the identity with which “big data” is shaped within the private sector. First is and governing of both the individual and population of young the notion that such data exists “naturally” or “in the wild” and offenders. the work this does to reframe otherwise intensified panopticality. The second focuses on affective aspects of data visualizations. Digital Devices and Governance through Qualifications: The New visual genres are emerging that reflect assumptions about Example of Wikipedia. Christian Pentzold, Technical personhood and the social, and spectacularize and carnivalize the University of Chemnitz everydayness of audit culture (Strathern 1999). These tropes Attending to the social life of digital devices means to look at depend on Thrift’s (2004) “qualculation,” that is, practices of how they become enrolled and enmeshed in the doings of treating ubiquitous mathematical calculation in qualitative ways. heterogeneous associations. The paper therefore presents insights Yet the carnivalization of data suggests more is at work. The from a two-year ethnographic study into the governance practices power asymmetries of audit culture operate in new ways, as firms of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It argues that the order of appropriate everyday qualculation by framing visualizations as things in this socio-technical arrangement is achieved by “more real,” generated by real people, using visual tropes rooted mobilizing digital devices in a politics of qualification. in daily practices of social media use. Qualifications are brought into being by setting parameters of The Digital Age: The Costs of Accessibility. Raphael quality for what it means to write "encyclopedically," to act like a Sassower, University of Colorado "trusted" Wikipedian, to be a "good" article, to be a "usable" As the recent events in the Middle-East illustrate, digital interface, to be a "clear" rule, or to be a "reliably running" technologies are not simply the harbingers of convenience and computer bot. In, with, and through such qualities, human and progress, but in fact have a political force that can enhance if not non-human entities become involved in qualifications. From a prompt political revolutions. The use of Facebook, for example, governance perspective the participant observation thus has been credited in Egypt for galvanizing the frustrations of examined what it means and what it takes to (de/dis)qualify hundreds of thousands citizens into peaceful demonstrations and something or to (de/dis)qualify for something. Overall, the paper the overthrow of a dictator. By comparison, post-Communist posits that the project Wikipedia is done through digital devices. revolutions in Europe could not claim the benefits of this Hence, the project is saturated with devices that produce data in technology in the early 1990s. In what follows, I will argue first the switches between different sorts of entities. By making use of that the democratizing power of digital technologies should be such data, by remaking and representing it, digital devices fully recognized and appreciated, especially when the assemble Wikipedia as heterogeneous association. infrastructure is underwritten by a combination of the private and Ambiguous Analytics: Achieving Relevance in Search Engine the public sectors. Second, I argue that the price for this process Optimization. Malte Ziewitz, University of Oxford of democratization is being paid without public debate or How is relevance achieved in search results? Existing work in scrutiny, as if it is warranted because of the potential benefits of economics, Internet studies and information systems tends to such digitalization. Third, I suggest that the personal price that is treat relevance as a more or less stable attribute of Web pages, being paid goes unchecked insofar as the pathologies associated determined by a complex set of algorithms that traces links and with their behavior, from addiction to depression. And finally, I other signals across an ever-growing database of text. How offer an outline of practical suggestions that would allow for a exactly this is done is a secret, closely guarded by Google and its critical engagement in the a process that seems endemic in our engineers. Drawing on an ethnography of the UK search engine contemporary culture. optimization (SEO) industry, the paper critically assesses these Chair: claims and asks what it takes to achieve relevance in practice. Malte Ziewitz, University of Oxford Using materials from an internship with an SEO agency, industry conferences and interviews, the paper explores the mundane 035. Surveillence and Transparency work that goes into measuring, contesting and performing 10:30 to 12:00 pm relevance. Specifically, it takes a close look at the range of Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller analytic "tools" adopted by SEOs to gain exclusive knowledge, reports the author’s attempts to gain access to a search engine Participants: and traces some of the complex negotiations among SEOs, New Technologies of Surveillance? How Citizens Experience webmasters, users, engineers, screens, graphs, numbers, the Use of Mobile Cameras in Public Nightscapes. Tjerk computers, databases and a variety of algorithms. Attending to Timan, University of Twente; Nelly Oudshoorn, University the material-discursive practices of secrecy, publicity and gossip Twente that stand in sharp contrast to what prides itself on being a largely analytic culture, the paper proposes a way of looking at In the last decade, industrialized countries have witnessed an digital devices that does not take the identity of actors and increase in surveillance by different forms of technologies. This artifacts for granted. What is often portrayed as a straightforward increase unfolds in two directions; CCTV (closed circuit TV) and tool for ordering information turns out to drive a mode of mobile camera devices. The latter is creating a body of shared governance based on ambiguous analytics and a self-perpetuating bottom-up recordings of public space which can be used for surveillance purposes (OCTV). Citizens making these movies, however, might not link their activities so strongly to the realm became an engineered surveillance device in the nineteenth of surveillance. The central question of this paper is how and century. Then I show how the development of video surveillance whether mobile cameras are perceived as a form of surveillance systems and its computerization radically change the relationship and how this compares to citizen’s perceptions of CCTV. In of watcher and watched by replacing a genuine human activity by order to answer this question, an intervention-method has been a technological system in the 21st century. developed that confronts 32 visitors of the Rotterdam nightly city The Care of the Mii: Technoscience, Surveillance and the center with OCTV (being filmed by another citizen) and CCTV Biomedical Body in Wii Fit. Amanda J. Counts, Loyola (being monitored by a CCTV camera). The paper shows that University Chicago; Joseph Renow, Loyola University OCTV is perceived mostly as negatively obtrusive and in that sense deemed a threat. However, these perceptions are not linked Chicago to organizational surveillance. In contrast, respondents did not This paper will examine how users and bodies are discursively perceive CCTV as obtrusive, largely because they considered and technologically co-constructed within biomedical and CCTV as being either non-functional, non-effective, or because technoscientific quantifications of health and fitness in the Wii they were unaware of these cameras. Adopting the notion of Fit. The Wii Fit is a fitness video game designed to combine hybrid collectives, the paper investigates who or what is held physical fitness with "fun," encouraging users to work toward responsible for surveillance "capacities" of OCTV and CCTV; fitness goals while playing games designed to measure and the human operator, the camera or the collective. The paper improve specific body skills, BMI and "fitness age." The body concludes with a discussion of how we can explain a change in and its movements are measured and tracked on a physical the socio-technical landscape of nightly public space via post- apparatus which is then projected virtually through an avatar phenomenological approaches to human-technology relations. called the "Mii." We examine how "users" are constructed Psychology and Law in the Surveillance of Sex Offenders. Jin through the technology of the Wii Fit, how Wii Fit measures incorporate biomedical ideas about the body and the self, and Yu, Virginia Tech, STS how these measures are adopted, resisted or refashioned by users This paper examines the development of psychological through mechanisms of interpretive flexibility. Furthermore, we techniques for violence risk assessment and the role that these posit that avatars like the Mii are transforming users’ techniques have played in the construction of the sex offender relationships with their bodies in the context of 21st century category. The measures for sex offender regulation implemented technoscience. in the United States since 1990 do not target sex crimes in A Research Agenda for Social Media Surveillance. Daniel general, but sort out distinct sub-categories of offenders. The federal laws enacted in 1994 and 2006 mandate the sentencing Trottier, University of Alberta court to classify offenders into a three-tier system based on the This paper sheds light on crucial yet understudied aspects of offenses they committed and psychiatric or psychological social media surveillance. It reflects on the recent growth of examinations. Violence risk studies began in the early 1980s as social media services, and considers their implications for psychologists and legal scholars collaborated to improve the surveillance studies. In particular, it proposes a framework for accuracy of dangerousness prediction. The issues that the understanding the effects of social media that bring together researchers grappled with were, 1) how to develop standardized different social spheres, and makes a wide range of personal and procedures for evaluating dangerousness with which to replace transactional data from those spheres searchable and visible. This expert discretion in clinical judgment, and 2) classificatory paper is informed by 56 semi-structured interviews with schemes of mental disorders pertaining to violence risk. These individual and institutional Facebook users. Facebook’s recent issues centered on questions of the validity and reliability of growth fuels an assumption that it is a de facto site for sociality. assessment tools included methodological questions regarding Facebook has very quickly dispensed with its novelty, with non- the selection of research populations, the setting up of cut-off users increasingly having to justify their abstention from the site. points for distinguishing different risk-level groups, and the It has become a default location and means for identification. criteria for evaluating dangerousness. This paper analyzes how Facebook marks a consolidation of attention among individuals these methodological and technical issues directed the category and institutions. Its sociological relevance is greatly augmented of the dangerous offender in particular ways. This study attends as more attention and content is directed toward its interface. particularly to how researchers framed evidence-based risk Moreover, social media adds a networked dimension to identity, assessment as a means for balancing public safety and the civil as users are a product of their friends’ identity, and contributions. rights of offenders, and how the methodological issues were This paper presents an overview of surveillance features on debated and solved in relation to the pursuit of the policy social media. It considers the relation between different objectives. surveillance practices on Facebook as a matter of mutual The Automated "Eye": Historical Roots and Social Effects of augmentation. Next, this paper will consider two categories of surveillance that warrant specific attention: policing on social Smart Video Surveillance. Matthias Rieger, Institut für media, and Facebook’s own access and control over its data. Soziologie, leibniz Universität Hannover These sections will identify the properties that give these In Europe, as well as in Asia and the US, video surveillance has watchers a unique vantage over social data, and assess how that become a common practice in the last decades. Advocates of this affects conventional understandings of surveillance. technology propagate it as an effective device for security against crime and terror. Opponents emphasize the fact that CCTV Chair: threatens basic rights by subjecting civil society to a state of Daniel Trottier, University of Alberta permanent surveillance. For a couple of years now, engineers 036. Temporalities of Technoscientific Ethics have been working to solve the predicament of more security 10:30 to 12:00 pm through less freedom. Their aim is to develop smart video Crowne Plaza: Hanna surveillance systems that replace the gaze of the operator with a computer program. Whereas in common video surveillance Technoscience exists in a state of flux—a fact widely recognized in cultural systems, an operator has to watch a screen constantly, now smart narratives of technological progress and scientific advance. The ethical cameras scan the scenery for any deviance of persons or terrain on which technoscientists operate is equally dynamic, not just as a incidences from a pre-programmed set of rules. The decision result of shifts in social norms and expectations, but as a consequence of about if a scenery is "dangerous" or not is thereby delegated from technoscientific innovation itself: With changes in what is known—about a person to a computer. In my paper, I examine the historical the environmental consequences of technology, for example—come roots and societal outcome of this replacement of the human gaze changes in what engineers might be held accountable for; with changes in by computer programs. To trace back the historical development what is possible—the re-engineering of living organisms, say—scientists of the "automated gaze" I will first illustrate how the human gaze face new dilemmas about which lines of research to pursue and which to shrink from. This panel investigates the role of technoscientific dynamism in shaping ethical practices in science and engineering. How do scientists Mody, Department of History, Rice University and engineers make sense of their on-going ethical obligations when The years around 1970 were a moment of profound disagreement changes in knowledge and technology are a given? How are narratives of at Stanford: about where research funding should come from; progress used to justify, mandate, or excuse certain kinds of ethical action who should benefit from research; how much (and what) various or inaction? Looking at case studies of once-cutting edge technology now publics should know about the research done at Stanford, etc. considered morally questionable (e.g. nuclear weapons, toxic waste These questions generated fault lines that some saw as promising disposal), as well as areas of research in which ethics are currently the reform and others saw as threatening the university’s existence. subject of heated debates (e.g. stem cell research, nanotechnology), papers Many of these questions turned on differences in how the various show how the past and future are implicated in technoscientists’ thinking sides understood the technosocial past and future. Was the war in about how they should act in the present. Southeast Asia like World War II? Were researchers’ obligations Participants: the same as their obligations in that conflict? Was the knowledge The Pumpkin or the Tiger? Or, Michael Polanyi, Frederick gained since World War II distorted by military funding, or did it promise future civilian application? Was the best way to solve Soddy and the Anticipatory Governance of Emerging America’s social ills by funding basic research underlying high- Technoscience. David Guston, Arizona State University tech industries, or was it by funding applied research targeted to Imagine you’re putting together a jigsaw puzzle. This puzzle, issues such as energy, transportation, the environment, public however, works a bit like the board game in the movie housing, etc.? In exiting the turmoil, Stanford administrators “Jumanji”: When you finish, whatever the puzzle portrays established an important model for the late- and post-Cold War becomes real. The children playing “Jumanji” quickly learn to entrepreneurial, interdisciplinary, collaborative university. As prepare for the reality that emerges from next throw of the dice. many protesters hoped, the administration pushed faculty But how would this work for the puzzle of scientific research? members to become less dependent on funding from “mission” How do you prepare for unlocking the secrets of the atom, or agencies. However, what filled the void were, often, market- piecing together the genome of a bacterium new to evolution, or based mechanisms for choosing research directions – rather than assembling from the bottom-up nanotechnologies with a more radical, dirigiste “human problems” agenda. This new unforeseen properties, or engineering the climate in an attempt to model had (and has) its critics. However, for the immediate ward off catastrophic global warming – especially when purpose of holding the university together, these reforms worked. completion of such puzzles lies decades after the first scattered By the late ‘70s, controversies about research at Stanford were pieces are tentatively assembled? This paper explores two easily defused and, indeed, barely noticed. responses to this problem in the temporality of technoscientifiic “The Cuyahoga River Doesn’t Catch Fire Anymore”: ethics: One, characterized by chemist and philosopher of science Representing Environmental Responsibility in the Michael Polanyi, holds that because the progress of science is unpredictable, society just needs to move forward with solving Petrochemical Industry. Gwen Ottinger, University of the puzzle until the picture completes itself. Another chemist, Washington-Bothell Nobel laureate Frederick Soddy, believed that once the potential Environment, health, and safety (EH&S) engineers at oil for danger reveals itself, one must reorient the whole of one’s refineries and petrochemical plants know that their field is a work to avoid it. While both scientists stake out extreme dynamic one. Many can cite instances where, for example, waste positions, Soddy’s approach can provide a foundation for the disposal practices that were widely accepted resulted in anticipatory approach to the ethics of emerging technoscience conditions that have since come to be regarded as environmental that does not rely on the prediction that Polanyi argued, correctly, catastrophes - think Love Canal or the Cuyahoga River fires of was impossible. Beyond making this argument for an the 1960s. And the best practices of today, they acknowledge, anticipatory rather than a predictive approach to technoscientific may come to appear ill-informed or negligent in 30 or 50 years. governance, this paper attempts to democratize the discussion by But how does this recognition inform the everyday practices of rendering it not in academic jargon but in a style known as EH&S officials? In particular, how do they account for changing “narrative-“ or “creative- non-fiction.” environmental knowledge and norms when representing Inevitability, Contingency and Responsibility in Science. themselves as environmentally responsible actors? This paper Heather Douglas, University of Tennessee argues that EH&S officials’ public representations of environmental responsibility emphasize the improved state of Scientists, when confronted with unwanted effects of their environmental performance while downplaying the need for research, often proclaim that they are not responsible for the further improvements in environmental knowledge. discovery or invention because it was inevitable. Sometimes a Petrochemical plant engineers make the case that their operations compelling case can be made for the inevitability of scientific are environmentally sound in large part by demonstrating a discovery—because competing scientific research groups are pattern of on-going improvement on key measures, such as converging on a result, or, drawing from the history of science, pounds of chemicals emitted or number of flaring incidents. Yet there are clear “multiples” in scientific discovery. However, in their rhetoric of continuous improvement does not extend from more contentious cases, when scientific research is being done environmental performance to environmental knowledge: when under less open conditions, and multiple scientists are not their track records are challenged, EH&S officials insist that they successful in attaining a result, inevitability is harder to support. should be judged on current compliance with regulatory Indeed, scientists can control (to some extent) the inevitability of standards, which are treated as unchanging black-boxes—despite a given result by maintaining secrecy in problematic cases, as the uncertainty and contestation involved in standard-setting. careful reading of the history of science attests. I will describe a The paper suggests the need to broaden the concept of case from the development of the atomic bomb where environmental responsibility to include not only continuous inevitability arguments were made, but the historical record does improvement, but also continuous learning. not support the claim. Yet whether inevitability is excusing has not been sufficiently examined. I will argue that it is not, that in Double Visions: Bio/ethics and Progress in Taiwan’s Stem Cell general, the inevitability of an event has no bearing on the moral Sciences. Jennifer A Liu, University of Waterloo assessment of actors who bring it about. In addition, because A stem cell researcher moves from the UK to the US, then back timing does matter, issues of inevitability are often beside the to Taiwan to help his country in its deliberate push to develop point. Attempts to excuse an action on the basis of inevitability Taiwan as an Asian hub for biotechnology and medical devolve back to issues of whether a discovery is in fact on therapeutics. Whereas in the West, he once used human embryos balance beneficial or could have been reasonably foreseen to be in his research almost without thinking, after years back home he harmful. still has not used a single human embryo. Another Taiwanese Choosing Paths for Research at Vietnam-era Stanford. Cyrus researcher expands his quest to produce Taiwanese stem cell lines, a project that may involve breaches of international ethical and research standards regarding the use of human embryos. This oversight to expert contributions to policy controversies. In this paper examines the disparate practices and views of these presentation, I argue that while core boundary-drawing problems researchers. Both consider themselves to be working on projects, that arise in bringing “truth to power” may ultimately prove and in registers, of ethical significance for their sciences and their intractable, at least some of the turmoil can be reduced by people. For one, this means delaying his research as he searches instituting basic legal ground rules for how science can inform for bioethical progress which involves personal deliberation as policy. well as active participation in the development of national Unpacking the Climate Consensus: The Political Reception of regulations. For the other, it involves pushing forward Science. Sheila Jasanoff, Harvard University scientifically with an interest in developing stem cell lines to include his people in the promise of stem cell therapeutics. For The contentious global politics of climate change presents an both, I argue, it is an ethical project articulated in different unexpected puzzle because it contradicts long-held assumptions registers, drawing upon different narratives of progress and that a strong scientific consensus promotes policy convergence. different temporal visions. Thus this paper examines how the In this talk, I examine why scientific consensus-building has “same science” is practiced and viewed according to different failed to generate a corresponding political consensus on the need articulations of the ethical and it contributes to understandings of to confront what many have called humankind’s greatest what bioethics does and how it forecloses competing environmental challenge. Looking at the reception rather than the instantiations of ethicality. production of policy-relevant knowledge, I present a comparative case study of three national responses - British, German, and US Chair: - to “Climategate,” the unauthorized disclosure of hacked e-mails Gwen Ottinger, University of Washington-Bothell from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia. These responses were consistent with prior findings about Discussant: national civic epistemologies. The comparison points to the need Stephen Hilgartner, Cornell University for more nuanced, culturally specific understandings of how 037. Articulations, Marginalizations and Interpretations of science gains credibility in political settings, taking into account Expertise in Policy institutionalized styles of public reasoning. 10:30 to 12:00 pm On the Power of Scientific Knowledge (or Not). Naomi Crowne Plaza: White Oreskes, UC San Diego The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) tries to create Science studies scholars are in broad agreement that science does “policy-relevant science advice” that is specifically not policy prescriptive. not sit outside of society. Scientists are not passive suppliers of Such an ideal is difficult, if not impossible, to attain, as policy makers, factual knowledge to be used for public purposes, but are an environmental activists, and climate “skeptics” comb the IPCC documents active part of the science-policy interface. Science studies to interpret their findings into policy. Their interpretations hinge on specific scholars also broadly agree that science is, at best, a necessary relationships between science - including the scientists, their institutions, but not sufficient condition for public policy (and in some cases and their research methods - and the social roles the people want, need, or perhaps not necessary, and maybe even unhelpful.) Yet, wish science to play. In other examples - vaccination, the ozone hole, and scholarship also shows that some people and organizations - epidemiology, to name a few - the relationships and translations between notably the tobacco industry, the chemical industry, and various science and policy show that this zone remains contested. The presentations groups involved in questioning the results of climate science - in this panel explore the work - scientific, political, ethical, and so on - that have gone to considerable lengths to dispute scientific scientists do. Are scientists “modest witnesses” trying to articulate their knowledge, believing that if the public were to comprehend the work within specific social contracts? Are they fashioning particular scientific information, they would act upon that knowledge, for understandings about the limits of scientists as public experts and the uses example by quitting smoking, eschewing synthetic chemicals, or of their expertise? While scientific work is often framed as technical, the demanding government action on global warming. As one sociocultural interpretations of scientific work shape policy conversations, strategist put it in 2003 on the subject of global warming, "Voters shift political directions and reimagine facts, truth, and certainty. How is believe that there is no consensus about global warming within scientific research used, interpreted, condensed, assessed and manipulated the scientific community. Should the public come to believe that in the name of policy? What are the political techniques used to do this, and the scientific issues are settled, their views about global warming how have these changed over time and between matters of concern? Are will change accordingly." In effect, these critics of science such uses integral to the research and policy processes or are there ways to believed that scientific knowledge had power, and tried to block manage attacks on scientific credibility? that power by questioning the science. Why do opponents of scientific knowledge ascribe to science power that most science Participants: studies scholars do not? The Need for Basic Ground Rules in Science-Policy Chair: Controversies. Wendy Wagner, University of Texas Austin Jessica O'Reilly, College of St. Benedict/ St. John's University The way that science informs policy is shaped in part by the constellation and relative power of the affected parties who take Discussant: an interest in the issue. In some settings, rich and highly- Jessica O'Reilly, College of St. Benedict/ St. John's University interested parties dominate virtually all phases of scientific research and tend to control the manner in which scientific 038. Certifications and Sustainability: Theories, Trends and experts inform policy. In other settings, a diverse range of parties Challenges are involved at each point in scientific process and this diversity 10:30 to 12:00 pm carries over to high stakes policy debates, which can remain Crowne Plaza: Allen heated and unstable. In still other settings, affected groups are In recent years, numerous certification programs have been launched in an quite unequal in resources and/or stakes and this lopsided quality attempt to promote more environmentally sustainable choices by producers affects the development and oversight of research on key policy and consumers. Comprising a range of initiatives including eco-labels, questions. Ideally, the legal system would attempt to ensure some rating programs, and voluntary standards, certifications have emerged as balance and diversity in the experts engaged in science-policy one possible alternative to government regulation when it comes to disputes. Ideally, the law would also lay down basic ground rules promoting environmental sustainability. Certification programs now exist to discipline the outer edges of these debates (e.g., participating in a number of sectors including agriculture, energy, forestry, and scientific experts must have some independence from affected transportation; for the most part, these programs are voluntary and likely to groups or at least provide disclosures; frivolous or wholly be overseen by industry or non-profit groups rather than government unmeritorious scientific criticisms would be culled out). Yet the agencies. Proponents see certification programs as an effective way of law has largely abdicated responsibility for bringing any order or inducing environmental change because they leverage the power of markets. Critics view them as having limited effectiveness and amounting studies – has addressed the ways in which participation, to little more than greenwashing. This panel investigates how certification discourses, epistemologies and other social dimensions can programs are being framed and mobilized in relation to idea(l)s of influence environmental regulation through market-based sustainability. The panelists examine theoretical issues and empirical cases instruments. This paper will expand STS by drawing attention to in order to better understand how and to what extent these programs are the social dimensions of standard-making for certification. impacting environmental practices. We are particularly interested in issues Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes? Expertise and Democracy in of knowledge, expertise and power: Who is involved in designing and Eco-Label Accountability. Graham Bullock, University of governing certifications? How are decisions made? How are programs held California, Berkeley accountable? Do they empower consumers? We also pay attention to how science is used to legitimate (and de-legitimate) particular viewpoints in In recent years, initiatives certifying or rating the environmental debates over sustainability. The papers in this panel attempt to make sense or social performance of products or companies have proliferated of theoretical debates over environmental certification programs as well as significantly. These initiatives have been implemented by many trends and challenges in this emerging arena. different types of organizations, and critics have accused them of “greenwashing” and a lack of accountability and credibility. Participants: Indeed, several organizations have initiated their own efforts to Examining the Effectiveness and Legitimacy of Environmental “rate the raters” and evaluate the quality of existing product eco- Certification Programs. Patrick Feng, University of Calgary labels and corporate sustainability ratings. But who are these One of the biggest challenges facing society is how to transition “guardians of the guardians,” and how are they conducting their from fossil-fuel intensive economies to low-carbon, sustainable evaluations? How are the processes of science and the economies. Environmental certification programs can play a technologies of participation deployed in these efforts, if at all? useful role in this context. A growing number of sustainability Do they have the legitimacy and the power to effectively serve as initiatives make use of environmental certifications, ranging from such guardians? To address these questions, this paper analyzes eco-labels to carbon offsets. Certification programs are meant to several case studies of such efforts, including the Federal Trade ensure that “green” products and services are sustainable. Despite Commission’s Green Guides, Consumer Union’s Eco-Label this, relatively little has been written about the effectiveness of Center, ISEAL’s Standard-Setting Code, Big Room’s Eco-Label these programs in promoting environmental change. While Index, and EnviroMedia’s Greenwashing Index. In its analysis, claims have been made as to their impact, tangible evidence is the paper utilizes relevant concepts and theories from the science harder to find. This paper investigates the effectiveness and and technology studies field, and in particular work by Sheila legitimacy of certification programs as a vehicle for Jasanoff, Brian Wynne, Donna Haraway, and Theodore Porter on environmental change. First, I review the literature on expertise and democracy. It looks specifically at the role of environmental certification programs, looking at how these quantification, standardization, crowd-sourcing, stakeholder programs have developed and evidence for or against their participation, and boundary work in these initiatives. It effectiveness. Second, applying an STS lens, I problematize contributes not only to our specific understanding of the notions of effectiveness and legitimacy by examining how these utilization of both expert-based knowledge and quasi-democratic terms are operationalized in three carbon certification initiatives. processes in these accountability initiatives, but also to general Standardization, quantification, and modeling play an important theories relating to the tradeoffs and tensions associated with role in these certification schemes. Of particular interest is the relying on different sources of knowledge and power in society. ways in which science is used to justify particular environmental Emerging Research Trajectories and Tensions in Sustainability standards. Finally, I discuss how carbon certification and the Science. Thaddeus Miller, Arizona State University proliferation of certification programs fit into current policy Sustainability science - an interdisciplinary, problem-driven field debates on climate change. As I shall argue, the politics of that addresses fundamental questions on human-environment carbon certification can be found both at the micro-level of interactions - has emerged over the last decade as a prominent standards-setting and at the macro-level of national and effort by the scientific community to address the problems of international governance. sustainability and link knowledge to action. How scientists, and Defining Sustainability through Standard-Setting: Aquaculture in particular sustainability scientists, grapple with the deeply Certification Politics. Alastair Iles, University of California, social, political and normative dimensions of both characterizing Berkeley and pursuing sustainability has implications for science, its relationship with society and for the way sustainability is As marine fisheries are depleted by overfishing, aquaculture is understood in society. Based on in-depth interviews with leading emerging as a major source of fish, but concerns about its researchers and content analysis of the relevant literature, this sustainability are proliferating. To address these concerns, in paper examines the following: (1) how sustainability scientists recent years, two global aquaculture standard-making processes define and bound sustainability; (2) how and why various have appeared: the industry-led Global Aquaculture Alliance and research agendas are being constructed to address these notions the NGO-shaped Aquaculture Dialogues. The standards resulting of sustainability; (3) and how scientists see their research from these processes diverge markedly in their substantive contributing to societal efforts to move toward sustainability. It content even though they are responding to a common challenge. then explores the tensions between scientific efforts to study and For instance, requirements reflect specific configurations of fish inform sustainability and social action, i.e., the potential farms (industrial farms versus smallholders), focus on certain implications of transforming sustainability, a normative, environmental impacts rather than others (pollution versus health contested and ambiguous concept, into the subject of scientific effects), require technologies to comply (or not), include social analysis and the institutional and epistemological contexts that and labor elements (or not), and provide varying thresholds for link knowledge to societal outcomes. It is hoped that this analysis intervention to occur. Differences in the process of setting will not only reveal tensions in this emerging field, but standards can influence the nature and scope of the sustainability demonstrate the value of an STS perspective in imagining a more that is being constituted. The ways in which scientific evidence is effective, reflexive and democratic sustainability science. gathered and interpreted, who is recognized as legitimate participants, whether and how controversies over potential Chair: substance are settled, how participants understand Patrick Feng, University of Calgary “sustainability,” and whether there is room for reflexive feedback can affect what standards appear. This paper draws on STS 039. Making Things: Convergence of Technology and scholarship on scientific evidence, framings of sustainability, Communication local knowledge, standardization processes and epistemic politics 10:30 to 12:00 pm to compare and analyze the two aquaculture standard-setting Crowne Plaza: Hope process. Relatively little STS scholarship – let alone regulatory Participants: sheep of world been born in England. The birth of Dolly, the first creature from cloning of adult cell, constituted a scientific fact of Technologies of Assessment: Ethnography of Gesture in the exceptional importance, while up to then the total of scientific Practice of Education. Kara Wentworth, UC San Diego world considered him impossible. Aim of this case study is to Through a microanalysis of ethnographic video footage, I record and it map the public image that is (re)produced by this examine the work practice of two experienced educators as they technoscience realization in 2 Greek leading newspapers the ΤΟ use language and gesture to jump between planes and places ΒΗΜΑ (VIMA) and ΤΑ ΝΕΑ (NEA). Concretely, we attempt to within a complex cognitive scheme of students, teachers, examine how was covered of the news the subject of cloning of mentors, and assessors. My analysis focuses on “technologies of Dolly but was not only limited there. We extend the research in assessment”: material objects that inscribe a classification system the past, examining even if that were covered proportional efforts of psychological and cognitive states. Drawing on work in but also in the future examining him how was covered the cognitive science and science studies, I extend the scope of a question of cloning of human fetuses. We thus cover a time distributed cognitive system to include hypothetical objects and period from 1955 until 2009. The effort does not satisfy only in actors and imaginary spaces. I use the concept of “professional we record the data as these are presented in the Greek Press vision” to encompass a profession whose currency is primarily (quantitative analysis). At the same time, using elements from the imagined rather than represented visually, expanding the idea of frame theory and the content analysis, in combination with the seeing to include imagined “lands” which are used as mnemonics tools that they offer to us the science and technology studies we for understanding the complex cognitive scheme. By studying attempt to comprehend the public picture of cloning in the Greek the construction of knowledge about knowledge, including but Press. Finally, we compare the public image that is shaped by the not limited to scientific knowledge, this work bridges the Greek Press with the measurements of common opinion, as they landscape of ethnomethodology, cognitive science, studies of are formulated in Eurobarometres, trying we acquire a total classification, material object analysis, and education studies. viewing of perceptions in the Greek space with regard to the Immigration and Photography: How Science and Photography cloning. Continue to Regulate Bodies. Kay Krystal Clopton, Ohio The Quantified Listener: Reshaping Providers and Audiences State University with Calculated Music Recommendations. Jan-Hendrik In our current climate of immigration legislation, the photograph Passoth, University of Bielefeld as part of immigrant documentation is still an important aspect to The proposed paper is elaborating on the observation that various regulating bodies. Not unlike racial profiling, being a properly relationships between providers, audiences and other participants documented citizen is paramount to many vocal supporters of of cultural production are changing today. In the case of strict immigration policies. In the nascent days of immigration platforms that offer their users recommendations for pieces of policies, photographs were used alongside medical inspections to music, for example, formerly unknown artists, are providing a limit the influx of immigrants into the United States, creating a fan base aloof of the traditional mainstream of the music bifurcated system in which Chinese immigrants, and their bodies, industry. We assume that this is due to changing practices of were criminalized and medicalized at a radically different level calculating user activities of online services. Today every single than other immigrants. I am examining how this regulating of activity on the Net is also a quantifiable and measurable piece of bodies through this visual medium began. Using the data: whoever is using the Net is inevitably leaving traces, a huge methodology of visual analysis on a sample of images, I explore and harvestable shadow of data. Services craft comparisons by how photography has created a visual taxonomy of immigrants looking for similarities and differences between user collectives. that spans from the 19th century to present day. Visual But instead of searching for an average taste they support the immigration policies began with the forced photographic automatic recommendation of special interests and helps documentation of Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans associating formerly mass incompatible works. This paper tries whose citizenship was tenuous in the late 19th and early 20th to substantiate this observation. Bases on Actor-Network Theory centuries. Chronicling the use of photography from today to and on Callon's and Cochoy's works on Qualculation, it will in a photography's origins, I will chart the multifarious ways in which first step elaborate on the problem of quantification as a typical photography has been used to criminalize and regulate bodies, modern mode of producing and implementing comparisons. In a showing that our immigration policies have a long history in second step it will ask for the role of the media in processes terms of the use of photography as a scientific means to regulate producing and circulating comparisons. In a third step we use our bodies, contributing to studies of bio-politics by providing a empirical case of online music recommendation platforms to visual analysis of what is discussed and elided about the shaping outline some of the changes that are the result of the newly of immigrants. constructed quantified listener. The Camera as Actor: Video Interactions, Actor-network Chair: Theory and Arts-based Research. Sam Smiley, AstroDime Jan-Hendrik Passoth, University of Bielefeld Transit Authority 040. Internet: Use, Appropriation and Control In any given network of image producing devices and living 10:30 to 12:00 pm creatures, what agency does the video camera have and what are its defining characteristics within the network? What Crowne Plaza: Newman characteristics can be prescribed to the camera as an actor, and Participants: how does it interrelate to the network? This presentation begins Probing the Cloud: Rendering Publicly Visible Hidden within the context of actor-network theory, but goes beyond a Surveillance on the Internet Backbone. Andrew Clement, symmetrical view of the camera as actor and examines the power dynamics raised within the context of an actor-camera and actor- University of Toronto; Nancy Paterson, OCAD University; animal (human and non-human) interaction. It also looks at the David J. Phillips, U Toronto video camera itself as something that consumes and excretes The Internet is popularly referred to as a "cloud," suggesting an video. What is the network in this context? Through examples of ethereal, placeless entity where data is stored and routed almost her own work, the author engages these questions using STS and magically according to one's wishes. However, this metaphor arts-based research methodologies in her inquiries. belies the firmly grounded, concrete aspects of Internet operation, The Public Image of Cloning in the Greek Press. Constantinos which are located within stubbornly material built structures at Morfakis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens / quite specific locations and subject to powerful, but largely hidden, political and economic interests. In particular, the Department of Philosophy and History of Science Internet backbone is the site of extensive surveillance, most Fifteen years passed from 5 July 1996, when the most famous notoriously in North America by the National Security Agency (NSA) through its warrantless wiretapping program. Such the abject are reclaimed within and filtered by technologies. This surveillance activities are deliberately shrouded in secrecy, research contributes to the literature on sociology, the media and leaving no detectable trace in the data trails they intercept. This the body (Turner, Featherstone, Becker) paper reports on an Internet exchange mapping project, known as From Online “Filter” to Web “Format”: Rethinking the Early IXmaps, and its approach to the challenge of rendering more Stabilization of the Blog. Ignacio Siles, Northwestern publicly visible this hidden NSA surveillance. To overcome the University lack of "official" direct evidence, we combine heterogeneous information sources such as user-generated Internet traceroute This paper investigates the transformation of weblogs (or blogs) data, geo-location techniques and images of switching and data from online “filters” into a “format” for sharing a variety of centers, to create an interactive map of Internet traffic routing content on the Web. To account for this process of technological displayed via Google Earth. Through "crowdsourcing" we also stabilization, this study draws on a mixed-methods research recruit a geographically distributed group of contributors who design that combines content and artifact analyses of websites provide vital information by initiating traceroute probes of the with interviews and archival research. Building on an Internet backbone. The result is a novel and visually compelling interdisciplinary framework that integrates scholarship in science view into Internet "cloud" operations highlighting its physical, and technology studies and communication and media research, geographical and political characteristics. The STS contribution this paper analyzes first how different communities of users of this paper lies mainly in its distinctive approach to making emerged in the second half of 1990s and created three types of seemingly diffuse and inscrutable practices, specifically Internet websites: online diaries, personal publishing journals, and routing and surveillance, into an "object" amenable to public weblogs. Next, it examines the process of partial closure through understanding and policy debate. which weblogs came to crystallize the practices of Web appropriation of members of these communities. Three dynamics Refracting the Self: Proana, Visual Culture and the Internet. are explored. First, users appropriated weblogs by expanding stephanie houston grey, louisiana state university their types of content. Second, a software program (Blogger) This presentation will analyze the controversial Internet helped the weblog stabilize and standardize as a website suitable subculture often referred to as Proana, a groups of individuals for the purposes of these user communities. Third, software with various eating disorders that speak using unauthorized developers and users redefined the blog as the Web’s “native vocabularies. This community is among the most heavily format.” This study broadens our understanding of technological censored in cyberspace despite a lack of evidence that these sites closure by showing that the investigation of information and actually spread eating disorders. No researchers to date have communication technologies requires the consideration of how recognized that this community seeks to establish its collective artifacts and content are variously articulated. It is suggested that subjectivity and voice by refracting the dominant tropes only by considering issues of materiality, meaning, and their associated with eating disorders in the popular and medical articulation can we make sense of central practices in the culture. This typically occurs through appropriation, alteration appropriation of the Web (e.g., blogging) and the dynamics of and re-inscription of images using the shifting "lens" of digital co-construction between users and technologies. technologies. This paper traces the inter-relations of technology Testing Web Browser Compliance: Rhetorics of and subjectivity through the rise and development of Proana Standardization and Expertise. Nathan R. Johnson, movement, which was originally constituted around a prosthetic subject (Ana, or in the case of bulimia Mia) that allowed these University of Wisconsin--Madison interlocutors to interact outside of the clinic. However, largely This paper discusses rhetorics of Web standardization through unrecognized among eating disorder researchers is that these rhetorical analysis of several artifacts that work to standardize prosthetic subjects did not originate within the Proana web browser technology. The primary artifact is the ACID3 Test, community, but within the paradigms used to describe these a Web page created by members of the Web Standards Project conditions in both medical and media culture. In the narrative that tests the standards-compliance of browsers such as therapies popularized by researchers such as Steven Levenkron, Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Mozilla’s Firefox. ACID3 was patients were encouraged to think of their conditions as a selected as an object of analysis because of its perceived negative persona that had to be purged from the psyche. It was legitimacy as a testing method and the controversy it here that Ana was created, as the eating disordered attempted to simultaneously incurred. In addition, several other conference achieve voice using the only paradigms available. These presentations, job announcements, and Web pages were analyzed prosthetic containers thus tell us more about the cultural status of for their help in analyzing the primary artifact. These these conditions than they do the mechanisms of disease. The supplementary artifacts were selected based on survey and ability of Proana to appropriate this disease ontology and project ethnographic data. This research generates a number of it as a vehicle for unauthorized communication has frustrated discursive commonplaces that are central for the credibility of the clinicians, who are now beginning to recognize that treatment ACID3 test as a way of legitimizing a mode of Web paradigms often intensify these conditions. This paper suggests standardization. In this case study, the social significance of the that researchers proceed with greater awareness of the ways that ACID3 test for legitimizing a suite of Web standards makes it an certain techniques used to describe these conditions play a role in important artifact to study. Web standardization rhetoric marking these individuals, lowering their cultural status and contributes to our understanding of the large sociotechnical compel them to adopt these paradigms as vehicles for speech. infrastructures, which include the World Wide Web. Standards, Since eating disorders are considered a symbolic contagion by along with classifications, are defining aspects of infrastructure. many researchers, this community was censored without any Both standards and classifications are pivotal points of power and redress to political voice. If clinicians wish to work successfully control within information infrastructures. Because of this, to within this digital sphere, they must begin to understand the understand the rhetorics of legitimacy associated with political issues that undergird Proana and move away from more standardization is to understand the power structures embedded coercive strategies. This involves re-conceptualizing the ways within information infrastructures like the World Wide Web. that subjectivity is understood within a technological field that This paper furthers discussions within the STS subfields of allows for exchange. In the case of Proana, for instance, information infrastructural studies and the rhetoric of science. practitioners and scholars of medicine can recognize their own Disclosure and Dialogue in the Internet Industry. Mikkel imaginaries as digital golems loose within the technological Flyverbom, Copenhagen Business School sphere. As Lauren Berlant has pointed out, bodies can sometimes The Internet industry is increasingly important to economic, emerge from social symbolic terrains that then project themselves regulatory and technological developments, but its organizational into the public sphere as containers for dialogue. Most dynamics remain poorly understood. At present, there is little importantly, this investigation must be accompanied by an empirical research on how such organizations engage in and are understanding of the key role that status plays when the voices of shaped by norms, policies and standards that go beyond technical matters and concerns. Based on an empirical study of three which has to be capable of coping with them. Smart grid systems organizations – Google, Facebook, and ICANN – this paper have the advantage of being more resilient than conventional explores how and with what organizational and policy renewable energy systems, as they can adapt to changes implications dialogue and transparency have emerged as norms consequential of new energy availability. The proposed and forms of conduct in the Internet industry. Engaging insights methodology is based on the concept of a community as a socio- from Science and Technology Studies (Hackett et al, 2008), ecological system approach affected by a technological organization studies (Czarniawska, 2008), and the literature on intervention, aimed to move toward a stage of more sustainable governance and standards (Brunsson & Jacobson, 2002; Djelic & use of resources. The method is divided in three stages. Each Drori, 2008) in a multi-sited, empirical investigation, the paper stage is focused on enhancing elements of the socio-ecological shows how ‘hybrid forums’ (Callon, Lascoumes, et al, 2009) and systems and integration among stakeholders: trust, diversity, organizational disclosure (Garsten & de Montoya, 2008) are boundaries, territoriality, adaptability and reflexivity. This increasingly important norms and forms of conduct in the methodology is validated in a case study on smart microgrids Internet industry. The paper contributes to STS and organization development in a rural community in the North of Chile. The studies by capturing 1) how different meanings of transparency application of this methodology highlights the importance of the and dialogue travel and circulate across boundaries of learning processes among stakeholders, specially the organizations and policymaking bodies in the Internet industry, development of reflexivity within developers. It contributes to 2) the organizational strategies developed and employed by the discussion on social dimensions of resilient energy systems as Google, Facebook and ICANN in relation to transparency and well as participation and learning in the context of sustainability. their participation in ‘hybrid forums’, and 3) the power effects of Framing Food vs. Fuel: Shifting Discourses of Risk and the resulting associations for the organizations, policies and Sustainability. Edna F. Einsiedel, University of Calgary standards involved in the emergent global politics of the Internet (Flyverbom, forthcoming). Energy sources have become sites of heated controversy. Even renewable sources, with their halo of sustainability, have not Chair: been immune to public debate. Bio-fuels became such a site of Mikkel Flyverbom, Copenhagen Business School controversy when food became pitted against fuel with the policy supports for ethanol at the same time that food prices were 041. Designing Sustainable Energy Systems spiking in 2007-08. In analyzing the rise of this controversy, the 10:30 to 12:00 pm paper explores the emergence of risk discourses in the media and Crowne Plaza: Kaye among relevant stakeholder groups and the contingent stability of Participants: the sustainability of renewables. Media coverage between 2004 and 2010 was tracked in two Canadian national newspapers and Fuel Cell Hype and the Coupling of Discourse Spheres. analyzed in-depth by using frames analysis. Policy Kornelia Elke Konrad, University of Twente, NL; Björn pronouncements on the issue by NGO’s and industry proponents Budde, Austrian Institute of Technology were further investigated by utilizing the claims-making Newly emerging scientific fields and technologies are often approach to social problems. The findings suggest a frame accompanied by phases of high hopes and promises and realignment process at work with the shifting meanings of subsequent disillusionment. This pattern of hype-disappointment- sustainability for bio-fuels through broader ‘risk’ criteria, cycles and its performative role in science, technology and achieved via coalescing of media frames and stakeholder claims- innovation has been examined within science and technology making activities. studies as part of the sociology of expectations, and similar Industrial Adventure or Environmental Degradation? Offshore dynamic patterns have been described related to organizational Wind Energy in Norway. Sara Heidenreich, Norwegian innovations or issue-attention cycles. Communication and policy University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway studies have furthermore shown that an issue may be taken up, presented and discussed in quite distinct ways in a variety of Offshore wind energy in Norway is in an exploring phase. Just discourse spheres as a result of different framings, different rules one turbine installed so far, major actors within government and of selectivity and different time horizons structuring these industry speak of Norway’s next industrial adventure. The debate discourse spheres. In this paper we examine the case of fuel cells on offshore wind energy is partly characterized by viewing the with a geographical focus on Germany, and how hype dynamics siting offshore as the solution for problems encountered onshore. have played out in diverse discourse spheres which are likely to Wind turbines will be "out of sight, out of mind." However, the serve as an arena for different actor groups involved in fuel cell recent debate makes clear that offshore wind energy is not innovation (mass media, professional circles, finance, science, accepted without public objection. Destroyed landscapes, policy). Furthermore, we investigate which processes within and endangered birds and limited access to fishing grounds are across the discourse spheres have contributed to both hype and among the expected negative impacts. The mass media provides disappointment. In this way, we contribute to our understanding an arena for the production of meanings around offshore wind of the dynamics contributing to hype cycles and to our energy. This paper will be based on an analysis of the debate on understanding how hype cycles affect science and technology offshore wind energy in Norwegian newspapers between 2000 development. Methodologically, we use quantitative and and 2010. Drawing on Bruno Latour’s concept of Dingpolitik, qualitative content analysis. this paper aims to analyze which actors, perspectives, arguments and opinions are gathering around the “thing” offshore wind A Methodology for Community Engagement in the Introduction energy. The goal is to explore how different meanings of the of Renewable Based Smart Microgrid. Carla Alvial “thing” offshore wind energy and of broader concepts like Palavicino, CE-FCFM, University of Chile; Natalia Garrido, “nature” or “the environment” are employed and contested in the CE-FCFM, University of Chile debate on this emerging technology. The results about these Introduction of new technologies is necessarily a social and opinion making processes are going to be relevant in the context cultural transformation that implies adaptation to a new context, of increased demands for a democratization of science and for co-created by the interaction between those intervened and dialogs between experts, policymakers and the public. interveners. Sustainable technologies should be aimed to Stop Research and Start Dialogue. Alexandra Klimek, NTNU/ preserve basic functions of a system while limiting evolution of CenSES unsustainable practices. In this research, we propose a The key questions are who actually is "the public" and engaging methodology for the introduction of a smart microgrid system in "the public" for what? Nowadays, Carbon Capture and Storage a rural community. The introduction of new energy technologies (hereafter CCS) technology is moving to the center of climate in a rural setting is a challenge, since it generates changes in policy discussion. Public acceptability is widely recognized as an patterns of energy use that affect the demand of the system, important element in determining the fate of new technologies, and CCS is probably not an exception, even if this technology is associated act as both activists and economic players. They stand heralded as an important contributor to a reduction of CO2 to gain financially and personally from research by privately and emissions. It is now commonplace to emphasize the importance federally funded scientific institutions. They also stand to gain of involving the public in science. In discussions of CCS, the from reimbursement by private and government insurance collective public can be referred to in two dominant ways: as payers. Meanwhile, pharmaceutical corporations and scientists laity; and as stakeholders. Each of these ways of framing the may benefit from their associations with patient advocacy public conveys a different image of what CCS is and supports an through access to research funds, biological materials and study alternative argument for why engagement is important. If socially participants. Corporations may also benefit by framing their robust development of new technologies is to take place, what is business activities as altruistic. We contribute to the extant required is an informed citizenry. Actively engaged in the literature on patient advocacy by tracing how patient advocate democratic shaping of science and technology to meet social investors and entrepreneurs participate not only in the research needs and accommodate plural values. Within the frame of the process, but also participate in processes of patenting and public as citizens, climate change is viewed as a political issue securing insurance coverage for the technologies they advocate. and public engagement as an approach to democratizing science By discussing patenting and insurance coverage, we bring and technology through broad-based dialogue. This presentation resource distribution into the story of patient activism, and analyzes the Norwegian newspaper debate on CCS regarding discuss its implications for equity. Public Dialog and Public Engagement from 01.01.2009 until Are Social Media Increasing Engagement Between Political today. Campaigns and Voters? Potential vs. Practice. jessica Chair: baldwin-philippi, Northwestern University Alexandra Klimek, NTNU/ CenSES Political campaigns are putting the technological capabilities of 042. Public Engagement in Science, Technology and Health Care new media to new and innovative uses - they are used to fund raise, gain volunteers, spread messages and communicate directly 10:30 to 12:00 pm with potential voters and constituents. While their potential for Crowne Plaza: Miller increased democratic engagement is clear, some have argued that Participants: these technologies are mainly used to fortify the boundaries Medical Patient Safety Organizations and the Sociology of between campaigns and voters, resulting in “managed” citizens who engage in politics under an illusion of having political Scientific Knowledge. Clarence Townsend, Independent agency and influence, while campaigns and institutional politics scholar remain highly-controlled environments for speech and Medical patient safety organizations have been created by participation (Howard, 2006; Kreiss, 2009). Technologies of national laws in the last decade as a means for collecting and social media lie beyond the scope of these projects, but their analyzing confidential data on errors by medical providers to capabilities have also been linked to new potentials for develop systemic strategies for reducing those negative citizenship based on peer-to-peer relationships (Bennett et al, outcomes. Legislation authorizing these organizations developed 2010). Accordingly, this study investigates the content of after the 1999 U.S. Institute of Medicine report, “To Err is campaigns’ Facebook pages and Twitter feeds for clues into how Human: Building a Safer Health System,” which estimated that they actually use social media technologies. Combining methods between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths occur in U.S. hospitals each of qualitative textual analysis with content analysis, I find that year due to medical errors. Similar reports in other countries and while the potential for citizens to engage in peer-based political a World Health Organization initiative on patient safety expression exists, inclusion of campaigns or candidates as part of followed. Patient safety organizations now exist in the U.S., U.K, the social network is not fostered by such content. Rather than Australia, Germany, and the European Union. U.S. state patient using social media as avenues for reciprocal communication, it is safety organizations evolved after the federal “Patient Safety and a space for a new, online version of retail politics that is largely Quality Improvement Act of 2005.” Explicit in the legislation is one-way. This research continues the project of bringing STS to the notion that valid data to correct medical errors cannot be political campaign research (as begun by Howard, 2006 and Foot obtained unless medical providers are given strict confidentiality & Schneider, 2006) by attending the use and material capabilities protection for themselves when reporting such errors to the state of media technologies within the political arena. patient safety organization. The implications of these confidential Technological Frames and the Sustainable Urban Agriculture procedures for the sociology of scientific knowledge in the Movement in Atlanta, GA. Glo Ross, Georgia Institute of applied human sciences are examined. Previous definitions of results, which assumed adequate incentives, existed for the Technology publication of all relevant results may be too narrow and limited. This paper explores the contemporary discourse of the Instead, a broader definition of results for the applied human sustainable urban agriculture movement in Atlanta and identifies sciences is proposed, which is grounded in the philosophy of the technological frames used to convey the policy positions and Ernst Mach. Issues addressed include the question: Are self values of various movement actors (including individuals, the reports of professional interventions in the applied human state, residents, and non-governmental organizations). This sciences to improve the lives of others sufficiently humble? exploration is situated in the field of sociology of technology’s Patient, Parent, Advocate, Investor: The Contours of Markets, social construction of technology (SCOT) approach and attempts to discern the ways that various actors employ concepts and Medicine and Government. David Schleifer, New York techniques to describe the problem and solution, what Bijker University; Aaron Panofsky, UCLA (1989) terms "technological frames." The data and methodology This paper attempts to understand the phenomenon of patients used to address this question includes newspaper articles and and their families who engage in entrepreneurial health activism, participant observation of public forums throughout Atlanta from who we refer to as patient advocate investors or patient advocate 2008 to 2010 on the subject of urban agriculture. I propose that entrepreneurs. Their activism includes property ownership, although sustainable urban agriculture is an alternative to patenting, direct financial investment and other close industrial agriculture, the dominant technological frames it relationships with for-profit pharmaceutical, biotechnology and employs rely largely upon market-based values and strategies. medical device companies. These activities represent unique The irony lies in that the technological frames employed by the convergences of interests and create unique conflicts of interests, sustainable urban agriculture movement in Atlanta are largely the which are fertile territory for understanding political same values that are being critiqued of industrial agriculture. In participation, participation in science, economic activity and order for a sustainable technological and urban agricultural government resource allocation. Patient advocate investors, system to take hold, researchers must interrogate the dominant patient advocate entrepreneurs and the firms with which they are messages forwarded by sustainable urban agriculture actors in Atlanta that have overwhelmingly been shaped by the values of the collective construction of such fundamental concepts as life. the market economy. Importantly, researchers must ask why Intervine the Science in the Making: Human Practices in dominant technological frames because dominant and widely Synthetic Biology in Peking University. LU lucy GAO, STS believed. The research adds to some gaps within STS work by Center, student, Tsinghua University; ESRC Innogen Center, exploring the role of power and frame sponsorship in the development of dominant technological frames. Associate , UK Evaluating pTA: Policy Impact and Use. Rick Worthington, Synthetic Biology, an emerging area focused on the intentional design of artificial biological systems, rather than on the Pomona College; Mikko Rask, National Consumer Research understanding of natural biology, has provoked many social and Council ethical concerns. iGEM, the most important of Synthetic Biology Deliberative democracy and its STS variant – participatory activities, involves undergraduate students in the design of technology assessment (pTA) – are currently navigating three biological devices. Human Practices is a functional compulsory transitions. The first is from an “experimental” to an part for the students, which adopts a much more reflexive and “institutional” rationale, where the exploration of possibilities is critical approach. The new institutional arrangements forming being replaced by expectations for practical outcomes. The around synthetic biology – particularly the collaborations second is from a local focus to large-scale deliberations, whether between the natural and human sciences – are an explicit object these be in large countries like the US or at the transnational and of analysis for the research. In 2010, Peking University’s Team global levels. Finally, there is a nascent trend toward the use of won the second prize of iGEM. The subject of their Human evaluations in designing new deliberative events. To date, Practices is to clarify the bio-safety issues of horizontal gene “process evaluations” addressing the internal workings of transfer. The author has been involved in their discussion and the deliberations (e.g., the utility and fairness of information proposal design of their research. Although at first, the students provided to participants, the quality of discussions among them) imaged the bio-safety issue is because of people do not have been the main focus of efforts to assess pTA. Policy effects understand the HGT which is obvious a ‘deficit’ model, after the are generally held to pose greater challenges because of the phases of ‘education,’ ’technology event,’ and ‘mind the gap’ diffuse linkages from individual events to the functioning of which are designed by the social scientists, the students have complex policy systems. The move toward larger scale become much more reflexive. The synthetic biology, as an un- deliberations increases the interest in evaluations that assess the closed black box, has provided a perfect chance for social benefits of these more costly deliberations and that provide scientists to observe science in the making and to shape the new guidance for improving future projects. Our methods include a agenda for the developing of an uncertain area. review of the literature on pTA evaluations, including Cultural Politics of Genomic Sovereignty: Tracing Genomics assessments of several large scale deliberations (European and its Regulatory Use in Japan and Taiwan. Wen-Hua Kuo, examples, WWViews, the U.S. multi-city “Our Budget, Our Economy”); and interviews of project managers for the large National Yang-Ming University scale events. We will examine how evaluations handle the issue This paper compares how genomics was developed as a part of of policy effects; evidence of participant learning, which may be state projects in Japan and Taiwan. Broadening the concept of a key indicator that deliberations offer a unique addition to the genomic sovereignty inspired by Béatrice Séguin and her policy process; and how project managers use assessments to colleagues, this paper reveals its cultural politics, arguing that the design future events. establishment of genomic databases and their application can vary with the national context in which they are situated. While Chair: both Japan and Taiwan claim population-based databases a Rick Worthington, Pomona College necessity to advance science for the state’s excellence, there were 043. Walking between Biology and Engineering discrepancies in attempting to incorporate the information they 10:30 to 12:00 pm produce into regulatory schemes for drug approvals. Taiwan’s biobank project is crippled in obtaining approvals for ethical Crowne Plaza: Owens concerns. Japan, on the other hand, copes with regulatory Participants: concerns with genomics when updating its reviewing scheme. Discursive Constructions of Life in the Context of Synthetic Relying on expert discussion and various literature, this paper Biology. Inna Kouper, Indiana University demonstrates that, although sovereignty is a good concept to appreciate how the global and local politics interact in science, it On Jan. 24, 2008, Science Magazine published an article that requires refinement. Only by viewing scientific cultures as described the synthesis of the complete genome of a bacterium. political cultures can we move beyond simple interpretations of The media described it as synthetic or human-made life and state science and rightly assess genomic sovereignty at the global cautioned against rushing into such work, because of the level. possibility of negative outcomes, such as the creation and proliferation of pathogens or bioterrorism. While the synthesis of Troubled by Heterogeneity?: Control, Infrastructure and life forms other than viruses and bacteria will probably remain a Participation in the Study of Heredity and STS. peter john vision rather than a reality for some time, these new taylor, UMass Boston developments and the debate that followed raise profound The two foundational developments of modern biology - the questions about humans’ abilities to control their own theories of evolution by natural selection and the genetic basis of environment and about the boundaries between living and non- heredity - were built from language, arguments, evidence and living that can or cannot be crossed. How do technoscientific practices of controlled breeding in agriculture and the laboratory. advances influence our understandings of life and living? Who The relationship between variation, particularity, or, more contributes to the public debate and therefore has the ability to generally, heterogeneity and control, provides an under- influence the collective understandings of life? These questions developed angle from which to view modern understandings of will be addressed by reporting the findings of a study that looked heredity and development over the life course. My guiding at how various actors talk about life in the discourse on synthetic contention is that research and application of resulting life and synthetic biology. The study combined elements of knowledge are untroubled by heterogeneity to the extent that empirical and interpretive inquiry and identified four major populations are well controlled. Such control can be established approaches to life, as well as types of social actors who and maintained, however, only with considerable effort or social contributed to the debate. The study contributes to the STS infrastructure, which invites more attention to possibilities for literature by examining a new emerging technoscientific issue of participation instead of control of human subjects. This the chemical synthesis of life forms and by addressing critically framework will be introduced through two vignettes from broader questions about the roles of science and technology in epidemiology and genetics, then its extrapolation to STS considered. diminish the importance of aspirants’ social circumstances. For The Quintiles Model of Transnational Science. Mark Jones, example, assessments of student eligibility for STEM The Life Sciences Foundation programming frequently elide deficits in public education that leave many students of color or economic disadvantage with little Recent works in social studies of science (e.g., Fisher, 2006; chance of developing their interests. Corporate diversity Jonvallen, 2009; Mirowski & Van Horn, 2005; and Petryna, initiatives, intended to bring underrepresented groups into 2009) have identified the central role played by contract research industrial research and development settings, further obscure the organizations (CROs) in the privatization and globalization of inequities that cause underrepresentation. A welcome is extended biomedical research and development. This paper examines the to people of diverse backgrounds but occupational opportunity integration of commercial strategies and scientific practices in the structures are rarely critiqued. Together, these choices reassert business model developed by Quintiles Transnational old, culturally powerful ideas about inborn intellectual capacities; Corporation, the world’s leading CRO. Drawing on a range of in the United States these have historically followed lines of race documentary sources, I consider Quintiles’ applications of and gender. Biology returns as a source and marker of scientific Bayesian statistics, pharmacogenomics, and systems biology in aptitude, reifying existing social privilege (or as Troy Duster has clinical research, and show how they are intended to work hand- suggested, perhaps biology never really left). This paper traces in-hand with the company’s financial and organizational invocations of innate talent in recent STEM diversity literature, strategies to create new markets and generate profits – all the including academic, government, corporate and not-for-profit while helping to reshape patterns of capital formation. Business research, as an index of racialist or gendered ideology in the is globalizing clinical trials and the practice of biomedical nation today. science, to be sure, but the Quintiles case indicates that advances in biomedical science are simultaneously enabling the “Being Useful to Society”: Labor, Skills and Knowledge in globalization of biomedical trade and capital accumulation. The Postindustrial Science. Mary Ebeling, Drexel University sustaining foundations of Quintiles’ market leadership – i.e., its This paper presents work done at the Interdisciplinary Centre for moves into emerging markets – have been predicated on the Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) in the firm’s access to and facility with new bioscientific tools. These department of physics at University of Milano. The fieldwork are the resources that have permitted Quintiles to meet its clients’ engaged with laboratory work practices at the intersection of cell pressing needs to cut development times and costs, and to do so science, particle physics, materials science, commercialized by conducting its own business transnationally. science, and social science. The paper examines the decision- Chair: making and translational processes that scientists make to transfer their lab discoveries to commercial, mass production. Mark Jones, The Life Sciences Foundation The examination is focused on laboratory work practices: the 044. Skill, Labor and Identity in High-Tech Occupations skills, knowledge sets, and social networks that one must possess 10:30 to 12:00 pm in order to translate technologies developed in a lab into other Crowne Plaza: Boardroom work settings. While at CIMaINa, (as a sociologist with absolutely no physics background) I developed a mask employed This panel examines understandings of expertise and labor in high-tech in a supersonic cluster beam that was integrated into a occupations in light of ideologies of identity: the race, class, gender or commercialized medical device that detects cancerous cells. caste categorizations that configure productive labor in industrial societies. Using an ethnographic approach, this paper explores and The four cases gathered here address distributions of opportunity and the delineates the translational work done by scientists, engineers, organization of labor in settings commonly seen as involving extensive doctors, technicians, and investors in order for these medical technical knowledge, including educational and work sites in England, devices to be commercialized and embedded into laboratory India, Italy and the United States. Using historical, sociological and practices or deployed into the human body. Attention is given, as anthropological methodologies, these papers demonstrate how ideas of well, to what these devices mean for the developmental success what counts as aptitude or productivity are always bound to social of nanobio, biomedicine and translational science as economic ideologies. Amy Slaton considers how recent policies, meant to broaden sectors for the postindustrial region of Lombardi (Milano). The opportunities for minorities and women in American scientific education region, historically Italy’s birthplace and center of and hiring, in fact reassert innate or biological bases for technical skill. industrialization, remains a scientific and economic center for the Janet Abbate’s paper examines how mid-20th-century employers’ attempts development of these devices, yet as heavy industry jobs contract to identify qualified personnel for a new occupation, computer in Lombardi, policy makers, economic redevelopment agencies programming, drew on existing gendered divisions of labor and beliefs and universities are turning toward high-tech areas, including about technical skill, and how those beliefs shaped opportunities for “nanotechnology” in order to rescale the region to be globally women in computing. Mary Ebeling’s ethnographic study of an Italian competitive. A core concern in this paper considers high-tech nanotech lab examines the interdisciplinary skills and social networks training and workforce development in postindustrial economies. needed for the “translational work” of commercializing lab innovations for use in other work settings, in the context of policy efforts to reinvent a Gender and Skill at the Dawn of Digital Computing. Janet declining industrial region as a high-tech center. Finally, Ajantha Abbate, Virginia Tech Subramanian’s study of Indian Institutes of Technology explores the How does social identity shape perceptions of skill? And how do insistent construction of merit and tropes of self-efficacy against a perceptions of skill in turn shape opportunity? To examine these backdrop of caste ideologies. issues, this paper analyzes how programming skill was socially Participants: constructed in the early decades of digital computing (1940s- 1970s). Throughout this period, industry literature was rife with Born to Research: Recent Reassertions of Biological Bases for complaints about the difficulty of identifying good programming Scientific Talent. Amy E. Slaton, Drexel University recruits. I will show that “programming skill” was a malleable As the notion of America as a “post-racial” and “post-gender” concept that drew in part on cultural associations of technical culture has gained adherents in recent decades, many science expertise with masculinity and that shaped women’s chances in educators, funders, and educational policy makers have recast the job market. As employers debated the nature of skill—was it racial and gender inclusion in the sciences as more a matter of innate, formally taught, or acquired through hands-on rewarding merit than of achieving overdue social justice. This experience?—their answers, and their corresponding choice of approach relies on the assumption that scientific talent inheres in metrics to measure skill, had widely varying implications for individuals and that its features are easily recognized and widely women’s ability to claim expertise. Additionally, managers often agreed upon. Research on minority underrepresentation in STEM assumed that programming shared the same skill sets as fields, and programs to increase that representation, often engineering, mathematics, or business, each of which had their uncritically use metrics of talent and intellectual promise that own gendered structures of opportunity that could potentially be grafted onto computing. Finally, employers did not formulate job Crowne Plaza: Dolder requirements in a vacuum: they tailored their expectations as well This event is intended to provide graduate students and recent graduates as their technologies to fit the available or desired workforce. I with practical advice about the realities of the current job market for STS conclude that gendered assumptions about the nature of scholars. Panelists will share their own experiences as job-seekers and on programming expertise not only constrained women’s hiring committees, and suggest what graduate students at all levels of their opportunities but also contributed to the industry’s widely doctoral work can do to prepare themselves for the demands of finding lamented failure to reliably identify which workers would employment both within and outside the academy. The dynamics of become skilled programmers. From a policy perspective, applying internationally and the unique challenges of changes in particular understanding how judgments of technical skill are laden with university systems, such as the privatization of higher education in the U.S. social bias can challenge the common assumption that seeking (and other nations), will be addressed. Participants will include junior gender equity and “maintaining standards” are mutually scholars who have recently broken into the field and established scholars exclusive goals. who can provide perspective on changes in hiring practices. All will share Gifted: Merit and Caste in the Making of Indian Technical their successes and travails, and provide advice on the "little things" that Knowledge. Ajantha Subramanian, Duke University can make a big difference. In India today, the technical sciences are prized as the true Chair: measure of intellectual worth and a proven means of professional Sarah Rebolloso McCullough, University of California - Davis advancement. Abroad, the technical graduate has become India’s greatest export, widely understood to exemplify India’s Non-Presenting Author: comparative advantage in the global marketplace. At the center Han Zhang, CSTS, Tsinghua University of India’s success story are the Indian Institutes of Technology 046. Data Management and STS: Establishing Field Standards (IITs), a set of institutions founded and administered by the Indian government with the aim of producing native engineers to 12:15 to 1:15 pm help with technologically driven nation-building. The IITian is Crowne Plaza: Ritz seen as a uniquely meritocratic individual who is gifted with an The U.S. National Science Foundation now requires data management innate capacity for technical knowledge. In this paper, I address plans for all proposals. Data management plans will be judged by peer the production of the IITian’s technical merit by illuminating the reviewers and panelists. However, communities of researchers are asked to relationship between meritocracy and caste exceptionalism. develop the standards within their own fields. 4S, as the principal Using ethnographic data, I show how IITians have come to professional association for STS, is delighted to host current and former deploy notions of autonomy and individuality to characterize program managers at the National Science Foundation in a wide-ranging their alma maters as state-free spaces and themselves as self- discussion of what data management means and how it is currently viewed made men. At the same time, state and caste haunt their claims, within the STS community. revealing a gap between the expressed ideology of meritocracy Participants: and the affective and political economic dimensions of their relationship to state and community. Finally, I argue that the Data Management Initatives at the National Science Foundaion. ideology of technical merit that underwrites the exceptionalism Fred Kronz, National Science Foundation of the IITs has served to occlude a structural critique of caste. The current program director for the Science, Technology, and Virtual Citizenship in the Global Age. Aneesh Aneesh, Society program at the National Science Foundation gives an University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee overview of the new initiative. What is the future of citizenship in the global age? How to Data Management and the STS Community. Mike Gorman, “include” people who increasingly find themselves outside the University of Virginia state’s sheltering sky? While the notion of national citizenship Michael Gorman, former program manager at NSF and member has long held the promise of inclusion, it has proved less useful of 4S Council discusses data management issues as they relate to in a world of circulating cultures, people and loyalties the STS community. through money, media and migration. It is not surprising that Chair: dual and multiple citizenships are on the rise across the globe. Is it possible to transcend the debate that pits immigrants against Wesley Shrum, Louisiana State University citizens in the global age? What would a non-exclusive regime of 047. Engineering Studies Journal Editorial Meeting with Pizza citizenship look like? A few answers have already started to Lunch emerge. While the media uses the immigrant-versus-citizen 12:15 to 1:15 pm debate as emotional bait for gaining an audience, we may use it Crowne Plaza: Boardroom for analyzing an emerging crisis in, or re-organization of, national societies. What are the basic elements of this re- Editors, board members, authors, potential authors, observers are invited. organization? While a non-exclusive regime of membership Lunch provided by Taylor & Francis/Routledge. cannot be territorial, it can be virtual in form. This Chairs: paper examines the possibility of a virtual organization of Gary Downey, Virginia Tech multiple, overlapping citizenships. The paper has three clear Katie Chandler, Taylor & Francis objectives. First, it will look at the possibility of a wiki-like digital platform that can act as a global public 048. Categorically Different? Scientific Knowledge and the forum for documenting structural inclusion by tracking changes Production of Difference in citizenship formats offered by states. Second, it will focus on 1:30 to 3:00 pm how the forum may act as a place of registering structural Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim vulnerability, including conditions of labor, religious, racial and The papers in this session critically engage with, and reexamine the ethnic discrimination. And third, it will analyze if the forum can productivity of, categories of difference such as gender, race, class, nation, act as a form of public pressure on world governments through and species in the production of scientific knowledge. They explore diverse public evaluations of the protections offered to putative non- domains of scientific inquiry in the life sciences - human and non-human citizens. genomics, animal tracking, and invasion plant biology - in order to Chair: comparatively investigate how science shapes and is itself shaped by these Mary Ebeling, Drexel University categories. How do such categories enable and animate (or foreclose) particular kinds of research? How do scientific actors materialize, 045. 6S Professional Development Roundtable: After the Degree operationalize and standardize these categories within specific research 12:15 to 1:15 pm contexts and to what effect? What are the various processes through which questions of gender, race, class, nation and species are made to “speak” to Chiefs of First Nation reservations in the northern regions of the contemporary issues in science? What are the politics of scientific province of Manitoba to trace specific modes through which knowledge production in these contexts and how does such knowledge geopolitically uneven distributions of vulnerability and articulate with [questions of power]? Informed by a range of theoretical susceptibility are naturalized within and beyond national borders. and methodological perspectives including feminist science studies, critical Is the HapMap a Race-based Project? joan Fujimura, university animal studies, the anthropology of science, and multispecies ethnography, of wisconsin, sociology the papers themselves move across disciplines, across species categories and across domains of analysis in order to trace the power of difference in This talk examines the history and current uses of the Haplotype scientific knowledge production. Mapping Project, organized by an international consortium of biomedical researchers who are attempting to catalog genetic Participants: variants in human genomes. We will explore the questions of Connective Tissues: Some Thoughts on Gender, Genomics and whether or not HapMap was intended to be or has been a “race- the Multispecies Turn. Jennifer A. Hamilton, Hampshire based” project. Some researchers in the social sciences, bioethics, College and history have argued that it was/is a race-based project, while others have argued against that view. We will examine arguments Through an examination of a series of scientific objects on both sides, but the primary aim of this paper is to write a constituted from biological materials, this paper investigates how history of the HapMap Project and its contemporary uses in conceptions of gender difference are key dimensions and population genetics and biomedical genetics. catalysts in the production of scientific knowledge in the life sciences. I decouple gender analysis from its primary association Chair: with the human and look at the production of gender as the Banu Subramaniam, U. of Massachusetts “connective tissue” linking a range of multispecies sites including human population genetics (the International HapMap 049. STS Perspectives on the Nuclear Crisis at Fukushima – l Project) and the exchange of non-human gametes in agricultural 1:30 to 3:00 pm contexts (the production and regulation of bovine sperm). I Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East examine how these kinds of objects provide a frame through The March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan resulted in a nuclear which to explore specific questions about the nature of scientific crisis equaled only by the 1986 Chernobyl accident. Until that day, the research as well as larger questions of epistemology and world seemed on the eve of a "nuclear renaissance," seeing growth (albeit ontology. slow) in orders for new nuclear power plants, in response to growing On Naturalizing Space and Belonging: Notes from an Ecology electricity needs and the imperative to produce electricity without carbon of Plant Invasions. Banu Subramaniam, U. of Massachusetts dioxide emissions. The current nuclear crisis has shaken the foundations of that “renaissance,” especially in regard to the ability of the nuclear power This paper reflects on a humanities and natural sciences industry to respond to challenges posed by a dynamic Earth and potential collaboration on the ecology of plant invasive biology. The terrorist activities. In response to the Fukushima accident we propose one collaborative experiment tested the relationship of native and or two sessions examining the implications through the lens of STS. exotic plants and their soil communities in Southern California. Papers might address such issues as: how expert and public understandings Here, I explore the cultural and biological dimensions on of the accident diverge; how this accident tracks a more general script of ecological and cultural discourses about “native” and “exotic” disaster; the response of NGOs; attempts by nuclear engineers and nuclear plant species. What counts as native and exotic and why? What power companies to contain discursive damage from the accident; high-risk assumptions ground claims of space and belonging? Drawing on technologies; and the role of models in projections of the accident’s health the scholarship from feminist and cultural studies and plant consequences. Papers examining Fukushima in the light of other ecology, this paper historicizes the changing landscape – of sociotechnical disasters, such as Chernobyl and Bhopal, are welcome. people and plants - of Southern California and its evolving discourses on the politics of belonging. Participants: On the Naturalization of Coupling in Genomic Research: Notes Expecting the Impossible: On Nuclear (ir)Responsibility. from a Feminist Laboratory Ethnography. Angela Willey, Darrin Durant, York University, Canada Carleton College The March 2011 nuclear crisis at the Japanese Fukushima At the turn of the 21st century, the press reported the discovery Daiichi plant has been repeatedly referred to as "soteigai" or of a gene for monogamy. These reports were based on genetic "beyond expectations" by Japanese authorities. This makes sense, research using “monogamous” prairie voles as a model animal as who expects a 9.0 earthquake and a 14 metre wall of water? for mental health in humans. This paper explores the But then again, the types of accidents witnessed at Three Mile naturalization of the ideal of the couple in this research through Island (1979) and Chernobyl (1986) were spoken of as reflections on fieldwork conducted in one of the major practically impossible by the nuclear industry. Before they laboratories on whose findings reports of a monogamy gene are happened. The bar measuring the impossible seems to keep founded. Through analysis of interviews, disciplinary and getting moved. Maybe it is time the nuclear industry was scolded interdisciplinary conversations, observations of experiments, and like the Queen from Alice in Wonderland scolded Alice, the lab’s publications post-ethnography, the paper explores the reminding her that it was possible to think 6 impossible things relationship between the production of new knowledges on the before breakfast. But is it really a lack of imagination that is the nature of monogamy in the humanities and natural sciences. problem, or to much independence? Japanese regulators were Swine Flu Fever!Geopolitics, Alterity, and Zoonotic aware the safety assessment for the plant could do with updating, but did not enforce a redesign. This is not a lack of nerve Vulnerabilities. Melissa Autumn White, Syracuse University confined to Japan. In Canada the regulator has effectively This paper offers a reflection on the multiple border panics ignored testimony that feeder pipes in the CANDU cooling (national, affective, species) invoked by /zoonoses/, dis-eases that system are susceptible to cross-wise not just length-wise stealthily cross the heavily invested species border between cracking. In Japan safety matters were largely downloaded to human and non-human animals.With a focus on Canadian TEPCO, and in Canada they are similarly downloaded to OPG. responses to the 2009-10 "swine flu" pandemic, I argue that a The operators and owners. We see the same story, of what is critical consideration of the global health governance of zoonoses deemed possible being a matter largely left to an industry intent opens generative space for queer and feminist re-theorizations of on downplaying risks, also characterizing the nuclear waste the spatial/territorial politics of social difference. I examine the disposal problem. In Canada we thus see the industry-based responses of Citizenship and Immigration Canada to the NWMO both responsible for disposing of waste and managing anticipated problem of migrant agricultural laborers sourced from discussion of possible futures. Does STS need a more robust "ground zero" of the pandemic, along with those of Health social realist account of interests in order to be politically Canada to the declaration of a "swine flu state of emergency" by relevant to discussions about whether this situation, of leaving international organizations (with specific reference to the IAEA); determinations of the possible to self-interested groups, is what kind of expertise (knowledge, equipment, training, …) a socially wise? nuclear disaster task force would require; the role of equipment Cover Ups and Clustered Catastrophes: Comparing Chernobyl standardization – what would the equivalent to a Medicines sans and Fukushima. Adriana Petryna, University of frontiers “kit” look like for a nuclear disaster task force; Pennsylvania questions of transferability when we consider different reactor designs, plant layouts, professional training, language, etc.; the Disasters are often associated with cover ups of their scope. But problem of commercially (and national security) motivated cover ups, while real, are often effects of the limits (of secrecy issues interfering with the organization’s tasks; and the technology, expertise, and governments) to intervene. In this talk, human resources challenges facing this task force (work routines I explore the nature of cover up in the context of the lives of versus spontaneous preparedness, training). In addition to a clean-up workers of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Then I look review of relevant literature, I rely on two contemporary sources: into a ‘choreography of Chernobyl’ as it might be playing out in First, I analyze two meetings on the idea of a nuclear task force efforts to contain fall-out from the damaged reactors at Japan’s (May 2011 in France, among nuclear entrepreneurs, and June Fukushima plant. I see numerous parallels with Chernobyl as the 2011 at the IAEA headquarters in Vienna). Secondly, I plan to reality of this clustered catastrophe unfolds. For example, why interview one or two former Chernobyl “liquidators.” Using the are (were) the identities Fukushima clean-up workers who were Chernobyl experience as a reference point, I discuss some of the exposed (literally) covered up; why is there so much work going problems involved with trying to “archive” and access the into making them anonymous? Knowledge about the health experience of such experts. effects of exposure may become (predictably) limited as a result of intervention into and management of select cohorts. I explore Chair: how limits of accountability are built into interventions and Allison Macfarlane, George Mason University confound knowledge-making about the health consequences of Discussants: widespread radiation release. Miwao Matsumoto, The University of Tokyo Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Nuclear Power: The Tangled Gabrielle Hecht, University of Michigan Relationship of Engineering and Geology. Allison Macfarlane, George Mason University 050. Lag! − l The March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan 1:30 to 3:00 pm initiated a crisis at the Fukushima nuclear power plant bettered Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West only by the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. The plant suffered, A methodological experiment, this double panel brings together scholars officials explained, because both the earthquake and tsunami from diverse fields to excavate the temporality of “lag.” How might “lag” were much larger than the plant was designed to withstand. To offer a productive interval by which to rethink media, science, society and evaluate the performance and certify the safety of nuclear power technology? We begin from the premise that political imaginaries, plants, engineers incorporate geologic data into models of reactor economies, ecologies and subjectivities are shaped by the ways that time is performance under a variety of conditions. These models then conveyed, organized and valued. Thus, the term “lag” holds particular allow engineers to guarantee plant safety and provide traction in an era often defined simultaneously by discourses of technical policymakers with assurances on plant construction and speed and economic, political and epistemic failure. Spanning this duration operation. This paper will examine the relationship between between failure and anticipation, concept and experience of “lag” is geology and engineering in the context of nuclear power plants. ambivalent. Lag is, on one hand, a discourse of management, productivity The Fukushima disaster has exposed the mismatch between what and efficiency, part of a speculative imperative to “catch-up” with socio- information geology can provide and its use by nuclear technical systems. Yet, lag can induce interludes of reflexivity; introduce engineers. Nuclear reactor performance models require specific, small lapses that redirect experiments; and reorganize the formation of detailed input, whereas geology can provide only vague subjectivities. “Lag” is thus a hiatus, a period of in-determinacy, where the predictions: there will be earthquakes in the region some time in present is already ahead of us, but the past or the future has as of yet no the next few hundred years and they may be large. The clear outline. In the disjuncture between human perception and machinic Fukushima nuclear power plant was designed to withstand a systems, a lag can render visible technical, labor, and media infrastructures magnitude 7.9 earthquake and a 5.7 m tall tsunami. In fact the otherwise transparent and naturalized. These panels interrogate discourses earthquake was magnitude 9.0 and the tsunami wave likely 14 m of “lag” to excavate the problems and possibilities of political, ethical, and tall. The disconnect between geology and nuclear engineering aesthetic action in a world without linear time or progressive history. As has profound consequences for humanity and the environment. experiments in temporal thought, these scholars will challenge the idea that A significant question will be whether the lesson of the the only options in contemporary socio-technical societies are either falling disconnect in information will be incorporated into policies on behind or just keeping up. whether reactors will be allowed to be built or continue to Participants: operate in hazardous regions. Experimental Lag: Lived-time and Response-time in Botanical An International Nuclear Emergency Task Force? Sonja Experiments. Natasha Myers, York University Schmid, Virginia Tech Lag is an untimely organizing force in scientific and artistic The simultaneous core meltdowns of three reactors at Fukushima experiments. It tugs at idealized trajectories of time, contours the raises questions about disaster mitigation strategies. While there pace and direction of experimentation, and inflects interpretations are international teams that can deploy after earthquakes, of experimental results. Lag is lived time and it can manifest in tsunamis and other natural disasters, we have very little multiple forms, including the lag-time of learning new experience with accidents at nuclear power plants. Such techniques, delayed feedback, disrupted communications and accidents are generally considered highly improbable, and the technological failures. Lags are also generative: they can reorient few accidents that did occur (TMI and Chernobyl) still tend to be an experimentalist’s attention, scramble their protocols, and understood as the exception proving the rule. Consequently, no foment new lines of inquiry. As such, lag activates new objects, national or international task force that commands the relevant new subjectivities, and new objectivities inside experiments. This know-how, equipment and strategy exists today. This paper will paper explores how ethnographic attention to the lived-time of discuss the idea of an international nuclear emergency task force lag can transform accounts of experimental life. This paper is in the light of the ongoing crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear part of a larger study of artists and scientists who experiment power plant. Using central ideas from Science and Technology with plant sensoria. These practitioners inquire into of a wide Studies, the paper will discuss in particular: the challenges that range of botanical activities, such as the chemical and electrical low probability, high consequence events in large sociotechnical signals that propagate through plant tissues, and the volatile systems pose; the relevance, authority, and legitimacy of compounds that plants use to communicate with each other and environmental impacts and social justice, and the politics and policies of with animals. This paper explores how lag is lived in the context public engagement. Debates about new energy futures raise questions about of experiments that are designed to elicit and amplify response the opportunities and vulnerabilities that are coproduced with from plants, whether in the form of electrical conductance, sociotechnical systems. This session will ask: What kinds of tensions and chemical release, physical movements, or signal transductions. contradictions are entangled in emerging energy systems? What kinds of How are gaps in response-time interpreted? Where lags can be power relations - from industrial and political constituencies to metrologies read as technical failures, they are also interpreted as and markets - drive particular conceptions and modes of energy recalcitrance and valued as a plant’s uncanny hesitation, or developments? What kinds of institutional frameworks can be used to reluctance to respond to experimental demands. This anticipate environmental injustice and reshape the politics of equitable ethnography opens up practitioners’ accounts of lags in response- and/or sustainable energy transitions? time to examine ambivalences in the moral and affective Participants: ecologies that shape the experimental lives of artists and scientists. Sites of Regulatory Power in Flux. Arthur Mason, Arizona Keeping Pace with Speech: Chatter, Noise and High Speed State University Motion Pictures in Telephony. Mara Mills, New York Accounts of large technical systems appear, on the one hand, as University epochal in both their temporal structure and diagnostic reach, and on the other, as systemic, composed of regimes of knowledge, The eye lagged behind the moving parts of industrial equipment e.g., structured risk environments (e.g., Beck, Hughes, Joerges, in the first decades of the twentieth century. In order to visualize Rochlin). In this paper, I consider sites of redeployment, the actions of telephone circuit components, as well as the recombination and problematization. I address an arcane piece of mechanical activity of the larynx during speech production, Congressional energy legislation, the Alaska natural gas AT&T engineers built one of the first ultra-high-speed motion transportation act of 1976 (ANGTA), whose terms and picture cameras. This talk will survey the history of the Fastax conditions during 2001-2005 are contested surrounding access to camera, from its application to communication engineering and the pipeline. The ANGTA defines early visions of how the industrial streamlining in the 1930s to its deployment for filming pipeline would be built. The statute was written, embedding the the detonation of atomic bombs. I describe the “telephonic gaze” project within a nomenclature of political decision-making, that emerges in this genre of industrial film as structured by the economic logic and historically less sophisticated technology. I principles of economy and feedback, a gaze that parses visual focus on the uneven nature of negotiations involving individuals reproductions into signal, noise and redundancy. of competing interests, but also, their specific actions, which are Psychosis, Memory and Machines. Orit Halpern, New School oriented toward striving to control information and struggling for Social Research over the limiting of rumor, even when shaping the faults and This paper will examine the relationship between psychosis, small traps in legislation, which are the central characters, are rationality, and memory in cybernetics. Linking together a series discovered by chance. Central to controversy is the sovereign of cybernetically informed practices in different fields - political status of the Federal Coordinator which creates a conflict science, neuro-science, design, and the arts - I will demonstrate a between Alaska gas owners (BP, Exxon, Phillips) and gas mid-century transformation in attitudes to temporality with explores (Anadarko). This conflict was partially also based on implications for our contemporary ideas about governmentality, different readings of the foundational legislation of ANGTA in ethics and media. In the sciences of communication and control, which this official was titled Federal Inspector. I show how memory took particular valence as both a rationally definable and certain priorities surrounding the forces that could affect pipeline programmable process and as an infinite repository of construction had change, not only from market forecasting to information that was the very source of emergence, change and federal legislation, but also from the foundational legislation possibility in people, machines and social systems. In computing, itself. for example, memory was an operation, but also the site of Dendro Design and Development: Justice, Conflict and logical dynamism. In Cold War political theory, organizational Relations of Expertise. Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer memory allowed games to act without terminal repetition. In Polytechnic Institute cybernetically informed environmental psychology and design, This paper investigates tensions surrounding dendro (wood- memory became a critical feature of the design process, and fueled) energy technologies in the context of economic and social temporal delay and history were the bulwarks against suicidal, development initiatives in Sri Lanka. By analyzing advocacy by and potentially inhumane, planning projects. These attitudes and interactions among several groups of participants in Sri within a range of social, human and behavioral sciences Lanka’s energy and development policymaking - including rural demonstrate a historical transformation of memory into an development NGOs, a nascent energy trade association, and a operation, and the emergence of a new probabilistic discourse of variety of governmental and quasi-governmental agencies - the ethics now framed in terms of rationality and paranoia. The paper highlights how a range of (sometimes divergent) goals of implication of these discourses continue to inform, and haunt, our dendro electrification were articulated and negotiated. The paper contemporary imaginaries of digital media and ourselves. is based on dozens of interviews and participant-observation of Chair: Sri Lanka’s dendro community between 2000 and 2002, paying Joseph Dumit, UC Davis special attention to how each of the key groups advocating dendro discussed social and economic justice dimensions of the Discussant: technology and how their understandings were mediated by their Patricia T Clough, City University of New York domain expertise - in agriculture, engineering, community 051. Energy: Place, Politics and Justice organizing, etc. While some of my findings are entirely 1:30 to 3:00 pm predictable - with each group promoting an approach to dendro Crowne Plaza: Dolder development that was consistent with its interests and expertise - others provide “backstage” insight into how dendro technology’s Emerging developments in energy extraction, transportation and generation contradictions were grappled with as project designers have fomented different kinds of controversies in particular places. These confronted limitations in their expertise and their understandings developments are driven by a number of factors, including institutional of “development.” The paper extends discussions of expertise commitments to energy independence, decarbonization, innovation and and democratization in STS and S&T policymaking by looking at employment. This session aims to develop an understanding of the role of situated practices of energy experts who are explicitly grappling STS in the politics of energy generation, transportation, and extraction with justice questions existing at the edge of their expertise. across a range of energy sources. We are particularly interested in the dynamic rhetorics of energy planning, community concerns about Wind Energy and the Risk Society. Roopali Phadke, Macalester College which other possible energy futures are foreclosed. This paper Large scale wind farms are being sited and installed across looks at the social construction of metrologies and the evolution America, with the support of state and federal incentives. Yet, it of the institutions that govern innovation and environmental is also becoming abundantly clear that wind energy faces many justice in the new economic spaces of solar energy commodity “local” social struggles. Communities near wind projects have chains. This work extends the social studies of finance, which vocally resisted the aesthetic “pollution,” wildlife impacts, sees metrics as agencements, and views economic systems as political corruption and health impacts that may come with entangled in broader socio-technical relationships, into the low development. This paper and presentation focus on how citizen carbon economy. This research is multi-method and draws on science campaigns are challenging wind energy development. semi-structured interviews, participant observation, public Drawing on STS concerns about the risk society, this paper records and other informants. points to how wind energy politics are essentially about the Chair: spatialized politics of risk, vulnerability and a lack of Roopali Phadke, Macalester College participatory technology assessment. In particular, I focus on the potential public health impacts of wind energy development. Discussant: Dubbed as “ wind turbine syndrome,” the constant low-frequency Abby Kinchy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute vibration and noise emitted by large turbines is believed by some 052. Agents of Knowledge Production to disrupt the inner ear’s vestibular system and lead to migraines, panic attacks and other nervous system problems in a subset of 1:30 to 3:00 pm local residents. Residents living adjacent to wind projects are Crowne Plaza: Hassler broadcasting their testimonials by uploading audio and video Participants: clips of the noise they “endure” to Web sites and blogs so that Empirical Study of the Academic Performance of Chinese others may witness their plight. In addition to challenging conventional understandings of green energy’ s benefits, the Universities before and after 985 Project. Han Zhang, CSTS, presentation documents the rise of citizen science advocacy and Tsinghua University describes potential impacts of shifting notions of what counts as "985 Project” is the higher education construction effort to build evidence, risk and vulnerability. several groups of world-class universities, or a group of Natural Gas as a “Bridge Fuel”: Metaphorical Hope and Hype. international well-known research universities in China. Since Jason A Delborne, Colorado School of Mines; Aubrey the implementation of this project in 1998, the first phase of construction has been completed (1999-2002), with the Wigner, Arizona State University; Abby Kinchy, Rensselaer investment from central government amounting to 14 billion Polytechnic Institute (RMB), and the second phase of construction still in progress. In the past few years, natural gas has come to occupy a new However, little work has been done to measure the academic identity in energy policy discourse, as a wide range of advocates performance of Chinese universities with such a huge amount of – from environmentalists to gas industry executives – promote it scientific investment. The paper addresses the following as a “bridge” to the future. Frequently repeated in the media and questions: Has the academic capacity in Chinese universities in energy policy debates, the “bridge fuel” metaphor offers a been promoted over the last 15 years of construction? What is the vivid and compelling vision for technological change in the advantage and disadvantage to the higher education systems energy sector. As a kind of hyperbole or “hype,” the metaphor under the policy of pursuing the world-class universities? In this builds enthusiasm for natural gas based on an imagined notion of study, we will divide the time series into three periods, namely the future - and with consequences for the present. But what, "pre-985," the "first phase of 985" and "post-985," in comparable exactly, is implied by the bridge metaphor? Where does the study of the academic performance in terms of articles and patent bridge lead us? How far must we travel on it, and how long will activities. We also examined the rapid growth of Chinese it take? Can we turn around once we begin? And if we make it universities engaged in patent activities, and concluded that new across the bridge to our destination, what will become of the intellectual property policies played a more important role than bridge we have built? Such questions point to a case of political the real improvement of innovation and creative ability in actors generating the appearance of consensus and common sense universities. This is an empirical study as well as a policy about the benefits of particular technologies, even as the hype reflection of the significant projects in the higher education itself contains numerous contradictions and points of system in China. Further theory reflection is still in urgent need contestation. In this study, we systematically analyze the of the world first class universities, especially in the context of occurrence of the bridge fuel metaphor in the print news media building up the National Innovation System in developing and in Congressional testimony from 1980-2010, in order to countries. document the growing frequency of the use of the metaphor and Scientific Productivity in East Asian Research Systems: A Neo- to identify the scope of ideas that that the metaphor encompasses. Durkheimian Perspective. Susan Marie Aguilar, Texas A & Prospecting the Solar Energy Frontier: Decarbonization, M International University, Laredo; Marcus Ynalvez, Texas Sputnik Moments and the Political Ecology of the Green A&M International University, Laredo Texas; John C. New Deal. Dustin Mulvaney, University of California, Kilburn, Texas A&M International University; Noriko Hara, Berkeley Indiana University; Ruby A. Ynalvez, Texas A&M Efforts to decarbonize economic and production systems are International University; Kuo-Hua Chen, Tamkang creating new economic spaces. The race to become the global University; Yoshinori Kamo, Louisiana State University clean tech titan has been dubbed “our generation’s Sputnik moment.” But the deployment of clean energy technologies is a This research engages concepts and elaborates on relationships highly orchestrated process set into motion by energy, innovation inherent to studies on the knowledge production process. We and employment planners across several US and state take a neo-Durkheimian approach in casting the notion of social government agencies. The US BLM has opened up more than 22 integration and of social regulation as two orthogonally million acres of public lands to solar energy development; intersecting continuums that structure and influence scientific California’s renewable portfolio standard creates a new work in the micro-social context of the scientific laboratory. Our guaranteed market for renewable energy generation; the core hypothesis is that joint levels of integration and of Department of Energy’s Loan Guarantee Program creates a new regulation set the patterns and rates of output among knowledge mechanism for financing tens of billions of dollars of renewable producers. Toward this goal, we identify and measure factors energy projects. While these institutional arrangements promise a encapsulated in mentor-mentee relationships and in the new dawn for the low carbon economy, it is not clear exactly laboratory social environment. To test our hypothesis, we use what kind of low carbon economy will emerge, or the extent to face-to-face survey data from 294 life scientists in Japan, Singapore and Taiwan. Using contextual, personal and main argument of the paper is the dependence of academic professional attributes as multivariate statistical controls, our scientists on standard competitive grants means professors in the analytical strategy is one of a generalized linear regression model biomedical sciences must conduct research on a organizational using Poisson and negative binomial functions to adjust for basis, something which findings suggest has resulted in positive skewness of the criterion variables. Publication counts significant changes to the structure of graduate training as well as are our criterion variables, while a scale that measures social authorship in this field as scientists attempted to align the integration and another that measures social regulation are our interests of trainees with their own under competitive grant main predictors. Our work will shed light on the understanding of support. how these twin social forces shape the trajectory of individual Chair: productive behavior in science. Annalisa Salonius, University of Pennsylvania Incubators of a Knowledge Society? The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). SABIL FRANCIS, University of Leipzig 053. Assemblages of Sex and Biomedicine and the École normale supérieure (ENS) Paris 1:30 to 3:00 pm I argue that India's contemporary success in the knowledge Crowne Plaza: Savoy economy is the continued legacy of a specific construction of This session explores the convergence of sexual categories and sexual development and technology that had its roots in colonial India, politics with science and medicine. These intersections have a long history and was institutionalized in the post-colonial state, notably in such areas as reproduction, sexology, the classification of sexual through the setting up of the Indian Institutes of Technology difference, understandings of sexual function and dysfunctions and (IITs), the elite technical universities of India, in the 1950s with HIV/AIDS. What concerns this panel are recent scientific categories that external aid. Using these as a methodological tool, I look at how have emerged as explicit objects of biomedical, public health, activist, and certain modes of technology were accepted and others rejected in popular attention and that travel both across and within these sites. tune with the broader aims and transformations in the post- Drawing on diverse sources of data and analytic methods, the papers in this colonial state, and how this was a spatial and temporal process panel examine scientific categories such as “post-abortion syndrome,” that continues to influence India’s developmental and “sexual health,” “The STI-Cancer Link,” “sexual reorientation” and others. technological choices. My paper is based on empirical data from Each paper maps and analyzes one of more of these emergent categories the archives of the UNESCO in Paris, the Indian National arising at an intersection of sex and science. While these boundary objects Archives, and fieldwork in India at the IITs. While several have been formed through a diverse set of knowledges and practices that aspects of Indian technological history, such as how various have come together in what seem a haphazard way, they are useful aspects of India’s development agendas had their roots in a nonetheless for political, institutional, cultural and personal claims-making. specific conception of development and modernity have been Papers will trace the emergence and use of such categories and reflect studied, the development decision to invest in a technologically- specifically on the implications for practices, policies and everyday lives. intensive knowledge society, and its broader implications, Each asks questions specifically about the social and cultural contexts and remains unexplored. I look at how, with the setting up of the the divergent ways professionals, activists and others lay claim to these IITs, German, British, and US models of the ideal university terms and use them for diverse purposes. At the heart of these papers are were translated in an Indian context, thus demonstrating the epistemological questions about the assumptions and meaning of claims relevance of local contexts to the transnational circulation of and the complex ways these are mobilized. The panel builds on STS technologies. I also look at how creating the IITs sidelined theories of assemblages, social worlds, boundary objects and other indigenous alternatives such as the Gandhian mode of questions of knowledge and practice. development, and were subject to various regional demands. Participants: The Academic Lab as an Organization: Competitive Federal Non-Malleable Bodies: Undermining "Ex-Gay" Self-Reports Grants and the Conduct of Research in the Biomedical with Hierarchies of Evidence. Tom J Waidzunas, Sciences. Annalisa Salonius, University of Pennsylvania Northwestern University The structure of academic labs in the life sciences in both Canada In the United States, strong opposition to “sexual reorientation and the US has changed significantly over the last few decades. therapies” and “ex-gay ministries” has been expressed by all In the 1960s, the typical academic lab group was small, but mainstream national mental health associations over the past two today, labs are often have 20 or more members, most of them decades. However, ethical controversies over these treatments graduate students and postdoctoral researchers. Based on have increasingly been redirected into technical disputes over findings from 78 work history interviews with graduate students, how to best measure “sexual orientation.” In this paper, I draw on postdocs, technicians and professors in the biomedical sciences participant observation at conferences, interviews with key done during an ethnographic study of academic labs in the claimants, and analysis of scientific literature to argue that as this biomedical sciences at leading Canadian research universities, redirection has taken place, different “hierarchies of evidence” this paper describes the current organization of research, training for the measurement of sexual orientation have emerged across and publication in these academic labs, and argues that this clashing social worlds. Moreover, the dialectical dynamics of pattern is relatively new, a response to the constraints and opposing scientists and social movements from these worlds opportunities associated with research funding and its have altered the overall credibility of forms of evidence used in institutional accommodation by universities. This paper builds on scientific research, effectively relegating reorientation to the an earlier paper, which showed how the emergence of large labs scientific fringe. Prominent psychiatrist Robert Spitzer and other composed mainly of graduate students and postdoctoral researchers have utilized ex-gays’ self-reports to support the researchers in the biomedical sciences in Canada was primarily position that sexual orientation can be changed. In response, due to changes in practice of academic scientists due to a shift in mainstream scientists and LGBT rights activists have bolstered the 1980s which made their careers fully dependent on the credibility of measurements taken directly from the body - competitive federal funding (Salonius, forthcoming). In this most notably “phallometric testing” of male sexual arousal using paper, the findings show that the dependence of most erotic imagery. Mainstream detractors have also created what I contemporary biomedical professors on trainees as research call “preventive context” by deploying facts that foster disbelief assistants is associated with the full incorporation of trainees' in ex-gays’ change claims. While literature in STS has examined research into the production of faculty research through several the co-construction of technologies and (primarily reproductive) institutionalized practices: 1) delegation of the experimental sexualities, this paper examines the consolidation of sexual work on projects to trainees as the trainee's main project, 2) orientations along with technologies in scientific research. In sharing scientific credit with trainees 3) informal integration of addition, it contributes to STS literature on patient groups and scientific credit into the structure of training, practices which health movements by attending to the effects of opposing social findings also suggest were not standard in the 1960s and 70s. The movement dynamics on knowledge production. Gender, Sexuality and the Abortion-Mental Health Debate. ways in which contemporary media producers on Internet sites April Huff, University of California, San Diego such as YouTube generate and disseminate discourses around Since the early 1980s, anti-abortion activists have claimed that sexual health by focusing on posts about the transmission, women who have abortions experience greater risk of mental prevention and education involving the human papillomavirus illness and have lobbied the American Psychological Association (HPV). HPV has been a target of increased media controversy to recognize abortion-related mental distress. Two since public health officials sparked debate about whether comprehensive reviews of the research by the APA found no vaccinations against HPV encouraged risky sexual behavior such association, but anti-abortion groups continue to use this among youth. As a result, hundreds of short videos have argument to justify restricting access to abortion on the basis that appeared on YouTube to either advocate or critique the vaccine’s it harms women. Central to this struggle are pro-life women who circulation. Some feminist science studies scholars, such as Jose have come to regret their abortions. Utilizing the tropes of van Dijck and Lisa Cartwright, have trained their attention on victimhood and empowerment, these women assert that the photographic, cinematic, and electronic media’s presentation of procedure exposed them to mental anguish. Their central gendered and sexualized bodies, while some public health media presence at anti-abortion events represents the embodiment of historians such as Leslie Regan and Gregg Mitman have focused trauma from abortion and is intended as a cautionary tale of what on how health data are visualized for professional and popular happens when conservative sexual values are abandoned. In this consumption. Yet these scholarly approaches have rarely been presentation, I examine the contest between the APA and anti- applied to understand current mediations of sexual health or their abortion groups over the claim that abortion increases the risk of consequences for public health activism. Thus, this presentation mental illness. Drawing on interviews with key actors and explores the contemporary status of HPV discourse in the era of analysis of abortion testimonials, I argue that while the APA was “PSA 2.0.” concerned with isolating abortion as a variable that might be Chairs: associated with mental illness, post-abortion testimonials rely on Laura Mamo, San Francisco State University an understanding of the trauma from abortion as an event that is Steven Epstein, Northwestern University linked to other life circumstances. The resulting contest over what counts as evidence illuminates the struggle over gender and Discussant: sexuality within the abortion debate. This study contributes to Michelle Murphy, University of Toronto understandings of the role of social movements in the 054. Collaboration across Health Research and Care − lll: construction of scientific knowledge while also emphasizing the salience of gender and sexuality in science. Registrative and Preventative Collaboration 1:30 to 3:00 pm Mapping "Sexual Health": Competing Agendas in the Crowne Plaza: Ritz Sexualization of Biomedicine. Steven Epstein, Northwestern University; Laura Mamo, San Francisco State University Participants: In recent decades, “sexual health” has emerged as an explicit Strength in whose Numbers? Personalizing Care through object of biomedical, public health, activist and popular attention, Emergent Collaborations. Andrew Staver Hoffman, and as a multipurpose “buzzword.” This paper traces the Department of Social Studies of Medicine, McGill University emergence of the concept to examine its contexts of use, Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is an emergent type of meanings and stakes. We investigate which professional worlds evaluative research that seeks to bypass some shortcomings of have laid claim to the term and for what purposes; the the randomized controlled trial by studying how multiple medical consequences of competing efforts, in expert and lay arenas, to interventions for a given indication compare against each other in define sexual health; how an engagement with sexual health is everyday practice settings. As of 2009, the US federal transforming biomedical domains such as cancer research, government has apportioned more than $1.1 billion for prevention and treatment; and how discourses and practices of developing CER research and infrastructure. Cancer care sexual health are intertwined with gender and sexual politics. To received the largest share of these funds, and approximately one generate this analysis, we first identify the social worlds of third of this total - around $10 million - has been channeled into a sexual health as they have emerged within, or at the intersections consortium of seven projects that are studying whether novel of, professional organizations, policy arenas, social movements, genomic tools, with their added cost and complexity, lead to and biomedical disciplines. Then, we construct a genealogy that better patient outcomes than their non-genomic counterparts. In traces the emergence of distinctive meanings of sexual health considering future CER studies of cancer genomics, the within and across these worlds. As a boundary object, “sexual consortium has called upon the input of patient advocates, public health” takes shape as an object of definitional contestation, the and private insurers, device manufacturers, health technology implications of which depend on the capacities of competing assessors and others to better understand the types and quality of actors to put forward definitions linking the concept variously to evidence that these different decision-makers require to act in notions of sexual responsibility, sexual rights, heteronormative their respective milieus. But moving beyond a merely advisory reproductive imperatives, and health disparities. Beyond tracing role, stakeholders are also being recruited as active collaborators the contest to stabilize the meaning of the concept, we also in the design and implementation of CER studies conducted explore the implications in several domains, including recent within the consortium. Based on observations at consortium debates over vaccination and cancer. Through attention to the meetings and interviews with its participants, the present study “sexualization” of biomedicine, the research contributes to STS examines the nature of stakeholder-researcher collaboration at by demonstrating the centrality of gender and sexuality studies to the CER-genomics nexus, an unprecedented move within the biomedical meaning-making. American oncology research sector. In so doing, it considers how PSA 2.0: Mediating Sexual Health in the YouTube Era. David attempts to align diverse and at times contradictory valuations of Serlin, University of California, San Diego these technologies come to bear on issues of clinical Popular Internet sites such as Facebook and Wikipedia, as well as infrastructure and regulatory norms in our "postgenomic" era. millions of blogs, information clearinghouses, clinical trial sites Registries on Display: On Interactions between Research and and consumer advocacy resources, have transformed the public Clinical Practice in Three Clinical Registry Networks. health directive, a venerable genre within the public health Claes-Fredrik Helgesson, Linköping University; Linus activism that traditionally has been an expert-driven, Johansson Krafve, Linkoping university; Maria Nilsson, unidirectional system of communication. As The Economist observed in 2007, “[C]all it user-generated health care, or Health Linköping University 2.0.” This presentation will explore the recent phenomenon of the This paper reports on a study about interactions between research electronic public service announcement (PSA) by examining the and care in three registry networks. Each registry network organizes a number of clinics that in a shared system enters one such collaboration, the Academic Collaborative Centers for treatment data and outcomes concerning a particular disease. The Public Health. These ACCs are aimed to function as paper takes the view that the registries interweave health care "coordination structures" between local health policy, practice practice with clinical research in ways that differ, for instance, and research, aimed to anchor demand-driven research activities from how these are interweaved in classical large RCTs. The in public health. We discuss four ACC-projects and analyze how purpose of the paper is therefore to investigate what this form of researchers, policymakers and professionals work toward collaboration might produce in terms of tensions (and synergies) creating "useful knowledge" for "doable problems" and how they between research and care practices. In this, we explore what it balance different criteria while coordinating their perspectives. entails for clinics to participate in one or several registry The research is based on 60 semi-structured interviews, networks, both in terms of internal organization and in terms of document analysis, and observations. Theoretical concepts that their possibilities to collaborate with others. As relates to clinic serve as "analytical tools" are notions of "boundary specific matters, we probe for instance into what the participation organizations," "boundary objects," "front/back stages," and in a registry might imply in relation to its clinical practice. As to "Mode 2," specified to specific settings. Our analysis highlights the latter theme, we also explore how participation in a registry the disproportionate and paradoxical character of collaboration network might relate to the conduct of traditional RCTs within ACC-settings and shows the inherent problems of performed on the same patients. The empirical work for this practices assuming that research and policy can be brought paper consists primarily of interviews with representatives of together easily. three registry centers as well as a selection of a few clinics in Chair: each network. Two of the networks examined are pan-European while one is a Swedish network involved in extending its reach to Niki Vermeulen, University of Vienna other European countries. The project is sponsored by the 055. Constructions of Expertise Swedish Medical Products Agency and is related to an EU 1:30 to 3:00 pm initiative in this domain. Crowne Plaza: Kelley Collaboration through Digitalization? Inge Lecluijze, Maastricht University; Bart Penders, Radboud University Participants: Nijmegen; Frans J.M. Feron, Maastricht University; Klasien Attending to Attention: How Participatory Roles for Horstman, Maastricht University Professional Vision Are Created. Jonathan Scott Weedon, The lack of multidisciplinary collaboration is considered a major Case Western Reserve University obstacle for preventing problems amongst youth in the Using previously published ethnographic and Netherlands. Currently, the implementation of the so-called ethnomethodological studies that adopt Charles Goodwin’s "child index" is considered an important tool to solve this approach to discursive practices, “professional vision”, in science problem. The child index is an "early warning" electronic and laboratory settings and theories from psycholinguistics, information system – an ICT tool – which intends to enable rhetorical theory, and cognitive psychology, I propose a paper multidisciplinary and multi-organizational collaboration in the that describes attention as a fundamental capacity by which chain of youth-care. The index enables professionals to enter a people are able to participate in scientific practice. Attention is signal into the system that a child is considered at risk and in case conceived as the process by which a subject “zooms in” on an of two or more signals the index requires coordination. This way, object or topic in order to be receptive to or perform professional it is thought, children at risk will get better care sooner. All vision. My interest is in how different contextual factors and professionals directly or indirectly involved with youth, varying modalities of communication prime and direct the attention of from teachers to physicians, can use the child index to indicate participants to different domains of scrutiny where professional that they are worried about and involved with a child. The vision is built. This directing of attention in a sense prompts the question is whether this ICT tool lives up to its promise to person to be a participant in a practice and assume a normative improve multidisciplinary collaboration in this broad field of role in the activity. My underlying contention is that participants youth-care in order to help children at risk. Based on empirical in scientific practice are not necessarily “socialized” into that data, which are gathered by following stakeholders’ experiences practice but rather assume normative roles when discourse directs with the child index in daily practice, I will show that their attention. My purpose in this paper is to argue for greater collaboration in itself is a prerequisite to achieve the primary goal theoretical interest from the field of STS in attention because of of the child index: improvement of multidisciplinary the crucial part it plays in inculcating and perpetuating scientific collaboration. To be able to use the child index and to reach its practice. goals professionals have to collaborate. Thus, the implementation Becoming a Neuroscientist in Mexico: An Ethnographic Study of ICT to improve collaboration in public health may have the of Lab Meetings. Ruben Martinez, Psychology; Alejandra opposite effect when the most important prerequisite is Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro overlooked: collaboration. The microsociology literature in STS has shown that the social Problematizing Collaboration: Conflicting Assessment Regimes character of the organization of laboratory work can be studied of Scientific Knowledge Production. Rik Wehrens, Institute and linked to the analysis of science, yet it has privileged the of Health Policy and Management; Marleen Bekker, Institute social analysis over the study of the individual scientist. In the of Health Policy and Management; Roland Bal, Erasmus present study, these findings are related with the Social University Rotterdam Psychology of Science program, presenting a case in which the challenges faced by students in the process of becoming The role of scientific knowledge in society has become more scientists are explored in a neurobiological laboratory in Mexico. important, while the status of ("pure") scientific knowledge These challenges are presented using material drawn from a one- seems to be eroding due to complex and ambiguous societal year ethnographic study during which weekly lab meetings were problems. Consequentially, the realms of scientific knowledge observed. On the basis of these observations, the main activities production and governance are more opened to public scrutiny, developed in these meetings have been described and found to be leading to, we argue, conflicting "assessment regimes" of greatly formative in the students becoming scientists: selecting scientific knowledge. Supervisory instruments (impact factors, their object of study, planning the following steps of their etc.) are used to govern scientific performance. In contrast, research projects, being able to review and evaluate research, researchers are expected to deliver "socially robust knowledge" facing contingencies that arise during the research process and that responds to demands from non-academic actors. We argue offering executable solutions of their research project. Although that these assessment regimes lead to a plethora of (novel) ethnography has allowed access to part of the process of some organizational forums of "joint knowledge production," where students in their becoming scientists, it has not been sufficiently these components need to be balanced. My research focuses on extended and has presented difficulties mainly that the challenges Mark William Neff, Allegheny College in each situation could vary from student to student. This study contributes to the descriptive Social Psychology of Science 056. Science and Technology Policy: Examples from East Asia identifying psychological factors which have traditionally been 1:30 to 3:00 pm left aside by microsociological studies in STS. Crowne Plaza: Willard Entering the Medical Elite: Reconfiguring Uncertainty in Participants: Medical Training. Iris Wallenburg, iBMG, Erasmus Research on the Scientists’ Influence in Science and University Rotterdam; Jeannette Pols, Amsterdam Medical Technology Policymaking in China. Peng RU, School of Centre, section Medical Ethics; Antoinette de Bont, Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, ErasmusMC Beijing, China; Jun Su, School of Public Policy and Uncertainty in medical training has been a key issue in the Management, Tsinghua University sociology of medical education since Renée Fox’s essay, This paper identifies three determinants of scientists’ influence in "Training for Uncertainty" (1957). Fox’s work concerns the S&T policy making: 1) the supply and need of scientific and gradual socialization of medical students in clinical knowledge technological knowledge, 2) the degree of value consensus, and practices. Instead of blaming oneself for lack of knowledge, 3) the structure of policy arena and rules. A knowledge-value- medical students learn to manage the limitations of clinical institution analysis framework (KIV) is established thereby, knowledge. This made Donald Light state that training for which provides a useful tool to advance the understanding of uncertainty can best be viewed as "training for control" (1979). interaction between S&T policymakers. Taking the National Also, later writings have re-read Fox’s work addressing new High Technology and Research Development Program (863 developments in the medical field, like the introduction of Program) as an example, the research analyzes the game between evidence-based medicine (Timmermans & Angell 1992, Chinese S&T policymakers, and explores the driven forces Timmermans & Chawla 2009). We explore in this paper the behind the change of scientists’ influence level. It is found that influence of contemporary reforms of medical curricula on the decision-making mechanism of the 863 Program has uncertainty in medical training practice. These reforms entail the transferred from expert-dominated style to government- incorporation of more general competencies in residency training dominated style, and that the influence of scientists has (besides medical technical competence) to better prepare weakened gradually. With more than 10 sub-cases and residents for future health care needs, such as organizing care and congruence Procedure as the research methodology, this paper collaboration with other health professions. To this end, finds out that the expansion of scientists’ knowledge advantage, competency-based programs have been introduced, listing the the growing demand of S&T in decision-making, and the skills and knowledge a resident should master in particular narrowing differences between decision-makers’ values and phases of training. As such, it seems, clinical knowledge interests may respectively lead to the rise of scientists’ influence, becomes increasingly comprehensible and assessable. However, and that changes in policy arena structure and governing rules revisiting Fox’s work, we argue that uncertainty in medical may result in the fluctuations of scientists’ influence. In the end, training is expanding, not only entailing clinical knowledge, but it is suggested that a good S&T decision-making mechanism also organizational processes. Drawing upon a large ethnographic should match the demand and supply of knowledge, reflect study of medical education reform in the Netherlands, we show necessary values, build value consensus, and empower the that "clinical chaos" is intentionally made a part of daily training participants with necessary knowledge and mainstream values. as to teach residents to deal with quickly changing clinical situations and organizational demands. The Role of Scientists in Science and Technology Decision- Identification and Implications of Sub-disciplinary making in China: A Case Study on China’s National R&D Epistemological Communities in Academic Ecology. Mark Programs. Qiang Zhi, School of Public Policy and William Neff, Allegheny College Management, Tsinghua University; Peng RU, School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, There is no one correct set of research questions that ecologists should pursue to most effectively explore the world. By choosing Beijing, China; Jun Su, School of Public Policy and particular research topics, scientists influence the ways in which Management, Tsinghua University policymakers, managers, and publics view the world both by Since China started its reform in its S&T system in 1982, the contributing to problem-framing and by helping to identify state has launched more than 30 national S&T programs, among potential policy intervention points to deal with those problems. which 15 are still in execution today, investing more than 20 The initial framing of policy problems can be self-reinforcing, as billion RMB in 2010. This paper analyzes the scientists’ it can motivate actors concerned with the problem, and both the participation in the S&T programs’ decision-making from a two- actors and the scientific breakthroughs themselves can provide dimensional perspective: the R&D categories defined in scientists with incentives to conduct further research in the area. Pasteur’s quadrant model including pure basic research, use- As such, choices affecting the research portfolio, from problem inspired basic research, and pure applied research and the stages choice on the level of the individual researcher to larger policy of S&T policy process including agenda setting, policy decisions shaping those choices, take on added importance. I formulation and legitimation and implementation. Three cases - report on a study that utilized Q method, a mixed qualitative and National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key quantitative technique, to explore how individual scientists Technology R&D Program and the National High-tech R&D evaluate the merits of potential research projects. The study Program - are used as the basis for examining scientists’ role. uncovered four sub-disciplinary epistemologies within the United The central finding of the study is that, in early stages of the States ecological research community with divergent ideas of a) policy process, the stakeholders, including the scientists, what constitutes an environmental problem, b) what policies entrepreneurs and government officers, face few institutional might improve environmental conditions, and c) what scientists constraints and are able to mobilize more resources to influence can and should do to help bring about those policies. This the policymaking. As policy issues advance from one stage to the research uncovers heretofore-unrecognized epistemological next, the increasing formalization of policy process enhances the communities at the sub-disciplinary level. These sub-disciplinary influence of the stakeholders in the early stage. As policy issues epistemological communities may play a large role in shaping change from pure applied research to use-inspired basic research disciplinary research trajectories and may be an important unit of and to pure basic research, the scientists’ participation is analysis for exploring the interfaces between science and broader strengthened by the increasing scientific knowledge needed in cultural, political and policy understandings of the world. decision-making and is enhanced as the increasing formalization of the policy process stages. These findings suggest a two- Chair: dimensional dynamic theory of the role of scientists in S&T decision making in China. and production of knowledge on climate change, i.e. how a wide How Do We Understand Avian Flu Epidemics?: Science and range of fields of expertise are combined to produce knowledge Policymaking. Yu-Ju Chien, University of Minnesota about changes in the climate system. It seeks to describe the production of knowledge in a particular field of science involved The paper explains the preponderance of laboratory science in researching into the climate: paleoceanography. knowledge in global avian flu policymaking, and the difficulties Paleoceanographers use several proxies found in the oceans, such in research collaboration on avian flu studies from a cultural and as foraminifera, diatoms, corals, etc., to reconstruct past oceans institutional perspective. It argues that scientific understanding of and past climate. By bringing together knowledge and techniques the infectious disease is produced in cultural, institutional and from a wide range of disciplines, such as microbiology, political contexts. Disciplinary antagonism, normative oceanography, geology, geochemistry and so on, arguments, and institutional imperatives also shape researchers’ paleoceanographers produce climatic and oceanographic records mindsets and their work. In addition, policy institutions often from the past. Although they have an essential contribution to selectively reinforce the production of certain knowledge. understanding long-term climatic processes and phenomena, they Tracing scientific activities and debates about avian influenza have been overlooked by the science and technology studies, between 1997 and 2010 by analyzing articles in Science and which, regarding climate science, have primarily focused on Nature and surveying recognized avian flu researchers, I computer modelling and atmospheric physics. This paper demonstrate how scientists compete for authority of their work describes the different stages and skills needed to carry out and claims. Specifically, I compare the work of laboratory research in paleoceanography. By examining how labor is scientists and that of field researchers to show how their world divided within this field as well as interactions of views and authorities are constructed in completely different paleoceanographers with scientists from other fields of science, it institutional and cultural contexts. Although laboratory science is aims to identify the different levels of expertise necessary for limited to capturing complex epidemiology, such understanding different kinds of research projects. It also argues that when was in general supported by global institutions such as the WHO, paleoceanographers work with scientists who have different FAO and OIE. The paper also illustrates how scientific work is expertise, trust plays an essential role in their interaction. This intertwined with policies. International agencies prioritize the research is based on a number of semi-structured in-depth development of laboratory science and biomedical tools. They interviews with experts in paleoceanography and on participant shape the institutional environment, standards and protocols for observations of scientific meetings. laboratory scientific work, and therefore affect the production of avian flu knowledge. The paper contributes to the STS literature Factors Influencing Support for Climate Change Policy among by showing how science and policies overlap with each other. Elite Legislators: A Case Study of the Peruvian Congress. Global institutions have played significant roles in directing the Bruno Takahashi, SUNY ESF; Mark Meisner, SUNY ESF production of knowledge. Climate change is often referred to as the fundamental Toward the Integrity of Science in Policymaking: An environmental issue in the history of humanity. The global issue International Comparison. Yasushi Sato, Japan Science and has garnered unprecedented debate, controversy and conflict Technology Agency; Tateo Arimoto, Japan Science and within public and government arenas. It is then no surprise that it Technology Agency is has become a main focus of scientific inquiry across all the spectrum of the academic disciplines. Within the social sciences, Recently, the role of science in policymaking has been attracting much attention has been given both to the political complexity of great interest around the globe. Scientific expertise is used for the issue, and to the social processes that enable or prevent policymaking because of the society’s trust in its neutrality and generalized public support for policy solutions that either address objectivity. Such trust, however, is not secured automatically. In the mitigation of greenhouse gases, or the adaptation to changing the United States, for instance, the Bush administration was environmental conditions. On the other hand, less attention has criticized for handling scientific expertise inappropriately. At the been given - especially with a focus on developing nations - to international level, trust in the science of climate change was the factors influencing the behaviors of policy and decision severely damaged recently. Under such circumstances, various makers, a key set of actors involved in the issue. With this study, efforts have been made to mend the damaged trust, and at the I attempt to contribute to fill this gap by applying a causal model same time, measures have been taken in many nations to institute of policy support on national legislators in Peru. Data collected general schemes to secure scientific integrity in policymaking. via a survey instrument measured levels of environmental For example, in the United States, President Barack Obama made attitudes, knowledge and beliefs about climate change, general clear his intention to pursue scientific integrity in his values, policy preferences, sources of policy information and administration in March 2009. Following his directive, his general demographics. Previous research suggests that these science adviser John Holdren issued government-wide guidelines factors can play direct and indirect roles in the formulation of in December 2010. Other countries, such as England, Germany climate change policies. Results show a positive correlation and the European Union are also working earnestly to secure the between environmental attitudes and policy preferences. Further integrity of science in policymaking. This paper will discuss such multivariate analysis will reveal the relationships between the efforts for the integrity of science in several countries, including independent variables and support for climate change policies. their historical backgrounds. It will compare their efforts, extracting common themes dealt with and pointing out Physicists in the US, Geologists in India: Interdisciplinary differences. It will then suggest how Japan and other nations that Climate Change and Uncertainty in Science. Tahereh Saheb, have not really paid attention to this issue can begin taking Rensselear Polytechnic Institute actions, taking into consideration their unique social and political As the existing STS literature shows within the US climate context and at the same time pursuing international collaboration. change discourse, some policymakers and special interests define Chair: scientific results as inadequate and uncertain in order to make scientific uncertainty proposed by different disciplines as a Yasushi Sato, Japan Science and Technology Agency rhetorical resource to forestall policy action and limit political 057. Expertise and Climate Change debates. One of the main reasons which has caused this situation 1:30 to 3:00 pm is the interdisciplinary nature of climate change. The Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen interdisciplinary nature of climate change science and its non- experimental nature have been the major sources of uncertainty Participants: within climate change discourse. The first part of this paper will Expertise in Climate Change: The Case of Paleoceanography. explain the STS literature on the relations of scientific Tiago R Duarte, Cardiff University uncertainties, interdisciplinary science and policy makings. The second part of this paper would be the review of the studies done This paper is part of a broader project that examines expertise by two STS scholars on climate change skepticism in the US. As translating climate change into the group’s vernacular and the studies of Noami Oreskes and Myanna Lahsen show a small attempts to invest the issue with meaning, morality and the need body of distinguished scientists is constructing the US anti to act. These findings are part of a larger research project anthropogenic climate change policies. The members of this involving several social groups that has asked what kind of an body of scientists, as Oreskes and Lahsen illustrate, are a few issue climate change is for those not drawn in by scientific number of distinguished physicists. This part of the paper will evidence, and what kind of language is left when science is not review the study of these scholars who introduced different the primary tool for presenting the issue and its implications. explanations of the motivation of these scientists in dissenting These questions build on Sheila Jasanoff and Brian Wynne’s anthropogenic climate change. While Oreskes claim that deep critique of the public understanding of science models that connection of these high level scientists in politics and industry prioritize science literacy and more information over a diversity and financial support by the politicians and industry are the main of meaning making. motivations of these scientists to disagree anthropogenic climate Chair: change, Lahsen attributes it to the reasons, such as the struggle of the environmental and peace movements in the 1970s to Candis Callison, University of British Columbia change perceptions of nuclear technology as a ‘‘symbol of all 058. Scientometrics and STS that was wrong with society’’, the end of the Cold War, changes 1:30 to 3:00 pm in federal funding of science that have negatively impacted Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller theoretical physics and the consequent battle of these physicists to preserve their scientific status. The third part of the paper is Research in Scientometrics and Science and Technology Studies (STS) my own study of the Indian scientists who dissident have similar goals, namely, to understand and characterize scientific anthropogenic climate change in India. As my study show, unlike practices, communities, and literatures. Historically, these two have been the US which physicists challenge the anthropogenic climate closely bound. Foundational work in the sociology of science relied on change, inside Indian climate change discourse, geologists have studies of citation networks to illuminate the ways that scholarly the dominant dissident voice regarding anthropogenic climate communication developed and evolved over time (Price, 1963; Merton, change. This paper will also show how the dissident Indian 1968; Small & Griffith, 1974). Similarly, analyses of citation and rhetorical geologists increased their critical voice after UN International networks that drew on scientometric techniques were common features of Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) made a scientific mistake in its early influential work in what has become known as STS (see for example 4th assessment regarding the future situation of Himalayan Latour & Woolgar, 1979; Callon, Law, & Rip, 1986). In recent decades, Glaciers due to anthropogenic climate change. however, a notable split has appeared between work in Scientometrics, with its characteristic use of quantitative methods for mapping scientific The Swedish Political Debate on Climate Change and the activities, and STS, which can be characterizing as focusing on qualitative Discourse of Industrial Fatalism. Per Gyberg, Linköping research methods and critical interpretation. Among core journals in each university; Jonas Anshelm, Linköping University area (e.g. Scientometrics and Social Studies of Science), citation behavior This paper is built on an analysis of Swedish climate politics has diverged to the degree that by most scientometric indicators they no discourse between the autumn of 2006 and the end of 2009, i.e. longer belong to the same grouping (Leydesdorff & Wouters, 1996; the tense period between the publication of the Stern-report and Leydesdorff & Van den Besselaar, 1997; Van den Besselaar, 2001). COP15. An analytical point of departure is the theory of reflexive Despite this divergence, we argue that bringing these two approaches modernity advocated by Ulrich Beck, and his concept of together is not only necessary, but is essential to studying two of the key industrial fatalism is used to explain the frames of climate questions facing sociology of science today: 1) how to study large-scale politics that were constructed during these years of climate scientific collaborations that utilize networked technologies for alarms. The empirical material consists mainly of a large amount communication and organization, and 2) how to influence policies of debate articles on climate change and climate mitigation regarding how such scientific collaborations are funded and evaluated. published in Swedish newspapers and journals during the period. Participants: The analysis focuses on government representatives, spokespersons for business organizations, trade unions, the cadre Evaluating the Long Now of Cyber-Science and Engineering. of economists and the political commentators of daily Cory Philip Knobel, University of Pittsburgh newspapers. Methodologically, close reading of every single text The progress of science moves with its own cadence, and the has been used in order to identify its central meanings and cycles at which different epistemic cultures produce new rhetorical figures. The coding process led to the identification of knowledge have co-adapted with the duration of funding from different patterns and meaning relations which together form supporting agencies like the NSF, NIH, DARPA, etc. The typical different discourses. The most dominant of these has been funding cycle lasts from three to five years, at which point labeled, “The discourse of industrial fatalism.” The industrial projects are metrically evaluated, resulting in a binary outcome of fatalism discourse entails an idea of - and a belief in - success or failure upon which continued funding relies. As technological development, a strong market orientation, more collaborative scientific work continues to become more enlightenment and scientific identification methods to handle interdisciplinary, distributed, oriented toward system- and risks and define threshold limit values for threats. A more infrastructure-building, and involved in Big Science, the rhythm profound make-up with the linear logic of the modern society is of work required to produce definable (or as appropriate, not seen as either necessary or possible. This is a contribution to measurable) benefits pushes further beyond the established the discussion about how modern societies handle the side effects evaluation periods and metrics. As a result, scientific work taking of global environmental problems and the role of science and place at longer time scales runs the risk of “failing” for not technology in this. producing rewarded results on a mismatched evaluation frame, “Blessing the Facts”: Finding Trusted Messengers for Climate losing funding, and leaving the potential for significant discovery Change. Candis Callison, University of British Columbia to lie fallow. Research on sociotechnical systems has shown that the categories of success and failure in larger sociotechnical American evangelicals involved with the movement known as projects are problematic, and even within projects considered Creation Care seek to transform climate change into a key issue failures, important discoveries persist and disseminate, though for all evangelicals. In order to bring this about, Creation Care they often remain unattributed to the projects and teams that leaders argue that “trusted messengers” are required to “bless the spawned them. This paper reports preliminary findings from the facts” for fellow evangelicals that may be suspicious of both NSF-sponsored project on “Evaluation Best Practices in science and environmentalism. Drawing on Ludwig Wittgenstein Collaborative Cyber-Science and Engineering”, currently in and Michael M.J. Fischer’s expanded notion of emergent forms progress. By challenging the assumptions of scientific cadence, of life, and based on extensive ethnographic multi-sited the portability of evaluation metrics, apposite units of analysis, fieldwork, this paper presents an account of the processes of and productivity outcomes of scientific work, we are suggesting a new outcome-based sensibility of scientific evaluation that alignment of scientific work practices around data use and informs and contextualizes the scientometric through established citation, scientometric measurements of citations to data (which STS-based historiographic and ethnographic methods. are highly mutable mobiles), and institutional acceptance of data Interactive Overlays: A New Method for Generating Global citations as an indicator of scientific impact. This presentation Journal Maps from Web-of-Science Data. Loet Leydesdorff, will discuss the development and implementation of data citation University of Amsterdam; Ismael Rafols, SPRU, University policy at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Using participant observation within data management and of Sussex scientific work settings at NCAR, I discuss internal debates about Recent advances in methods and techniques enable us to develop how to encourage scientists to formally cite data sets, challenges an interactive overlay to the global map of science based on in tracking and counting data citations, and barriers that must be aggregated citation relations among the 9,162 journals contained overcome in order to institute policies that allow scientists to in the Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Index receive professional credit for creating data sets that can be cited. 2009 combined. The resulting mapping is provided by VOSViewer. We first discuss the pros and cons of the various Chair: options: cited versus citing, multidimensional scaling versus Christine L Borgman, University of California, Los Angeles spring-embedded algorithms, VOSViewer versus Gephi, and the 059. Emerging Institutions of Science and Technology for various clustering algorithms and similarity criteria. The Sustainability approach pursued focuses on the positions of journals in the multidimensional space spanned by the aggregated journal- 1:30 to 3:00 pm journal citations. A number of choices can be left to the user, but Crowne Plaza: Hanna we provide default options reflecting our preferences. Some Participants: examples are also provided; for example, the potential of using Closure Processes and Regulatory Knowledge in BSE Policy- this technique to assess the interdisciplinarity of organizations and/or document sets. Making. Patrick van Zwanenberg, research fellow Bringing Scientometrics and Science and Technology Studies Regulatory knowledge is widely recognized as embodying a range of normative framing commitments. But where do such Together - Again: Lessons from ANT. Ira Monarch, commitments originate, and in what form, and how do they shape Carnegie Mellon knowledge production? These long-standing questions, important Work in Actor Network Theory (ANT) from 1979 to the mid for both scholarly understanding and science policy, are explored 1990s was influential in drawing together research in in a case study of knowledge closure during the initial phase of Scientometrics (SM) and Science and Technology Studies (STS). the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in the From a scientometric perspective, ANT de-emphasized citation UK. My deconstruction of regulatory knowledge, and analysis and citation networks in favor of an emphasis on co- reconstruction of closure processes, is based on an analysis of the word analysis and semiotic or translation networks. Translation extensive documentary material made available during the 1998- networks can be built from the structure of references made in 2000 Public Inquiry into BSE. Closure processes in regulation texts, e.g., to tools, techniques, methods, processes, produced have been understood in two main ways. A cultural perspective objects, states and properties, whereas citation networks usually views closure as a largely tacit phenomenon, with framing make reference only to authors, affiliations and dates. A citation commitments taking the form of historical sets of values, can contain titles, but these are rarely analyzed for their interests and assumptions, embodied in routine institutional references. Information for building translation networks and practices and disciplinary and professional norms. A political citation networks could be analyzed together but rarely have economy perspective usually views closure as a deliberate been. Inheritors of ANT using SM could build and interpret such achievement, with framing commitments taking the form of heterogeneous networks. ANT's rapprochement between SM and contemporaneous interests and values that regulatory actors STS was very promising, albeit with many methodological and consciously try to realize. I argue that both perspectives help conceptual problems needing to be resolved. However, while the explain what was believed about BSE. However, I argue that seminal ANT texts that created the SM & STS rapprochement closure, as a result of actors consciously pursuing their continue to be cited, the way ANT was combining SM and STS contemporaneous interests and values, was largely a tacit has not been much developed since the mid 1990s, not even by process, too, because the causal link between realizing framing the authors who had been most responsible for initiating it. No commitments and subsequent knowledge ‘choices’ was indirect other approach has as yet achieved the same promise. I will be and under-recognized. As such, I circumvent a key source of talking about reactivating ANT's rapprochement of SM and STS skepticism about political economy perspectives on closure, in the light of new developments in text analysis and new namely the assumption that regulatory actors take a highly concepts extrapolated from ANT that I have been applying in my instrumental view of scientific appraisal. work on software engineering of military system of systems. Mapping Power: Cartographies of Energy, 1925-2010. Jordan Data Citations in the Geo-Sciences: Motivations, P Howell, Michigan State University Measurements, and Organizational Alignments. Matthew In this paper I argue that cartography and other visualization Mayernik, University of California, Los Angeles techniques are particularly well-suited – and offer unique insights Federal agencies, professional societies, and research to – the critical study of energy science and technology. "Energy" organizations in the geo-sciences are moving towards requiring is a term commonly glossed by policymakers, media, researchers to formally cite data that led to a given research industrialists, environmental advocates and academics alike, but result. These ?data citations? are intended to raise the profile of which actually refers to multiple material and discursive data, that is, to make data a ?first class? scholarly object. Data practices; from battery-powered wristwatches to joint natural gas citations are expected to have a number of benefits, including: 1) exploration agreements in Russia’s Far East. Pinpointing what is formal citations can allow scientists to be given credit for their meant when discussing "energy issues" is thus especially work in collecting and creating data, 2) formal citations can important; failure to think and speak in specific terms about allow data center managers to track the use of data sets over time, which "energy" issues are most relevant to the economic, 3) formal citations can enable data to be discovered, accessed, environmental, political or social question at hand hinders our and used more easily by bringing data and their resultant ability to answer appropriately. I argue that cartography can be publications closer together. Ultimately, policies directed effectively summoned to avoid the sorts of elisions that blight towards data citations are intended to make geo-science and geo- “State of the Union” addresses and G20 communiqués for the scientific data more open and transparent. In order for data basic reason that "energy" itself cannot be mapped, but its citations to serve these desired roles, however, there must be an specific materialities and consumption patterns can be. In this way, cartography can illuminate trends that might be less-visible but many of these classifications imply a duality between science in other research methods, benefiting both policymaking and and society and an associated fact-value dichotomy. The classic academic inquiry. As such, this paper builds on energy studies in example is a philosophical discussion of constitutive metaphors, STS by reviewing the history of energy cartography, identifying as opposed to pedagogical/communicative ones. In this paper, I trends in topical and regional emphasis, changing purposes for briefly review metaphoric taxonomy, at levels ranging from mapping and shifts in cartographic and data visualization Lakoff’s cognitive metaphors to Pepper’s root metaphors, to technique, ultimately offering a "taxonomy" of energy maps. demonstrate the extent to which they help to break down the Such analysis identifies both cartography’s strengths and science-society duality. I also provide examples of scientific limitations in critical energy science and technology studies. metaphors that are constitutive yet also contain contextual values Simultaneously, the paper asks important questions about data (following Helen Longino), drawing from Nancy Stepan, access and ethics at multiple scales. Dorothy Nelkin, and other scholars, as well as my own work Culinary Geography: A Qualitative Study of GeoSpatial based on interviews with biodiversity scientists who have Technology Use in Chicago. Aditi Raghavan, Northwestern recently promoted novel metaphors. I propose the neologism University “feedback metaphor” to highlight those scientific metaphors that interweave science and society. Given their value-ladeness, I How do people navigate to physical places in the age of new further propose that such scientific metaphors need to be subject media? Where do people get directions, maps and other to greater moral scrutiny. information? GeoWeb is an umbrella term for geographic services online. This includes geographic information content, Chair: location-based devices and services, information from Brendon Larson, University of Waterloo geoservices and applications that make use of geospatial 060. Digital STS: Projects and Projections information, e.g. Google Maps. Much hype surrounds geospatial applications with growing popularity of sites such as Yelp.com, 1:30 to 3:00 pm Foursquare and existing social networks like Twitter and Crowne Plaza: White Facebook adding geospatial functionality. Does use of geospatial Digitization has dramatically changed the way scholarly knowledge is technology change how people experience their surroundings? produced, configured and shared. Across the sciences, researchers have This paper examines how people use geoservices in their developed new ways of producing, analyzing, sharing and visualizing data, everyday lives. Using a specific case study of the GeoWeb – sometimes experimentally, sometimes because of new data management everyday use of geospatial applications and information by and reporting directives from funders and journals. Parallel work in the people to navigate to restaurants in the city of Chicago - I argue digital humanities has also been impressive, suggesting how digitization that it is important to acknowledge the resurgence of maps and can enable new modes of analysis, collaboration and signification. Papers the act of mapping caused by the GeoWeb, making it important in this panel explore projects in and projections of Digital STS. The to study as an extension of cartography. Importantly, the projects presented demonstrate new ways STS insights can be relayed, to GeoWeb allows us to explore new urban contexts where users new and diverse audiences. The projects presented also illustrate how and co-construction of technology are studied and user practices digital STS can not only extend knowledge, but provoke new ways of are understood and made sense of by STS theory. To facilitate knowing and new ways of working with knowledge. Papers are based on, this, I present preliminary findings from an ethnographic study and further project, ways digitization can animate new ways of working based off fieldwork in the city of Chicago, which include public with data and theory in STS. Papers also examine and illustrate ways observation and interaction with everyday individuals in the city, digitization provides opportunities to explore modes of representation that interviews with individuals on their use of the GeoWeb and embody long-standing concern with crises and politics of representation - cognitive mapping techniques to elicit people’s experiences of around science and technology, in particular. the city mediated through the GeoWeb. Participants: Socio-technical Systems, Energy Practices and Energy ExtrAct: Changing the Dynamics of Extractive Industries Biographies. Karen Henwood, Cardiff University; Catherine through Collaborative Research. Sara Wylie, Massachusetts Butler, Cardiff University; Karen Parkhill, Cardiff Institute of Technology University; Nick Pidgeon, Cardiff University How might distributed information technologies be used and Among environmental policy organizations and academic self-supported by communities across the world to change the researchers alike, recognition is widespread that innovative ways dynamics of extractive industries? This talk describes the need to be found of fostering transitions to low carbon, secure, research and results of a collaborative project I co-directed at affordable energy systems. In doing this, efforts will need to MIT’s Center for Future Civic Media: ExtrACT. ExtrACT focus not only on low carbon forms of energy production, but on developed Web tools for communities managing oil and gas ways for people to reduce their energy consumption in everyday extraction in the US. I focus on the implementation and results of life. Yet there are well known challenges to achieving such two ExtrACT tools: Landman Report Card (LRC) and DrillWell. changes, with most people currently locked into unsustainable LRC is a Web site for reviewing the oil and gas company energy systems and practices. This paper discusses the representatives responsible for brokering mineral and surface use conceptual foundations for a new, interdisciplinary project lease agreements. LRC intends to change the dynamic of the designed to address these issues. "Energy Biographies: leasing process by allowing landowners across the country to Understanding the Dynamics of Energy Use for Energy Demand share information about these company representatives. I discuss Reduction" will build from the established understanding LRC’s reception and use by communities within the US. developed by STS scholars that people do not use energy, but DrillWell is a web-based mapping, complaint and networking rather services made possible by energy. It will approach tool, through which landowners across the country can find people’s energy behavior and practices as dynamic biographical people with similar complaints and/or scientific and legal experts processes: viz. as emergent, contingent, and unfolding in and researching related issues such as water contamination, or through space and time. We use the term “energy biographies” to company malpractice. Expanding on and implementing as a represent this approach which combines an understanding of design ideal Chris Kelty’s concept of “recursive publics,” I people both as located within socio-technical systems of energy describe designing DrillWell to be maintained and modified by use, as well as living more (or less) energy intensive life-course its community of users. As both a director of and anthropologist trajectories which are subject also to significant disruptions and working with the ExtrACT project, I share my research approach, change. introduce these tools and discuss how such distributed Values in Scientific Metaphors: A Review and Proposal. information technologies might be expanded internationally to Brendon Larson, University of Waterloo change the dynamics of extractive industries. Scholars have proposed multiple types of scientific metaphors, Simulating Socio-technical Systems: Game Design as Research Method. tad hirsch, intel labs Epidemiology 3.0: Modeling Asthma in Place. Alison Kenner, In recent years, several new computer game genres have emerged Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute that purport to educate, promote behavior change and promote Emerging health information technologies are shifting the critical engagement with pressing issues of the day. In this paper, imagination and care practices of patients and medical we describe on such game currently under development by the professionals. Personal health monitors, mobile devices and authors. Water Wars is a role-playing simulation game about social media networks have received considerable attention for water scarcity in the American Southwest. The game is intended their potential to contribute to both healthcare, and scientific to facilitate public participation in environmental policymaking, research. Epidemiologists focused on environmental health and to educate area residents about the nuances of water problems such as asthma, for example, increasingly design allocation policy. The game concept arose out of ethnographic studies that rely on data derived from personal health monitors fieldwork with stakeholders in New Mexico’s Middle Rio and mobile devices, data sometimes accessible through social Grande Conservancy District, and has been developed through media networks. Asthmapolis, an innovative public health project ongoing engagement with a variety of local residents and designed to improve asthma care and advance understanding of institutions. We describe the circumstances leading to the game’s environmental health, illustrates these emerging trends in creation, provide an overview of key design features, and report epidemiology. Comprised of several components – a GPS device on progress to date - including reception of various prototypes by that mounts onto rescue inhalers, a mobile diary, and a key constituent groups. We will argue that games like Water community Web site to aggregate data – Asthmapolis aims to use Wars offer compelling new possibilities for STS researchers. In patient-generated data to draw out patterns in asthma providing an opportunity to work with stakeholders to co- exacerbation. This digitally-derived data identifies exactly where produce simulations of social reality, games offer new ways to and when medication is needed, giving epidemiologists insight produce and validate insights about socio-technical systems. At into the geospatial contours of asthma. Drawing on Hans Jorg the same time, they also provide means to operationalize Rheinberger’s conception of experimental systems and epistemic empirical data for teaching, advocacy, and civic engagement. things, this paper examines how epidemiologists leverage health The Asthma Files 3.0. Kim Fortun, RPI technologies to advance understanding of asthma, in ways that Asthma incidence has increased dramatically in the United States supplement more conventional data gathering technologies, such and globally in recent decades, making asthma one of the most as surveys and interviews. The paper will also examine how the common chronic diseases in the world. It is widely Asthmapolis project can inform efforts to digitize STS, and acknowledged that asthma incidence tracks with social contribute to The Asthma Files, a collaborative, digital STS stratification, and that available models of causation cannot project. explain current rates. Researchers from many different Chair: disciplines and perspectives, in many different geographic and Kirk Jalbert, RPI organizational contexts, have tried to figure asthma out, but it remains elusive. Asthma sufferers and caregivers also struggle 061. ICTs, Economics and Market daily to make sense of asthma, trying to understand the rhythms 1:30 to 3:00 pm of incidence, triggers and effective modes of care and prevention. Crowne Plaza: Allen The Asthma Files brings perspectives from these different groups together, in an electronic archive that foregrounds and seeks to Participants: leverage explanatory pluralism. The project is imagined as an Our Knowledge Is Our Market: Commerciality and Materiality experimental ethnographic project, and as an experiment in new in Hackerspace and Hacklabs. Jeremy Hunsinger, Virginia forms of science communication and health literacy. This Tech presentation will describe the development and design logics of Hacklabs or hackerspaces are shared physical spaces with online The Asthma Files. It will describe the research design and digital and offline components. Supporters of the hacklab rent or share a platform that allows social science and humanities researchers in physical space, that is neutral to all parties, share tools, practices different locations, with different research foci, to work and knowledges. Hacklabs are at once part of a local movement collaboratively. It also will describe plans for creative sharing of connected by the physical space, and a transnational and research results with various audiences, including scientists, transcultural movement linked together by shared knowledges, health care providers, journalists, policymakers and people with cultures and information technologies. Their spaces, some of asthma. The aim is to demonstrate and critically examine which are inhabited by multiple cultures, but some of which are possibilities for digital STS. clearly not, are spaces of informal learning about technology. Playing with Asthma: Embodiment and Care through Digital This informal learning environment centers on the use of new Practices. Erik Bigras, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute materials, new tools, and technologies, and the learning about Asthma education and prevention usually targets asthmatics and these tools is a form of transduction that is transforming a group their caregivers, failing to extend the community of people of interested parties into a much larger political and cultural concerned about and enrolled in efforts to respond to the current forces that have been recently readdressed with a new wave asthma epidemic. Further, much asthma education is restricted in commercial and commodity products. As the prior generation of content, primarily encouraging adherence to pharmaceutical 'hacking' with its mail order catalogues and RadioShacks was modes of care. This paper explores possibilities for more reconstructed through its commodifications and expansive forms of asthma education, directed at non-asthmatics, commercializations, the new generation, with new commercial and including attention to air quality, stress and other asthma identities is being transformed. There are new commercial triggers for which pharmaceuticals offer little remedy. Such enterprises such as Make Magazine, makerfaire, and related possibilities would creatively leverage digital media, drawing on groups that have constructed a new the techniques and aesthetics of computer game design, and on transnationational/transcultural brand for hacklabs and insights from STS and social theory. By joining five video game hackerspaces. This commercial reality stands in relation to the design concepts with five STS theoretical insights, this paper technical materiality of hack labs also. The technics they are attempts to understand 1) how a digital STS can be deployed to interested in cut across diverse systems, but are highlighted by advance understanding of asthmatic experiences by non- systems in which the hacklab members can become personally asthmatics, and 2) how non-pharmaceutical methods of care for invested in creating and building things that serve their needs. asthma can be effectively communicated to a wide audience. The Branded, hackable systems like arduino(an example of open paper illustrates how experiences of and care for asthma can be hardware electronics) to homemade 3d printers combined with diversified through digital practices of play, inflected by insight internet-worked technologies to produce tools and systems that from STS. their creators learn from and then use. This cross-cutting and cross-purpose use of technology allows the members to create systems that cut across their community and personal use, actor-network frameworks, this presentation explores how ‘social reconfiguring their ecological standpoints by transforming their network analysis’ techniques immanent to the technical substrate capacities within those ecologies. In the end, these machines of the episodic network inform it’s future behavior, in ways that recreate the relations and processes of the hacklab in a new might ultimately advance the interests of corporations and limit relation to knowledge, they create a new line of flight for the the production of non-proprietary media. (*Episodic networks assemblages that come into being and those that are passing out are a form of mobile ad hoc network which, rather than using a of being. In looking at these relations and processes we can see stable form of infrastructure, routes data packets through pair- transformations of the relations of labors, from data to material wise connectivity between mobile devices. Data is transferred and back again, and transformations of work, whether people use opportunistically by everyday proximity between humans what they are provided in a consumerist model, or take those carrying mobile devices i.e. commuters on public transport, consumer objects and transform them into objects integrated into without the aid of a centralized relay structure. The network their everyday lives. This research is empirically based in a typically uses social network analysis techniques such as multimethod study of hacklabs across three continents and on the collocation prediction and mobility patterns to produce routing internet. The project analyzes websites for discursive and tables. ) semiotic meanings related to creativity, innovation and Source Control: Competing and Complimentary Histories. knowledge dissemination in relation to the commericalization of Isaac Quinn DuPont, University of Toronto knowledge. Source control tools are central to the production of software and The Role of Gap-analysis in the Procurement of Packaged are increasingly finding application for all textual material. In Software. Alexander P. Kinney, Pennsylvania State particular, the software control tool Git was developed to manage University; Nicholas J Rowland, Pennsylvania State the production of the open-source Linux kernel, but far from University, Altoona being simply “open,” the histories of source control within the Prior research suggests that “formal” documents play an field of software engineering exposes competing and important role in the procurement process of software packages complimentary apparatuses of control. Although computer (Pollock & Williams 2008). However, few researchers have history is an important field of study, it is still nascent and suffers shown concrete evidence of these documents or fully from a lack of historiography of specific applications and techno- conceptualized their utility. In this study, we examine formal social accounts of how software was designed and programmed documents, mainly, those related to “gap-analysis” by displaying (Cortada, 2002). This paper closes an important gap in the them and interpreting how they are used. Gap-analysis takes literature. Before the division of hardware and software, complex, potentially-confusing topics, such as software computers were used for war calculations. When direct configurations, and drastically simplifies them. Gap-analysis programming began to wane in the 1950s, software became the allows non-technical experts a birds-eye view of how, in this new means of control, replacing mechanized “man hours” of case, new software squares with current business operations. calculation with seemingly unbounded capabilities of automation Some scholars suggest that formal documents like gap-analysis or replacement. The “programmer’s paradox” soon took root: are useless, as they simplify too much. Instead, they claim everyone but the programmer was being replaced with adoption decisions are driven by the use of persuasion. We computerized automation. Software engineering was born as challenge this perspective by showing how gap-analysis is a Ouroborus - circling around until the machine programs itself. flexible resource, which can be used to promote or reject the Software engineering speaks of automatic programming and adoption of an innovation. We offer a modest case study that factory floors, yet in contrast the tools that developed were shows how formal documents, not just persuasion and alliance- modest hacks rather than grand Taylorist or cybernetic building, are very influential in making decisions regarding revolutions. Archival and documentary evidence (especially the acquiring packaged software solutions. Our data come from the 1968-69 NATO conferences) are used to articulate these University of Michigan’s Bentley Historical Library’s “M- competing and complimentary histories of software engineering. Pathways Project.” To our knowledge, this data has never been Likewise, interviews with developers of key software used for research purposes and we know relatively less about engineering tools (especially SCCS, RCS, and “Programmer’s how higher education makes procurement decisions. Workbench”) further corroborate source control tools as control Media Publics: Modeling the Sociotechnical Network. Rachel apparatuses. O'Dwyer, CTVR, Department of Engineering, Trinity Chair: College Dublin, Ireland Isaac Quinn DuPont, University of Toronto This paper concerns the sociotechnical assemblage of mobile ICT 062. Collaboration and Interdisciplinarity networks and "media publics," using a term to describe 1:30 to 3:00 pm collaborative and non-proprietary practices emerging around the Crowne Plaza: Hope production, consumption and distribution of digitally networked media. It advocates new theoretical frameworks for the study of Participants: media publics that acknowledge the complex ecologies of The Shape of Information Management: Fostering sociotechnical systems. The paper critiques the current Collaboration across Data, Science and Technology in a application of STS in the study of emergent media publics, Design Studio. Joan Marie Donovan, University of identifying a reliance on alternatively social or technologically deterministic analyses in the literature. Theories of network California San Diego; Karen S. Baker, University of media continue to employ linear causal models of analysis that California San Diego/ Scripps Institution of Oceanography all too easily equate centralized networks with proprietary Our report describes the history and use of the Ocean Informatics frameworks and decentralized topologies with democratic media Design Studio located at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at practices, failing to attend to the many ways in which media the University of California San Diego. This Design Studio was publics are generated in diverse relations between human and built with the intended purpose of supporting collaboration in non-human actors. To demonstrate this complexity, this paper oceanographic research, but as demands for digital data grow and uses a case study of an obviously sociotechnical assemblage, become mandated by the NSF, so do the purposes for the Design drawing on recent prototypes for episodic networks*, a mobile ad Studio and the responsibilities of the Ocean Informatics team. hoc network that uses human proximity rather than fixed Through the methods of ethnographic research and semi- infrastructure to distribute data packets. Superficially, these structured interviews, we illustrate how the Design Studio works networks represent an ideal platform for the kinds of user- as a resonate piece of infrastructure within a community of generated practices associated with optimistic accounts of media scientists, researchers and graduate students. From our publics. However, through an iterative analysis that draws on observations, we identify a complex network of human and nonhuman actors that ally to produce software and manage Our findings might help policymakers in facilitating biomedical scientific data in the Design Studio. As well, we describe the research. culture of the Design Studio and the mechanisms employed to Junctures: A Kind of Research Organization. Elihu M Gerson, remain mindful of changing work flows, communication styles Tremont Research Institute and funding opportunities. Finally, we conclude by addressing a need to understand today’s context for data production and data Intersections among specialties have long been an important and reuse as an “Age of Data Discovery,” whereby the study of local familiar part of the world of research. As specialties have social and technological developments in information increased in number and become more narrowly focused over the management aids scientific research on global phenomena years, the number of intersections among specialties has through the development and use of digital data repositories. increased. Moreover, some emergent lines of research lie at the intersection of many established specialties. Such complex, Scalefree Geographical Mapping of Scientific Collaboration of overlapping intersections, or ‘junctures,” are unlike other Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Olivier H. Beauchesne, specialties or intersections in important respects. Junctures Science-Metrix, Inc; Éric Archambault, Science-Metrix, Inc typically do not have the full organizational apparatus of a Geographical mapping of scientific collaborations is a powerful discipline; the specialists know, read and cite one another, meet tool to inform policy makers of the locations of knowledge at conventions, co-author papers, exchange students and post- creation, and of the existing patterns of knowledge exchange docs, and otherwise support and enable one another’s work. But between scientific performers. While these classical maps may be their subject-matter also typically doesn’t have journals devoted strikingly pleasing to the eyes, they are not necessarily useful as exclusively to it, learned societies, degree programs in science and technology roadmaps. Furthermore, most indicators universities, or explicit programmatic recognition and support of scientific collaboration postulate that scientific activities are from funding agencies. Indeed, they may “fall between the linear when, like many human activities and natural cracks” in organizations that house and fund research and find phenomenon, they are strongly non-linear. For example, it is their access to resources restricted for this reason. Moreover, the often implied that a large university will have a high number of usual mechanisms of control, such as peer review, are weakened collaborations. However, the question one should consider is because few reviewers have all the skills and information needed whether their collaboration rate is lower or higher than expected to review adequately. As a result, junctures are a different kind of for an institution their size. A scale-adjusted analysis of scientific social organization, part of, but less well integrated with, the collaboration can address this question by modelling, using a system of research institutions. These points are illustrated by the power-law regression, the existing relationship between the example of masculinization research, and the study of number of collaborations and the number of scientific masculinization in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in particular. publications of entities at various scales (i.e., institutions, Chair: metropolitan statistical areas, countries) (Archambault et al., Elihu M Gerson, Tremont Research Institute 2011). Although accessible global travel and the Internet have eliminated many boundaries to scientific collaboration, 063. Biodiversity Conservation geographical location of scientific knowledge is still pertinent to 1:30 to 3:00 pm decision-makers for political, financial or educational reasons. A Crowne Plaza: Newman scale-adjusted geographical mapping of the scientific collaboration rate between metropolitan statistical areas is Participants: presented as a powerful tool to inform the development of The Politics of Technology in Mexican Wolf Reintroduction collaboration policies at the regional level. For instance, by and Conservation. Paula Decker, University of Arizona overlaying data on the scientific impact of entities on the maps, it Mexican wolves (Canis lupus baileyi) were reintroduced to becomes possible for a specific region to identify potential Arizona and New Mexico, U.S., beginning in 1998, following prospects for the reinforcement of beneficial collaborations. nearly 20 years of captive-breeding. The population of wild What Factors Might Affect Physicians for Conducting Mexican wolves was expected to reach 102 wolves and 18 Collaborative Research? Yuko Ito, National Institute of breeding pairs by 2006, but its growth has stagnated, and in Science and Technology Policy; Hiromi Saito, GRIPS January 2011 was estimated at just 50 wolves and 2 breeding Collaborative research between hospital physicians and pairs. The reintroduction and conservation of Mexican wolves is researchers in academia or enterprises is very important for premised on the intensive use of surveillance technologies, medical innovation, such as new drugs and therapies. Focusing including radio and GPS collars, tracking and trapping devices on hospital physicians in Japan, we empirically analyze their and mapping software. While radio telemetry has been central to behaviors for conducting collaborative research based on wildlife biology for decades, its use as a means to control wolves questionnaire data for physicians. An online survey to a group of has gone unexamined. These technologies enable and constrain 3,531 physicians in Japan was performed in February 2010. particular ways of understanding the relations between wolves, Responses were received from 684 (19.4%) as “hospital people and territory, and are enrolled in cultural and state-based physicians.” We analyzed what factors affected the collaborative politics surrounding Mexican wolf and land use policies in the research conducted by hospital physician and the willingness for Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area. Based on qualitative research, collaborative research in the future using probit model. Firstly, as including semi-structured interviews, participant observation determinants of collaborative research for physicians, we found with the Mexican wolf field team, a participatory mapping that hospital physicians are inclined to conduct collaborative exercise and content analysis of archival documents, this paper research as they work longer at their present working places and explores the contradictory logics of knowing, controlling and are at relatively younger ages. In addition, physicians who are relating to wolves. The analysis draws upon the rich tradition of doctors of medicine and experienced in writing articles to foreign technology studies in STS, as well as recent (re)considerations of journal tend to collaborate. Secondary, as determinants of the relations between science, technology, and the state, to trace “willingness” for collaborative research in the future, we found some important pathways by which technologies and practices of that three factors (hospital size, a member of medical office and monitoring wolves influence conflicts over the governance of experiences in writing articles to foreign journal) were positively both Mexican wolves and their territory. significant while age was negative. Two factors, such as hospital Televisual Zoologies: Crittercams and Animal Technologies of size and a member of medical office, might be necessary factors Infolding. Peter Hobbs, York University, Faculty of for motivations to start collaborative research because they were Environmental Studies not shown as the determinants for conducting collaborative For zoologists, the crittercam provides a “breakthrough research. From our study, the determinants of conducting perspective,” a view of life from the animal-object of study. In collaborative research for hospital physicians were suggested. her essay, “Crittercams” (2008), Donna Haraway pursues the aspirations and assumptions embodied in this ontological leap to argument represented one of many from this period that deployed take up an animal’s point of view (POV). What does it mean to the insights of ecology as a science as part of a political struggle see through the eyes of an emperor penguin, a tiger shark, or a to raise awareness about environmental degradation in order to humpback whale? What does the gesture of becoming animal combat it. In recent years, a range of projects have attempted to fully entail? Does the crittercam apparatus live up to its promises exploit low cost and dispersed technologies to extend the sensory of science through transgression? To supplement Haraway’s range of humans to include otherwise invisible pollutants. For analysis, my paper focuses on an episode of the National many of these projects the end of raising the awareness of Geographic program Wild Chronicles in which a crittercam is individuals and the populace at large goes hand in hand with deployed to record the nocturnal habits of a Washington efforts to measure scientifically and to document pollutants and housecat, Molly. The chubby calico’s POV turns out to be the effects of pollutants in order to combat them. Credible captivating in a very fleshy sense, as her desires and underbelly evidence of pollution provides a compelling resource in the become meshed with those of the viewer. Sutured to Molly’s political mobilization to fight pollution and its discriminating POV, we are dragged along as she sheds her gentle persona and geography. In this presentation, I will explore a project becomes feral. What results is a mangled and diffracted attempting to redefine the potential of cell phones and other perspective that I argue provides us with a glimpse of the comparatively inexpensive and readily available pieces of 'open posthuman. To distinguish the crittercam’s diffracted source hardware' in order to document and to raise awareness perspective, I rehearse some of television’s fascination with about air quality issues in low income urban areas predominantly animals as made evident in such classic programs as Mutual of occupied by people of color. In addition to their struggle for the Omaha’s Wild Kingdom (1963-1984), The Undersea World of ends of environmentalism and environmental justice, ecologists Jacques Cousteau (1968-1975), and The Wonderful World of such as Marston Bates and the community activists and computer Disney (1954-2008). It is my contention that these programs scientists in this project model an imaginative and political constitute a televisual zoology or order of things that is radically engagement with science that defies disciplinary norms of different from the diffracted view of crittercam. specialization and value neutrality. Racialization of Nature on Safari. Cassie M Hays, Gettysburg Chair: College Brian Lindseth, University of California, San Diego - Science Safari in Tanzania is a closed circuit of intertwined technologies Studies and Sociology that mediate and define the contemporary conjoining of nature and race. From the age of colonialism through the safari tourism 064. Controlling Intellectual Property of today, racial concepts and technological practices have 1:30 to 3:00 pm sculpted the Tanzanian landscape and shaped nature’s Crowne Plaza: Kaye boundaries. Parks were established in the colonial era to enclose Participants: conserved nature, depopulate a landscape, and grant colonialists primary resource access. Ideas of both external and internal Science Inside Law: Making a New Patent Class in the nature are performed in this confining of the spatial. In visiting International Patent Classification. Hyo Yoon Kang, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Serengeti National Park, University of Lucerne tourists transgress a palimpsest of colonial, legal, physical, This paper examines the process of representation of scientific, social and ideological thresholds. Wild nature is called technoscientific novelty as a patentable invention in law through into existence in imagined and real movement into and across a close case study of the creation of a new patent class for park space. In Ngorongoro, safaris also visit Maasai cultural combinatorial chemistry in the International Patent villages; tourists come to see Ngorongoro as an especially wild Classification. The creation of the new patent class was an space because wildlife and apparently wild lives co-exist. unequivocal reflection of scientific novelty in law, which was Technologies like the park mediate perceptions and reflected in the high number of patent applications received. representations of nature and native in transit across the However, beyond such an initial scientific "input," the case study landscape, so that racialized "others" come to be viewed as shows that there was hardly any epistemic or practical interaction inextricably harnessed to their natural surroundings. Scholarly between law and science in the classification process. The patent studies of colonial science and policy show that race and racial classification was seen as an utmost practical necessity and difference are seen through the lens of wild nature: race is material tool to organize patent documents for search and naturalized. In this study of Tanzanian safari, I show that examination. By way of historical contextualization of patent landscape becomes imbued with racial significance: nature is classification, I identify the representation of inventions by patent racialized. Ultimately, I am interested in the conceptual documents and their material management as the key factors harnessing of nature(s) with race that occurs through the underlying such an internalist practice. Such a legal technologically-mediated experience of people and place in representational regime presupposes a mirror-like relationship movement on safari across the Tanzanian landscape. between the technoscientific invention and its inscription in the Remote Sensing, Environmental Justice and the Interior Lives patent document. Therefore, the classification of patent of Insects: The Political Ecology of Scent. Brian Lindseth, documents is seen as equivalent to the classification of University of California, San Diego - Science Studies and technoscientific inventions. In such a perspective, science is Sociology already "inside" the law. As a result, the hybrid nature of a patent as a legal, scientific and commercial entity is eclipsed by its legal In his 1960 work, "The Forest and the Sea," professional identity. I argue that a patent’s hybridity varies considerably in ecologist Marston Bates challenged the reader to imagine how its density and permeability along the different points of the insects such as mosquitoes sensed and responded to the world patent network and argue that the notion of hybridity requires around them. As humans, we primarily rely on vision to navigate careful differentiation. our natural and built environments, and many of us are unaware of the rich world of scents that insects and other animals inhabit The Patent Multiple: A Claim for the Document Object. and the ways in which a scent can render visible an attractive Thomas James Lodato, Georgia Institute of Technology mate, a source of food or the presence of danger. As Bates was The multiplicity of objects has risen as a significant discourse inviting the reader to imagine the interior lives of insects, he was within contemporary science and technology studies as also issuing a political challenge. Seeing the world through the evidenced by the writings of Bruno Latour, John Law, and eyes - or antennae - of insects entailed seeing the world, and the Annemarie Mol. In general, the work from these and other world’s problems, from an ecological perspective. Published two writers question the determination of objects by tracing how the years before Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" and a few short artifacts, practices, and surrounding residues produce multiplicity years after the radioactive fallout debate of the 1950s, Bates' and noncoherence instead of fixing an object as singular. While technical documents are prominent in many of these discussions interactions. about multiplicity, they are often employed as exemplary of Agricultural Biotechnology in the Intellectual Property Rights instances of conflicting definitions rather than objects in their Regime in India. Sambit Mallick, Indian Institute of own right. In other words, technical documents are treated in Technology Guwahati these circumstances as "object documents" - documents about technical objects. The present paper explores how patents can be The advent of the customer-funder-policymaker as a prominent discussed as "document objects." Specifically, the discussion element in scientific practice since mid-1990s in India and revolves around a close study of the various analog and digital intensifying thereafter seems to have forced scientists engaged in patent documents associated with Improved Security System for research in agricultural biotechnology to (re)negotiate scientific Screening People (PCT/US2008/088345), also known as boundaries and to do some of the delicate boundary work. The backscatter x-ray screening - an airport security technology under challenge for scientists is ‘to bring science “close enough” to recent media scrutiny and public contest. The analysis employs politics and policy demonstrating social accountability, and combines techniques from Actor-Network theory as well as legitimacy and relevance, but to avoid either science or politics visual culture and software studies to make an argument for the overextending into the other’s territory – a prospect that is particular interlocution of technical documents. The focus evidently disorienting and poses serious threats to idealized expands to discuss the ways these documents function within identities of science and the scientific community. Against this sociotechnical networks as reflexive descriptors, in this case as backdrop, the main objective of the study is to examine the reflexive of the network of creating security and surveillance. factors responsible for the shift in the practice of science from Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion about how being a curiosity-driven activity to contract obligations. Through document objects are independently multiple and trace networks the radical changes in science funding and policy-orientation in that are unique, though often overlapping, with the technology India since mid-1990s, ‘scientists seem to be vigorously mapping they describe. out the cultural spaces for science’ and for their own identities as forming the scientific community. In this context, scientists in the Varieties of the Third Mission of the University: Modes of study are not actually in the process of (re)classifying a University-society Interaction in Three Research Areas. satisfactory version of “science” and “policy” through their work. Juha Tuunainen, University of Helsinki Instead, they are engaged in multiple versions actively negotiated The latter part of the 20th century witnessed transformation in science – policy boundaries, many of which seem to have the ways of understanding the relationship between science, different qualities and make different demands on them as universities and society. Although various models and researchers/scientists. characterizations of these changes have been presented, there are Chair: relatively few studies on the direct interaction between university researchers and societal stakeholders outside the realm of Sambit Mallick, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati technology transfer and commercialization of research results. 065. Multidisciplinary "Disciplines" The inclusion of the third mission of the university into 1:30 to 3:00 pm legislation in many countries made the societal impact of Crowne Plaza: Miller university research and “the third mission activities” an object of evaluation and control. By using qualitative, case-study-based Participants: methodology, the present research expands this perspective by Practices of Freedom within Disciplinary Sites. Tineke Broer, exploring the various forms of interaction between university Erasmus University Rotterdam research groups and other societal actors (experts, users) in In his later work, Foucault took up the issue of "ethics." To be different fields of research. Since biosciences and different areas ethical, people must work on themselves and make a project out of technology have dominated the research on the university- of their lives. By means of what Foucault called "technologies of society interaction, the present project aims at studying the self," people could become subjects who care and think for multidisciplinary research groups and units coming from social themselves instead of being subjected to expert knowledge and sciences (urban studies), education (research on learning normalization practices. In this article I explore how technologies difficulties) and humanities (research on Finno-Ugric languages). of the self can exist, in other words, how people can be ethical, Thus, the study will uncover the variety of mechanisms and within disciplinary sites that are dominated by expert and institutions of university-society interaction. It will also explore normalization practices. To do so, I draw upon long-term care the ways in which societal and epistemic goals are being settings that can be seen as disciplinary sites. The current ideal intertwined in research work by the studied groups and units, and within such settings is for clients to construe their own lives. the ways in which the collaborating partners learn from each Words like autonomy and freedom are often mentioned as ideals. other. The study will widen the existing STS literature on “the But what do these "practices of freedom" mean within or in third mission activities” of universities as well as deepen the relation to a disciplinary setting? How can clients become ethical understanding of the societal impact of university research. persons? How is "freedom" constructed and what does that mean University Technology Transfer and the Public Interest. Leah for the identities of professionals and clients? In this article I Nichols, University of Michigan explore what "practices of freedom" mean within a care setting. For the past 30 years, significant policy attention has been given To do so, I combine the Foucauldian perspective with an ANT- to improving the transfer of technology from universities to perspective in which I, rather than defining freedom and ethics private industry in an effort to improve U.S. global beforehand, follow the actors so as to explore how freedom and competitiveness. These policies have changed the academic ethics are defined and enacted in long-term care settings. In the model from one of passive knowledge production into one of conclusion, I address the question whether and how ANT and the aggressive participation in the innovation ecosystem. However, work of Foucault can be productively combined to explore we must continue to scrutinize the effects of this new alignment "ethical" questions. of university and industrial interests on public interest research – Can Social Science Be "Co-produced" by Industry? josefine or non-commercializable research done solely to benefit the hjelteig fischer, lund university pubic. Is public interest research waning? Can we bolster public The paper aims at better understanding the situation of the social interest research in academia by improving the transfer of non- sciences and the humanities in the ‘new mode of knowledge commercial knowledge to nonprofit or public organizations? production’ marked by ‘entrepreneurial science,’ etc. This recent Using the University of California, Berkeley, and the University development is particularly evident when it comes to research of Michigan as case studies, this paper explores several models centers to which the bulk of funding comes from actors who of successful non-commercial technology transfer mechanisms demand co-funding from industry.This is the case for several and suggests policy actions for improving these types of research centers in Swedish university collages. Empirically, the paper consists of inquiries into three such cases characterized not This paper seeks to contribute to the growing literature on only by frequent co-production with industry, but also to a large “boundary work” in scientific knowledge production, focusing extent collaboration between different disciplines, for instance, on research on ‘global health’. Drawing on the concepts of social and engineering sciences. The purpose is to shed light on boundary work as well as scholarship in the field of STS – the possible tension between industry-relevant research and inspired development studies, this paper focuses on how ‘the (social) scientific development; how is co-production with global’ functions as a ‘boundary configuration’ in the growing industry perceived by social science researchers and what research agenda on ‘global health’. We report on collaborative strategies are developed to handle any problems that may arise as efforts by a consortium of academic and non-governmental a result of it? The paper also deals with how co-production with partners in Mozambique, the Netherlands and Zambia writing a industry affects the very epistemological development in the grant for a research project on the notion of ‘good governance’ in social sciences and the distinction between critical and ‘non- the Stop TB (Tuberculosis) WHO strategy. The aims of this critical’ research, i.e. the sociological and economic traditions in paper are threefold: First, we provide an account of the the ’sciences of society.’ The methods used are in-depth ‘backstage’ activities that led to this study, particularly interviews with staff at the research centers together with highlighting the ‘boundary work’ that took place between public analysis of relevant documents. The areas of social science have health researchers and social scientists. Second, we address the not gained as much attention as other fields in science studies, role of research grant opportunities in encouraging what is thus this inquiry is well-motivated. It is a work-in-progress paper termed ‘global’ and ‘interdisciplinary’ health research. These which is planned to become part of the author’s Ph.D terms assume clearly defined national boundaries as well as dissertation. boundaries around specific disciplines to begin with. At the same Cultivating Theory while Culturing Cells. Linda F. Hogle, time, calls for ‘global interdisciplinary research’ invoke the University of Wisconsin--Madison notion that overcoming those boundaries is a scientific and political necessity. Third, we reflect on our own role as an Conventional cell culture techniques do not closely mimic epistemic community: by reporting on the styles and means of conditions in the human body, particularly in the case of stem communication between European research partners and those in cells. Biologists know this, yet resist engineers’ efforts to design low-income countries, we seek to show that the meaning of ‘the systems based on differing concepts of intercellular interactions. global’ in scientific knowledge production cannot be taken for I argue that more than disciplinary disputes over knowledge granted and deserves greater academic and political scrutiny. territory, there are distinct ideas about cell behavior and preferences which are part and parcel of different approaches to Chair: maintaining cells in vitro and testing their ability to make tissues. Katharina T. Paul, Institute for Health Policy and Managment, Additionally, there are pragmatic issues of material culture and Erasmus University Rotterdam laboratory infrastructures which are conserved, even in the context of interdisciplinary research projects. Interviews with 066. ICTs and the other Fifty Percent stem cell researchers and analysis of recent findings regarding 1:30 to 3:00 pm culture techniques for studying cancer stem cells and embryonic Crowne Plaza: Owens stem cells differentiating into neural cells will be used to Participants: illustrate emerging theories of interactivity among networks of cells, and how such theories shape and are shaped by the Are "Alternative Paradigms in Artificial Intelligence” conditions of possibility presented by standard and novel culture Alternative Enough? The Case of Soft Computing. Veronica methods. Contributions to STS include insight into the Sanz, Science, Technology and Society Center (STSC), UC- organization of taken-for-granted scientific practices as they Berkeley encounter disruptive ones, as well as empirical data on the work This paper analyses Artificial Intelligence (AI) from a STS and of (and resistances to) interdisciplinarity. Feminist point of view with regard to its "foundational aspects," Governing Human Collectivity: Fukuzawa Yukichi and the that is, the epistemological and ontological assumptions Emergence of Statistical Thinking in Modern Japan. Akiko underlying the discipline. Some authors have criticized Ishii, Cornell Univeristy traditional concepts, discourses and practices in AI. However, This paper examines the writings of a Japanese intellectual, during the last decades, new approaches within AI have produced Fukuzawa Yukichi, who is the most well-known Enlightenment a “paradigm shift” with respect to the previous traditions. That is thinker in nineteenth century Japan. To modernize the country, the case of “Soft Computing” (SC), a collection of new he enthusiastically introduced Western science and technology as computational techniques including Fuzzy Logic, Neural well as various social and political systems. In particular, this Networks and Evolutionary Computation that try to model paper analyzes Fukuzawa’s admiration of statistical methods as a knowledge that involves imprecision, uncertainty, and means for understanding society in relation to his discussions on approximation. Based on a participant observation at the the police system, insurance businesses and other social and European Centre for Soft Computing in Asturias (Spain), the aim political institutions. Based on an examination of these texts, I of this paper is to evaluate Soft Computing from STS and Gender contend that statistical thinking penetrates his discussions on Studies perspectives by addressing what it is new and what is not social and political issues and it mediates discussions on the in SC with regard to traditional AI approaches. Artificial control of individual’s lives and their collective life and, Intelligence has being a field of Computer Science that has eventually, life of the nation. In other words, statistical thinking generated great debate within Philosophy. In the last decades, provided a new perspective for understanding human relations some STS scholars (i.e. Harry Collings, Diana Forshyte or Lucy after the dissolution of feudal modes of understanding, which Suchman) have approached AI from an STS point of view while were based on Confucianism and conventional morality, and for other authors (i.e. Alison Adam and the later work of Lucy supporting the establishment of a new way of governing people Suchman) have included a gender analysis. By applying these by their own will and calculations. Various studies concerning previous works to Soft Computing, I arise the issue of whether the history of statistical thinking have explored the social, current theoretical developments and empirical tools in STS are political, and historical implications of the rise of statistical adequate to cope with the challenges that Soft Computing thinking. This project contributes to this research tradition by presents with regard to epistemology and ontology, or whether introducing a case in a non-Western context and exploring its we should develop new ones. political implications for modern Japanese history. Desensitizing Trauma and Reconfiguring the Self with Virtual Constructing “the Global” in Collaborative Research Projects. Reality Exposure Therapy in US Wartime Medicine. Emily Katharina T. Paul, Institute for Health Policy and Cohen, Columbia University Managment, Erasmus University Rotterdam Veterans Affairs Hospitals across the United States have started experimenting with a new technology, "Virtual Reality Exposure representations, including depictions of heterosexual couples, to Therapy" (VRE), as a way to treat post-traumatic stress disorder sustain the values of the setting and company. For instance, eBay (PTSD) among war veterans. In VRE, a person wears a headset features engagement rings and wedding dresses on the main parts that projects 3D visuals, surround sound and smells that of its site, in press releases, and in advertisements. It connects approximate the particular war event that haunts his or her daily these items to gender, heterosexuality, and conceptions of life. Using VR, clinicians are experimenting with ‘haptics’, to shopping for “the one” and suggests they are key elements of virtually expose and desensitize trauma sufferers to distressing eBay and women’s identities and lives. Women sellers repeat scenarios within the purported safety of virtual worlds. In this these conceptions when using images and narratives about their presentation, I will discuss my early ethnographic findings on the weddings in order to sell dresses. In this presentation, I use STS experimental use of VRE at a Veterans Affairs Hospital. critiques of addresses to everyone (Oudshoorn, Rommes, and Freudian psychoanalysis provided a way to see the self as Stienstra) and theories of organizational logic (Acker, Britton, individual and interior. VRE, however, reconfigures the self as Swanberg), or the underlying assumptions and practices that an "out of body" experience and a site for virtual exposure. If we construct most contemporary work organizations, to explain are to take Donna Haraway’s notion of the “material semiotic” eBay’s processes. eBay links such organizational aspects of its seriously, then the materialization of the body involves a site as the category system, feedback ratings, digital imaging, and complex interrelationship between its externalizing and color-coding, to binary gender and heteronormativity. This is internalizing aspects, or what Lisa Cartwright refers to as the especially productive since binary gender and heteronormativity “intrasubjective.” While VR clinicians and designers sometimes are organizational, and sometimes institutional and business, describe VR technologies as an "out of body" experience, this is logics. Binary gender maintains and produces social stratification largely a fantasy that inadvertently reproduces gender hierarchies and power by mapping a dyadic system onto people, bodies, between the mind and the body, the male and the female, and the companies, and other things. Heteronormativity is the assertion rational and the irrational. People are not as Deleuze and of heterosexual privilege and pervasive ordering of existence Guatarri imagined - “a body without organs.” In this through inflexible sexual standards. By using the concept of presentation, I will argue that medical interventions, even virtual organizational logic, I interrogate the underlying structures of ones, still carry the risk of psychical and physical pain. businesses, which assert gender and heterosexual norms, and the Electronic "Power Grrrl" Twitter Test: Comparing Young larger ways things are categorized in Internet settings and other Feminists’ Relationship to Technology to that of Second- spheres. Wave Feminists. Martha McCaughey, Appalachian State Chair: University Michele White, Tulane University In the 1970s, feminists, like many in the countercultural 067. Situating Emerging Technology: Nanotechnology in movement more generally, were incredibly skeptical of Historical Perspective technology. What did “whitey on the moon” ever do for the rest of us, a famous Gil Scott Heron song of that time prompted 1:30 to 3:00 pm people to question. That generation of feminists framed Crowne Plaza: Boardroom technology as the embodiment and tool of monstrous white male Although there are many definitions of nanotechnology, most emphasize supremacy, whereas today new media technologies are young the field’s novelty and revolutionary break with the past. In different ways, feminists' "BFF." Are young women using new media the panelists in this session critically discuss the concepts of technologies, championed by some as the great “democratizing nanotechnology and “emerging technology,” frequently associated science technologies,” for political purposes? And to what extent are policy keywords that are similarly ill-defined, recondite, and problematic. these women being positioned and targeted as consumers by and Panelists seek to understand how and why scientists, engineers, through these technologies? In examining how today’s young policymakers, and patrons in a variety of professional and institutional feminists create and circulate their political critiques through new contexts marshaled symbols, imagery, and discourse in reconciling media technologies, this paper examines the transformations in continuity and change in the various social practices of science and feminist understandings of technologies - specifically engineering said to constitute nanotechnology. In so doing, panelists technologies of communication. This paper reviews the literature illustrate the circumstances in which actors appealed to historical precedent on second-wave feminism and the counterculture of that time and those in which they emphasized disjunction, discussing what this more generally, comparing those views of technology to today’s reveals of conceptions of progress in physical, biological, and social terms. young feminists’ view of and relationship to technologies as tools Roger Eardley-Pryor problematizes the folk histories that informed for political activism. A new literature on how young women use environmental, health, and safety policy for nanotechnology in the United new communication technologies has emerged, and I rely on this States in the early 2000s. Matthew Eisler’s study of the politics of basic data to assert my claims about how young women’s relationships science in the U.S. in the 1990s reveals how policymakers selected new to communication technologies differ from those of their feminist imagery and metaphors to label a discourse of revolutionary applied predecessors. While we were once warned that “the revolution science that had deep historical roots. Sarah Scripps examines how science will not be televised” (Gil Scott Heron again), today young communities used the history-oriented institution of the museum as a women do seem to expect that the revolution will indeed be platform to frame novel science and technology. Finally, Ashley Shew televised, tweeted and posted on Facebook. In making a locates and explicates the foundational American narrative of progress in comparison across generations of women, I examine both the subtext of nanotechnology discourse. Collectively, the authors hope to feminist social change and the nature of the authority structure of make the methodological case that historical analysis can offer insights new media technologies. I assess precisely how a changing relevant to science and technology policy today. relationship to technology matters to feminism, which as a Participants: movement has had a specific relationship to the body as a sort of ground for activism and a site of political change. Finally, I Looking Backward to Look Forward: Historical Examples of outline the ways in which young activists today find a Nanotechnology’s Environmental Future. Roger Eardley- convergence of personal/social, commercial and political uses of Pryor, UCSB media technologies - making it more difficult to engage in The oft-cited potential of nanotechnology to spin out of control political change that an earlier generation of activists would has dominated discussions of the public health implications of recognize. this field. Canonical images of the field’s hazardous qualities, Engaged or Enraged by eBay: Normative Gender, Sexuality and notably “grey goo,” issued mainly from the realm of science Organizational Logics. Michele White, Tulane University fiction, yet played an important role in nanotechnology-related environmental, health, and safety (EHS) policy debates. Such Many eBay advertisements indicate that the site supports all metaphors, in turn, were informed by the history of public health identities and desires. However, eBay uses traditional controversies linked to environmental catastrophes caused by powerful industrial technologies. This paper assesses the 3:00 to 3:30 pm influence of paradigmatic environmental/public health cases Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom Assembly Area including atmospheric nuclear testing, synthetic chemicals, asbestos, and recombinant DNA in shaping this debate. 069. Teaching Social and Ethical Implications of Research to Boundaries of Science Communication in the Era of Scientists and Engineers Nanotechnology: The Department of Energy and the 3:30 to 5:00 pm Discourse of Revolutionary Applied Science. Matthew Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim Nicholas Eisler, Center for Nanotechnology in Society - There is an increasing push to ensure that scientists and engineers are University of California Santa Barbara educated in the social and ethical implications of research. Because this trend is relatively new, there are no cohesive curricula or recognized sets of Nanotechnology has sometimes been interpreted as the subject best practices. Over the years STS scholars have developed numerous and product of an exemplary public science debate of the sort concepts, case studies, and approaches that can help scientists and elaborated by Gieryn and Bucchi. The oratorical strategies used engineers understand the role they play in the world and the impact they by K. Eric Drexler and Richard E. Smalley in their public can have on society. A number of research groups and individuals are exchange in 2003 have been cited as an important instance of currently developing their own methods of delivering this material to “boundary work.” In important ways, however, the history of scientists and engineers. Social and Ethical Implication (SEI) education is nanotechnology deviates from this model. Nanotechnology is not happening in a wide variety of spaces including: laboratory training a scientific theory, per se, and, apart from the Drexler-Smalley sessions, science museums, collaborative projects, multi-week workshops, contretemps, has never been the subject of serious dispute within online modules, study abroad experiences, and the classroom. This panel any scientific community. As a science communication brings together a wide array of these educators to share some of the expression conveying an implicit theory of the social relations of programs, materials, and experience they’ve developed to help scientists basic science long tacitly accepted by U.S. science policymakers and engineers understand the social and ethical implications of research. under different labels, the term gained currency in the science policy apparatus, if not the general physical sciences community, Participants: prior to this public debate. The emergence of nanotechnology in Integrating Microethics and Macroethics in Graduate Science the science policy idiom of the Department of Energy in the and Engineering Education. Joseph Raymond Herkert, 1990s helps show that science policy discourse occurs in a more Arizona State University; Karin Ellison, Arizona State circumscribed public space than science boundary work. University; Heather Canary, University of Utah; Jameson Exhibiting the Invisible: Displaying Nanotechnology to the Wetmore, Arizona State University Public. Sarah Scripps, Department of History, University of While the government and the public look to universities to South Carolina educate students in research ethics, those who teach ethics to In fall of 2010, the McKissick Museum in Columbia, South science and engineering graduate students still struggle to find Carolina, began collaborating with the University of South the most effective models for ensuring that their students Carolina NanoCenter in developing an exhibit on internalize professional values and make them part of their nanotechnology called Imaging the Invisible. It explored how scientific and technical practices. This presentation will report imaging technology has changed public understanding of the on a three year research project to develop and assess four non-visible world. This paper critically assesses this exhibit, different instructional models that introduce and educate science especially the ways it depicts the novelty of nanotechnology. In and engineering graduate students to the micro- and macroethical investigating how scientists and historians interacted in issues in their work. Efforts at integrating micro- and constructing and communicating this message for a general macroethics in graduate education of engineers and scientists audience, this paper argues that educators in this case tended not have been few. To be effective such efforts require incorporation to situate nanoscale research within a larger historical tradition of of interdisciplinary concepts and methods drawn from such fields scientific inquiry. Instead, they used the space of the museum – as science and technology studies and applied ethics. The four an institution devoted to the study of the past - to emphasize a models included in the project are: 1) a stand alone course on particular vision of the future. An analysis of audience societal implications of science and engineering; 2) micro- and evaluations, the exhibit script, and comparison with other similar macroethics material embedded in a required science course; 3) a installations nationwide shows how actors explicitly and hybrid online/face-to-face course on responsible conduct of implicitly treated historical themes in framing the message of research; and 4) engaging ethics in the lab. In the presentation novelty. we discuss development of the course models and preliminary The Nanoscale As Second Creation. Ashley Shew, Virginia assessment results of students’ knowledge of relevant standards, Tech ethical sensitivity, and ethical reasoning, as well as student- instructor communication. In America as Second Creation: Technology and the Narratives of New Beginnings, David Nye speaks of an American narrative Building "Human Practices" into Synthetic Biology. Emma of progress based on technology that was at once transformative, Frow, University of Edinburgh; Jane Calvert, University of yet stabilizing. This paradoxical duality is also present in Edinburgh nanotechnology discourse, which is characterized by The International Genetically Engineered Machines (iGEM) dichotomies. Underlying this discourse is the American narrative, competition has become a defining feature of the rapidly growing clothed in novel imagery but articulating the old dream of field of synthetic biology. Over a ten-week summer period, unlimited power over nature. This paper explores how funding multidisciplinary teams of undergraduate scientists and engineers agencies, governments, and businesses shaped nanotechnology (occasionally involving social scientists and designers) must discourse and the circumstances in which they appealed to design, model, and attempt to construct a novel genetic circuit specific components of the nanotechnology dichotomies of that performs a function of their choosing. One of the criteria for stability/instability, tradition/revolution, continuity/change, and winning a Gold Medal at iGEM is to undertake some ‘Human utopia/dystopia. Practices’ work, and teams are increasingly incorporating Human Chair: Practices activities and reflections into their projects (over half of Matthew Nicholas Eisler, Center for Nanotechnology in the 130 teams in 2010 submitted Human Practices work). Society - University of California Santa Barbara ‘Human Practices’ is broadly construed to encompass any ethical, legal, economic, or social dimension of synthetic Discussant: biology. In this paper we draw on our observations and Hyungsub Choi, Seoul National University experience as iGEM Human Practices advisers and judges to reflect on opportunities and challenges for training a new cohort 068. Coffee Break Il of researchers in this unique environment. iGEM projects are 070. STS Perspectives on the Nuclear Crisis at Fukushima – ll devised and led by students, involving intense work over a 3:30 to 5:00 pm compressed period, and little formal pedagogy. What division of Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East labor, expertise, and responsibility might be expected with The March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan resulted in a nuclear regards to Human Practices activity? And how does the crisis equaled only by the 1986 Chernobyl accident. Until that day, the competitive, output-oriented nature of iGEM shape the type of world seemed on the eve of a "nuclear renaissance," seeing growth (albeit Human Practices work undertaken? We explore whether the slow) in orders for new nuclear power plants, in response to growing notion of a ‘heterogeneous engineer’ (Law 1987) can provide electricity needs and the imperative to produce electricity without carbon analytical or practical guidance with respect to the Human dioxide emissions. The current nuclear crisis has shaken the foundations of Practices skills and competences that iGEM participants might be that “renaissance,” especially in regard to the ability of the nuclear power encouraged to develop. industry to respond to challenges posed by a dynamic Earth and potential Project-based Courses on Social Entrepreneurship for terrorist activities. In response to the Fukushima accident we propose one Developing Countries. Matthew Harsh, Arizona State or two sessions examining the implications through the lens of STS. University; Nalini Chhetri, Arizona State University Papers might address such issues as: how expert and public understandings This paper analyzes a series of project-based courses on social of the accident diverge; how this accident tracks a more general script of entrepreneurship for developing countries as a mechanism for disaster; the response of NGOs; attempts by nuclear engineers and nuclear engineering students to learn about the social and ethical power companies to contain discursive damage from the accident; high-risk implications (SEI) of their work. Students work in teams to technologies; and the role of models in projections of the accident’s health design products and business models that will benefit people consequences. Papers examining Fukushima in the light of other living in rural villages in developing countries. The class is run sociotechnical disasters, such as Chernobyl and Bhopal, are welcome. in conjunction with a non-profit group, founded by engineering Participants: faculty, which facilitates actual technology development and transfer to villages in countries such as Ghana. Students have the Nuclear Prospects in Africa: Rights and Risks. Abena Dove opportunity to travel to villages to implement their ideas. The Osseo-Asare, Univ. of CA, Berkeley paper argues that although the classes are not explicitly framed as Should African countries build nuclear reactors? This paper SEI courses, they represent a novel, but underdeveloped, revisits my ongoing research question in light of the Fukushima mechanism for engineering students to engage with SEI issues. disaster. It shows how several African countries have sought to Using case studies from technologies developed in the courses, balance their demands for nuclear rights with concerns over the we illustrate how students, especially those traveling to risks of nuclear energy since the 1960s. First, I consider how developing countries, become actors in stories about the social Ghana’s efforts to import a Soviet swimming pool reactor construction of technology and the interaction of epistemic collapsed after an external review determined the country should communities. However, social and ethical concerns are abandon atomic energy on humanitarian grounds by 1967. relatively marginalized in the curriculum compared to theories of International consultants argued that an impoverished nation product design and business development. This inhibits the could not afford to divert resources to atomic energy. Second, I ability for students to reflect on the co-construction of technology consider perceived risk factors that have plagued efforts to site with culture and place – and importantly their roles in that co- nuclear reactors in African nations in the intervening years. construction. In our view, this represents a missed opportunity These risks include the instability of military regimes seeking for deeper SEI education. atomic energy, the instability of surrounding countries, the huge Embedding STS Concepts and Social Implications in Online financial cost, and the dangers of radiation. In contrast, African Ethics Education. Karin Ellison, Arizona State University; scientists have countered questions of risk with demands for rights including access to scientific goods, prospects for research, Karen Wellner, Arizona State University and provision of electrical power to citizens. The paper analyzes The roles of scientists and engineers in the creation of new archival records secured from Ghana and South Africa on the knowledge and new technologies raise questions of scientists’ risks of nuclear power, as well as interviews with scientists and engineers’ collective social responsibilities. This presentation engaged in these continuing debates. It develops a research will: 1) describe under development, introductory online framework from studies of nuclear reactor siting (Aldrich), materials on the social responsibility of scientists and engineers, nuclear cultures (Gusterson), radiation risk in Africa (Hecht), and and 2) solicit comments and suggestions for improvement from postcolonial nuclear ambitions (Abraham, Mazuri). Particularly, I 4S participants. Our materials will become part of the am engaging with informants and monitoring the African press to Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program’s understand how the rights discourse may integrate the risk of RCR courses. The CITI program courses have a broad natural disasters, as we saw in Fukushima, Japan. outreach—in the first 45 days of 2011 alone, over 15,550 Genealogy of Japan’s Nuclear Affairs: A Trans-Pacific Cultural graduate students and science researchers completed a CITI RCR course in order to meet federal training requirements. The major Critique. Lisa Yoneyama, University of California, San contribution of our materials will be an introduction to Diego macroethics concepts from ethics and STS literatures. Rather In the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi Plant’s nuclear emergency than survey from the broad array of possible social responsibility Prime Minister Kan Naoto referred to the possibility of issues, our modules will introduce foundational ideas from STS drastically revising Japan’s energy policy. In Japan and and explore their implications for the moral obligations of elsewhere, the Fukushima crisis appears to have triggered a scientists and engineers. Key STS concepts will include: 1) global epistemic shift that could potentially cast fundamental presenting science and technology as contextual rather than value challenges to the international nuclear conglomeration. This neutral, 2) critiquing of the idea of technological progress, and 3) paper examines the trajectories of the nuclear perceptions in situating practitioners as simultaneously very powerful in Japan but from a critical trans-Pacific perspective. As a turn of shaping long-term outcomes of innovation, through the effects of the twentieth century imperial power, Japan has pursued technological momentum and path dependency, and unable to prosperity and progress through the promotion of science and predict the outcomes of their activities, as articulated in Mike technology, including the nuclear research. While the U.S. Martin and Roland Schinzinger’s discussion of engineering as nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki gave rise to what social experimentation. This understanding of science and might be called the “anti-nuclear ethics,” which ran deep among technology practice will then form the foundation for introducing the anti-Cold War, anti-corporate, feminist, and often anti- social obligations of scientists and engineers. American oppositional politics, such cultural texts as the children’s animation, known in the United States as “Astro Boy” Chair: and immensely popular in Japan during the 1950s and 60s, Jameson Wetmore, Arizona State University effectively disseminated the biopolitical image of the nuclear Infrastructure, Reproduction, Interruption. Michelle Murphy, energy as friendly, helpful, even adorable. Moreover, many University of Toronto aspiring scholars emigrated from Asia to become nuclear What is reproduction? How might reproductive politics be re- scientists in the United States. It was in the context of such Cold imagined? This paper takes as its starting point the juxtaposition War trans-Pacific love affairs between Asia and the United States of two technoscientific instances of reproduction: built that the General Electric built Fukushima Daiichi Plant’s “Mark infrastructures and the chemically interruption of sexual 1” reactor. Through disentangling these and other trajectories, the generation of living things. The first instance builds on Geoff paper delineates a genealogy of nuclear epistemologies in Japan Bowkers’s scholarship concerning infrastructures of memory to in its inseparable structural ties to the United States. explore the ways STS thinks through how built environments Adaptation to the Fukushima Crisis: The EU Strategy on physically perform a selective reproduction of the past. A crucial Nuclear New Build. Goran Sundqvist, University of Oslo question becomes, not how to smoothly transform the past into A few days after the tsunami hit Japan, on March 11, 2011, the future, but how instead to selectively actualize certain causing among other things a nuclear disaster at the Fukushima potential pasts for the sake of other futures. Thus, the question of nuclear power plant, the European Commissioners for Climate reproduction in infrastructures is not one of merely fostering and Action and Energy quickly reacted and stated that EU decisions supporting reproduction, but also of interrupting, disturbing and on new energy capacity are “very much likely to be influenced” diverting reproduction. The second instance explores a by the “apocalypse” at Fukushima, and that the “tailwind in contemporary interruption of the sexual reproduction of living public opinion that the nuclear business has experienced over things through anthropogenically produced reproductive toxins. recent years is not there anymore”. In this paper the Fukushima In scholarship on environmental politics and human life, the influence on the EU nuclear strategy is studied. The focus is on question of reproductive achievement is assumed to be a interpretations made and boundaries drawn in relation to what biological process within bodies, a process with the potential to Europe could learn from this disaster. In what ways is Fukushima produces future generations, yet which can be violently relevant to the planned expansion of nuclear power in Europe? interrupted by chemical pollution in ways insensible to bodies. In What similarities and differences do politicians, nuclear scholarship on reproductive toxins, the politics of interrupted industrialists and researchers highlight? Different lines of reproduction typically evokes a feminist counter-of flourishing reasoning in translating the accident, and use it for adapting and life. Through this juxtaposition of two different vectors of reformulating the European strategy, are presented. The more reproduction, the paper seeks to muddy the assumptions that specific empirical focus will be on the two EU collaborative bound the scope and sites of “reproduction” and play with “technology platforms” on nuclear energy, one for rendering reimagining “reproduction” as a temporal multitude. nuclear energy sustainable, the other for implementing geological Ahuman Speed, Animality and Technicity in Environmental disposal of nuclear waste. Already before Fukushima a tension Crisis. Astrid Schrader, Sarah Lawrence College could be noticed between these platforms: the first supporting In a keynote lecture for the 2007 annual meeting of the British nuclear new build and new generation of reactors, while the other Sociological Association, Bruno Latour wonders, “How can we is about closing down and disposing of spent nuclear fuel, which read in the newspapers that ‘we’ as humans might be responsible is not the right way to go if a fourth generation of reactors are for 30 or 40% of species extinction, without this effecting a decided on. How does Fukushima intervene in the tensed change in our ‘identity’ and our ‘relationships’?” (Latour 2007) European discussion? At the center of the current environmental crisis, and perhaps any Containment. Hugh Gusterson, GMU perception of crisis, is the question of speed. What distinguishes Fukushima breached the ideological containment vessels around humans from the rest of nature is no longer a flexible mobility nuclear energy. We had been told after Chernobyl that this versus stasis or activity versus passivity, but the rate of change accident was the unique product of a reactor without a that "our" technologies enable. Whether we are talking about containment vessel and of a poor safety culture in a backward climate change or the “great Anthropocene mass extinction in the country. Nuclear energy, we were now told, was safe. oceans” (Jackson 2008), anthropogenic forces interfere with the Fukushima, the accident that was not supposed to happen, has "natural dynamics" at ever increasing speed. While it has become created a need for social containment if nuclear energy is to conventional wisdom that the accelerations of technoscientific expand. This paper examines four discursive strategies of social developments have transformed what it means "to be human," it containment as used by government spokespersons, nuclear seems to remain difficult to reconfigure the "human subject" of industry personnel, and their allies. The first is to say that it scientific knowledge production in relationship to both technicity would be wrongly emotional to make quick decisions based on and animality at the same time. Drawing on Derrida’s notion of the tragedy at Fukushima. The second is to say –reprising an "originary technicity" and Bernard Stiegler’s articulation of older pattern of discourse about reactors with containment domes technicity as a relationship that is constitutive of the "human," I – that there are new “inherently safe” passive reactor designs that explore how divergent conceptions of the "lag" of time that could not undergo an accident like Fukushima. The third is to constitutes (a/human) time shape discourses of environmental define the earthquake and tsunami at Fukushima as such crises. In particular, I discuss how a perceived compression of extraordinary events that they are “black swans” that do not space and time might not only lead to short-sighted economic count. And the fourth, a fallback position from the initial calculations in response to environmental problems, but also insistence that nuclear reactor accidents were now ruled out, is to reveals the anthropocentric shape of “real time” technologies that concede that nuclear energy technology may be risky while appear to efface the lag of time, threatening to de-temporalize insisting that it has killed far fewer people than coal or oil "our" time. As soon as the temporal lag is conceived of as spatial technologies. Given the impossibility of calculating deaths from gap, a radical asynchronicity between human speed and animal nuclear accidents without relying on models and arcane statistical slowness appears to be premised on a human capability that the techniques, these debates move us away from common sense animal lacks. How might a Derridean reconfiguration of life “as arguments and into the “closed world” of risk simulacra. always already inhabited by technicization” disrupt the logic of Chair: techno-scientific progress that apprehends the acceleration of time as a crisis of environmental space without re-affirming Allison Macfarlane, George Mason University humans’ subjugating superiority over the rest of nature? 071. Lag! − ll The Space in the Middle: Leigh Star's Displacing Ways of 3:30 to 5:00 pm Knowing and the Technologies of Soil and Soul. Maria Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West Puig de la Bellacasa, University of Leicester; Dimitris Participants: Papadopoulos, Cardiff University This paper pays homage to Susan Leigh Star's original thinking of technology by seeking to explore embodied displacement as a contrasting technological engagements and abandonments drawn from way to disrupt the work-flow of today's networks of hyper- professional practice including community based psychiatry, teaching production. Learning to think mythological techno-drives from practice, industrial design and the work of scientists inspired by cultural the perspective of everydayness is a typical feminist strategy. psychology, postphenomenology, ANT and design studies. Each Leigh Star's work opens spaces between, inserts caesuras in time, approaches their distinct context to examine the emerging dynamics of creates possibilities in the middle. Nepantla, the word Gloria learned practice situated within shifting material relations and cultural ways Anzaldua used to designate a state of spiritual and political in- of knowing. The session’s intention is to discuss ways of approaching and betweenness indicates the soul space that Leigh Star invites us to researching the emplacement of technology within professional practice inhabit. This paper extends these ideas in the terrain of and its implications for learning and to serve as a reference point for technoscientific imaginaries of ecological salvation. envisaging how technological literacy can deal not just with cognitive Environmental techno-dreams grip fear and hope by continuously engagements but with those mutually constituted through materiality, body reinventing the myth of progress. They market a green dream of and culture. technological sustainability without challenging the 'bottom line' Participants: of the free market machine. We are called to respond by jumping on the super speed train of 'ecological living'. Which spaces are Situated Technological Literacy in Science and Nursing. left in the middle of this greentech rush for alternative visions of Cathrine Hasse, Aarhus University, Denmark technology? We examine the works of Elaine Ingham, an What is the relation between technological literacy in science American soil biology researcher and founder of Soil Foodweb education and professional education of nurses? This question Inc as an in-between zone that allows the making of alternative will be approached from an angle, which looks specifically at technoscientific ontologies. We see this biologist and activist as how students learn to form culturally diverse connections in someone who inserts a lag that effectuates un-progress and situated and embodied human-technology interaction with unbecoming required for the soul to go micro and listen to the technological artefacts. The hypothesis of the presented paper is shattered soil-web. that learning theory can connect the cognitive dimensions of Digital Lag: Damming the Stream of Real Life. Joseph Dumit, technological literacy with a postphenomenological and cultural- UC Davis historical approach and include the educational practice and material based arrangements in a deeper understanding of the Real-time applications, networks, stocks and games turn on concept of 'technological literacy'. This approach will open up for performances of speed, discrete time chunks, responsivity, and a new understanding of how nurses students and science students above all lag. Far from being only a drag, lag is often a source of cognition of technological artefacts may differ. The theoretical strategy and transformation. Based on real life and virtual framework to be used and challenged in the paper is the cognitive fieldwork, this paper examines the human and non-human acts of anthropological theory of cultural models. This framework slowing down, delaying, gapping, maladjustment, failures to connects culture, learning, emotions and cognition in a coherent respond, responding too quickly, latency and general framework. So far cultural model methodology has concentrated desyncrhonosis in online multiplayer games, in online on discourse analysis and interviews designed to elicit informants multiplayer investing and online multiplayer communication. underlying cognitive schemas. The encompassing cultural Relaying untimely research in and around STS (Thackery, models related to general and abstract concepts such Boellstorff, MacKenzie, Latour, Lacan, Deleuze, and friends), I as”romance” and “the American Dream”. The theoretical seek to use lag as hiatus to examine the temporalities of modern framework has however not been connected with empirical technology, their lives and politics. Lingering in cultural studies studies of how people learn to form the basic cultural models provides an incomparable provocation: “It is the function of the connections in engaged culturally situated embodied activity lag to slow down the linear, progressive time of modernity to involving complex relations of artefacts. Robots are an example reveal its 'gesture', its tempi, 'the pauses and stresses of the whole of a technology supposed to travel freely across national borders performance'. This can only be achieved - as Walter Benjamin and be of use to anyone who can read the manual free of any remarked of Brecht's epic theatre - by damming the stream of real cultural complications. The paper shall argue that robots are life, by bringing the flow to a standstill in a reflux of better understood as situated in local activities and that learning astonishment. When the dialectic of modernity is brought to a in relation to robots is embedded in local cultural models. The standstill, then the temporal action of modernity - its progressive, analysis centers on the different cultural connections formed by future drive - is staged, revealing 'everything that is involved in science students (primarily engineers and physicists) and nurses the act of staging per se'.” (Homi Bhabha, Location of Culture). students in their everyday practical activity engaging with the What is the role of lag in actor networks? same particular locally co-configured material artefact: a Chair: therapeutic robot created by engineers who has, as a typical Orit Halpern, New School for Social Research globalized product, been exported to countries like Denmark Discussant: where it has found use in hospitals and nursery homes. Colin Nazhone Milburn, UC Davis Authority as a Material and Processual Configuration. Nana Benjaminsen, Center Leader aCenter for Science Education, 072. Learning Technological Engagements and Abandonments Copenhagen University. 3:30 to 5:00 pm Authority in educational settings is generally taken to belong to Crowne Plaza: Dolder the teacher – to reside inside a human. At the same time, the use The session’s intention is to discuss ways of approaching and researching of new technology in schools is said to challenge authority. the emplacement of technology within professional practice and its Analyses of how authority is produced and maintained in implications for knowing and learning. Over recent years a range of classrooms not just through engagement among humans, but also different domains have endeavored to make sense of the nature of human through engagements between humans and non-human elements engagement with technology. This session attempts to explore this from the are thus needed. Investigating the technological and human pragmatic context of professional practice in which relations with the engagements in a computer-enhanced classroom where the presence or absence of material technological artefacts are set in focus. The construction based learning platform Lego Robolab is used premise here is that technological engagement occurs through cultural shows that authority is achieved in a close coordination of practices embodied through learning that incorporates the mutual interplay humans and materials. Applying Despret’s (2004) notion of of body and mind. Learning connects and circulates and is legitimized "making" authorizations "available" through socio-material through varying viewpoints, materialities, environments and rhythms of coordination, makes clear how authority is generated as an engagement. Technological literacy becomes a useful locus to frame the ongoing process of interactions through which social and learning processes mediated or negated across different artefact modalities, material participants grant each other authority. However, the spaces and professional practice. The session presents a range of presence of particular social and material actors is not a sufficient condition for authority to emerge. Emotions are important in abandonments have for professionals that work in a practice bringing these actors together: expectations, trust and interest where they need to be able to do both? What do professionals do activate circulations of authorizations. Authority is not granted when they judge that there are situations with the necessity to once and for all. Authorizations circulate in the classroom, abandon technologies rather than engaging with them? What handing over authority from one socio-material participant to the kind of knowing and engagement is required to be able to shift next. By applying a Science and Technology Studies approach to between the different types of technological practices? The paper an educational setting it is possible to shift from thinking of discusses in what ways the technological artefacts in professional authority as a stable human possession to conceptualize it as a practice and especially the attempt to abandon technological procedural and socio-material phenomenon, but without throwing artefacts requires tremendous efforts from the professionals. The emotions and inter-personal relations out with the humanist bath efforts are shown in the following ways: 1. to engage with water. technologies in new ways require socio-material negotiations. Shifting Engagements, Shifting Know-how: Navigating the Professional negotiation is intensified by the amount of things as Material Practices of Engineers. Jamie Wallace, Institute of well as the relative strength of the things that oppose or challenge Learning, University of Aarhus the new ways of engaging with technologies that professionals wish to introduce in their practice. The more artefacts and things For the most part professional practices don't simply involve that support for example bodily interaction in the small singular technologies or objectives but are rather multi-modal, technological circles the easier to engage with and learn that kind emergent and follow numerous routines involving diverse of practice. 2. When a professional practice is created around technological engagements occurring across variations of small technological circles it has of consequence that disciplines circulated across physical and virtual organizational professional practice does not get transported along the same spaces. As such learning within practice requires the mutual lines as professional practice that is created along standardized negotiation of multiple local knowledges distributed and and measurable technological circles. This means that embodied across environments and technological artefacts. The professional knowledge that engages with small technological technological literacy of practice is therefore one bound to circles has to find other ways of dissemination than with the established and emergent methods that span multi-modal expanding technological artefacts. 3. Balancing expanding materialities and shifting understandings. This paper considers technological artefacts and small technological circles in ones how researching the changing artefacts adopted by engineers professional practice redistribute the ways the participating actors within an industrial design agency is able to reveal their are given importance. The redistribution of participating actors in processes as shifting material ones that involve interlaced a given practice has consequences for what can be known and technologies and ways of knowing that entangle cultural, learned. semiotic and sensory encounters. Diverse entanglements that result in contrasting rhythms of engagement and the use of Chair: dissimilar knowledges. Mapping the unfolding pattern of Cathrine Hasse, Aarhus University, Denmark engineers design processes provides insight into the complexities Discussant: of their skills and know-how and show how situated learning is bound to both formal and improvised procedures and behaviors Don Ihde, Stony Brook University that remain materially structured through the technologies and 073. Constructing Risks and its Antidotes spaces employed. It is proposed that the technological literacy of 3:30 to 5:00 pm design professionals incorporates not only the ability to Crowne Plaza: Hassler understand individual tools and settings but to be able to collectively navigate, formulate and improvise routines across Participants: multiple technological resources and cultures of practice and to Emergence and Orientalist (Re)presentations in U.S. Military organize and engage with the differences they provide. Cultures Simulations of Middle Eastern Cities. Matt Cousineau, of practice that are in the end themselves increasingly defined University of Missouri through the emerging iterative processes of technological U.S. military planners have tried to simulate the U.S.-occupied engagement they exhibit. cities of Iraq and Afghanistan to train soldiers preparing to be Technological Abandonments and their Consequences for deployed to the actual cities in these countries. Following Said Professional Practices. Katia Dupret Søndergaard, Institute (1978), Graham (2010) argues that these simulated cities invoke of Learning, DPU, University of Aarhus an Orientalist discourse that represents Middle Eastern cities as Dealing with technological engagement and abandonment in stylized and purely physical spaces which are paradoxically both professional practices is acknowledging that much more than intrinsically terroristic and lack the civil society characteristic of people’s talk and actions are important for whether and how normal urban life (p. 185). In this paper, I theorize that these professional practices can be conceptualized, changed and Orientalized representations are, in part, achieved through both learned. This paper has of empirical focus community based the presence and absence of global practices. Middle Eastern psychiatry. Psychiatry is in many ways performed in small cities are represented as purely physical, terroristic and empty of technological circles (though not non-technological) in the sense civil society through the presence of emerging networks of actors that the psychiatric field is concerned with people’s mind through and actants that plant and retrieve IED parts from Middle Eastern therapeutic treatment or other treatment approaches that are often cities, distribute them to laboratories across the US to analyze practiced solely among bodies, meaning with the interaction of them, and share knowledge of them with military specialists and very little artefacts. This is a type of practice I call "small contractors who then assemble and distribute 300 to 500 replica technological circles." Usually in the psychiatric professional bombs per month throughout the simulated cities to help train practice, these small technological circles are often added troops about to be deployed. The simultaneous absence of other standardized technological artefacts and knowledge is hereby actors and actants also contributes to this Orientalized rendered measurable and traceable by, for example, the use of representation, because Middle Eastern diplomats, politicians, scales, diagnostic measures, patient records and satisfactory citizens, military planners, urban planners and Middle Eastern schemes. Being a professional in psychiatric practices there are material culture are all largely excluded from decisions on how to requirements both to be able to engage with diagnostics, represent the Middle Eastern cities in training simulations. I electronic patient journals, etc., and to be able to care and conclude that these global practices are important to explore approach the patient as a person as unique, meaning outside the because they set the stage for defining the riskiness of military standardized ways that technological engagements tend to offer. operations and technologies in warzones, and highlight how The complexity in these requirements raises question to what Orientalized representations become folded into gendered kind of consequences technological engagements and discourses of masculinity in the links between military training and service. issue during the past 15 years, there is still a paucity of evidence Science, Security, Simulation: Bioterrorism Preparedness in the of causal links between specific pesticides and specific diseases. 21st Century. Melanie Armstrong, University of New Workers’ compensation programs recognize very few chronic Mexico diseases linked to chemical exposures, particularly in agriculture. Therefore those farmers have to go to court in order to obtain Biosecurity, the movement to protect nations from biological compensation. This contribution intends to understand how they threats, has become a multi-billion dollar industry during the 21st make their claims credible. The sociology of “popular century. In 2009, the US budget for biodefense was eighteen epidemiology” has shown that the credibility tactics of this kind times greater than in 2001, and total biosecurity expenditures of litigants can be based on the appropriation of expert tools. have now exceeded US$125 billion. Still, only five people have This contribution intends to show some of the shortcomings of died from bioterrorist acts in modern US history. This paper this tactic when occupational health is at stake. Those litigants considers how the biosecurity practices of the security state in have not only to prove that they suffer from exposures to America emerge from new knowledge of life, risk and disease. I pesticides, but also that they are not responsible for their argue that modern biosecurity brings these histories together in sufferings. In other words, they have to demonstrate that they powerful ways, giving form and tenacity to the international have not failed in using pesticides “safely.” We show that one threat of bioterrorism. By reviving discourse of the Cold War, way to do so is the criticism of the very notion of “safe handling” and bringing non-terrorist disease events, such as “Swine Flu,” of pesticides. This criticism is based on lay forms of knowledge into the modern political milieu, scientists can bring catastrophic that stress the differences between industrial and agricultural future events into a space of present intervention. This workplaces and show that the latter are characterized by uneven, ethnographic study questions how scientists use scenario windy or rainy conditions that make it impossible to handle enactment to make bioterrorism knowable, thereby pushing pesticides safely over a long period of time. This contribution is citizens directly into coping phase. Interviews with planners, based on interviews with French farmers who have sought participants, and policymakers in three community-based compensation for chemically-induced diseases and with their bioterrorism preparedness simulations investigates how models relatives and lawyers. and simulation are utilized in science practice, and in turn inform policy and preparedness practice. The contemporary moment has Managing Insecurity: Risk Technologies and the Looping been shaped by the rise of a genomic biology and the rise of a Effects of Welfare Production. Turo-Kimmo Lehtonen, war on terror. Though these movements seem to emerge University of Helsinki; Mikko Jauho, National Consumer separately, they are deeply infused, raising questions about how Reseach Centre, Helsinki, Finland; Jyri Liukko, University of the biosciences will shape policy in a post-9/11 world. By Helsinki; Antti Silvast, University of Helsinki studying science as simulation, this paper explores how science This paper looks empirically at how the present scope of works to create certainty about our biological futures. possibilities, offered by welfare systems, is conditioned by the The Emergence of Risk Factors as Sociotechnical Devices in risk technologies which have been applied in creating these Medicine and Public Health: The Case of Life Insurance and systems. We juxtapose three different domains of practice: first, Blood Pressure. Mikko Jauho, National Consumer Reseach the risk factor approach which dominates the current mode of Centre, Helsinki, Finland governing public health; second, the role of private insurance in the formation of economic subjectivities and the management of Risk factors can be defined as sociotechnical devices in medicine household economy through insurance; and third, the relationship and public health. Their task is to aid in the early identification between electricity supply breakdowns and the emerging security and prevention of potential cases of illness. Hence, they are initiatives, and the way in which this relationship reflects the central to the current mode of governing public health. In this overall concern for collective welfare. The empirical case studies paper, I look at the emergence of these "risk factors" in a specific are based on historical research on particular sites of expertise, setting, life insurance in Finland before WWII. Private life provided by Finland as a Nordic welfare regime under expansion insurance companies had an economic interest to identify after the Second World War. The paper makes two main points. applicants with early signs of illness as well as the means to First, we emphasize the looping effect of welfare production: the adopt new diagnostic tools and gather large data sets to establish techniques with which welfare is operationalized and advanced – standards of health and locate specific predictive factors. These among them technologies of health care, insurance and electricity developments influenced significantly practices in other fields of supply – strongly reshape the conceptions of welfare, i.e. the medicine, public health and individual health care. My empirical scope of possibilities regarding what could be done and what focus is blood pressure, which emerged as an important predictor should be done for advancing welfare and well-being. Second, to various medical conditions in the early 20th century. Drawing although the focus of our empirical work is on the techniques of on the theory of performativity as developed by Michel Callon controlling risk, we argue that the specific development of these and others, I study how in practices of insurance medicine a new techniques has constantly been related to the will to create scientific object, "risky blood pressure," was established and positive conditions for well-being by utilizing and embracing stabilized for further use in other networks. This means looking risk. at the ways in which dangers to population health were made visible and calculable as well as the ways in which they were Chair: acted on and managed – i.e. the simultaneous emergence of Turo-Kimmo Lehtonen, University of Helsinki practices of representation and intervention with regard to health risks like elevated blood pressure. The analysis is based on 074. Anticipation in Contemporary Biomedicine and Beyond historical archival material, e.g. physical examination forms, 3:30 to 5:00 pm guidelines for insurance doctors, and discussion in professional Crowne Plaza: Savoy journals. “One defining quality of our current moment is its characteristic state of Unsafe Handling: How to Link Pesticides and Occupational anticipation, of thinking and living toward the future” (Adams, Murphy and Diseases in Court. Jean-Noël Jouzel, Center for the Study of Clarke 2009). Adams, Murphy and Clarke (2009) describe anticipation as a Organizations, Sciences-Po, Paris, France; Giovanni Prete, politics of temporality and affect that characterizes our contemporary ways of knowing and acting toward the future. They describe how anticipation is Center for the Study of Organizations, Sciences-Po, Paris, a matter of injunction (the moral imperative to characterize and inhabit France; François dedieu, Inra-Sens, Marne-la-Vallée Paris states of uncertainty), abduction (the movement between pasts and futures Est University for producing the future), optimization (the moral responsibility of citizens Farmers seeking a compensation for diseases they attribute to to secure their "best possible futures"), preparedness (living in "preparation occupational exposures to pesticides face great difficulties in for" potential trauma) and possibility (as "ratcheting up" hopefulness, France. Whereas epidemiologic studies have started to tackle this especially through technoscience). This panel offers a critical analysis of anticipatory practices, technologies and discourses across multiple particular attention to instances where scientific evidence, or domains, including the emergence of evolutionary medicine, the sharing of expert advice is evoked. breast milk, the navigation of uncertainty surrounding autism, the Anticipating Cause and Autism: Timing Memory, Embodied marketing of vaccine technologies and the use of menstrual suppression Experience and Hope. Martine Lappe, University of pills. In doing so, we explore the biomedicalized (Clarke et al. 2010), California, San Francisco gendered, racialized, spacialized, temporal and embodied dimensions of anticipation within these empirical sites. This panel contributes to STS by Abduction is “the requisite tacking back and forth between exploring the ways that specific practices, technologies, and discourses of futures, pasts and presents, framing templates for producing the anticipation shape pasts, presents and possible futures in relation to affect, future” (Adams et al. 2009: 246) and one of the five key temporality and experience. In examining how these empirical examples dimensions of anticipation. In this paper I explore how mothers reflect moral imperatives for how to live, these papers trace anticipation of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder navigate through biomedicine and beyond. the temporal, affective and embodied dimensions of what I call “anticipating cause.” Drawing on interviews with 20 mothers Participants: participating in a longitudinal prospective cohort study on the Pathological Modernity, Biomedical Optimization and the genetic and environmental causes of autism, I explore how "Natural Past" in Evolutionary Medicine. Katherine participants navigate the uncertainties of autism as they prepare Weatherford Darling, UC San Francisco to have another child. I argue that notions of autism risk are made meaningful - or not - in part through processes of abduction: Scholars of biomedicalization argue that we live in an era in tacking back and forth among memories, embodied experience which medical treatment aims to optimize bodies and and hopes for the future. Tracing mothers’ experiences of what sophisticated risk calculations compel us constantly to anticipate might have been and could (still) be (Jain 2007), I argue that the the future. And yet, the emerging field of evolutionary medicine indeterminacy of the timing and origin of autism’s cause(s) orients itself to the past, contending that the rapid social and leaves open the possibility of intervention before, during and cultural changes of modernity clash with our bodies’ adaptations following pregnancy, positioning anticipation as a nearly to a natural past and make us sick. In effect, evolutionary constant project of adapting personal histories and possible medicine discourses pathologize modernity itself and prescribe futures into missed chances and possibilities for the future. I cures that aim to produce ancestral bodies within “modern” and close by considering how the classification of autism as a techno-enhanced lives. In this paper, we use evolutionary spectrum disorder constructs each diagnosis as always, already medicine texts to examine two cases of “pathologizing individual despite common experiences of "anticipating cause." modernity.” In the first, women are urged to use new birth Analyzing the temporal, embodied and affective dimensions of control pills to recreate “premodern” patterns of infrequent abduction therefore provides important ways of seeing menstrual bleeding due to frequent pregnancy, breastfeeding, and biomedicine as part and parcel to the experiences of gendered malnutrition. In the second, proponents of the “hygiene anticipation. hypothesis” blame modern hygiene for rising rates of asthma and allergies and prescribe the use of probiotics to reverse declines in Marketing Prevention Technologies: Girlhood, Inequality and environmental exposure to bacteria. These interventions attempt the HPV Vaccine. Sonia Rab-Alam, University of to biomedically induce the past in the form of "pre-modern" California, San Francisco bodies and lives envisioned in distinctly racialized and gendered Gardasil, the first Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, is a ways, entangling norms of whiteness, domesticity and biomedical "prevention technology" which aims to prevent motherhood. In these cases, complex articulations of temporality, against four types of HPV that may cause cervical cancer and/or nature, race and gender connect techno-enhanced future bodies to anogenital warts in the future. Through Gardasil, biomedicine “natural” bodies of an imagined ancestral past. We show how coopts girlhood as the “right time” to get vaccinated to preempt constructions of the past are integrally present even in the and control future illness. The Gardasil discourse relies on and optimized, future-oriented era of biomedicalization and trace the constitutes notions of female vulnerability, where biomedicine is ways that responsibility for anticipating and managing future the appropriate avenue for managing and preparing for the risks - while embodying natural pasts - is consolidated on uncertainties of female futures by preventing [some] HPV women. infection in the present. Compounded with a moral imperative to The Best Possible Future: Breast Milk Sharing in an Era of get vaccinated, the marketing of HPV vaccine thus compels “Breast is Best”. Krista Mary Smith Sigurdson, University of young women and girls to enact responsible, biomedicalized California, San Francisco femininity by managing their risky futures. The marketing strategies and clinical language for Gardasil rely on some Breastfeeding and breast milk have come to stand in for good women’s bodies to protect heterosexual men’s bodies against science, good mothering and a good nation in our era of future illness. However, not all bodies have equal access to this anticipatory “breast is best” discourse. Breastfeeding is promoted biotechnology (and thus biomedically responsible femininity) nor as what will – in the short term – reduce ear infections and are all bodies equally "at risk" for cervical cancer and genital gastro-intestinal distress in infants, and save family income. In warts. Because the marketing strategies for Gardasil obscure the the long term, breastfeeding is promoted as that which will health disparities that undergird who develops cervical cancer increase a child’s IQ, decrease his or her likelihood of becoming and render invisible gay men’s HPV experiences, I argue that the obese, promote global environmental sustainability and confer Gardasil discourse reinforces hierarchies between and among economic advantages to the nation through health savings. genders. Data for this work consist of clinical recommendations Conversely, formula feeding is depicted as a risky/bad choice in on the use of Gardasil as well as Merck’s marketing strategies for an era of “intensive motherhood” with mothers represented as Gardasil. I conclude that the gendered nature of the HPV vaccine exclusively responsible for child development through risk discourse and deployment maintain the current state of gender avoidance alongside the validation of expert guidance. Following relations and constitute gender inequalities of power within and field work in San Francisco of women who share breast milk by across genders. formal (e.g., breast milk banks) and informal means (e.g., internet facilitated transactions), this paper looks at the technical The Possibility of Not Bleeding: Temporality and Menstrual and affective work involved in this anticipatory practice well as Suppression. Katie Ann Hasson, University of California, the purported health benefits being acted upon. Like egg Berkeley donation, sperm donation and surrogacy, breastmilk sharing Scholars of anticipation posit reproduction and reproductive exists as a way of taking charge of reproductive futures within technologies as particularly rich sites for examining gendered promissory orientations towards reproductive futures. This paper anticipation in biomedicine (Adams et al. 2009). Birth control asks how practices of milk sharing simultaneously take up norms pills, for example, stand as sites of injunction to act daily in of the natural, scientific, global, or risk adverse mother, with preparation for sexual activity and to intervene against the possibility of risky conception. In 2003, the FDA approved Lovins’ “soft energy paths.” On the other hand, large-scale wind Seasonale, the first of several brands of oral contraceptives turbines typical of the today’s massive proliferation of the designed to allow women to skip or eliminate their monthly technology across the world are associated with the industrial- periods. These menstrual suppression birth control pills stretch academic complex. Offshore wind energy technology involves the time of regularly experienced monthly cycles, promising machines 5 MW to 10 MW with turbine blades of 60 m in length several months or even years between bleeding periods. while at the other extreme, small wind turbines of less than 10 Advertising for these pills has, for the most part, represented kW in size are under development for distributed generation menstrual suppression in terms of liberation and empowerment, applications. These two extremes are often difficult to reconcile avoiding discussion of risk, pathology and even their intended and wind energy technology itself partitioned into different use as contraceptives (Mamo & Fosket 2009). In this paper, I entities according to the application. This paper explores how argue that menstrual suppression pills are sold to women as the technology has influenced the strength of position of the technologies of optimization by promising possible futures free different movements for wind energy: namely community and of menstruation. Focusing in particular on these promised distributed wind versus utility and industrial wind. The evolution futures, in which women are called as active consumers of of the technology and its role as a mediator in the development of biomedical technologies to assure that their bodies are optimized these two competing actor-networks is discussed. for participation in realms of work, leisure and heterosexual Hydraulic Fracturing: History of an Old Technology for US romance, I explore how women engage these future possibilities Natural Gas. Kenneth Zimmerman, Oregon Public Utility in their use of menstrual suppression pills. I pair analysis of Web Commission sites advertising menstrual suppression pills and interviews with women users of these pills, in order to examine the complex The most oft repeated term of late in the producing of natural gas articulations of temporality, affect, embodiment, and technology is “Shale Gale.” The term refers to the massive new source of through which women engage and take up biomedicalized natural gas from shale rock. This new source has moved the subjectivities and anticipated futures. United States (US) from a country running out of local natural gas to the country with the sixth largest reserves of natural gas in Chair: the world. This change is made possible by the combination of Martine Lappe, University of California, San Francisco two drilling processes, horizontal drilling and hydraulic 075. Energy, Energy, Energy: Production, Systems, Consumption fracturing. The first has only existed for about 20 years and only in the last 10 has it become a major factor in changing both the and Alternatives: It’s All About [Actor] Networks! way and the level at which natural gas is produced. The second is 3:30 to 5:00 pm a process first used for gas production in the 1940s and even Crowne Plaza: Ritz earlier than that in oil production. This paper focuses on With its roots in "the science of doing science," actor-network theory hydraulic fracturing. After a brief history of what hydraulic (ANT) has the potential to provide a deeper understanding of the changing fracturing was prior to 2000, I look at what hydraulic fracturing nature of “energy” including energy production, “alternative” sources of is today and how it became the source for producing large energy, energy systems and networks, end user demands for energy, quantities of “new” natural gas in the US. As an active agent community concerns and increasing level of involvement, performance of hydraulic fracturing changed not only the quantity of natural gas markets and government influence upon market mechanisms, and the that could be “manufactured” in the US, but also where that gas research and development of new energy systems and networks. Three is manufactured, the actors involved or who participate in that overlapping themes for submissions are suggested: Theme 1: Focus on manufacturing, the form and functioning of environmental laws, transmission and mediation. From raw materials through to the production and the politics of all fossil fuels. Hydraulic fracturing also and generation of energy and energy systems, actor-network theory readily performed the part of benefactor and savior. Benefiting both the lends itself to the study of energy systems as a translational linked process. companies who search for and manufacture natural and also the The role of many nodes in the network which are traditionally viewed as environmental, political and economic well-being of the country, intermediaries may now be viewed as active mediators exerting influence hydraulic fracturing became one of the “pearls of great value” for on network development. Theme 2:Transformation. ANT allows a unique the future of the American Republic. Hydraulic fracturing interpretation of how links are established, stabilized, destabilized and performed these actions by making it possible for natural gas to perhaps under some circumstances destroyed and replaced by new ones. reshape the future of the US, for the better in all these areas: This theme focuses on the construction and transformation of current Rebuilding the basics of natural gas from its name networks as well as those of newer “alternative” networks (e.g. renewable (“unconventional natural gas”) to its sources (“manufactured energy, electric and non-traditional fuel vehicles, distributed generation, gas”) to its physical form (“with less or little CO2”); Natural gas community and off-grid power). Theme 3: Distribution. Beginning from a as a means to combat climate change and environmental purist scientific assumption that energy cannot be "produced" or pollution. Natural gas as “green”; Natural gas as the foundation "consumed" but only "transformed," the seemingly clear-cut division of security and low prices for electric power; Natural gas as a between production, distribution and consumption of energy dissolves into replacement or oil in transportation; Natural gas for “energy a chain of transformations. How can historical, sociological and cultural independence and security” for the US; Natural gas as a tool for analyses of energy production and consumption incorporate this US economic improvement, both domestically and in the observation? international balance of payments; Hydraulic fracturing is a Participants: primary agent in producing the natural gas that is saving the nation today. From Communities to Corporations: How Wind Technology Questioning Energy Generation Projects: Considering Mediates the Positions of Competing Interests in the Grassroots Groups within the Actor-Network. Gloria Electricity Sector. Katherine Dykes, MIT Baigorrotegui Baigorrotegui, Instituto de Estudios This work focuses on the tension that has developed over time Avanzados (IDEA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile regarding the “nature” of wind energy as an electricity generation technology. Is wind energy a revolutionary technology that will (USACH); Graham Lucas, University of Newcastle Australia assist those who seek to undo the stabilized actor-networks of Latour’s "Science in Action" invited us to follow engineers, large corporations and utilities that currently manage electricity through the social, to trace the tactics and translations at play to generation, or is it yet another tool of these same entities that can construct their technologies and machines. His work highlighted be used to reinforce current power structures. As wind energy the value of following controversies beyond the laboratory. So technology has evolved over the years so has its role and place how might this play out in large-scale energy generation projects within different actor-networks seeking to guide the development where often engineering, technical development, regulation and of the electricity sector. On the one hand, early proponents of the environmental assessments are challenged and disputed by highly technology were involved with such movements as Amory resistant grassroots groups? Whilst confrontational, our understanding of an energy dispute does not necessarily have to suspended. In their analysis they leave behind the dualism where default to a Marxist conception of power in stricto sensu. Instead, either the substance controls the user (=addiction) or the user is this paper argues that both ANT and ideological perspectives can in control of the drug (=controlled enjoyment). Based on studies be combined to better understand the complexities and dynamics of drug users’ (and music lovers’) practices they argue that in of a confrontational energy project. By comparing two examples order to be moved by the drug (suspend control) the user is of large scale energy generation projects from opposite sides of working hard to establish all kinds of conditions in which the the globe, this paper attempts to identify and encapsulate some of substance can become effective. They found that users actively the elements of social contentious actions literature to fit within "pass" between spheres which are usually constructed as the ANT network jigsaw. The protest literature might outline the dualisms such as the control-being controlled binary. Based on translational and enrollment "tools" and techniques’ at play – interviews with households’ use of energy saving technologies I something that is missing from ANT literature. There is a need to argue that this approach is useful in the rethinking of energy articulate further the translational "forces" at play to settle the consumption as the active production of situations where control network – the stuff that holds it in place. In this paper we propose is suspended. These "passings," I argue further, also define first, to present some of the tactics suggested by Latour to crucial themes in studies of energy sensibilities – the ways in construct machineries described in his science in action, second which energy is sensed and made sense of . to refer the phases to configure a contentious action appeared in Dwellings: Laboratories or Homes? The Norwegian Passive social movement literature, third, to compare both approaches to House. Liana Mueller, NTNU describe particular energy public controversies, and finally we propose to discuss the limitation and possibilities to follow any Aligning itself to the European Union energy policy, Norway grassroots group in Latourian terms. translated the EU Directive on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD) into national law, with the “The Planning and In Search of Energy Efficient Programmes of Action: The Case Building Act.” The law stipulates that the passive house standard of Demand Response Technology. Michael Ornetzeder, must be introduced by the end of 2020 as standard for new Institute of Technology Assessment, Austrian Academy of buildings. However, the passive house is not accepted in Norway Sciences without friction. This paper examines the controversies at Energy management technologies (load management, demand experts’ level (experts: architects and engineers) regarding the side management) are to be considered as essential tools for introduction of passive house as standard in the construction improving the overall energy efficiency as well as maintaining sector in Norway. The controversy around passive house is seen the balance of supply and demand in future electricity systems from a STS perspective. Examining the controversy with actor with high shares of renewable power sources. However, effective network theory enables me to follow the arguments of both the demand response implementations are rare to non-existent so far. supporters and the opponents of passive house. The paper is An ongoing national transdisciplinary research project based on in-depth interviews with architects and engineers, and approaches the problem of missing demand response text analysis of reports of various research institutions (e.g. implementations in Austria by analyzing demand response as a SINTEF and Gaia Arkitekter). Through structural analysis of my multidisciplinary task covering technical, social, economic and data, I show how the arguments pro and contra passive house are ecological aspects, in order to identify opportunities and starting used in order to support or hinder the passive house as standard points for future developments. Based on previous work and innovation in the construction sector in Norway. The analysis of novel ideas a set of demand response scenarios – showing the controversy will contribute to a better understanding of the range of technically feasible as well as environmentally advisable Norwegian passive house. At the same time, it offers a glance in solutions – was developed. Some of the most promising possible directions that the innovation in the construction sector scenarios have been described in more detail to enable can take. comprehensive assessments using technical, ecological, Chair: economic and social criteria. Among the evaluation methods Thomas Berker, Norwegian University of Science and used are life-cycle assessments, focus groups and stakeholder Technology workshops. The interdisciplinary project team as well as end- users and relevant stakeholders are involved in the scenario 076. Changing Practices in Japan assessments. Against the background of actor-network theory, 3:30 to 5:00 pm the most promising demand response scenarios will be described Crowne Plaza: Kelley as networks of humans and non-humans. The paper further explores how future users perceive, assess and actively shape the Participants: proposed demand response scenarios (programs of action). Formation of the Onmyodo and "Time" in Ancient Japan. Finally, the paper will critically evaluate the use of actor-network Hiroshi HOSOI, Kwassui Women's University theory as a tool to facilitate socio-technical innovation in the field The Onmydo（ Onyodo) is magic which had great influence on of demand side management. Japanese culture and was formed in the latter half of the 9th Kicking the Habit: Identifying Crucial Themes of a Sociology century. Onmyoji, a magician of the Onmyodo, Reki-hakase, a of Energy Sensibilities. Thomas Berker, Norwegian calculator of the calendar, and Rokoku-hakase, the controller of University of Science and Technology clepsydra, all belonged to Onmyoryo, that is, the national Comparing energy use to drug use has been a productive analogy astronomical observatory instituted in the 7th century. The in moralizing discussions of environmental crisis and change. system of calendar and time confirmed by clepsydra was The analogy directs the attention toward the difficulties to quit introduced in earnest. By the 10th century, the Onmyoji was oneself of a "bad" habit – despite the best intentions. For appointed to the post of Reki-hakase and Rokoku-hakase. This instance, in Rob Hobkins’ influential Transition Handbook means that Onmyodo is magic concerned with time. Rekichu, a (2008: 84-93), a practical program is developed describing how kind of astrological comment to every calendar day, is a very to change energy consumption based on psychological insights important factor in the Onmyodo, and the Sikisen, which is the into curing drug addiction. This analogy – as any analogy – is main divination method of the Onmyodo, needs clocked time. flawed. In this contribution, however, I am not looking for why The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the relation between the drug and resource use should and cannot be compared. Instead, I formation of the Onmyodo and development of the sense of time argue that when seen from an ANT(ish) perspective, the analogy in ancient Japan. The main argument is the increase of provisions can be developed further, leaving behind its inappropriate of time schedules in official ceremonies and duties. In addition, it individualizing and moralizing sentiments. This approach is is important how many people could use a calendar and inspired by Gomart and Hennion’s (1999) study of drug use (and understand time checked with a clock, including the use of a music love) as instances of events where control is actively sundial and timekeeping by burning incense. We investigated the kinds of time schedules there are with documents from that era, have been long standing disputes among statisticians about the and evaluated them based on current research of the Onmyodo in efficacy of randomization. For classical statisticians, it is the only Japan. From this research we can elucidate a taste of the origin of operative way to avoid severe unknown biases. But some non- the Japanese sense of time. classical statisticians such as Bayesians and likelihoodists claim A Study of Translation in Science Popularization: Articles that it is useless, and go on to propose one or another non- Translated into Japanese/Chinese in Scientific American. randomized study design. This fundamental disagreement CHEN YAN, Department of Human System , Tokyo Institute concerning randomization is not reflected in the hierarchy at all. It doesn’t enlist any non-randomized, non-classical clinical trial, of Technology, Japan and simply takes for granted the effectiveness of randomization. Translation plays an important role in enhancing public But the discrepancy among experts’ opinions is so profound that awareness of scientific knowledge. This paper is a contrastive it doesn’t allow any unique or optimal resolution. So the matter study of articles in science and technology that translated from ought to be left to judgments of each clinician and even of each English to Japanese/Chinese. All samples are taken from patient, if necessary. Thus, in order to pay more respect to their Scientific American and its Japanese version (Nikkei Science autonomy, one must replace the hierarchical table with a more (日経サ イ エ ン)) and Chinese version (Global Science (环 球科学 )). pluralistic ‘catalogue of methods’ in which both classical and Scientific American is the oldest continuously published non-classical studies, with their merits and demerits, are magazine in the U.S., which has been bringing its readers unique mentioned on an equal basis. insights about developments in science and technology for more How EBM has been Accepted and Systematized in Japan. than 160 years. The aim of this paper is to find out how the information of science and technology is translated from English Chigusa Kita, Kansai University, Japan into Japanese and Chinese respectively, and to reveal the In Japan, a medical manual titled, "Today’s Therapy," equivalent implications for the form of science popularization, especially in to "Current Therapy" in the U.S., has been annually published the language aspect. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis and popular among medical practitioners since 1959. This methods are employed in this paper. With the quantitative voluminous publication covers comprehensive areas and authors method, the number of morpheme and the frequency of some are selected from leading practitioners. In the late 1990s, keywords in English version are compared with translated references to evidence-based medicine (EBM) emerged in this versions (Japanese and Chinese). As for the qualitative method, publication, and the concept gradually became commonplace by translation strategies are analyzed. The result shows that there are the late 2000s. Through analyzing the text, we can trace how the some trends in conveying the original information and in using idea of EBM has been treated in medical practice in Japan. The the translation strategies. It is also shown that these trends are earliest introductions showed us the notion of “evidence” was not different between Japanese and Chinese versions. In addition, a fully understood and most authors did not pay any attention to survey of bilingual readers’ attitudes to original and translated levels of evidence. Acceptance of the idea was different among articles is conducted. In this way, the results of analysis are fields. For example, dermatologists welcomed the idea as they verified and some linguistic implications for promoting had been suffering from public underestimation for understanding of science and technology issues are provided. efficaciousness of steroid. Even alternative medicines were A Consideration of How a Science Communication Curriculum widely accepted by clients, so that dermatologists wanted steroids to be recognized as scientifically-proven. For this Contributes to the Public Understanding of Healthcare. situation, EBM was a suitable methodology to endow authority Akinori YAMABE, University of Tokyo to modern medicine. On the other hand, in some fields, EBM In this paper, we will consider whether a science communication drastically changed medical practice. For example, a new curriculum at a Japanese university improves society’s scientific EBM-proven way of initial treatment for intoxication understanding of healthcare. This presentation will focus on one was introduced, as the common method turned out to be such science communication curriculum, and on what the scientifically nonsense. Thus, the introduction of EBM has had a students produced and learned. I would like to explore the different impact according to the medical or social conditions of curriculum’s potential to further society’s understanding of the each field. Mainly through text analysis of the publication, this breadth and depth of healthcare’s complexities. We performed a paper traces history of diffusion of the idea and extract various case study of an educational program of science communication types of circulation of knowledge. (begun October 2005) set as a minor (sub-major) course at a graduate school. We examined the contents of the research – on Chair: the theme of healthcare and health communication – chosen and Kotaro Kuroda, Meijo University produced by 32 graduates and 15 current students of the program. Discussant: We interviewed a sample of the above students to determine Kotaro Kuroda, Meijo University whether their projects bettered their understanding of healthcare communication. Some of the healthcare communication related 077. Expertise and Advocacy themes and issues that emerged from the research include genetic 3:30 to 5:00 pm counseling, iPS cells and social understanding, neuroscience and Crowne Plaza: Willard civic literacy, history of Japanese medical administration, and advanced medical science and its ethical, legal and social Participants: implications (ELSI). Through interviews, we confirmed students’ Consequences of Plant Scientists' Constructions of the Lay- opinions that the science communication curriculum successfully Expert Divide. Karen Mogendorff, Wageningen University helped their acquisition of healthcare related knowledge and Lay categories such as citizens and consumers are often invoked understanding. Through this survey, it can be seen that a science to legitimize decisions with regard to complex societal issues, in communication curriculum can contribute to the public particular when stakes are high, facts uncertain and values understanding of healthcare in the context of Science and disputed (Funtowicz & Ravetz, 1992). Strikingly, members of the Technology Studies (STS). lay categories that are invoked do often not participate in the EBM and the Levels of Evidence. Yasuo Deguchi, Kyoto flesh in such deliberations. This study investigates how and to University what effect Dutch plant scientists, who in part conduct societal The levels of evidence, a hierarchical ranking for various types of controversial genomics research, discursively construct lay and clinical trials and of evidence that they provide, is a core concept expert categories in the absence of laymen. Plant scientists’ of EBM. In the ranking, meta-analyses of RCTs are top graded, discursive constructions of different groups help to explain under an individual RCT comes next, studies of clinical epidemiology which conditions and for which purposes plant scientists are placed at the second lowest positions, and trials with incorporate lay views in science and technology development. historical controls are at the bottom. On the other hand, there Discursive psychology was used to analyze 12 open-ended, in- depth interviews with experienced plant scientists. Analysis was in forensic science and the so-called Third Wave of Science primarily guided by the rhetorical principle: the examination of Studies concerning standards for expertise. how a specific way of stating things undermines alternative Chair: formulations in order to gauge how plant scientists discursively manage lay access to science and technology development. David Caudill, Villanova University Results. A recurrent discursive pattern was found in informants’ 078. Latin America in the Global Cyberspace constructions of the lay-expert relationship. First scientists 3:30 to 5:00 pm display their tolerance of lay views on genomics, after which Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen they always proceed to contrast laymen freedoms with scientists’ responsibilities. Separately the displays and the contrastive Fifteen years ago, an American poet living in California proclaimed the membership categorization engender different effects. Overall, Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace, envisioning Cyberspace as a interviewed scientists present themselves with this discursive world “both everywhere and nowhere” and foretelling the coming pattern as the party best equipped to assess when lay knowledge obsolescence of the “Governments of the Industrial World” from China to is relevant to science and when lay views or people should be the United States, thanks to the rise of the new digital information and included in scientific practices. communication technologies (ICTs). In the following years, those technologies have played a key role in the visions of the coming globalized What Expertise isn’t Telling Us about Anti-intellectualism. world. At the same time, the Cyberspace has for the most part remained a Daniel Allen Lyles, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute “northern” domain. This panel will explore the place of Latin America in Analysis of scientific and lay expertise as a form of knowledge the Global Cyberspace, as well as more broadly the relationship between fail to take into account another form of epistemological power ICTs and globalization in southern contexts. The papers look at how ICTs and that power takes the form of anti-intellectualism. Beyond are used and imagined by different actors as tools in pursuit of their own being a pejorative, the United States faces opposition to the globalization projects, as well as at the increasing globalization of the advancement of scientific knowledge even as it tries to engage development of ICTs. The papers focus on Latin America, but they also publics because of positional power and underlying worldviews. extensively analyze the south-north ties and the place of Latin America in The goal of this paper is to examine expertise in terms of the the imagined digital futures. (The last paper looks at Latin America side by history of anti-intellectualism and the emergence of post- side with Southern Africa and Southeast Asia.) The session contributes to intellectualism by examining historical accounts of anti- the 4S research program by taking an STS lens to the an important area of intellectualism. Additionally, new concerns about the state of technology in a region often overlooked by the field. The session is a part information overload and how it plays into anti-intellectual of a series on Latin American Emphasis. structures will be discussed. A theory of expertise that takes into Participants: account can solve for some of the resistances that are met when scientific knowledge and lay knowledge are combined. What this Future Tense: Information Work and Reform in Peru's paper hopes to achieve is a better understanding of the obstacles “Innovation Classrooms." Anita Chan, University of Illinois that stand in the way of as attempts are made to include lay This ethnographic study analyses Peru’s Plan Huascaran, a knowledge in scientific knowledge as part of an effort for public digital education program launched in 2000 that laid the engagement. foundation for the One Laptop Per Child project, and that Personal Names as Boundary Objects: Theorizing Immigration- promised to launch the nation’s public schools into the global Related Name Changes in Canada. Diane Dechief, Faculty information age. It envisioned doing this not only by equipping of Information, University of Toronto public schools with “Innovation Classrooms” that allowed students to deploy digital technologies and link into transnational Immigration-related name changes have been taking place in information networks, but by focusing on the reform of select North America for generations, but are rarely a focus of populations of rural teachers who were encouraged to “think academic research. This mixed-methods exploration of name technologically.” Teachers were re-skilled not only to become challenges and name changes experienced by recent immigrants technical administrations of local computer networks, but were to Ontario (Canada’s largest and English-language dominated encouraged to author new computer-based educational materials, province) theorizes personal names as boundary objects (Star and to re-imagine themselves as connected to an emergent class 1988, Star & Griesemer 1989, Bowker & Star 1999, Star 2010). of elite, globally competitive knowledge workers. This study Combining qualitative interviews and a data set of Ontarians’ analyses the biopolitics of digital education initiatives, and the legal name changes over the past 20 years provides rich data; means by which Plan Huascaran emphasized national reform via with grounded theory methods and a critical lens, I position logics of individual optimization and global networking. And it names as having interpretative flexibility, as well as describing highlights the means by which new ICT’s are linked to the the common structural issues that create tension for the name cultivation of classes of transnationally-linked knowledge bearers and other members of Canadian society. Findings workers within the global city as well as within the contemporary describe the kinds of work and performances many migrants to networked province. Ontario engage in order to use memorable and pronounceable personal names that diminish barriers to social interaction and Free Software in Brazil: Politics and Practice. Yuri V commensurate employment. Most significantly, this examination Takhteyev, University of Toronto of the name-challenges faced by people who have migrated to Free / open source software (FOSS) is an approach to software Ontario makes visible the infrastructure of social conventions development where the resulting code can be freely modified and and institutional information processing that has been created and redistributed. This approach often relies heavily on mediated continued, despite Canada’s significant immigration goals and interaction over the Internet. As with software in general, increasingly culturally diverse demographics. production of FOSS is concentrated in the United States, and, to Discerning General Acceptance as a Standard for Expertise in a lesser extent, other Northern countries. While developing the Courtroom. David Caudill, Villanova University countries overall have a relatively small share of FOSS participation, Brazil stands out as an active participant. Latin The "general acceptance" standard for admissibility of scientific America has also provided fertile grounds for politics of free evidence in the courtroom, established by Frye (and still the software. In several countries in the region prominent political standard in many state courts) and adopted as a factor in Daubert actors have embraced the ideals of FOSS, finding them fitting for analyses, is difficult to define and apply. I will survey various their larger social-democratic and developmentalist agendas. conceptions of "general acceptance in the relevant scientific Southern politics of FOSS have attracted the interest of Northern community," and discuss the standard as it might apply in two observers and may have helped shape the image of FOSS as contexts: (1) the sleepwalking defense in criminal trials, and (2) primarily a political movement. In many ways, however, the the alcohol blackout defense in criminal trials. I will conclude origin of FOSS lies in the practice of software development, and with remarks about how my analysis relates to the so-called crisis over the recent years FOSS has been increasingly re-integrated important roles in STS accounts of technological design and development. into the “mainstream” software practice, now actively embraced With their unique relationship to the devices they depend on, users of by leading corporate players of the global software industry. I assistive technology represent a rich and understudied group. From mass- look at the relationship between the practice and politics of FOSS produced personal computers that require specialized interfaces to become in Brazil, drawing on interviews, ethnography, and public accessible, to cochlear implants that demand parental participation and documents, comparing this relationship to its analogue in the compliance, to prosthetic limbs that must be adjusted to fit the bodies and United States and also in other Latin American countries, and lifestyles of individual users, to digital assistive technologies that then looking at how the circulation of practice and ideas between encourage blind users to blend in to sighted society, users with disabilities the different countries adds up to the larger relationship between must labor to make technology work for them. To address themes of use, the practice and politics of FOSS in the two Americas. embodiment, access, and customization, papers in this interdisciplinary The Charisma Machine: Discourses about OLPC from MIT to panel will look at various technologies used by people with impairments Paraguay. Morgan Ames, Stanford University and the physical realities of those uses. How do expectations about the body manifest in technological design? How do people with unanticipated Since 2005, the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project has been needs participate in technological development? How have designers and vigorously promoting their custom-designed laptops, called users incorporated bodily differences into dreams of universal design? “XOs,” as a solution for learning and economic growth in the These papers examine different time periods, different technologies and developing world. With two million in use globally, mostly in different impairments in order to delve into the roles played by human Latin America, the XO has become a focal point for diverse bodies in the use of technology. These cases of assistive technology throw discourses about children, technology, education, and into relief assumptions embedded in technology about the contours and development, bringing unlikely groups into conversation around abilities of the human body, as well as the ways people engage with this charismatic boundary object. My talk will examine these technological development. discourses juxtaposed against what the project is accomplishing in Paraguay. OLPC developers, who believe in the do-it-yourself Participants: technical literacy popular in hacker circles, want children as From Text to GUIs: Making Personal Computer Interfaces young as six to have unrestricted access to computers, based on Accessible. Elizabeth Petrick, University of California, San stories they tell about their own childhoods and how “childhood” Diego is understood. OLPC has been particularly popular in South America, where the promise of a generation raised on free The embodied use of a technology complicates attempts to create software – even though it hails largely from MIT – connects well products that are accessible to users with different kinds of with initiatives to shed dependence on proprietary software and bodies. A feature which makes a technology accessible for one its colonialist implications. Meanwhile, American media have person may create a barrier for another. Historically, attempts to been sounding the alarms about the dangers of too much “screen make personal computers usable by as many people as possible time,” and some parents have taken away their children’s required an understanding of the role played by people with computer access altogether. In closely examining the design and different bodies in their use - particularly by people with use of XOs compared to the hopes and fears around children’s disabilities. Between the mid 1980s and early 1990s, personal use of technology, I will shed light on the debate about the role computer operating systems underwent a paradigm shift in terms of technology and childhood, the gendered social construction of of interface - how the user interacts with the machine - from text- the young “hacker,” and the transnational implications of these based to a graphical user interface (GUI). This innovation led to, discourses with a global project like OLPC. for the most part, personal computers being more user-friendly and intuitive for users. As with any change in usability of a Orkut and Narratives about Violence in Rio de Janeiro. Dilton technology, however, certain kinds of users, with certain kinds of Santos Maynard, Uinversidade Federal de Sergipe bodies found GUIs an improvement, while others - particularly Between November 21st and 28th, 2010, the city of Rio de those with vision impairments - experienced a new obstacle in Janeiro experienced days of terror. Determined to demonstrate interacting with a computer. People interested in promoting their anger against the State Authorities, drug dealers ordered personal computer accessibility attempted to influence the robberies and attacks around the town. In response to this series development of the technology to accommodate users whose of attacks, the State Government ordered the invasion of Vila needs they feared would not be met with this shift in interface. I Cruzeiro, one of the favelas (slums) occupied by drug dealers and analyze the shift from text-based interfaces to GUIs in personal an important trafficking headquarter. In this study, we reflect on computers as an example of the role embodied use has how, through the Web, the communities, which were the target of historically played in anticipating a technological change that the interventions by the security forces, received the invasion. was seen as inevitable and then working with it to accommodate More than that, we analyze which words, images, icons and use by people with different disabilities. nicknames were utilized by Internet users. Therefore, our Upgrade, Please: Cartographies of the Cochlear Implant. Laura research study how social networks are used by members of Mauldin, City University of New York communities socially and digitally excluded. Through Orkut, the largest social network in operation in Brazil (with 56 million The routinization of pediatric cochlear implantation (CI) has users), it was possible to identify some communities linked to created an increasing population of CI users. However, the Vila Cruzeiro (Vila Cruzeiro seeks peace, with 4237 members; success or failure of the CI is believed to be hinged upon the Vila Cruzeiro Quarter 13, 2778 members) and the Complexo do degree to which parents are compliant with long-term Alemão (one with 13,420 members and the other with 6194 rehabilitative efforts. These efforts function cohesively across members). Each community was visited at different times and the multiple social contexts, from clinic to home to school. Thus, most accessed topics have been cataloged and analyzed. Despite interactions in medicalized settings, intimate family settings and the differences between the online debates and interpretations, education settings are all reinterpreted in relation to the CI. and the explanation offered by the mainstream media, in both, it Specifically, environments become known by the CI user and is possible to find the discourse on the need of "extermination" of his/her parent(s) via the "program settings" of the CI’s computer crime. processor. As each environment is recoded into frequency data, these configurations differ for each child across time and space. Chair: To elaborate on this, I will describe hardware and customization Yuri V Takhteyev, University of Toronto issues, especially as it pertains to the operating system or processing capabilities of the implants internal computer chip. 079. Assistive Technologies and Embodied Use Secondly, I will discuss the ways in which parents map their 3:30 to 5:00 pm vision of their child’s success in life and future opportunities Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller onto the CI technology itself. The CI is a biotechnological object Whether they resist or innovate, are imagined or polled, users have played imbued with its own value system. That is, 1) it maps social spaces whilst visions of the child’s future potential is mapped Mobile Computing Records and Recordkeeping Practices. upon it, and 2) the degree to which the CI is successful represents Amelia Acker, University of California, Los Angeles the degree to which the parent was effective. I will particularly There have been few conversations within communities of emphasize the narrative which prizes integration of the CI into information and technology studies about the significance of the child’s day-to-day life to the point that their neuroprosthetic, non-persistent and asynchronous records that mobile handset techno-mediated perceptive world appears to be "natural." communication generates. This study examines the question, Human Hardware: When Artificial Legs Become Legitimate “When is a record?” within contexts of mobile computing with Body Parts. Cynthia Elizabeth Schairer, University of handsets (smart phones). It offers a critical reading of existing California, San Diego record practices with mobile devices and discusses implications Users of prosthetic limbs seem to have special symbolic for future preservation and access to contemporary mobile resonance with scholars of technology. High-tech prostheses records, such as text messages, media messages, instant messages often provoke questions about what bodies are and how and GPS coordinates. The paper addresses two areas of technology can and should repair, replace, augment or enhance information science, information behavior research and archival them. However, there is little academic work focused on the science, which have traditionally been concerned with ICTs and actual experience of those who use artificial limbs. Through in- preservation strategies, but have yet to attend to mobile records. depth interviews and participant observation, my work explores The research intends to show how new recordkeeping practices when artificial legs may be considered to be legitimate body and contexts of mobile computing are increasingly shaping social parts. In this paper, I illustrate how asking about the legitimacy life through wireless data networks, data transfer and of prosthetic legs goes beyond the question of technical understandings of "connectivity." functionality. Drawing on interview data and published accounts, Alien Agency: Performance, Materiality and Temporal I analyze reports of when artificial limbs are accepted either by Emergence in New Media Studio Labs. Christopher Salter, the users themselves or those who they have encountered. In Concordia University much the same way that scientific facts become legitimate, Early microstudies from scholars like Bruno Latour/Steve bodies become legitimate through the interactions of people and Woolgar, Karin Knorr-Cetina, Michael Lynch, Andrew Pickering objects in particular times and places. The circumstances in and others exposed the ways that laboratories were sites for what which artificial legs are perceived as acceptable replacements Hans-Joerg Rheinberger labels the “local, technical, instrumental, reflect more general expectations about when and how institutional, social, epistemic and aesthetic/experiential aspects” technologies should be incorporated into bodies. These of scientific practice. By examining the intertwining of human conditions of legitimacy reveal the morally acceptable limits to and non-human agencies, many of these studies sought to “study interfaces between bodies and technologies in practice. science as it happens” in its emergent and material—processual Disconnecting the Dots: What Digital Assistive Technology facets rather than as a fixed object. Now some 30 years later, Means for Braille. D.A. Caeton, University of California, what could the lessons of this pioneering work in laboratory Davis ethnography offer new hybrid art-science practices, particularly Imagine the end of writing. Imagine that only 10 percent of U.S. in understanding how artists work with new performative children were capable of reading. This disconcerting situation materialities or what Pickering calls “material agencies.” How is confronts blind people in the U.S. today. Among sighted people STS useful in understanding these new hybrid environments of it has become doxa that digital assistive technology (DAT) techno-scientific art and design (what Michael Century labeled obviates the need for braille. Compared to podcasts, print “studio labs”) and could new ways of working with dynamic, magnification systems, text-to-speech programs, speech performative materials offer STS new ways of doing recognition software, and GPS, braille appears quaintly ethnographies that prominently “let the non-human speak” obsolete. Moreover, it is widely believed that DAT better helps (Latour)? How useful are sociological methods in tracking how to constitute blind people who are more like sighted people. This artists work with complex material agencies-what Lynch calls increasing similitude, in turn, is reckoned to promote degrees of “endogenously performed inquiry”? This is not an easy question, equality and independence that braille cannot deliver. Braille, as methodologies for evaluating “art as research” cannot be like DAT, increases the independence of blind users, but unlike directly imported from social science without being transformed newer technology braille, for reasons both technical and based on the peculiarities of the epistemic (and experiential) historical, fails to make blind users’ blindness less conspicuous. cultures of artistic practice. This paper will examine some of the DAT, however, is not neutral. Instead, I argue that it manifests issues surrounding the application of STS’ ethnographic methods the power at play in able-bodied narratives of disability. These to the material particularities of new media studio-lab practice, narratives rely both on an instrumentalist approach to technology using ongoing research projects in active materials from the as well as on a belief in the perfectibility of the blind body author’s own studio-lab (Xmodal), part of the Hexagram Institute through technological intervention. Rather than understanding for Research-Creation in the Media Arts based in Montréal. DAT as a mechanism of progress, I instead propose that it Making Activities Visible: Digital Substrates and Traces. problematically constitutes a blind user who must strive to Heather Wiltse, Indiana University; Erik Stolterman, Indiana become blind to her blindness. By incorporating critical insights University from disability studies into my analysis, I demonstrate the Digital technologies shape the ways in which we know about and counterintuitive ways that DAT threatens the integrity of blind engage with the world. Technologies mediate both our users. Unlike braille, which positively emphasizes the embodied perceptions and the ways in which we in turn can be present to difference of blind users, DAT comes closer to furthering the and engage with others. From a phenomenological perspective, ableist dream of annihilating this difference. the world as it appears to us is not simply the world that is Chair: available to our unaided senses, but also and increasingly the Elizabeth Petrick, University of California, San Diego world that is mediated by digital interactive technologies. Furthermore, because they are actively designed, and facilitate Discussant: and shape a way of being in the world, it seems important to Mara Mills, New York University examine the structure of interaction with and through them in 080. ICTs, Media and Visualization detail. In this paper, we attempt to provide a way to examine how 3:30 to 5:00 pm digital technologies make activities visible, and thus become an integral part of our perceptions. Drawing on physical architecture Crowne Plaza: Hanna and the concept of architectures of interaction, we look at how Participants: structure and material can provide or restrict visibility, and also bear witness to activity that has already occurred. For example, a path that has been worn through grass is evidence of the activity Richard Arias-Hernandez, Simon Fraser University of many people walking a certain trajectory over a period of time; and a time stamp on an email message captures and 081. Science in Education displays the time at which it was sent. We develop the concepts 3:30 to 5:00 pm of substrates and traces to describe how activity is made visible Crowne Plaza: White in digital environments. Finally, we look at how traces are either Participants: unconsciously perceived or consciously interpreted in order to get information about the activity that caused them. The Present of the Future: Technology, Education and Children. The Co-evolution of the Next Generation Mobile David Shutkin, John Carroll University Communication Technology and the Services: The Case of As I consider middle school children in a school district in the U.S. in 2010, this essay is about the future. The district unveiled WiBro in South Korea. Jee Hyun Suh, University of its technology integration initiative as an expression of its Edinburgh commitment to "the future." In their words, this future requires Technology in mobile communications is rapidly advancing the preparation of students to be productive citizens in an headed toward enabling of next generation mobile increasingly interdependent and technologically advanced global communications. The mobile communications have gone through economy. Based on a year-long study, I apply narrative inquiry transitions from namely the first generation (1G) to the second and actor network theory to present numerous cases that analyze generation (2G), and more recent attempts have been made tacit assumptions about the future embedded in practices in the toward the third generation (3G) with varying degrees of success present. This technology initiative to prepare children for an in different countries. While the path toward inter-generational unknown and contingent “future” results in the sociotechnical transitions in mobile communications has been widely expected control of their present lives in ways inconsistent with the ethical and shared by many, actual implementation and adoption of the and pedagogic intentions of the school district. One case “next generation” mobile communications system at once concerns practices to manage risk as a condition of the Children’s increasingly face uncertainties and challenges. This research thus Internet Protection Act. At issue is the management of the addresses the challenges and the opportunities of technology sociotechnical present lived every day by students as a response transition through the case of the development and the diffusion to what is only a possible future. A second case concerns the use of WiBro (Mobile WiMAX) technology and the services in of drill and practice software by students in preparation for high South Korea. Based on the social shaping perspective, it offers stakes testing. Based on an input/output algorithm coded into its multi-level, multi-local analysis encompassing the processes of program, this software constrains experience in pre-specified the technological development, implementation and use, using ways. Embedded in web applications in 2010, this durable the qualitative data from interviews and documents. It argues that algorithm traces from the 2001 No Child Left Behind Legislation the successful technological innovation is yet a partial to the design of teaching machines in the 1960’s. Indeed, lines of configuration, while the interpretative flexibility during the efficient code enact in the present practices of operant implementation stage inevitably leads to a partial representation conditioning developed by Skinner half a century ago. of technology in use. The co-evolution of the technology and the Direct to Consumer Genetic Testing for Child Talent in China: services is thus seen to be an ongoing, evolving process of alignments, mis-alignments as well as discrepancies and Experts’ Views and the Corporations Strategies. Hui Wen, adjustments among the various elements that comprise the socio- Osaka University; HIroshi Yamanaka, Osaka University technical regimes and the landscape. I have done a qualitative survey about the Chinese experts’ views Response Cries in Technological Environments: Self-Talk in on DTC genetic testing, especially for child talent. Interviews were done from December 12, 2010 to January 20, 2011, and Collaborative Visual Analytics. Richard Arias-Hernandez, from March 23 to April 14, 2011, in three Chinese cities Simon Fraser University (Nanking, Shanghai and Wuhan). Seventy professionals were This article proposes a research strategy that bridges sociological interviewed, whose majors are in molecular genetics, cell and psycho-linguistic approaches to study cognitive workload in biology, pediatrics, child psychology, science of law and co-located, computer-mediated collaboration. The sociological bioethics in 10 hospitals and six universities, about their views on approach is taken from Ervin Goffman’s interactionist analyses DTC genetic testing for children. I also interviewed with subjects on response cries and the psycho-linguistic approach is taken from two main bio-corporations in Shanghai who are developing from Herbert H. Clark’s Joint Action Theory. The strategy DTC genetic testing for children in China. Most experts in includes a research protocol that takes two individuals with hospitals and universities support genetic testing for single gene complementary expertise to conduct a computer-aided visual diseases, or testing for children with family histories of analysis. The social substratum of the face-to-face interaction hereditary disorder, and were opposed to DTC genetic testing for generates a situation in which self-presentation has to be predisposition to complex multi-factorial diseases, especially maintained. The main argument is that self-talk, one type of DTC genetic testing for child talents. They were also uniformly response cry, is one of the most frequent strategies used by concerned about the potential harms of DTC genetic testing. people to account for delays caused by cognitive workload in However, some bio-corporations are enthusiastic about collaborative visual analytics. The generation of self-talk in this developing genetic testing for predisposition to complex multi- context follows this process: (1) one participant or the computer factorial diseases and for child talents without any standards for generates a cognitively demanding task; (2) the target participant the quality and conditions of their provisions. Currently, the is uncertain, slow or unable to respond to the task; (3) the corporations have developed a set of complicated marketing participant handles this problem of self-presentation by resorting programs named, "Three Levels Marketing Mode." to self-talk; (4) While self-talking, the participant continues her Unfortunately, I did not get any data about their annual sales of engagement with the task. I also argue that self-talking serves such testing products, because the data are highly classified. Last, several purposes in this context: (1) self-talk is used to “save l will discuss the future possibility and prospect for such genetic face;” (2) self-talk is used as an indicator to inform that a testing products not only in China, but also in other countries, as cognitively demanding task is in place; and (3) when well. accompanied by interactions with the computer, self-talk and Education, Science, and Culture: Science Curricula in motor behavior provide an audio-visual cue of progression of the task. One contribution from this approach is to extend Goffman’s Colombian Schools, 1950-1965. Nicolas Sanchez Guerrero, and Clark’s analyses from face-to-face interaction to technology- IHPST, University of Toronto mediated interaction. In my talk, I will present a history of science curricula in Colombia’s public secondary school system, in a period ranging Chair: from the early 1950s to the mid-1960s. In this period, characterized by rapid urbanization, expansion of infrastructure, administrators. The paper will draw on interviews and research and growing state expenditures in so-called social sectors, with actors in the public schools, unions, and one of the premier scientific and technological literacy acquired explicit relevance, test security firms in the United States. as reforms of the Colombian educational system reacted to Chair: postwar notions of development. Considering that science curricula reflect, beside the state of scholarly disciplines, also Paul Burnett, St. Thomas University, New Brunswick perceptions of science's virtues and risks, and of scientists' 082. The Cultures of Biomedical Science authority and responsibilities, I will argue that curricular histories 3:30 to 5:00 pm offer a fruitful way to engage the history of science with social, Crowne Plaza: Allen cultural, and political histories. I will point out the paradox that despite the interest of STS for mechanisms of science Participants: popularization and for the formation of scientific canons, school Biomedical Bodies as "Parts Catalogues": Novel Metaphors in science, as a means for the diffusion of science beyond Post-genomics. Cameron Michael Murray, York University practitioners, has remained understudied. Relying on the analytic The use of novel metaphors has long been recognized as an possibilities of science popularization, I will describe how indispensable component of technoscientific labour. Metaphors different actors--scientists, publishers, policy makers--mediate in can help researchers understand phenomena, explain data, and a field where moral issues, vocational preferences, social order, describe the techniques and technologies that drive their work and the conveyance of practical knowledge are at stake. By (Knudson 2005). In post-genomic biomedicine and emphasizing links between civic and epistemic virtues, I will bioinformatics, the metaphor of the “parts catalogue” is conclude that the history of science can offer valuable analytic increasingly being used to describe the integrated databases, tools to other disciplines, while historians of science seeking to models, and platforms researchers use to store, organize, explain science’s acquisition of societal relevance can benefit visualize, and manipulate large quantities of genomic data. Parts from engaging with social, political and cultural accounts. catalogues are best described as documents that contain Unusual Appropriations in Scientific Discourse during Science information about available spare and/or replacement parts for a Classes. Aline de Moura Mattos, Universidade Estadual de range of commercial products, such as automobiles, musical Londrina; Moisés Alves de Oliveira, Universidade Estadual instruments, household appliances, children's toys, furniture, de Londrina computers, and countless others. This paper will begin with an In a global emergency in which contradictions, discourses, overview of how the metaphor of the parts catalogue has been cultures, identities, diversities and differences seem to disarray used in Genome Canada research proposals, as well as themselves, standardized and rationality-based models are not biomedical and bioinformatic textbooks and peer-reviewed enough to produce answers to basic questions such as: Who are journal articles. I then offer preliminary insights into how the use the others? What is being different? In an attempt to understand of this metaphor challenges understandings of the boundaries and how these issues are negotiated in the actual panorama of the integrity of human bodies and their component parts, and the “school’s floor,” we observed, in an ethnographic perspective, relationship between life, information, and commerce in post- activities performed in elementary science classes from a private genomic biomedicine. I describe how the metaphor of the parts school in a Brazilian country. We seek to conceive the alterity as catalogue generates new, and extends older, theoretical questions the key concept to understanding the identity construction in the about body fragmentation, commodification, and information studied ambient. We try to explore the relationship between extraction, all of which are important themes in both science and students and scientific discourse, the appropriation ways and how technology studies (STS) and the anthropology of science. this process contributes to the construction of a scientific and Ultimately, I argue that the metaphor of the “parts catalogue” cultural identity. In spite of theoretical influence of the cultural speaks to growing concerns about the combined weight of public field, we could observe as valid identity between the students is and private interests in post-genomic biomedicine and the fragmentation and mixed-up reappropriation of the scientific bioinformatics. discourse as its greatest strength to survive in the world filled Digitalization’s "Occult Virus": Competing Constructions of with fiction, invention, surprise and constant (re)creation in Risk in Transfusion Medicine Blood Screening. Katerina which the subjects are involved. Vlantoni, Department of Philosophy and Histoty of Science, Scantrons, Statistics and Schoolteachers: Science, Technology National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Aristotle and Performance Assessment in US Public Schools. Paul Tympas, Department of Philosophy and Histoty of Science, Burnett, St. Thomas University, New Brunswick National and Kapodistrian University of Athens During the implementation of No Child Left Behind – a 2001 Uniquely costly PCR-type molecular diagnostics was first federal law requiring states to create and police standards of introduced in transfusion medicine blood screening in the 1990s. achievement in reading, writing and mathematics – scandals have Since then, the introduction of this screening technique has been periodically rocked school districts across the United States. the subject of a worldwide debate among haematologists, blood- Principals and teachers have been accused of tampering with bank experts and health care specialists. The calculation of the standardized tests in order to win incentives or avoid being cost-effectiveness of this technique seems to argue against its penalized under NCLB or similar performance-assessment universal use. Moreover, while the use of the new technique regimes. Coverage of these scandals in the media and academic generally reduced the risks of transfusion transmitted infections, analyses have tended to focus either on the validity of assessment it created other risks. This necessitated the complementary use of tools or the political question of tying student performance the serological techniques that were the previous canon in blood closely to that of their teachers in a climate of school screening. The debate over blood safety, in connection to the privatization, labor retrenchment, and so on. This paper will question to the introduction of molecular diagnostics, varied suggest that the technologies and techniques used are much more according to local variables. For example, it has been argued that difficult to separate from these political questions. On the one the outcome of the calculation of the cost-effectiveness of the hand, the archaic nature of elements of the assessment systems new techniques ought to depend on local epidemiological make systematic cheating easier; on the other, tools of statistical characteristics. While discussing the social tradeoffs of molecular analysis, referred to by one company as “data forensics,” make diagnostics, we connect them to the technical relationships of the discovery of cheating even easier, exposing schools to a higher apparatuses used in both molecular and serological tests. As our degree of scrutiny than ever before. Systematic cheating can also hypothesis goes, molecular tests represent a further step in using be understood as resistance to the surveillance of testing screening techniques that exemplify the contemporary drive authorities, the quantitative basis of which challenges the local toward digitalization. As such, they are better for addressing risks knowledge and authority of the teachers and school from sharply defined viruses, but have limits when it comes to viruses from a more analog range. In this sense, the emergence of Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) definition of pain. By a medical discourse about "occult" viruses is similar to the describing pain as a subjective experience, the definition has informatics discourse of the "noise" produced when the helped to justify doubt about whether particular patients have efficiency of using more digital apparatus replaces the flexibility “real” pain when it cannot be verified by objective observation of of using apparatus that is relatively analog. tissue injury. While the recent use of brain neuroimaging of Medical Imaging as Persuasive Technology? Ordering Visual persons in pain may be used to verify the subjective experience Information, Persuading Patients, Epistemic Deficiency. of pain (when tissue injury appears absent), neuroimaging Alexander I. Stingl, INTRAG, European University Viadrina, nonetheless strengthens the view of practitioner as objective observer. However, neuroimaging studies of empathy, detailing Frankfurt/Oder the subjective experiences of both the person in pain and the Medical imaging technologies continue to increase both general physician witnessing the patient, put in jeopardy the availability and the number of medical issues in which they are subjective/objective boundary established by the IASP definition, used. Common opinion in our optico-centric culture assigns to especially because these studies emphasize the unconscious these technologies the role of highly effective tool to aid in nature of parts of the empathic response such as the automatic diagnosing illness. In this paper, it is argued that imaging activation of the threat system. If the threat response is not technology has another and even more influential role in the followed by self-regulation of emotions and support of the doctor-patient interaction, but also in society at large, practitioner’s other-oriented emotions, the purported objective transcending the diagnostic process itself. Imaging is, in itself, diagnosis of a patient as catastrophizing, for example, may reflect not just a gathering of data, but a specific way of ordering something about the subjective nature of the observer, rather than information and thereby attains epistemological properties that the patient. The subjective/objective boundary is dismantled. make it a tool, a medium and a social actor at the same time. By conflating in these properties on the level of medical practice, Chair: imaging is revealed to be more than a passive application. With Nance Cunningham, University of Oklahoma its agentic properties revealed, it becomes apparent that not only 083. Food Knowledge and Technology does imaging serve as a persuasive technology, it attains a 3:30 to 5:00 pm constitutive nature that becomes at first increasingly defining of the doctor-patient relation, the idea of the body and of disease Crowne Plaza: Hope itself. In the conclusion of the paper, future areas of research into Participants: imaging as a persuasive technology are briefly outlined for Be(e)ing Experts: Science, Beekeeping and the Politics of gender studies and elderly care-recipients' lifeworlds as a part of Expertise. Sainath Suryanarayanan, University of the regime of Ambient Assistive Technologies (AAT). Wisconsin-Madison; Daniel Kleinman, University of Social and Technological Change in Complex Pharmaceutical Wisconsin Imaging Practices. Meaghan Brierley, University of Calgary Honey bees are disappearing in several places across the world. Medical illustration is a centuries-old field of practice in the The postulated cause(s) of the alarming phenomenon, called service of medicine and science. Its history is often told from the ‘Colony Collapse Disorder’ in the U.S., remain controversial. perspective of anatomical depiction, with the images seen as Through interviews with various stakeholders, ethnographic important to education, scientific theory dissemination and fieldwork and published documents, we analyze this controversy scientific discovery. This presentation will discuss the influences to explore the politics of expertise. Harry Collins and Robert on medical illustration practice, in particular how illustration Evans developed a context-independent framework specifying habits influence and are influenced by the interests and goals of who can and should have input into technoscientific illustrators funded by the pharmaceutical industry. Focusing on controversies. The virtues of the Collins-Evans framework the work of members of the North American Association of notwithstanding, we suggest it fails to address the circumstances Medical Illustrators, this study presents preliminary findings of a that affect who gets to contribute to knowledge production and sensory ethnography of the contemporary practices of medical how. Based on systematic observation of their hives, several illustration for the pharmaceutical industry. Sensory ethnography long-time beekeepers have concluded that certain agro-chemicals considers multisensoriality as integral to the practice of are primarily responsible. By contrast, researchers in academia, illustration, and attends to the senses as representative of agro-industry, and the US government contend that there is a lack embodied experience, perception, knowing and practice. The of causal toxicological evidence from laboratory and field study also explores how different dimensions of practice - experiments of a definitive role for these agro-chemicals. These interests, visual cultures, routines, and tacit and sensory actors typically base their claim for the continued use of the agro- knowledges - have influenced the form and content of the chemicals on the assertion that traditional ecotoxicological knowledge represented. It further explores the influence of practices are superior, more unbiased, mediators of the effects of pharmaceutical sponsorship on such practices and how toxins on bees than beekeepers’ “anecdotes.” To the contrary, illustrators negotiate this relationship. The work contributes to we suggest that the methods and standards which these actors the literature on the social studies of scientific imaging advocate are not inherently superior; instead, their dominance is and visualization and communities of practice where images play shaped by a three-way compatibility between the history and a role in ways of knowing. This research requires a special focus character of academic culture, the norms of US regulatory on knowledge negotiated at the convergence of technology, agencies, and the stakes and interests of powerful agro-chemical artist/illustrator and firm. The talk takes a unique perspective on actors. We develop the notion of epistemic dominance to explain how the pharmaceutical industry has influenced medical how certain methods of knowledge acquisition come to count as illustration practices and vice versa and what this reveals about legitimate, while others do not. changing visual expertise. Fats in Practice. Rebeca Ibanez-Martin, Philosophy Institute, Neuroimaging: Protector or Dismantler of the STS Dept., Spanish National Research Council Subjective/Objective Boundary? Nance Cunningham, My PhD project began as a study of functional foods in which I University of Oklahoma explored margarines commercialized to lower levels of This paper will explore the pressure that neuroimaging of cholesterol fatty acids. I have now widened my scope to “eating empathy puts on the long-standing protection of the healthcare fats in practice.” I explore “eating fats in practice” through professional’s self-image as objective, reliable observer of pain various entrances. These include: the room of a dietitian who and the professional’s image of patient as subjective, unreliable recommends to cut all fat intake but olive oil to a client; container of pain. In the pain arena, a primary technology used to producers of butter who talk about taste and pleasure that butter clearly demarcate the subjectivity of the patient from the brings along; a group of women in a northern village of Spain objectivity of the medical caregiver has been the International who have high levels of cholesterol and have to cut down fat Different Molecularizations: Envisioning Nutrigenomic intake and invent various practices to do so (such as having a Applications. Paula Saukko, Loughborough University, UK weekly long walk that they refer to as “la ruta del colesterol” (the Nutrigenomics is an interdisciplinary field involving genetics and cholesterol route); the dieter who dreams of a piece of bread and genomics, food sciences and food as well as diagnostic butter. I am, therefore, invested in exploring fats in a juxtaposed industries. It combines a genetic interest in DNA variants, which manner looking at how fats are performed in different practices modulate individuals' response to diet and susceptibility to diet- and places. By exploring empirically and analytically the “eater” related diseases, and food science's interest in how nutrients and the “body” in practice, I hope to gain insight into the affect gene expression. The metaphor or boundary object of "diet interferences between ways of dealing with scientific repertoires tailored to genotype" brings together the two interests. However, of fats, clinical ways of doing so, daily life versions of what it is the classic disease model of "one cause, one cure" does not to eat fats, as well as embodied responses to eating fats. In my necessarily fit with modelling multiple genetic and presentation, I will concentrate on the ways women in a northern environmental factors contributing to lifestyle-related diseases or village include or incorporate knowledge on fats in their daily making sense of food metabolism with myriad effective practices. compounds and confounding factors from circadian rhythms to Speaking in Metaphor: Affect, Community and Politics in Fat gut flora. In interviews, scientists and industry representatives in Studies. Andrea Phillipson, Queen's University, Kingston the field (n=30) negotiated these tensions differently, envisioning ON nutrigenomic applications from recommending a specific Critical fat studies have increasingly attempted to monitor and polyunsaturated fat for a specific genotype to using molecular mitigate the social impact of scientific and popular discourses technologies to develop functional foods associated with health that characterize corpulence under a clinical rubric of obesity, claims for target groups and drawing on molecular evidence to health risk and epidemic. Recent work by Fraser et al. (2010) decide about general fortification of food items with folic acid. suggests that when critics dismiss obesity epidemic discourse as These scenarios are very different in terms of whether they “moral panic,” however, they risk denigrating emotion itself. As envision personalized solutions, products for subgroups, mass an alternative response, the authors invite further theorization of market or entire population. Similarly, some scenarios are the origins, nature, and effects of emotion in obesity discourses, focused on individual consumer's/patient's genome, in others turning to Ahmed’s (2004) conceptualization of collective genomics based technologies are used as lab-tools in developing feelings to analyze how “the emotions associated with the obesity products and recommendations. All these visions are examples of debate produce the very subjects and collectivities of authority "molecularization" (Rose, 2007) of science, medicine and now and identity seen to deploy them.” While Fraser et al. concentrate consumer culture. However, broad-brushed terms, such as on theorizing the role of emotion in scientific and popular obesity molecularization, do not capture the substantial differences of discourses, my paper instead examines the affective methods at these visions. This paper maps the social repercussions of work in the burgeoning STS area of fat studies, whereby critical different possible molecularizations, drawing on the case of responses to medicalized obesity discourses often adopt nutrigenomics. rhetorical tropes to shift the focus and terms of debate. For Chair: instance, Boero (2009) repopulates the militaristic imagery of the Paula Saukko, Loughborough University, UK depersonalized “war on fat” with “mothers under fire” and “families” that are “targets of blame.” Using Ahmed’s theory of 084. The Politics of Nature emotion, I investigate how such metaphors, analogies, and 3:30 to 5:00 pm allusions work as affective tools to produce particular bodies, Crowne Plaza: Newman subjects and collectivities—processes that necessarily reveal boundaries and exclusions. A successful fat scholarship cannot Participants: elide the deep social inequalities manifest in weight, and I Eco-rational Restructuring of Science Practice in Response to contend that the community-constituting power of emotion Biological Invasions. Keith Warner, Santa Clara University creates key sites for exploring the political opportunities in fat Accelerating global trade facilitates the introduction of nonnative studies. species to new environments. Some introduced species become Frame Analysis of Japanese Perception about Functional Food. pests causing significant direct economic and indirect Nobuko Ueno, University of Tokyo environmental harm. Prior scientific institutions, practices and In Japan, advanced research in the area of food has been regulation have been narrowly focused on specific pest promoted. Function of biological regulation in food was introduction pathways, and invested much more in reactive rather researched from 1984 to 1986, funded by The Ministry of than anticipatory management. New technology tools have been Education, Science, Sports and Culture. A lot of functional foods developed to assist with precautionary practices (such as have been developed and marketed since then. How has such synthetic pheromones to monitor for new arrivals, and molecular advanced research affected Japanese perception of functional genetic analysis to clarify taxonomic relationships and delineate food or food? What does the present generation value more in area of origin for the progenitor population), but these have not choosing and eating food? This study examines the frame of prompted more holistic institutional responses to nonnative public perception about functional food and whole food, species management. This study draws from a five-year specifically the frame of scientific knowledge and other values of qualitative comparative study of the US, South Africa, New food intake. This study carried out questionnaire surveys and a Zealand and Australia that documents efforts to restructure focus group using web monitor and analyzed how the frame of scientific institutions to exclude, interdict, eradicate and manage food intake is composed of scientific knowledge and other invasive species in ecologically rational ways. All three Southern values, and what scientific knowledge and values affect public Hemisphere countries have created ecologically-informed perception of risk and benefit of functional food. The study found initiatives to respond to nonnative species, from more robust and that, (1) scientific knowledge of function of biological regulation participatory biosecurity efforts in Australia (i.e., 21st century is valued most and scientific knowledge of nutrition is also quarantine) to integrated risk/cost/benefit analysis informing new valued, and (2) cultural value was assessed lower than scientific scientific regulatory institutions in New Zealand, to active and knowledge, such as function of biological regulation and management of invasive plants through community participation nutrition. Frame analysis is a major methodology in the STS and social development programs in South Africa. The US has literature. Most studies analyze dialogue of controversy using developed relatively more new technologies for scientific frame analysis, but this study attempts to apply frame analysis to research on nonnative species, but in the absence of policy or analyzing public perception. The research on functional food is program innovations, they are of limited use for management. also very scarce in STS literature. This study illustrates the influence of “national natures,” or how respective societies value their indigenous biodiversity, on scientific institutions and practices. between scholarship that stresses local, historical knowledge, and Native American Mobilization of Eco-culturally Just Boundary that which intends to make broader theoretical statements about Objects through Boundary Work. David Tomblin, Virginia the influence of representational practices. Excavating a Tech methodological approach latent in Martin Rudwick’s iconic 1976 article “The Emergence of Visual Language for Geological This paper explores the ways that Native Americans have Science 1760-1840,” the paper aims to outwit the catch-22 of appropriated Western natural resource management practices as visual specificity by dealing with image content without bowing expressions of local knowledges and as a political tool to to the hegemony of historical context viewed as repeatedly promote cultural survival. The adoption of management “unique.” Two interrelated orderings of the Enlightened earth techniques by many Native American tribes/nations, academic and its surfaces are used to pursue the thesis that representation is scientists and activists embodies both cultural resistance to and always immanent and existing outside of and separate from the cultural exchange with Western-based land management time of lived, human experience. The natural coincidence in institutions, non-Indian academics, private industry and a variety visuality that enabled geological strata to be represented by of governmental agencies. I posit that balancing resistance to and layered lines constituted a graphic system that preexisted the exchange with non-Indians is important for Native American Enlightenment attempts to translate it into a graphic space. The practitioners because it maintains a safe distance between them sectional drawings produced of geological formations did no and the society that exploited their ancestors. It also allows them more than capture and translate to paper what had been observed to draw benefits from Western science and technology while – resulting in a “deep geological time” we have come to associate protecting cultural identity and sovereignty. These interactions with depth. The forestry science of Cameralism explicitly ultimately result in the ecocultural hybridization of science, collapsed the distinction between representation and reality by technology and the tribal landscape. Key to this process is the assessing the fiscal worth of trees against an abstract tree mobilization of boundary objects such as tribally-unique representing an ideal volume of timber. This "normalbaum" was management practices and Western land management practices eventually realized in the disastrous monoculture forests of through boundary work. Therefore, I aim to expand the Germany in which trees were made to occupy a doubled, or descriptive power of STS boundary concepts to understand the heightened, state of signification. Coexisting with their own tactics and strategies that marginalized cultures use to address representations, both forms of “natural representation” socially unjust distributions, applications and consequences of contributed to the radical abstraction of the earth in the 18th science and technology, recasting them as liberatory processes century. implemented marginalized non-Western cultures seeking to redistribute the benefits of Western technosciences, redefine Chair: technoscientific practices, and legitimize local knowledge. In this Noam Andrews, Harvard University paper, I analyze the political tension between resistance and 085. Staying Natural in Technological World exchange within the Native American restoration discourse in three contexts: 1) the national political forum, 2) the ecological 3:30 to 5:00 pm restoration literature, and 3) reservation-based ecocultural Crowne Plaza: Kaye restoration projects. Participants: The Role of Corporations in the Shifting Ecology of A Science of Breastfeeding or an Ideology of Good Governance Systems. Jenny Dyck Brian, Arizona State Motherhood? A Perspective from Social Epistemology. University Boaz Miller, University of Haifa Over the last few decades, as the life sciences have changed I offer a new theory of the logical relations between evidence and dramatically, so, too, have institutions of governance. From social values, such as political views and ideologies. The value- Asilomar forward, government was no longer chiefly responsible ladeness of science is relatively uncontroversial among historians for regulation and oversight; biotechnology became a place of and philosophers of science. It is commonly argued that social innovation in approaches to risk management and producing values “fill the gap” of underdetermination of theory by public goods. The systems of governance continue to shift, evidence, namely social values direct our choice between two or raising key questions about who is responsible for oversight and more empirically adequate theories. I identify additional roles what form that oversight should take. Increasingly, corporations social values play in evidential reasoning and justification. are taking on de facto governance roles, and developing – and Drawing inter alia on research in experimental psychology, I implementing – powerful sociotechnical imaginaries (Jasanoff & argue that social values not only fill the gap between theory and Kim, 2009). To explore the role of corporations in the evidence, but they also influence the trust we extend to governance of emerging technologies, I expand on a previous testimony, the threshold values we require for accepting research project that explored the structure and work of corporate evidence, and the process of combining different sorts of bioethics advisory boards (at, e.g., SmithKline Beecham, Eli evidence. The upshot of this theory is that when we want to know Lilly) by asking what tacit ideas about governance are built in to whether our theories and beliefs are sufficiently supported by these bodies. Companies are taking on a task – deliberation about evidence, we must consider the possible influence of values on key normative questions raised by emerging technologies – that our judgment in the ways I have identified. Drawing on previously fell under the jurisdiction of the state. What are the historical, feminist and STS scholarship about the science of consequences of moving ethical deliberation from the public to breastfeeding research, I illustrate my model by examining the the private sector? I will then begin to explore different corporate changing scientific theories about the virtues and vices of innovations in governance (such as the in-house ethics and public breastfeeding versus bottle-feeding. I suggest that these changing policy experts at the Venter Institute and Synthetic Genomics, views have more to do with changing views about the role of and participation in an anticipatory governance consortium by women and mothers in society than the scientific evidence for Climos). A preliminary investigation of these structures highlight and against breastfeeding per-se. a distribution of governance roles and responsibilities across Human Rights and Home Birth: Natural Birth Activism, institutions and sectors, and shed light on the industrial sector’s role in shaping the normative terrain of science and technology Midwifery Expertise and Transnational Human Rights policy. Discourse. Bruce Hoffman, Ohio University Resource in Series: The Enlightened Earth and its Emerging out of 1970s social movements, U.S. natural birth Representation by the 18th Century German State. Noam activists and direct-entry/non-nurse midwives contested childbirth’s medicalization, arguing obstetrics approached birth Andrews, Harvard University in terms of pathology and risk. Proponents understood childbirth The paper seeks to contribute to the STS literature on the visual as a natural, normal, woman- and family-centered event best cultures in science by addressing the current epistemic schism conducted outside of institutional settings, ideally with an Studies, Syracuse University; Steve Sawyer, School of experienced midwife’s assistance. Activists challenged the Information Studies, Syracuse University medical profession’s jurisdictional authority over childbirth by We focus here on the issues with distributed agency and use a characterizing independent midwifery as an alternative practice particular scenario of cloud computing in the public sector as the to obstetrical science, arguing that midwifery is grounded in basis for a comparison of competing conceptual perspectives. We distinct forms of expertise and entails a different set of social do so because the products and services that are consumed in relations between mothers and experts. However, the everyday life are results of networks comprised of human movement’s distinctive grounding in spreading a concrete subjects and technological objects. These networks are practice has created tensions: those who wish to develop, expand assemblages that somehow work together to achieve a consistent or adapt the movement through professional organization, effect. These complex networks act as “systems of systems” and legislative regulation or more abstract understandings are may fail due to an error of one or several of its components, often challenged as to whether new organizational forms, practices and with considerable consequences. As the independent components understandings distort the “essence” of midwifery. Here, I of these networks are distributed the allocation of responsibility investigate a recent development among activists: how they are is ambiguous. Such failures are exemplified by the 2003 drawing upon transnational human rights discourses in their Northeast Blackout and the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia efforts to culturally transform U.S. birth activism into a global explosion. More impressively, however, many systems based on midwifery movement. Through ethnographic analysis of distributed agency seem to avoid failure, as anyone who has international midwifery conferences supplemented by interviews successfully jay-walked across a busy street can attest. Thus, for and documentary analysis, I analyze how differently-positioned the conceptual perspective comparison we are pursuing, we activists are transforming understandings of midwifery expertise select a commonplace example of distributed agency: cloud and shaping local understandings of human rights as they locate computing in the public sector. By distributing information and midwives cross-culturally; place midwives in alliance with global computation across jurisdictional and geographical boundaries, development and public health initiatives; foreground class-based cloud computing challenges traditional concepts of public sector inequalities; shift the competencies of a trained midwife to computing and thus may influence the modern state’s operations. routinely handling “emergencies” as well as “normality”; and To analyze this scenario, we apply a sociotechnical (Actor- enable new forms of collaboration with existing medical Network-Theory), a socioeconomic (Materiality), and a legal professionals and institutions. perspective. Further, a framework by Harbers (2005) is used to Risk, Pregnant Women and Environmental Health: Gendered compare these views in reference to 1) co-production; 2) Regimes of Biosecurity. Becky Mansfield, Ohio State distribution of agency; and 3) distribution of responsibility. University The Archive as Practice: Combining Digital Data in Astronomy. Environmental pollutants are widespread not only in the Goetz Hoeppe, College of William & Mary environment, but in human bodies. Seafood is the main source of I consider how Michel Foucault's understanding in "Archaeology human exposure to many pollutants, including methylmercury of Knowledge," of the archive as a practice which defines the and some persistent organic pollutants, and concern centers on "general system of the formation and transformation of effects on fetal neurodevelopment. This paper examines statements" in discourse, may be brought to relate to toxicological, epidemiological and other public health ethnographic accounts which conceive of scientific practice as scholarship on contaminated seafood to understand how these dynamic and malleable, focusing on the making of visual environmental health concerns are constituted as an object of representations and their epistemic use. The tension between the knowledge and management. The dominant approach is one in archive thus defined and novel epistemic practice is fundamental which risk is used to secure the population by calculating the net to contexts in which data are re-used and representations are benefits and hazards of women’s seafood consumption, with the combined, such as measurements stemming from different goal being to influence women’s “seafood choices.” This marks a instruments. I would focus on how it is dealt with in astronomy, new arena of biopolitical concern about how the contaminated drawing on ethnography of researchers who combine diverse environment is changing the nature of humans by altering digital imaging data to characterize cosmic objects and infer their cognitive development. It also marks a new, highly-gendered distance. After briefly characterizing the current data access regime of biosecurity in which women are positioned as regime in astronomy, I proceed by interpreting two contrasting protectors of the population against the threat of contamination. cases in the working of an observational system involving By calculating proper seafood choices, risk spatializes “the observational data which is combined with archival data in the reproductive woman” as the insecure bodily threshold between making of epistemic claims. the contaminated environment and the population. Risk places responsibility for environmental health on women, who must The Prospect of Cybernetic Immortality: Cryonic Suspension, manage movement of pollutants through their own bodies. This Cybernetics and the Cyborg Sciences. Grant Shoffstall, gendered spatial imaginary of environmental biosecurity appears University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in sharp relief when contrasted with alternatives that suggest This paper offers an interpretation of cryonic suspension fluid relations between bodies and the wider contaminated (“cryonics”), the practice of preserving human corpses by way of environment. Belying recent optimistic claims that the perfusing them with chemical protectants and subjecting them, at contemporary biopolitical order is one of individualized the pronouncement of legal death, to extremely low temperatures, optimization, this gendered spatial imaginary of thresholds to be which are controlled and maintained over the long term by guarded suggests the heightening of concerns about discipline, computer-monitored, liquid nitrogen-filled “cryostats” or biosecurity and borders. “dewars,” in the hope that scientists will at some future point Chair: achieve the necessary kinds and levels of technology to repair and “reanimate” the “deanimated,” those who at present lay in Becky Mansfield, Ohio State University cryonic suspension. Employing methods of historical archival 086. Emerging STS Approaches in Studying ICTs research, I subject to interpretation a host of materials ranging in 3:30 to 5:00 pm date from the early 1960s to the late 1980s - cryonics case Crowne Plaza: Miller reports, trade magazines, newsletters, essays and unpublished manifestos written by initiators of the practice, etc. - many of Participants: which are quite obscure, and which at the time of this writing The Distribution of Agency and Responsibility: A Comparative have not yet been utilized for purposes of sociohistorical inquiry. Analysis of Three Theoretical Perspectives Focused on Highlighting the influence that the work of Norbert Wiener and Cloud Computing. Andreas Kuehn, School of Information W. Ross Ashby brought to bear upon certain pioneering advocates of the practice, I argue that cryonics is best understood as a moment in the history of the post WWII constellation of Kelly Gates, University of California San Diego cybernetics, its progeny the cyborg sciences, and of course, the iconic postwar figure of the cyborg. I position cryonic suspension 087. Science and Technology Innovations vis-à-vis this constellation of knowledge, computational 3:30 to 5:00 pm metaphors, technologies and techniques and ultimately move to Crowne Plaza: Owens argue that the practice is an exemplary case of what I propose to Participants: call, with a nod to Donna Haraway, “Cyborg Mythology.” Mobilizing Traditional Technology: The Handloom Weaver in a Matter and Metaphor: The Dynamics of Technological Change. Contemporary World. Annapurna Mamidipudi, Maastricht Hamid Ekbia, Indiana University; Harmeet Sawhney, University; Syamasundari Boddapati, Dastkar Andhra; Indiana University Wiebe Bijker, Maastricht University Metaphors pervade all aspects of technology development. Just The inclusion or lack of it of traditional knowledge systems and consider your “desktop” on which this file is sitting or the technologies within Science has long been a contentious issue in Internet portal through which it was downloaded or the legal policy debates. Meanwhile, traditional technologies continue to standing of your IP address, which was notoriously compared to provide livelihoods to millions. In India, handloom weaving is a “telephone number” by the judges in the case of ACLU vs. not just craft, it is production technology that supports Reno. When one starts peeling layers off the information and livelihoods of 2.8 million families, and constitutes 15% of total communications technologies that connect us into the so-called domestic cloth production. Still, handloom technology enters the networked society, we find layers and layers of metaphors in the policy discourse only from the margins and struggles for design of the technological artifacts, the software that runs on legitimacy within frameworks of development, industrial them, and the economic and legal system that sustains them. As economics, and welfare policy. In turn, the identity of the weaver such, metaphors can serve as drivers of technological change and is produced as the subject of poverty alleviation, modernization innovation. However, they can also turn into impediments to or a cultural fossil, in all he is unsustainable. We report on the change. Both of these aspects of metaphors have a strong specific empirical case of vulnerable livelihoods in handloom material dimension that we would like to explore and expose weaving in the devangula and padmasaali communities of here. By material, we mean resistance to change that becomes Andhra Pradesh, India. We construct the study as collaboration inscribed in social, institutional, or technical arrangements that across two policy locations: one within theory, and the other in derive their power and legitimacy through the invocation of interventionist NGO practices. This allows for the centering of certain metaphors. In this light, materiality is an inherent the question squarely on the weavers’ narratives of vulnerability property of all metaphors, which is often made invisible in within the lived reality of a livelihood practice. The question psycho-linguistic accounts. The semiotic tradition in STS has presents itself in two different ways: first, within theoretical similarly brought to light the meaning-laden, semiotic character discourse, as “In what framings does handloom become an of material objects, but we need to also attend to the socio- unsustainable technology?”, and second, as a question from a material character of semiotic constructs such as metaphors. We development policy perspective, “what can make handloom a explore this point here by examining how certain metaphors have sustainable livelihood for weavers?” By using STS concepts as driven, but also impeded, change in the world of computing in well as methods of story telling, this paper explicates the the last few decades. In particular, we discuss the cluster of expertise, science and technology of the weaver, and questions metaphors built around the spatial “inside-outside” metaphor, foundational assumptions regarding the weavers’ scientific along with the associated notions of abstraction, implementation knowledge or lack thereof. and verification as they are currently understood and practiced in computing. STS and the Public Private Partnership: A Case of Agricultural Computational Objectivity and the Materiality of Video Innovation in Uganda. Diana Akullo Oyena, Staple Crops Evidence. Kelly Gates, University of California San Diego Programme, ASARECA, Uganda Social scientists have examined at length the expanding use of Collaboration between universities, research centres, commercial live CCTV systems by police and security agencies over the last companies and other partners is usually conceptualised within the several decades, considering the social and legal ramifications of framework of Mode 2 knowledge or Triple Helix. A concept that the emerging surveillance infrastructure in cities and other is less common in STS but more prominent in development contexts. However, few have considered what investigators do studies is that of innovation systems. This paper reflects on these with recorded surveillance video – how the video itself is concepts and their use for studying science and technology in a archived and used in the investigatory process. The vastly development context. The case presented is of a public private increased use of video surveillance has created areas of need for partnership (PPP) in Uganda involving the National Agricultural new technologies and procedures to organize and analyze Organization (NARO), the National Agricultural Advisory recorded surveillance video so that it can be made to function Services (NAADS), farmers, Nile Breweries Limited (NBL)- more effectively as an evidentiary technology. This project takes subsidiary of Africa and Asia brewing giant SABMiller and other a multi- methodological approach (interviews, actor-network actors in the sorghum value chain. This case study suggests that theory, and discourse analysis) to examine on the emerging most of the research within this project consisted of routinised professional field of “video forensics” and its attendant experiments for variety testing and improvement of growth technologies, considering the ways in which new visual imaging conditions. Moreover, within the NARO research organisation and archiving technologies are being incorporated into, and the project resulted in some evaluations but did not lead to any transforming, modern investigatory practices and evidentiary significant changes in its research activities and organization. standards. I emphasize that, while the digitization of visual media Although the case fits very well within the notion of innovation is commonly viewed as disrupting the relationship between systems, it can be questioned what the concept really offers for image and reality, it is also important to consider a less examined understanding research and innovation. From this case it can be question: How are digital imaging and archiving techniques concluded that much of the critique on Mode 2 and the Triple being applied to visual images in order to reinforce their status as Helix is applicable to the innovation systems concept as well. evidence of the real? The project engages with STS debates Towards a New Framework For Postcolonial Technoscience: concerning (1) “mechanic objectivity” (Daston & Galison) or Merging Actor-Network Theory with World-system more recent forms of “computational objectivity,” (2) the role of Analysis. Andrzej Wojciech Nowak, Adam Mickiewicz science in the investigatory and legal processes, and (3) the University, Poznan, Poland materiality of digital technologies (as especially evident in The goal of this paper is to examine the possibility of mutual computer forensics) (Kirschenbaum). translation or merging of two paradigms: actor-network theory Chair: and world-system analysis. I will present this merging as a way of „unthinking” of the very concept of development. It is my elements for the understanding of how the research community’s thesis that such “unthinking” is a precondition for establishing a prestige was instrumental in order for this actor to secure agenda new framework for postcolonial technoscience that will be free control. from modernist presumptions. World-system analysis combined Science, Technology and Public Policy in Brazil: Implementing with ANT gives us opportunity to engage in a strictly “glocal” a New Legislation on Animal Experimentation. Ana Tereza situated analysis. I want to propose five areas where the two Pinto Filipecki, FIOCRUZ; Carlos Saldanha Machado, paradigms overlap. These areas will be indicated by the following claims: (1) Both theories share the same type of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation; Márcia de Oliveira Teixeira, holistic/ecological ontology of human societies. This similarity is FIOCRUZ fully visible if we compare a notion of the collective (Latour) and Brazil has a dynamic biomedical research sector. Backed by a notion of world-system (WSA). (2) Main methodological defined government policies on science and technology, the postulate of Actor-Network Theory: „follow the actor” can also health research agenda focus on important neglected diseases. In be found as a methodological principle in the work of world- Brazil, as elsewhere, one of the greatest challenges to system analysis. This postulate means that we should not accept policymakers is to harmonize the myriad and intertwined legal any ideas or convictions before examination but we should do provisions without hindering biomedical research. A new our best to find a real actor of situation. For example we should regulatory regime on the use of animal in research is under not believe in essentialized notions like culture, nation-state but construction since 2008. The current legislation has unclear we should follow real factors and actors. Such synthesis gives us provisions, inconsistencies and ambiguities that generate rare opportunity to combine ethnographic approach, focused on operational problems for agencies, research institutions and actors analysis of ANT with networked, global perspective investigators. Another implementation issue is the number of proposed by WSA. (3) Both paradigms share an important idea different ministries, agencies and commissions in charge of the of a relational materialism. This notion, strictly connected with legal framework involving animals as established by the Actor-Network Theory, can also be used to describe an ontology Brazilian legal system and administrative divisions. At the end of of world-system analysis. Relational materialism (ANT/John 2009, Biotbras, a Latin America electronic network on Law) can be compare with relational space (David Harvey) and Laboratory Animal Science launch Redusal, an electronic forum concept of TimeSpace (Immanuel Wallerstein). (4) The common to discuss the new legislation on animal experimentation. We use feature of the paradigms is their shared view of development as a content analysis to explore the issues on legal professional process of association and disassociation of heterogeneous boundaries raised by Redusal’s members. Our findings indicate entities or objects. Latour’s late works Reassembling The Social that research procedures in animals legally restricted to proposes an alternative model of sociology – “sociology of veterinarians are controversial. For researchers, professional association” – which is meant to trace associations throughout a boundaries are hindrance to the lab performance because network. In my opinion this kind of approach, focused on a competences in animals’ procedures are acquired by practice and process of assembling, is better suited for describing reality of not in undergraduate courses. Therefore, legal compliance will developing countries (fluid technology Marianne de Laet and require changes in project management and human resources Annemarie Mol). (5) Both paradigms share radical rejection of recruitment. The power of professional boards needs revision and modernization theory. Latour as well as Wallerstein agree that negotiation. The study illustrates how public policy „we have never been modern”. In the paper the theoretical implementation may frame new social arrangements within considerations will be supplemented by a short empirical knowledge production, a contribution to STS literature. analysis. I will examine a status of “objects” which constitute Chair: Western African everyday life (cars, plastic shoes, water cans etc.) and I will claim that they can be treated as a local, “fragile”, Ana Tereza Pinto Filipecki, FIOCRUZ “not assemble”, fluid technologies (ANT) and globally 088. Roundtable: Doing Social Epistemology Socially networked, connected with global world-system (WSA). This 3:30 to 5:00 pm empirical example will be grounded in my personal experience Crowne Plaza: Boardroom gained in Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana. Social epistemology, understood as an “intellectual movement of broad Changing Not to Change: A Historical Perspective of Brazilian cross-disciplinary provenance that attempts to reconstruct the problems of Science and Technology Policy. Rafael Dias, Campinas epistemology once knowledge is regarded as intrinsically social” is poised State University to move beyond its classic mode of intellectual critique and analytical The paper analyzes Brazilian science and technology policy reconstruction by experimenting with collective, social practices of (STP), exploring its characteristics and the processes which have knowing. This roundtable discussion explores the forms that social influenced its trajectory, divided in three distinct phases. The first epistemology, as a practical endeavor and constructive site of knowing and one dates back to its institutionalization in the 1950s and is knowledge-making, does and can take. Panelists will reflect upon how to understood as a period in which the budding Brazilian research develop and bring into practice the project of social epistemology; they community advocated for a public policy for science and include members of the “Reply and Review Collective” – an international technology and managed to seize control of its agenda once it collaboration of scholars who are currently engaged in an effort to “do was institutionalized. The second phase comprises the Military social epistemology socially”. Regime period and is connected to the aspirations of national Chairs: technological autonomy. The third phase begun in the 1980s and James Collier, Virginia Tech is marked by the increasing importance acquired by elements such as “innovation” and “competitiveness”. Although these Marianne De Laet, Harvey Mudd College changes are in a way connected to broader shifts in STP Discussants: paradigms in developed countries, evidences from this particular William Davis, Virginia Tech case suggest that the role played by the country’s research Robert Frodeman, University of North Texas community was relatively stronger, making it the dominant actor Steve Fuller, University of Warwick of this particular policy throughout the last sixty years. Based on the analysis of historical documents and interviews with policy Joan Leach, University of Queensland makers and researchers we conclude that these changes, Melissa Orozco, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro particularly in the discourse level, were basically orchestrated by 089. Joint Plenary 4S, HSS, SHOT: Dealing with Disasters: the research community in order to legitimize actions that would Perspectives on Fukushima from the History and Social secure its own interests. In this sense, the paper aims to Studies of Science and Technology contribute with STS literature by presenting the trajectory of a national science and technology policy, but mainly by providing 6:00 to 7:00 pm Grand Ballroom - Marriott (SHOT Hotel): Grand Ballroom approach that foregrounds the problems of representing and 1. Spencer Weart, American Institute of Physics, HSS Speaker 2. Gabrielle engaging the nonmodern. Hecht, University of Michigan, SHOT Speaker 3. Hugh Gusterson, George Some Implications of the Reinvention of Grand Theories of Mason University, 4S Speaker Science. Marion Blute, Dept. of Sociology, University of Chair: Toronto at Mississauga; Paul Armstrong, Dept. of Sociology, Yuko Fujigaki, University of Tokyo University of Toronto This paper first summarizes parts of a longer empirical study 090. Joint Reception (4S, HSS, SHOT) (forthcoming in "Perspectives on Science") of the views of ten 7:00 to 10:30 pm contemporary sociologists and sociologically-minded Great Lakes Science Center (Buses Provided): Open Lobby philosophers of science who have presented general theories of the scientific/scholarly process - Andrew Abbott, Mario Bunge, Randall Collins, Gili Drori, Scott Frickel, Steve Fuller, David Hull, Bruno Latour, Donald MacKenzie and John Ziman. The FRIDAY, NOVEMBER, 4 study included analysis of a major publication as well interviews with the majority conducted between the summers of 2007 and 091. Theorizing Technoscientific Futures 2009. It was designed to assess the compatibility or lack thereof 8:30 to 10:00 am of their theories with each other and ultimately with the Toulmin- Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim Hull theory of cultural and social evolution in science and concluded positively. Eleven major issues were included, two of Participants: which will be expanded on today. This paper then goes on to Democracy, Expertise and the "Third Wave" of Science discuss four additional phenomena that an evolutionary theory of Studies. Robert Evans, Cardiff University; Harry Collins, science/scholarship can explain - the differing treatment of fraud Cardiff University and plagiarism in science, the citation rates of long papers, why low productivity teachers tend to produce high ones, and why The relationship between STS and democracy has been the topic “the truth wears off." of much recent debate. Whilst almost all in the field would claim to be in favor of democracy and of making science and The Techno-image as Epistemological Model. Katherine technology more democratically accountable, there is much less Brideau, New York University consensus about what this means in practice. This is particularly In the introduction to his recently translated book, "Into the clear in the responses to the ‘Third Wave of Science Studies’ Universe of the Technical Image," Vilem Flusser argues that paper published in 2002. Despite the author’s claim that the while we can still debate the values attached to the techno-image, paper is consistent with democratic ideas – claims which have we can no longer challenge its dominance in our future society. been supported in some recent readings of the work – it was Living now in Flusser’s future, we can see the techno-image is quickly criticized for its elitist and undemocratic approach, and indeed a powerful force. Yet while these images play a major these criticisms have been repeated more recently. In this paper, role in our daily lives and in scientific and medical imaging, we we consider the published responses to the Third Wave paper and do not yet understand either this kind of image or the kind of examine their implications for our original position. In particular, thought it inspires in us. This theoretical paper introduces we examine how the distinction between the technical and Flusser’s notion of the techno-image as a concept distinct from political phase of a technological decision relates to democratic the simulacrum or the spectacle, and also questions what sort of ideas such as checks and balances, representation, deliberation epistemological model it offers. Flusser’s techno-image has two and authority. We thus combine a general defense of the claim main characteristics: 1) it’s produced by machines, and 2) it’s the that the Third Wave of Science Studies is consistent with result of a unique relationship between image and writing, democratic norms with examples that indicate how the tension wherein the image consumes writing (formulas, equations, code, between expert and democratic modes of authority can be text, etc.) into itself. In so doing it dethrones writing and its understood in particular instances. In doing so, we set out one offspring: history and causality. If writing imposes a linear vision of the relationship between expertise and democracy. structure on our thought, what kind of thought emerges from the Serres, Latour and Subalternity: Temporality and the techno-image, from an image that itself emerges from science Nonmodern. Srikanth Mallavarapu, Roanoke College and calculation? Given the youth and diversity of the techno- image, the answer is not clear, but it seems this new thought is Using Hermes and angels as symbols of mediation and based on the act of aggregating discrete units into networks and translation, French philosopher Michel Serres challenges the clusters. The possibilities of this thought are vital to modernist conception of progress and rejects a historiography understanding both our quantized world and the worlds we based on a linear flow of time marked by revolutions and produce. epistemological ruptures. In contrast, he offers a striking image of folded time, where the past is in conversation with the present. What's "New" in the New Materialism of Technoscience Bruno Latour, one of the most provocative contemporary Studies? Joseph William Schneider, Drake University thinkers about science, has been clearly influenced by the work Certain scholars in the social sciences and humanities who study of Serres. Latour, like Serres, rejects the philosophies of critique technoscience have, for some time, spoken of matter and and suspicion and the framework of revolution in his attempt to materiality as central to their analyses. This has been more than a build a nonmodern framework. This paper examines the ethical claim that culture has material effects or that language is and political dimensions of the methodologies developed by material. Rather, they have insisted that matter itself, so to speak, Serres and Latour for engaging with nonmodern ways of being in has an “actant” or “agential” role in making naturecultures - a the world by comparing it to the methodologies and theoretical kind of “constructivism” that is anything but social or primarily frameworks employed by the Subaltern Studies Collective. so. While use of “materialist” or “material” adjectives or Scholars like Dipesh Chakrabarty and Gayatri Spivak have “matter” as a noun to mark this focus has indeed become more engaged with the problems that interpretive social science common in the last decade and a half - and a recent title, "New frameworks bring with them in the attempt to represent subaltern Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics" (edited by Diana domains, which are seen as being outside the realm of the Coole and Samantha Frost), underscores this - this talk offers a discourses of modernity. The question of temporality is crucial critical review of what might or might not be called new in this because the subaltern domains are typically relegated to an attention to what Pheng Cheah has called dynamic matter or archaic past. Serres’ crumpled handkerchief and Chakrabarty’s “mattering” and its centrality to making worlds. The talk closes shomoy-granthi both evoke a complex image of time that defies by juxtaposing a revived interest in the work of Alfred North linearity or easy periodizations. This paper argues for an Whitehead and recent writing marked by its authors as “object oriented ontology,” or, more broadly, “speculative realism,” in scientific discussion, questioning and skepticism. Our interest in order to follow the claim of the new into the now. MI isn't a matter of criticism or effectiveness assessments, but in Chair: how it works as a pathway to authentic practice. "Authenticity" has become a familiar theme, and puzzle, for science education. Joseph William Schneider, Drake University Wittgenstein poses the question, “Does a child learn only to talk, 092. Ethnomethodological and Ethnographic Studies of or also to think? Does it learn the sense of multiplication before - Instructed Actions in Science and Mathematics or after it learns multiplication?”[2] The consensus seems to 8:30 to 10:00 am answer "before": Only with the apposite conceptual map can Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West authentic science proceed. The MI program, however, seems to flirt with the other answer: We will understand science only after Ethnomethodologists use the term “instructed actions” to describe practices we have learned how to do it. Our paper takes up this alternation that are necessary for realizing or enacting rules, plans and other formal from an ethnomethodological perspective. What, as a deeply instructions, but which call upon local resources that are not formulated or practical matter, is the MI Program’s work of modeling? And inferred from such instructions. An objective in ethnomethodological what indeed is being, or can be, modeled? On examination, we research is to elucidate the practical and communicative actions through may discover that modeled matters are heterogeneous and hybrid which instructed actions are performed in situations. These settings include, in ways that modelers have not imagined. Such a finding might but are not restricted to, scientific, mathematical and technical instruction be an instructive re-specification of what, as a practical matter, and practice. The papers in this session address communicative actions and science education can do. relations involved in achieving mathematical and scientific order in different settings: the mathematics seminar; secondary school science What STS Can Learn from Disputes about Expert Evidence in education programs; demonstrations of classic experiments, and Criminal Trials. Michael Lynch, Cornell University presentations and interrogations of expert evidence in courtrooms. They This study examines tape recordings and transcripts of criminal examine how technical matters are embedded in, and conveyed through, trials in which DNA evidence is presented along with estimates embodied uses of communicative tools and practices. Rather than treating of random match probability. The relationship between expert such settings as illustrations of familiar STS themes, the studies aim to gain and lay knowledge has been a subject of long-standing debates in fresh insight into topics such as the relations between expert and lay STS. It has been the subject of even longer-standing debates in knowledge, the meaning and uses of models, and the relationship between legal discourse, both in the scholarly literature and the mathematical order and mundane literary and communicative practices. courtroom. Jury trials in the Anglo-American adversary system – in which expert witnesses almost always testify for one or the Participants: other party in a dispute – not only exemplify but also elucidate Chalk: Models and Methods in Material Practices of how expert knowledge is conveyed to a lay audience. Statistical Mathematical Research. Michael Jeremy Barany, Princeton measures to convey “probative value” are said to be particular University; Donald MacKenzie, University of Edinburgh sources of difficulty for lay participants (judges and lawyers, as Studies of what Lynch has called "the attribution of mathematical well as jurors). The jury is sometimes said to be the “black box” order to ‘nature’" hold an important place in sociological of the criminal justice system. What jurors actually understand accounts of scientific knowledge and practice. The converse when presented with probability measures has been subject to a process, whereby "natural" or material practices are marshaled in great deal of speculation and some research, but this paper does the production mathematical order, has at times been given a not attempt to open up that black box. Instead, it examines how comparable programmatic importance but continues to elude lawyers present and explain the relationship between probability systematic elaboration. This talk reports a series of findings from measures in relation to stories of “mundane” events. The paper a recent ethnographic study of university mathematics concludes by drawing critical lessons from lawyerly practices for researchers, including interviews and observations of their STS debates on the relationship between expert and lay weekly research seminar. Focusing on chalk and blackboards as a knowledge. means and medium of mathematical work, we examine the On Hacking and Hunters: Objective Styles in Northern Field interpersonal and intersemiotic means by which mathematicians Science. Jeff Kochan, Zukunftskolleg / University of materialize concepts in their ongoing attempts to produce and Konstanz communicate new mathematical results. In particular, we identify I propose to critically adapt Ian Hacking’s notion of “styles of "following" as a distinctive practice whose manifestation in reasoning” to conditions in the Canadian North. In touting his mathematics research challenges and enriches standard accounts styles, Hacking makes three claims: (1) styles explain objectivity; of rule-following, situated cognition and scientific inscription. A (2) a style emerges historically from microsocial interactions; and close analysis of the translation and re-inscription of (3) a style becomes “independent of its own history.” My use of mathematical phenomena through a variety of media allows us to Hacking is an “adaptation” because he has never addressed the formulate a model of mathematical knowledge work in terms of field sciences. This adaptation is “critical” because I accept his contingent and instrumental materializations such as those of claims (1) and (2), but not (3). Prior to WWI, northern field chalk work on a blackboard. Mathematical research thus biologists and local hunters achieved a collaboration that was becomes a constant struggle to create and transform viable signs scientifically rigorous. Following WWII, authority shifted into where "modeling," "messing around," and "just calculating" the hands of federal resource managers. Tensions between these become manifestations of the same process of coaxing just two forms of field science might be explained in terms of two enough material disorder out of abstractly ordered phenomena to competing styles of scientific reasoning, each motivated by its make new insights possible. own conception of social order. Recent historical and Modeling and the Work of Representation in Science ethnographic research suggests that these styles differ in the Education. Doug Macbeth, Ohio State University; Wendy relative weight they give to numerical analysis. Non-quantifiable Sherman Heckler, Otterbein University aspects of aboriginal testimony are systematically excluded from Modeling and representations are familiar practices in science consideration. This problematizes the goal of “knowledge and technology. They are no less familiar, though far more integration” recently promoted by theorists of TEK (“traditional problematic, in science education. This paper takes interest in the ecological knowledge”). It also challenges Hacking’s claim that “Modeling Instruction” program (MI), known to secondary reasoning styles break free from history, achieving a life of their science educators for about 20 years. MI proposes “the own. The official state discourse of an integrated northern integration of content and pedagogy around making and using science conceals political tensions at the local level. scientific models”.[1] What also gets modeled is "doing authentic Epistemology, it seems, cannot in this case be separated from science": measuring with precision; giving accounts that show politics. The prevailing norms of objectivity governing northern both scientific restraint and specification; and engaging in field science appear, in fact, to be deeply rooted in, and sustained by, a history of political struggle. Indigenous knowledge transform new meanings of citizenship. Chair: Expanding upon notions of “civic epistemologies” and “biological citizenship,” I examine how struggles over the Michael Lynch, Cornell University patenting of Hoodia signal new forms of citizenship arising 093. Knowledge from the Margins, Innovation and Institutional within post-Apartheid South Africa. In particular, I ask how Change – I: Sciences from Below Unilever, CSIR, SAHGA, and the San employ gendered and 8:30 to 10:00 am ethno-racialized discourses of vulnerability in making citizenship Crowne Plaza: Dolder claims for protection of their processes and ways of knowing. Through this examination, I develop epistemic citizenship as a Knowledge from the margins is of longstanding interest to the field of conceptual analytic for understanding how characterizations of Science and Technology Studies. Modern technoscientific knowledge is Indigenous knowledge are used to structure inequitable typically understood to be produced for patent, profit and/or its liberal citizenship claims. virtues. The early focus on innovative knowledge resulted primarily in elite histories of Western (typically male and Caucasian) technologists and Shanzhai: An Incomplete Cultural Innovation. Xiaofeng Tang, scientists going through the frustrations and satisfactions of life in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute laboratories. However, such studies begged the questions of where does Shanzhai, sometimes translated as “copycat” or “knock-off,” this knowledge go, what does it do, and for whom? Later STS scholars originally described some Chinese underground manufacturers' often explored this question from the point of view of those in "the action of imitating and pirating product design from famous margins" who are peripheral to modern knowledge production (e.g. civil brands. As “Shanzhai Cellphones” - cellphones copying society organizations, laypersons); "lacking" modern knowledge Blackberry, iPhone, etc. - gained a considerable market share in production (e.g. non-Western, indigenous); or excluded from modern China, the idea of Shanzhai was popularized and feverishly knowledge production (e.g. female, minority, disabled). This triple session debated by people on the Internet. Many netizens in China will demonstrate how a theoretical focus on knowledge from the margins acknowledged the creative imitation contained in Shanzhai and resists typical ways of conceptualizing producers, users and innovation, and joined in a “Shanzhai movement” of cultural innovation. radicalizes thinking about institutional change. Part I will topically focus on Shanzhai as a cultural movement includes creative and humorous "sciences from below" and how they question assumptions about the parodies of authoritative or famous figures and activities. The knowledge production process that are common to Western societies. Part burgeoning of the Shanzhai movement vividly demonstrates the II will demonstrate how perturbing the user/producer boundary resists vigor of grassroots movement in challenging the mainstream typical ways of thinking about the design and consumption of information culture dominated by political and business elites, sometimes via and communications technologies. Part III will discuss how modern creative appropriation of technologies. This paper examines the ideologies of technocracy and/or neoliberalism shape local knowledge and, Shanzhai movement as a pattern of cultural innovation. In this conversely, allow for local knowledge to challenge expert regulation. STS paper I carry out a Wittgensteinian analysis of the language and other scholars in women's studies, geography, political sociology of people use to talk about Shanzhai in order to probe how science, and sociology of technology will be interested in this session. grassroots make sense of this movement and how they use information technology to creatively express their resistance to Participants: cultural authority. I conclude by documenting how the Shanzhai Secularism and Indigenous Knowledge: Challenges for movement as a cultural innovation was co-opted by business and Westerners. Sandra Harding, University of California, Los lost coherence among its participants. I further question how Angeles cultural innovation by grassroots might withstand various The overtly religious and spiritual ontologies, epistemologies and barriers and gain constant momentum. methodologies of many non-Western knowledge systems Science from the Fringe: The Makah in Washington. Jessica constitute perhaps the greatest challenge for Westerners to fair Lyons, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and empirically-adequate reevaluations of the strengths and Branching off a previous ethnographic study on the Makah limitations of such knowledge systems. The emergence of a relationship to whaling, this project looks at the many ways in recent literature in social theory on secularism suggests good which the North American Makah Nation has become involved reasons to reexamine just which kind of secularism multicultural in the development of environmental policy. In addition to using democratic societies (both national and global ones) should want the authority of science extensively in their arguments for for their sciences. Moreover, we can ask what implications such indigenous whaling and developing a strong relationship with the reevaluations could have on science policies and practices around US Whaling Commission, the Makah are also actively involved the globe. Should indigenous knowledge better travel in the in a number of environmental issues regarding resource modern West and internationally? In what ways? management. For example, in addition to organizing a number of Epistemic Citizenship and the Patenting of Indigenous scientific and cultural exchanges with other indigenous peoples, Knowledge. Laura Foster, University of California, Los the Makah are also involved with the Committee for the National Angeles Ocean Council, the 2011 Coastal Zone Conference, and are Hoodia is a succulent plant grown in Southern Africa used by the assisting in the organization of a climate change symposia, Indigenous San peoples to suppress appetite and ease among other ventures. This project looks at the response to breastfeeding. In 1996, South Africa’s Council for Scientific and indigenous involvement in policymaking, as well as obstacles Industrial Research (“CSIR”) patented Hoodia’s P57 compound faced by minority groups. Environmentalists often benefit from and granted licenses to Phytopharm and Unilever to develop it as capitalizing on the image of "The Ecologically Noble Savage" an anti-obesity product. In response, the South African San (Redford, 1990), however, this relationship is a precarious one. Council publicly condemned CSIR and negotiated an access and As Conklin and Graham (1995) demonstrate in their study of benefit sharing agreement in 2003 requiring CSIR to give a Amazonian Indians, the instability of this "middle ground" percentage of profits to San communities. A second benefit (White, 1991) is rooted in contradictions between perceived sharing agreement was also signed in 2007 between the South images of indigenous peoples and the realities of Indian societies. African San Council and the South African Hoodia Growers How have the Makah been received in both the public and policy Association (SAHGA). Science studies scholarship provides forum, especially when their views may not coincide with valuable insights into the struggles over the patenting of standard environmentalist dogma? Likewise, how have the Indigenous knowledge. Debate focuses on extending intellectual Makah been able to align their local interests with global property rights to traditional knowledge, and the possible interests, if at all? advantages/disadvantages of patent ownership for Indigenous Chairs: peoples. Based on qualitative research, this paper shifts this Logan D. A. Williams, Science and Technology Studies, debate by asking how struggles related to the patenting of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Tolu Odumosu, Harvard University the impact of the gaining importance of contamination control has on our "sense of life." I discuss as a case study the fascination Discussant: of bio artists for materials that have to be processed in highly Virginia Eubanks, Department of Women;s Studies, University contamination controlled environments and handled under strict at Albany, SUNY sterile conditions, such as the work of the Australian artist-duo 094. Aesthetics of Bio-Art Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr from the Tissue Culture and Art 8:30 to 10:00 am Project (TC&A) and the use of clean rooms for body performances by artists such as Jennifer Willet and Adam Crowne Plaza: Hassler Zaretsky. I study the rhetoric of bio artists that lay great emphasis This panel explores the distinctive aesthetics that are emerging from artistic on the fact that they work "hands-on" at these sites and attach engagements with biological materials, such as blood, DNA and human great importance to "hands-on experiences" for a critical tissue, and with conditions and technologies required for their engagement with the life sciences. My paper focuses on the manipulation. Focusing on the work of a small group of artists, including paradoxical observation that "hands-on bio artists" preferably Marc Quinn, Adam Zaretsky, Jennifer Willet, Kevin Clarke and work with materials that have to be processed under strict sterile SymbioticA, this panel seeks to articulate how bio-art adapts and regimes which means that you are not allowed to touch anything transforms the representational practices of the sciences to new aesthetic by hand, so that we can rather talk in this context about peculiar and critical ends. The use of biological materials and practices as a medium "hands-on/hands-off experiences." My paper attempts to theorize of sculpture, portraiture and performance art presents exemplary challenges the ways in which the life sciences bring us in touch with life for science studies as well as aesthetic theory. By drawing out attention to with an interdisciplinary methodological approach, incl. literature the aesthetic (and implicitly political) dimensions of conventional study, visual analysis of artistic performances and installations biomedical science, its facilities and instruments, bio-art expands our and ethnographic research that I have conducted in the understanding of the conditions of scientific knowledge production. At the Netherlands and Australia at a pharmaceutical clean room, a same time, this under-construction genre challenges traditional art- molecular genetics research laboratory and at SymbioticA, the theoretical notions of representation and aesthetic value and demands new art-science research laboratory co-founded by Oron Catts and the aesthetic categories. This panel draws together theorists from anthropology, home base of TC&A. philosophy, visual arts and science studies to articulate some of the Sculptures on Life Support: Marc Quinn's Medical Aesthetics. questions posed by this emerging form of artistic and biological practice and to generate a conversation about answering those questions. This is the Drew Danielle Belsky, York University, Toronto, ON second in a series of three panels that will address the relationship between There is a dynamic relationship between scientific and artistic art and science (Art & Science Studies). This series will bring together rendering practices that extends beyond commonly cited bio- and theorists and practitioners from a diverse array of disciplines to discuss techno-art practices. While the field of science and technology methodological approaches, historical examples and contemporary works studies has examined the complex roles played by rendering and of art and their implications for science studies. visual practice in science, less attention has been paid to the reciprocal role of scientific epistemologies in visual art practice. Participants: British sculptor Marc Quinn's work with human, plant, animal Anatomical Witness: Bioart and the Synecdochic Impression. and technological bodies evince a deep concern with the limits of T. Kenny Fountain, Case Western Reserve University life, and the precarity of scientific and medical technologies. Artists have long used corporeal material in their work as both a Through aesthetic practices that range from complex “life- tool (excrement as paint, for example) and a conceptual support” freezers to classical marbles, Quinn's work reveals the metaphor, one intended to signify the person of the artist or the shared foundations of bodily understanding in science and art, work of production, to question the very nature of art and its while also pushing at the edges of commonly accepted tropes of exteriority as outside or beyond the body. The use of bodily science and medicine. In particular, I focus on the ways in which tissue in contemporary bio-art makes possible a kind of Quinn's recent works with disabled bodies engage with anatomical witness by presenting and representing a body that is established narratives around humanness and health, and the simultaneously an object of science and the subject of human scientific and medical regimes that regulate them. I argue that experience - a body at once biology and biography. Marc while the rendering of bodies in contemporary art is only able to Quinn’s "Self" and Christine Borland’s "HeLa" reveal and call challenge the discursive and aesthetic practices of science and into question the scientific processes through which human medicine insofar as it is also a product of them, this relation is a tissues (blood, cells, DNA) are, according to Michael Lynch, dynamic one through which art practices such as Quinn's may “rendered” or made visible as specimen data (Lynch 1985). also intervene in what philosopher Jacques Ranciere refers to as Through what I term a synecdochic impression, these works bear “the distribution of the sensible,” permitting shifts in the political witness to the body’s complex materiality and invite us to re- and medical formation of bodies (2006). imagine the relationships between medical technology, The Genome-in-Pieces: The Aesthetics of the Fragment in anatomical inscriptions, and bodily experience. Quinn’s use of Genetic Portraiture. Dehlia Hannah, Columbia University, his own blood to sculpt a self-portrait and Borland’s use of the Philosophy Department controversial Hela cells (originally derived from Henrietta Lacks) In the growing genre of genetic portraiture artists such as Kevin operate scientifically and artistically as representations that Clarke, Gary Schneider, Marc Quinn and Inigo Manglano-Ovalle become the referent. Composed of human tissue, these works have adopted the material practices of molecular genetics as a represent “the body” while being of the body. Drawing on work new medium through which to represent and contest strategies of in art history (specifically, theories of representation and, in objective self-fashioning (pace Dummit, 2004). In the work of particular, portraiture) and science and technology studies (of these artists, the genome displaces the face and the bodily surface scientific visualization), this presentation will demonstrate how as the part privileged to signify the whole. Perhaps the most bio-art complicates the substitutional notions of representation immediate consequence of this shift is a loss of the sense of and the synecdochic rhetoric of bodily material. transparency associated with the likeness, such that genetic Cleanroom Aesthetics. Jenny Barbara Boulboulle, Maastricht portraits echo modernist tendencies towards visual abstraction University, The Netherlands even while they appropriate the epistemic authority of the natural My theoretical paper investigates the contemporary techno- sciences. Refracted through a set of analytical methods and scientific phenomenon of cleanrooms and clean room principles imaging devices including DNA amplification and sequencing in life sciences, pharmaceutical and biomedical settings and techniques, karyotypes, and genetic fingerprinting, bodies and focuses on the bodily experience of its users to gain a better subjects are displayed as collections of gene fragments denoted understanding of the conditions under which life and life by printed letters and colored bands. The intelligibility of these processes are explored and handled, because I want to grasp what fragments as unique identifiers and indices of identity and kinship depends upon the acceptance of molecular genetics as Denmark culturally authoritative discourse of identity and a technical The Kangaroo Mother Care treatment was developed in means to its representation. Yet by deploying these material- Colombia to treat premature newborns in the hospitals of discursive practices as a medium, genetic portraiture tests the Colombia. The treatment involves three elements: controlling capacity of this medium to answer to the demands of the genre as and stabilizing the newborn’s temperature; feeding the baby; and they have been articulated in the history of portrait painting and involving the parents in the whole process. This involvement is photography. In seeking achieve the denotational, evocative and central to the treatment because it is the parents’ bodies that critical power of portraiture in its familiar as well as function as an incubator. The KMC has been developed to the unconventional forms, genetic portraiture generates new formal, point that today it is a scientific validated treatment, which is visual, and representational possibilities that are specific to this used in more than 60 countries around the world. This paper new medium. At the same time, by exploring the effects of analyzes the whole process that allowed Colombian doctors contemporary scientific thought and practice on the thematic working in the harsh environment of overcrowded and sub- content of the genre of portraiture, these artworks interrogate the funded public hospitals to develop a treatment that becomes a question of how different physical, social and historical world innovation both because it is scientifically sound and dimensions of identity are valorized or recede from attention because it reintroduces into medicine and public health the active under what Suzanne Anker and Dorothy Nelkin have called the role of patients and their families in the medical mission. molecular gaze. Through readings of works by each of the Drawing on ANT, after ANT and post ANT developments this aforementioned artists I trace how the genomic body-in-pieces paper describes and explores the many strategies deployed to (pace Nochlin) is rendered intelligible through the aesthetic logic make a treatment scientifically valid. It also deals with the of the fragment form. problem of epistemic colonialism as the treatment is regularly Chair: regarded as "alternative", "appropriate to third world countries" Hannah Star Rogers, Cornell University and "incorporated mainly in aid missions on poor countries". However, the expansion of the treatment and its validation in Discussant: major medical journals demonstrates that it is as high tech and Hannah Star Rogers, Cornell University effective a treatment as any other of the existing alternatives. The 095. Technologies of Health Care in Latin America difference is that it involves a limited use of technologies and chemical medicines. This suggests that at the heart of 8:30 to 10:00 am contemporary medical technoscience is kept alive by the Crowne Plaza: Savoy continuous bonding of new technologies, pharmaceutical Given that the field of STS on and in Latin-American´s appropriation and medicines and centralized institutions. This framing acts as a transformation of technologies is increasing in numbers and relevance, we barrier to understand that health and medical practice can be propose a panel that explores STS on health care technologies in Latin effectively performed with a limited use of technologies and America. The panel has three objectives. Firstly, to present the diverse chemical medicines. academic interest and scientific productions from people working on Medical Technologies and Reproduction in Multiethnic Mexico. medical technologies in Latin American realities; secondly, to give room to Rosalynn Adeline Vega, UC Berkeley/UC San Francisco discussing the theoretical and methodological contribution that such scholars are making to the broader field of STS studies; and, thirdly, to I study medical technologies and reproduction through the lens of enable a network of scholars, with similar interest, in the area of STS and transnational medical practice and new multiethnomedical medical technologies working in and on Latin America. landscapes. Through ethnographic research at CASA (Center for Adolescents of San Miguel de Allende), a locally well-known Participants: NGO with a thirty-year history of providing health care services [Un]marked Bodies and Invisible Subjects in the Coverage of to Mexican peasants throughout Mexico, I consider the symbiosis Human Genetics in Colombian Mass Media. Adriana Díaz of healthcare providing NGOs and government hospitals, del Castillo, Universidad Javeriana; Maria Fernanda Olarte questioning how NGOs debilitate or productively supplement Sierra, University of Manchester; Tania Pérez Bustos, medical technologies provisioned by the state. This paper addresses the following questions: In Mexico, how are medical Universidad Pedagógica Nacional technologies produced, and what are the cultural mechanisms In this paper we explore the ways in which mass media present - that aid its circulation in multiethnic communities? Do local and co-produce- the subjects of human genetic research in communities synthesize “foreign” biomedical technologies with Colombia. The choice to focus on media representations has to their own culture logic or are intersecting medical systems do with a particular stance on communication. We conceive producing entirely new health models? How might these novel media as pedagogic devices located in the periphery of conceptions of medical technologies and health unfold on the knowledge production, yet capable of mobilizing and physical and social body in disparate ways depending on the standardizing hegemonic discourses on science and geographical context, socioeconomic status and education level subjectivities. With this approach in mind, we conducted an of patients? What is revealed when the exportation of managed ethnographic analysis of the coverage of human genetics in a care is read through interfacing biomedical and ethnomedical Colombian newspaper and a television news broadcast during the systems? This paper is concerned with social justice and equity, periods of 1992-2006 (newspaper) and 2009-2010 (newspaper and the tension between the neoliberal patient (characterized by and television). Our aim was to explore the ways in which certain an individualistic subjectivity and freedom of choice) and new subjectivities are contested or reproduced in media politico-medical apparatuses and technologies acting upon the representations of this science, and how this portrayal is body politic (emergent governmental and non-governmental influenced by the Colombian context. Using examples from the ideologies and childbirth methods scripting how women give news, we will present our argument in three steps. We will first birth). A focus on class- and ethnic-stratified reproduction brings show that media present subjects whose bodies are into relief the transnational processes that mediate local and simultaneously marked and unmarked in terms of race, gender, global interests, and the inclusions and exclusions of global class, and geography. Then, we will argue that by doing this, flows. Through a comprehensive midwifery curriculum that media appeal to specific imaginaries of the Colombian nation. combines traditional Mexican partería (traditional midwifery) We will conclude by arguing that this mechanism reproduces and with Western biomedical technologies, CASA midwives boast mobilizes the ideal of mestizaje, in which sameness and rates of birth complications and maternal and infant mortality homogeneity are intertwined with the marking of bodies regarded that are lower than their obstetric counterparts (Davis-Floyd as “others”. 2009). In April 2010, CASA was accredited as a hospital and Kangaroo Mother Care: A Medical Innovation from Colombia. under the new universal care coverage instituted by the Mexican Andrés Felipe Valderrama Pineda, Technical University of government, now offers free medical care to women and babies. Also, beginning two years ago, CASA’s midwifery students project involving Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and its main sponsor, participate in a one-year internship in a national health institute China. Among the many people and things traveling the road are alongside obstetricians in order to be licensed as midwives. In medicinal plants employed for reproductive health, carried by this context, new (often antagonistic) relationships between women destined for the sex-trade. While trafficked women obstetricians and midwives are emerging, and a new political caught and released by police often end up by the side of the climate is being formed concerning partería in Mexico. I road, the trafficked plants go to laboratories where biologists test critically examine these recent trends, look at CASA’s role in the them for pharmaceutical potential. Plants with reproductive future of childbirth technologies in Mexico, and provide properties are “life-giving” while those that work to alleviate the suggestions for public policy. effects of HIV/AIDS or cancer are “life-saving.” The latter incite Pregnancy Loss and Ultrasound Scanning in Mexico. Karina more political conflict than sexual-stimulants or contraceptives Romo-Medrano Mora, University of Edinburgh because they are not “essential medicines” with the potential to “benefit all of humanity,” however the granting of patents for The use of obstetric ultrasound has been a topic of great interest life-giving plants to be made into pharmaceuticals prefigures the in the field of Social Sciences. Multiple scholars have political terrain for the granting of life-saving medicines documented how this technology affects the experience of worldwide. How do ideas about environmental and human rights pregnancy, how the visual information has been used to construct travel, create friction, and take shape in a global imaginary? How the “foetal subject” and the ways in which this public imaginaries do these affect pharmaceutical discoveries and development in have been used in political arenas. However, the effect of this global public health discourse and delivery? Who owns nature technology on re-producing and reconfiguring understandings of when it goes public? A careful analysis of the parallel trajectory and relationships with the foetus has not been explored in the of women and plants through their route of transnational case of pregnancy loss, despite its frequency and the multiple commodification demonstrates how new spaces of contested questions of anthropological and sociological interest this forms identity, of nature and culture, and of the human emerge phenomenon raises. In this talk I will present my research project with charged with political, environmental, and health focusing on the reconfiguration of biomedical knowledge and implications. practices related to pregnancy loss through the use of ultrasound scanning and the ways in which the classifications and diagnostic Chair: labels emerged from and shape women’s experiences. I will Maria Fernanda Olarte Sierra, University of Manchester address my main theoretical approaches and questions in order to open a space to discuss the various methodological and ethical 096. Postphenomenological Research – I challenges expected in a highly complex and varied scenario 8:30 to 10:00 am such as in a Mexican setting. Crowne Plaza: Ritz Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Latin Over the past decade, the postphenomenological approach has gained America: A Review of Present Policies, Practices, and influence in Science and Technology Studies. Often departing from the Experiences. Malissa Shaw, Innovia; Trudie Gerrits, work of Don Ihde, various scholars have developed analyses of the social and cultural roles of technologies that are both empirically and University of Amsterdam phenomenologically oriented. In addition to mainstream approaches in Latin America has the largest multinational assisted reproductive STS, postphenomenological research focuses on issues of embodiment, network in the world, focusing on developing guidelines, perception, hermeneutics and ethics. It investigates how technologies help increasing access, and further research and education. Despite the to shape perceptions, interpretations and practices, in conceptual and efforts of this extensive network limited cohesion between empirical ways. This session will present recent work in country legislation and, even, clinical ethics appears to exist. postphenomenology that analyzes new relations between human beings and This is one aspect discussed in detail among the studies technological artifacts, ranging from posthumanism and medical addressing assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Latin technologies to art and design. America. This article provides a social science review and deliberation of empirical studies concentrating on biomedical Participants: infertility services, the available of ARTs, ethical and legal Technology and the Boundaries of the Human Being: issues, and individual experience of treatment in Latin American Postphenomenology Meets Philosophical Anthropology. countries. Four main themes were identified throughout the Peter-Paul Verbeek, University of Twente literature - social aspects of infertility and treatment, availability, Current technological developments take us to the limits of guidelines and regulations, and donor materials – and serve as the humanity. Technologies like brain implants, genomics and tissue main focus of this article. In the conclusion we discuss the need engineering make it possible to intervene in human nature. This for an integrated reproductive health program focusing on has resulted in an ethical discussion about the limits of humanity: infertility prevention, particularly concerning secondary should we protect the boundary of humanity or should infertility, and emphasis the important of increasing prevention technology take us beyond the limits of humanity? This paper and treatment awareness. Furthermore, we stress increasing the will problematize the notion of "the limits of humanity" by availability of ARTs through the development of cost-effective bringing postphenomenological research into the realm of treatment programs in the public health care sector. From a philosophical anthropology. Both fields conceptualize the bioethical point of view, increased standardization of procedures boundaries between humans and technologies in different ways. within and across treatment centers, and binding ethical In philosophical anthropology, various approaches have been guidelines for practitioners is essential to the future development developed to understand the role of technology in human of ART programs in Latin America, while we must acknowledge existence. Among the most influential theories are Gehlen’s and prevent by all means possible potential unintended analysis of human beings as "Mängelwesen" (poor beings using consequences of introducing ARTs into the Latin American technologies to compensate for their organic deficiencies) and context, particularly the inequitable availability of treatment, Plessner’s theory of active "boundary realization" as the central gender inequality, and political and moral strife surrounding characteristic of human existence. Both approaches think in ART debates. Finally, suggestions are made for further social terms of pre-existing humans with technologies added to them. sciences research into ARTs in the region. For postphenomenology, the central notion is technological Plants, Prostitutes and Pharmaceuticals: Along the Edge and at embodiment, in which humans and technologies develop intimate the End of the Inter-Oceanic Road. Ruth Goldstein, relationships that help to shape human-world relations. Rather University of California, Berkeley than thinking in terms of "additions" of humans and technologies, Latin America’s Inter-Oceanic Road runs some 4600 kilometers postphenomenology blurs the boundaries between them and from Lima, Peru to Sao Paulo, Brazil. The road stands as Latin conceptualizes hybrid forms of agency and intentionality. It America’s newest and longest, a transnational development remains to be seen, however, to which extent this notion of embodiment fits all forms of "posthuman" technology. By using Quasi-other, Quasi-face: Rethinking Alterity and Screens. Galit both fields to conceptualize the posthuman, the paper will Wellner, Bar Ilan University investigate to what extent the notion of a "boundary" between While researching the cellphone, one of the questions that humans and technologies can make sense. First of all in an intrigues me is how it got its screen. From a simple technology anthropological sense: to what extent can all the new hybrid aimed at displaying the phone number of an incoming call, the beings we are creating still be called "human"? And second in an screen has developed into a large colorful “window,” that ethical sense: are there limits to humanity that need to be displays emails, photos, videos, maps – in other words “multi- ethically protected? By developing an alternative approach to the media.” When treating the cellphone as an “other” (it limits of humanity, the paper hopes to provide an alternative to “remembers” contacts, it plays…), technological alterity the radical limit-setting or limit-transcending ambition of emerges. Alterity relations mean, according to Don Ihde, that a bioconservatism and transhumanism. technology is referred to as a quasi-other (Ihde 1990, 98). Ihde’s Bodies in Technology: A Posthumanist Contribution to alterity is a modified version of Levinas’ otherness. According to Technical Mediation. Lucie Dalibert, University of Twente Levinas, the notion of the other is coupled with the notion of the Philosophers and anthropologists have drawn attention to the face, so that “the other person . . . comes before me in a face to intertwinement of humans with technology, whether at the level face encounter” (Levinas 1979, 13). The face is an essential of evolution, perception or action. As Ihde expresses it, "we are element in inter-subjective relations. In this paper I develop bodies in technologies" (2002: 131). With the advent and postphenomenology’s quasi-other by giving it a quasi-face, growing momentum of enhancement technologies, there is a through which the technology interacts with us. In the context of renewed sense of urgency attached to such assertion and to attend technology, the screen is the perfect example of a quasi-face. to the ever more intimate relations – fusions – between bodies There is a striking similarity between the face and the screen, as and technologies. While the concept of mediation (Ihde; Latour; both are based on the priority usually given to vision over other Verbeek) has been critical in understanding the role of technical senses. Obviously, significant differences exist, as the screen artefacts in shaping human-world relations, thereby shedding provides a non-unique multiplied presentation of the other, light on the agency of technology, in this paper I will argue that it controlled neither by the user nor by the quasi-other cellphone. is ill-suited for understanding bodies in enhancement Screen-as-quasi-face may explain why we expect the screen to technologies and will offer some posthumanist lines of thought present truth, why it has been enriched with multi-media, or why for further elaborating it. Two points will be particularly it is attached to so many artifacts, including cellphones. developed: issues of becoming and the question of difference. Chair: Insofar as enhancement technologies are no longer situated in a Don Ihde, Stony Brook University use configuration but are rather reconfiguring the body as they merge with it, attention to processes becomes crucial. Although 097. Gendered Fields mediation accounts focus on relations, the dynamic aspect of the 8:30 to 10:00 am latter tends to get frozen, bounded and fixed by the temporality Crowne Plaza: Kelley of use. The processes through which bodies and technologies are continually intra-acting, being affected by and folded into each Participants: other are being erased. A posthumanist account that takes the Gender and Science: Questioning Usual Assumptions. Anne- materialization of bodies and/in technologies as a starting point Sophie GODFROY, Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan can contribute to bring dynamics back into mediation. The European research in the last years (FP5, FP6, FP7) has Furthermore, attention to materialization processes enables to designed research topics according to some assumptions from the account for differences – if only, of embodiment – hence avoids literature. Even if those hypotheses are well established and reifying the human, a crucial element when dealing with human useful, we want to question some of them in order to move enhancement technologies. toward new, more complex and qualitative research questions in On Multistable Actor-Networks: Why You Need Both gender and science and deepen the existing knowledge in this Phenomenology and ANT to Describe a Park Bench. Robert field. In this paper, we propose to question five issues in an Rosenberger, Georgia Institute of Technology exploratory way: the proportion of female students in relation to I build on the suggestion made by a number of thinkers that cultural change, the impact of role models on female recruitment, actor-network theory (ANT) and postphenomenology can the work-life balance issues in relation to attractiveness and helpfully supplement one another, and attempt to show what such retention of female professionals, belonging to a network and an account should look like. The intuition has been that such a being included in it, single-sex education issues. When we look combination of perspectives would be advantageous because closer at various case studies, we observe that the causal effects each brings something the other lacks: postphenomenology a presented as unambiguous have many counter-examples. This nuanced account of human-technology interaction, and ANT an leads us to a more complex approach of those issues: we should account of the chains of actors extending beyond an individual question the conditions under which the causal relations are true. interaction. However, combining these perspectives is not as First, we will study some counter-intuitive facts. Second, we will simple as some writers imply; a practical integration of these suggest some new research questions to better understand the ideas involves compromise and technical adjustment. I begin this social mechanisms behind gender issues and a given scientific project here with a specific focus on the central discipline. “Sciences” are considered in this paper in a broad postphenomenological notion of multistability, that is, the idea sense as all academic disciplines. that an individual technology can be used for multiple purposes A Model of Feedback Bias in the Social Sciences. Matthew L and be made to fit into multiple contexts. Exploring a few Drabek, University of Iowa examples of what Latour would call “mundane” technologies, This paper presents and discusses a new model of bias in the including park benches and hand railings, I offer a series of social sciences. The paper calls the bias at issue ‘feedback bias,’ arguments showing why neither ANT nor postphenomenology a form of bias in which social scientific classifications come to can account for them alone. This opens up a framework of marginalize or trivialize the population that the classification analysis for articulating how a multistable technology can be attempts to pick out. The picking out of a distinct form of bias is concretely tailored in order to disallow a potential usage, and motivated by the need to describe bias in terms not of the beliefs how that potential usage can be re-allowed through re-tailoring. of scientists, but rather the ways in which the practices of social These issues are evident in cases such as when a public bench is scientists interact with the people they classify. A key motivation tailored to disallow a homeless person to use it as a bed, or in is to draw attention to the ways in which the classification of which a hand railing is tailored to disallow a skateboarder to use human beings is enmeshed with broader social norms. Toward it for sliding her or his board across. this end, the paper presents feedback bias in terms of three ways in which social scientific classifications and the human objects of analytical framework that departs from the conventional views. classifications interact. First, human beings can consciously self- First, we analyze evaluation from the perspective of the ascribe the classifications into which they are placed. Second, individual’s career development. Evaluation is a more complex classifications can change the broader norms of the community in interaction than simply the measurement of performance which people find themselves. Third, classifications can interact according to some metric. It is a communication process in which with other classifications, opening or closing a conceptual space both evaluators and those being evaluated define what the proper for new work. The paper discusses this model through a case criteria and materials should be. Second, we put the constructive study of the classification of paraphilias, specifically Sexual effects of evaluation central in order to assess the implications of Sadism and Sexual Masochism, in the Diagnostic and Statistical new evaluation criteria. Evaluation systems inevitably produce Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association. This notions of quality and relevance as much as they measure them. is a particularly timely endeavor given that a new version of the We therefore put central how current and new forms of peer DSM, the DSM-V, is scheduled for publication in 2013. The review and indicator systems as main elements of the evaluation manual is still, at this time, open to new edits and input. process define different quality and relevance criteria in the Female Doctoral Students' Interactions with Faculty and Their evaluation of individual researchers, in both the short and longer Aspirations to Pursue Academic Careers. Diane Yu Gu, term. University of California, Los Angeles A Risk(y) Feminism: Living Downstream as Feminist Science According to a 2004 report from the Commission on Studies “Politics of Life”. Clare Jen, Denison University Professionals in Science and Technology, women in engineering In 2010, Sandra Steingraber’s Living Downstream was published and the physical, mathematical, and environmental sciences in its second edition. Targeting mainstream audiences, the text make up less than 6 percent of full professor positions. However, raises public awareness about the deliberately under-scrutinized the prediction that growing numbers of female Ph.D. students relationship between environmental toxins and health risks. It would lead to greater gender equity among the professoriate has also aims to inspire individual and collective action against not come to pass. The research on female graduate students and impotent government policies, regulatory (in)activities, and the their interactions with faculty in science and engineering is fairly petrochemical industry’s “toxic trespass” in the bodies and lives limited. Accordingly, the objective of this project is to examine of earthly entities. Using a close-reading methodology, this paper interaction among women graduate students and their faculty argues that Living Downstream translates a feminist science members in the field of engineering. To pursue these issues, I studies critique into a feminist science studies “politics of life.” conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with female It answers Fox’s question, “Where are the feminist voices?” in doctoral students in the School of Engineering at Western risk scholarship. By framing her text as an environmental University—a large research university in the western region of autobiography, the author situates herself as biologist, cancer the United States. Theoretically speaking, I utilized theories survivor, mother, wife, sister, daughter and health activist. She related to mentoring and organizational socialization, combined practices Harding’s “standpoint theory” and Haraway’s “feminist with feminist standpoint theory, to guide my study throughout its objectivity.” By critiquing the political economy and limitations duration. The specific research questions are: 1) In what ways do of scientific research methodologies - particularly those student-faculty interactions influence the socialization employed in environmental science, public health and biomedical experiences of women doctoral students in engineering? 2) How knowledge production - she echoes Roy’s exploration of a do student-faculty interactions impact women doctoral students' “feminist theory in science.” Additionally, she works toward the aspirations to pursue academic careers? This research suggests “holy grail” of feminist scholarship and activism; she translates that improving organizational practices and policies in various feminist theory into practice. However, the book accomplishes areas concerning the advising relationship, funding, and non- this without once uttering the risky politic of “feminism” or academic issues such as expanding counseling and social explicitly contextualizing itself in a “feminist” science studies opportunities would no doubt enhance the quality of women framework. This paper troubles “feminism” as a risky politic, doctoral students' mentoring experience. Such efforts may often subsumed under a “human rights” framework that de- effectively assist graduate women in engineering to overcome genders structural inequalities and experiences. Finally, this academic, professional and personal hardships and encourage paper argues Steingraber’s embrace of the Precautionary them to pursue careers in academia. The increase and quality of Principle as an activist tool in a feminist science studies female professors in academia may in turn benefit future women appropriation of Rose’s “politics of life,” specifically doctoral students in their mentoring and career training. “ethopolitics.” Academic Careers Understood through Measurement and Chair: Norms (ACUMEN). Paul Wouters, CWTS, Leiden Clare Jen, Denison University University; Isidro Aguillo, CSIC, CCHS, Madrid; Judit Bar- 098. The Dairy Complex Ilan, Department of Information Science Bar-Ilan 8:30 to 10:00 am University; Frank Havemann, Humboldt-Universität zu Crowne Plaza: Willard Berlin; Hildrun Hildrun Kretschmer, Wildau University; Birger Larsen, Royal School of Library and Information Participants: Science; Ülle Must, Archimedes Foundation; Andrea Two Tales of Sacred Cows: Industrial Dairy Farms, Raw Milk Scharnhorst, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and and the Tensions of Science and Public Participation. Sciences; Mike Thelwall, University of Wolverhampton Stephanie Tai, University of Wisconsin Law School In this EU-funded project, we address the current discrepancy Legal issues regarding the production of food are becoming more between the broader social and economic functions of scientific visible during the transformation of our agricultural production and scholarly research in all fields of the sciences, social sciences system to one involving technology and industrialization. This and the humanities and the dominant criteria for evaluating study examines two types of legal conflicts: one involving the researchers’ performance. Assessment of the performance of regulation of confined animal feeding operations, or CAFOs, and individual researchers is the cornerstone of scientific and another involving the legalization of sales of raw milk. It draws scholarly work. These happen at different career stages and come from literature regarding science in public participation - in different forms, including: job interviews, annual performance specifically, discussions of the role of public participation in assessments, journal peer review of manuscripts and reviews of specific legal frameworks, from legislation to regulation to grant applications. These evaluations have a tremendous litigation. In particular, this study explores the ways in which influence on all aspects of knowledge production. However, this citizens and public interest groups participate in these legal assessment process is poorly understood. We propose an conflicts - from regulatory and permitting comments to litigation - focusing on the tensions between discussions of values and authorities and the intertwined interests of actors at all sites of the discussions of scientific evidence. To better understand these socio-technological system that invented milk. dynamics, this study compares the stated values and goals of Classifying Donor Human Milk: A Socio-Technical public interest groups in these debates with the actual comments Perspective. Katherine Carroll, University of Technology, filed these groups in legal conflicts regarding CAFOs and raw Sydney milk in Wisconsin. The study adds to the STS literature by developing a stronger qualitative understanding of the ways in The resurrection of pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) as a which certain values in food-related debates are expressed in feeding option for premature hospitalized infants has brought the scientific arguments, while other values are not. The study material complexity of donated breastmilk to the fore. Mol and ultimately argues that currently existing legal frameworks, which Mesman's (1996) ethnographic study of infant feeding in a are mainly limited to scientific participation, are insufficient to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) reveals "the frictions accommodate the range of concerns raised by citizens, and between orderings of food" and their "concomitant normatives." suggests a more holistic framing of food and agriculture-related This research into the orderings of one such food for premature legal disputes. infants is based on research into the American and Australian classificatory journeys of PDHM and ethnographic research into Technological Innovations in Milk Production: Exploring the use of PDHM in an American NICU. This presentation will Robots in Dairy Systems. Diana Stuart, Michigan State discuss the multiplicity involved in the ordering of PDHM, that University is, how PDHM transitions from being classified as a food to a This paper applies approaches from STS to examine medicine, and how PDHM is at once a bioactive tissue that technological changes in food production. An actor-network- colonizes the infants’ immature gut wall and a donated body based methodology is used to explore new relationships between tissue that is rich in socio-cultural connotations. This presentation humans, cows, technology and data in the dairy sector. In 1992, will uncover the challenges PDHM provides to the normative the milking robot was first introduced. Since then, the adoption feeding protocols within neonatal intensive care. It will also of Automatic Milking Systems (AMS), using robotic technology, reveal the limitations and liminality that PDHM affords as a has increased across Northern Europe, Canada and the United result of taming its multiplicity through classification. States. Robots within AMS use sophisticated methods to reduce Chair: human labor. AMS also involves reshaping production systems around the use of robots. AMS changes the farmer’s lifestyle as Katherine Carroll, University of Technology, Sydney well as cow traffic, feeding, housing, and milking frequency. In 099. Exploring Sites of Biomedicalization addition, AMS includes a monitoring and information system to 8:30 to 10:00 am analyze cow visits, cow health, milk quality, and other factors, Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen providing a wealth of data. While there is a large upfront cost associated with adopting AMS, it can result in increased This multidisciplinary panel offers four case studies, across a range of sites profitability depending on farm characteristics. Some farmers in the realm of health and medicine, that examine how the interactive social may choose to adopt AMS, despite reductions in profits, based processes of biomedicalization (Clarke et al., 2003) help shape on quality of life improvements for the farmer and/or the cows. communicative events, structure information systems, and constitute what This paper highlights new relationships that emerge from AMS. interactants consider to be medical-scientific knowledge. Each paper It also explores the range of benefits linked to AMS, reasons for contributes new insight into the view of biomedicalization as “complex, adoption, challenges, and how AMS may encourage or multisited, and multidirectional” (Clarke et al., 2010, p. 47), and considers discourage other practices such as pasture grazing. These topics the implications of the move from medicalization to biomedicalization in are investigated through personal interviews with dairy farmers diverse settings. Using a variety of methodological approaches these papers in Northern Europe and in the US. This paper illustrates the locate their inquiries in arenas where new forms of knowledge production, benefits of using an actor-network-based approach to highlight decision-making, and technoscientific expertise derive from or engender interactions and emerging issues and offers insights regarding biomedicalization. Paper #1 uses methods from discourse analysis to technological innovations in agriculture and food production. identify the emergence of the biomedical perspective in the “common language” of American psychiatry. Paper #2 examines shifting attitudes Pathways to Purity: The Techno-Scientific Invention of Pure toward vaccination in the case of pandemic influenza, and relates these Milk. Jane Jenkins, St. Thomas University shifts to the emergence of a risk culture. Paper #3 presents findings from a Risk theorists, and most famously Mary Douglas, have stressed qualitative research study on the biomedicalization of newborn screening in the notion of “purity” as a determinant of cultural response to Ontario, Canada, and examines conflicting interpretations of the term socio-technological systems. Fewer studies have examined the “consent” among key stakeholders in the program. Paper #4 draws upon co-production of such systems and purity itself, nor traced the the author’s experiences as a researcher in the operating theater to consider step-wise articulation of purity in episodes of technological the rapid international uptake of preoperative team briefings, questioning system building. The early 20th century brought the rapid growth whether this “simple” communicative practice is an instance of of socio-technological systems designed to supply safe foods to biomedicalization or an antidote. Together, the papers address questions meet the market demands of growing urban centers. Milk was about the discursive power of biomedicine to mediate social interactions one of the most important foods, but its growing importance and through appeals to standardization, certainty and technological expertise. rich symbolism made it the object of a supply-system Participants: controversy that increasingly hinged on the rhetoric of purity and risk. This paper traces how shifting perceptions of milk’s purity The “Common Language” of DSM-III: Anchored to was a co-productionist consequence of increasingly Observables. Patty Kelly, Simon Fraser University interventionist techno-scientific fixes. From milking machines to In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) introduced pasteurization to tuberculin testing of cows, techno-scientific the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of procedures to purify milk shifted the focus of risk from the Mental Disorders (DSM-III). According to Robert L. Spitzer, visible (dirt) to the invisible (micro-organisms) to the immanent Chairperson of the Task Force on Nomenclature and Statistics, production system itself (the cow infected with bovine DSM-III provided the profession with a “common language with tuberculosis). The path to purity was, therefore, an inward which to communicate” about mental disorders (APA, 1980, p. journey, with the risk more hidden and less accessible at every 1). DSM-III common language proponents present the changes in stage. The quest for purity grew more demanding as nature terminology as the organization and systematization of scientific appeared more threatening and more in need of techno-scientific knowledge: “data-oriented” (Feighner, 1979, p. 1173); “language intervention. Utilizing sources from early 20th-century Atlantic at the lowest level of abstraction possible” (Spitzer, 2001, p. Canada, this study reveals how perceptions of the natural, and 355); “anchored to the realm of observables” (Millon, 1991, p. trust in nature were traced in concert with tensions among expert 249). In the case of the APA Task Force, the ideal of a common language depends upon the acceptance of definitions and terms consent offered by participants. As technology continues to blur of art which, while presented as neutral and universal, covertly the boundaries between clinical care and public health, represent the ideological standpoint of one group of psychiatrists assumptions of a shared language of consent will have within a culturally diverse APA. In this paper I identify some of implications for health policy and clinical practice. the social processes through which psychiatrists develop a Preoperative Briefings, Knowledge Translation and the Promise repertoire of discourse features that become differentiable within of Simplicity. Sarah Whyte, University of Waterloo a language (Agha, 2003). I show how metapragmatic practices from within a professional discourse community positions the Preoperative team briefings are a practice of structured revision of DSM-III as a neutral process of language communication between surgeons, nurses, and anesthesiologists standardization meant to ameliorate fragmentation within the in the operating theater. Fewer than 10 years ago, this practice profession. These interventions, I suggest, constitute a type of was non-existent in health care; today it is widely promoted and verbal hygiene (Cameron, 1995) whereby the DSM-III common implemented as a priority of the World Health Organization. In language emerges through these metapragmatic practices, and I this presentation, I consider the forms of knowledge production show how psychiatrists draw on the authority and ethos of and translation that have been associated with the rapid and science to construct these language features as biomedical- widespread adoption of team briefings. Guided by Kenneth scientific knowledge for particular discourse communities and Burke’s dramatism, my analysis will ask how knowledge, audiences. change, and values are performed in and by texts of various kinds: ethnographic field notes, scholarship from various Inoculating the Public: Decision-making during Pandemic. disciplines, policies and promotional campaigns and popular Monica Brown, University of British Columbia media. Particular attention will be paid to portrayals of the social In Risky Rhetoric (2006), rhetorician J. Blake Scott designates functions and consequences of team briefings (as compared to three different kinds of rhetorical study of science. While the first their instrumental functions and consequences), as well as to two kinds are limited almost exclusively to persuasion within processes of transformation conceptualized, and predicted, by scientific texts and the scientific community, the third kind Burke. The ultimate goal of this presentation is to explore how a “focuses on what we might call the ‘external’ or public rhetoric low-technology social intervention might be both an example of, of science and technology, the rhetorical controversies about and a response to, the culture of biomedicalization. Briefings are science and technology that are played out in different public commonly represented as simple, standardized, and uniformly forums” (p. 19). My paper comprises this kind of study, and good, an image which (though arguably inaccurate) may appeal considers in particular the controversies over vaccination that powerfully as a counterbalance to the “increasingly complex, arose during the 2009 spread of the pandemic influenza, H1N1. multisited, multidirectional” transformations associated with the Using H1N1 as my case study, I focus on how risk is proliferation of technoscientific innovations (Clarke et al., 2003, communicated to a public whose members possess varying levels p. 161). At the same time, the uptake of team briefings has been of scientific and technical expertise. Through rhetorical analysis, facilitated by heterogeneous genres of knowledge production and I examine how the Public Health Agency of Canada informed distribution characteristic of biomedicalization, as described by Canadians about the risks and benefits of the H1N1 vaccine, and Clarke and colleagues. consider how problems of uncertainty, decision-making and Chair: public trust related to the vaccination program were then taken up through media reporting, in medical journals and online. My goal Patty Kelly, Simon Fraser University for this presentation is to consider what can be learned from 100. Postcolonial STS and East Asia H1N1 about the role persuasion plays in establishing the 8:30 to 10:00 am credibility of medical technologies such as vaccination. I also Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller consider pandemic a relevant example of biomedicalization, and suggest that shifting attitudes toward vaccination can be related This panel explores how a colonial legacy, emerging forms of postcolonial to the emergence of a risk culture in which health is “a matter of nationalism, and cold war geopolitics have shaped the material practice of ongoing moral self-transformation” (Clarke et al., 2010, p. 63). science/technology/medicine in East (Korea and Japan) and NE Asia; and conversely, how science/technology/medicine can illuminate the complex Newborn Screening and Consent: The Ethics of intersections among this same cluster of factors - colonial legacy, Biomedicalization. Erica Sutton, University of Toronto postcolonial nationalism, and cold war geopolitics in the region. While Newborn screening (NBS) programs began with the goal of each paper has a specific focus in terms of an object (Mizuno, Japanese reducing newborn morbidity and mortality associated with two chemical engineers in China; Aaron Moore, dam construction; Tae-ho Kim, rare genetic disorders – phenylketonuria and congenital IRRI; DiMoia, chemical fertilizer), collectively we aim to understand the hypothyroidism – through early detection and follow-up complex networks of science/technology/medicine, capital and personnel in treatment. At present, NBS programs screen for upwards of 28 East Asia (1931- early 1970s) and to critically historicize the “Asian conditions and have evolved into comprehensive systems that miracle” present in the colonial and postcolonial contexts, especially in extend beyond the preservation of infant health to benefiting contrast to previous economic or celebratory accounts in much of the population health more broadly. Controversial uses of NBS earlier literature. We use “postcolonial STS” here without a fixed include creation of blood spot bio-banks to facilitate research; definition, while embracing a range of meanings including but not aiding in carrier status identification and reproductive decision- exclusively referring to the continuities and reconfiguration of existing making; and promoting personalized genomic medicine through networks of expertise and material, especially as tapped into by various newborn profiling. Despite technological and conceptual changes national and private actors - Japanese, American, and Korean - often in NBS, most NBS programs remain mandatory and parental appearing under the rubric of official aid in the post-war period. consent is assumed. Although bioethics scholars debate the Participants: mandatory nature of NBS, few empirical studies have engaged individuals involved in decision-making around NBS and studied Mantetsu Scientists in China after 1945. Hiromi Mizuno, attitudes toward the topic of consent. I conducted a case study of University of Minnesota, Twin Cities NBS in Ontario, Canada and interviewed 57 key stakeholders The hardship experienced by Japanese settlers in Manchuria at engaged in the development and implementation of Ontario’s the end of WWII is well studied and remembered. However, expanded program. This presentation will explicate the finding stories of more than 200,000 Japanese engineers, scientists and that although consent has a stable and straightforward meaning medical specialists in Manchuria who stayed on the continent within bioethics discourse, among participants in my study after 1945 have rarely been studied. Thousands of Mantetsu consent was an unstable concept defined, appropriated and engineers and scientists, for example, were asked to stay by the bureaucratized in many different ways. I will offer insight into Chinese government. While most of them returned to Japan the multiple – and sometimes competing – understandings of within a few years, some stayed for a longer time. Marusawa Tsuneya (1883-1962), a chemist and director of Mantetsu chuo Chair: shikenjo [Mantetsu Central Research Institute], remained in China for 10 years at the request of the Chinese government, Hiromi Mizuno, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities educating the younger generation of Chinese scientists. Upon Discussant: return to Japan, many of these scientists worked to improve the Fa-ti Fan, Binghamton University SUNY China-Japan relations that deteriorated in the cold war, while sustaining a sense of community through a newsletter, Mantetsu 101. Using ICTs chushikai kaiho, until 2005. This goal of this paper is two-fold. 8:30 to 10:00 am First, it aims to draft a “memory map” of these engineers, Crowne Plaza: Hanna scientists and medical specialists. The map - consisting of Participants: memoires, interviews, oral histories, scholarly works and documentaries - will provide a historiographical mapping of how Reliable Records and the Production of Scientific Credibility. the “legacy” of Manchurian colonial science, technology and Kathleen Fear, School of Information, University of medicine has been explained and remembered by the Japanese in Michigan the context of the cold war and post-cold war. Second, the paper When scientific knowledge is called into question, it is often the examines the content of Mantetsu chushikai kaiho in detail as a records of the investigation or experiment that are the focus of microcosm of this memory map. scrutiny as the only witness to the scientific process; to serve as Japanese Development Consultancies and Neo-Colonial Power witnesses, records must be recognizable as such by adhering to a in Southeast Asia. Aron Moore, Arizona State University particular form defined by the community, and they must render Japan left an enormous colonial infrastructure legacy in East Asia practice legible. However, records are not simply "what in the first half of the 20th century. Many of the same figures happened," thus, they cannot be impartial indicators of scientific involved in these projects founded development consultancies in credibility. By producing reliable records, scientists establish the post-war after Japan lost its empire. They played an important their own credibility and set boundaries on the kinds of claims role in pushing the Japanese government to become one of the that other scientists can make. Records are not solely passive most influential overseas development assistance powers in the witnesses to science; they are proactive. These records play an world by the 1980s. This paper examines the early post-war active role in the construction of scientific credibility by career of one of Japan’s leading development engineers, Kubota embodying disciplinary or community norms for acceptable Yutaka, and his company, Nippon Kōei, a consultancy that has scientific practice as well as reproducing those norms. This paper engaged in large-scale infrastructure projects throughout the explores the construction of scientific credibility through the use developing world using Japanese and international foreign aid of records to document the scientific process and to produce and assistance since the late 1950s. Kubota had a long career as a maintain norms for accountability. How do scientists produce developer of large hydropower dams in colonial Korea. By reliable records? How is the reliability of a record used as a examining some of his early post-war development projects in proxy to challenge or confirm the credibility of scientific Southeast Asia such as the Da Nhim Hydropower Project in knowledge? Examining scientific records from an archival South Vietnam (1955-1963), this paper traces the colonial perspective adds an important dimension to STS by adding to continuities and post-colonial evolution of a paradigm that and extending the concern with materiality. Beyond the Japanese engineers referred to as “comprehensive development” physicality of the scientific record, its very "recordness" provides - the integrated planning of flood control, electricity production, an avenue for exploration into how science gets done and how it agricultural development, and transportation projects as a way to becomes credible. most rapidly promote industrialization and regional development. Cybernetics as Apparatus and Assemblage. Alasdair McMillan, In doing so, it seeks to understand some of the neo-colonial ways York University in which power and ideology operated through technology and This paper considers two broad lines along which the research Japan’s overseas development policy during the Cold War era. program of cybernetics has been evaluated and appropriated: On Fertilizer and Factories: the Ch’ungju Project and South Korea the one hand, as apparatus, indeed as an ‘apparatus of capture’ (1954-1963). John Paul DiMoia, National University of par excellence; and on the other, as assemblage, or as a more Singapore heterogeneous and dynamic discipline. We find the first conception reflected most notably in the work of Peter Galison When U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon came to office in and Paul Edwards, for whom the ‘cyborg vision’ of Norbert January 2007, he introduced himself to the international Weiner and his contemporaries constituted a strongly community by explaining that he had been exposed to English as hierarchical, control- and management-oriented discourse. The a child in Ch’ungju, where he had numerous opportunities to second, by contrast, is best represented by the historiography of practice. Even as this story was clearly constructed, there was a Ronald Kline, or more famously, the ‘ironic political myth’ of reality to this narrative, as the Ch’ung-ju area was the focus of the cyborg proposed by Donna Haraway. The emphasis in these enormous developmental efforts beginning post-Korean War. latter authors’ interpretations is on diversity within the field, This paper will look at (1) chemical fertilizers and (2) the which implies that cybernetics is less a monolithic apparatus of Ch’ungju fertilizer company, with the latter representing a urea control and more a loose coalition of scientific practitioners with fertilizer production facility overseen jointly by Koreans and the justifiably varied ideas about their work and its social American-backed International Cooperation Administration implications. For such authors as Galison and Edwards, (ICA). Prior to the Korean War, much of the chemical fertilizer cybernetics is a profoundly disciplinary science, and science in had been supplied by Japanese facilities situated near the service of discipline; in Haraway’s case, the cyborg is more a northeast coast meaning the construction held symbolic and figure of affirmation and counterhegemonic potentiality than of material significance. The placement of this new plant and its social control. While weighing the value of each position, as well construction however, were far from routine, as the expectations as considering the relationship between cybernetics and the of Korean and American actors were quite distinct, leaving 'cyborg,' this paper explores how concepts of the apparatus results that were dissatisfying as the plant geared up for (dispositif/appareil) and the assemblage (agencement) from production. As a mini-case study of development in the late Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze may shed light on this 1950s, chemical fertilizers stand in for contentious difference of historical opinion. developmental debates, and also point the way ahead as South Korea would later shift to developing its own petrochemical Dimensions of Power: The Case within the Scientific production facilities. It stands particularly relevant to debates Laboratory. Andrea Deyanira Beattie, Texas A&M about a post-colonial South Korea, as the new nation was not yet International University; Marcus Ynalvez, Texas A&M certain of the direction rebuilding efforts would take. International University, Laredo Texas Scientific laboratories, the micro social setting where knowledge analysis of 40 interviews with mental health providers about the production and innovation typically occur, are subject to implicit and explicit ways the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual variances in power (defined by Weber as carrying out one’s will (DSM) as technoscientific apparatus and technological artifact without resistance) among actors working in these sites. In this mediates the diagnosis of adolescents with mental, emotional paper, we show that these same variances shape and structure and/or behavioral problems. This paper analyzes adolescent technical and scientific productivity. We do this by mental health practitioners’ treatment ideologies and scripts of deconstructing the concept of power - at the micro social setting the DSM and how these coproduce diagnostic practices. By (laboratories) and contextualized within the macro social setting investigating the ways in which practitioners tinker with the (countries) - into its individual components as suggested by technology of the DSM and the different ways its tamed by Turner and Uphoff including - political power (authority), moral different social network groups (i.e. insurance companies, other power (legitimacy), social power (social status) and providers), the social aspects of the domestication of the DSM as informational power (access to and use of new digital technology and its relation to providers and the social processes information technologies). We relate these components to of diagnosis are rendered visible. Treatment ideologies of publication output and number of patents generated. We seek practitioners and the interpretive flexibility of the DSM create a answers to the following questions: (1) to what degree do context of not only DSM ambivalence as Whooley (2010) components of power influence patterns of scientific productivity argues, but of diagnostic ambivalence as well. While (publications) and technical innovation (patents), and (2) to what practitioners’ negotiate the social processes of diagnosis and degree does the macro social setting (countries) configure the bureaucratization of the DSM in multiple ways, they all enact relationship between these components and scientific outputs? particular scripts that tame the DSM into an apparatus of Using survey data collected from a sample of n = 294 life resistance not only against managed care companies’ coverage scientists in top research universities in three countries (Japan, regulations, against the dominant biomedical model undergirding Taiwan and Singapore); we employ an analytical strategy that the apparatus. This paper makes contributions to the emerging combines hierarchical linear models and negative binomial field of the sociology of diagnosis and Science and Technology regression analysis to answers these questions. Preliminary Studies (STS) by analyzing social aspects of the scientific and results indicate that components pertaining to authority, status, clinical processes of behind using the DSM technology in and digital technical knowledge are associated with output, but concrete and particular practice contexts of adolescent mental legitimacy exhibits no detectable association. Our results carry heath and illness clinical care. important implications for science policy and future studies Aesthetics and Technological Innovation in Health Care. Dick measuring scientific output. Willems, University of Amsterdam; Jeannette Pols, Marking Territory: Exerting Control over the Shape of Amsterdam Medical Centre, section Medical Ethics Scientific Knowledge in Wikipedia. Stephanie B Gokhman, The aim of this paper is to explore the role of aesthetics in the University of Washington; Jonathan Morgan, University of valuation of technological health care innovations. The rationale Washington; Behzod Sirjani, University of Washington; is that normative questions have, to some extent, become Mark Zachry, University of Washington standard elements of health care technology assessment. They are Scientific knowledge-sharing has become an increasingly less often couched in terms of well-known approaches in bioethics insular practice, particularly with the popularity of open systems and often use principalist or care ethics vocabularies. These like Wikipedia to aid in the dissemination of information to the approaches undervalue the normative role of aesthetical general public. To maintain quality in a particular scientific considerations in the acceptance/rejection of, or tinkering with, domain on Wikipedia, there exist self-organized, agenda-driven technological innovations by patients and professionals. The communities called WikiProjects, which serve a particularly main question of this paper is, whether and how aesthetical crucial role in encyclopedic work. In this presentation, we will elements should be incorporated in thinking about and evaluating report on our analysis of WikiProject participants to demonstrate innovation. The paper draws on our ethnographic and interview a variety of coordination and organization practices in the studies in the area of home care, focusing on two forms of home collaborative creation process. Our research focuses on the care technology. Firstly, the use of artificial respiration in the intersection of two or more scientific WikiProject domains to home in patients suffering from respiratory failure due to severe expose and better understand patterns of negotiation, conflict, neurological diseases such as ALS. Secondly, the use of various alignment, relationship-building and collaboration in peer telecare technologies for mostly elderly people living at home production. A featured example from our analysis examines with various diseases and/or social problems. The results are that participant interactions on articles shared by WikiProject patients and professionals using both forms of technology Molecular & Cellular Biology and WikiProject Biochemistry. By mention various aesthetical reasons to either love or detest the focusing on interactions among WikiProject participants on these technology, such as its outer appearance, the extent to which they article pages in overlapping territory, our research exposes can be made to fit into the home environment and geography, relationships of editors to both other editors and articles in order and their flexibility. Apart from thoughts and feelings related to to better define these underlying social processes in scientific visual aesthetics, the aesthetics of sounds and noises emitted by knowledge-sharing. This research offers new insight into the technology, especially alarms, greatly contribute to their shifting paradigm of scientific knowledge creation through (un)acceptability for patients. Normative studies in STS should agenda-driven communities in open spaces and provides better not only address the ethics of innovations, but also their understanding of the social features that are integral to public aesthetics. engagement in science. Dignity at the End of Life: About Technology, Morality and Chair: Aesthetics. Jeannette Pols, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Stephanie B Gokhman, University of Washington section Medical Ethics The value of dignity is often explained in moral terms, and this is 102. Health Practices the domain of ethics. Ethicists often claim that dignity is a central 8:30 to 10:00 am value in human life, one that applies simply because one is Crowne Plaza: White "human." Dignity within relations between humans and Participants: technologies cannot be understood within this framework. Moreover, technologies are often seen as disrupting dignity, Adolescent Mental Health Practitioners’ Taming and rather than supporting it. For instance, tube feeding is seen as less Unleashing of the DSM-in-practice. Amber Dawn Nelson, humane than attempts of human carers trying to make the patient University of Maryland, College Park eat. In this presentation, I will argue that an understanding of This paper employs feminist grounded theory/methods in an dignity stands to gain from science and technology studies, material semiotic approaches of aesthetics in particular. With the Crowne Plaza: Allen help of ethnographic material from palliative care practices, I will argue that, 1) Relations between humans and technologies at the Participants: end of life may be seen as dignified or not, depending on the way Making Electricity a Commodity and its Consumers Rational these technologies ‘fit’ within a given situation, and that, 2) Economic Actors: The Case of Real-time Pricing. Daniel different ideas of dignity may clash. Dignity is hence understood Breslau, Virginia Tech as an aesthetic term, as a fit within social and material relations. Proposed reforms to the retail electricity market provide an Whose Stories: Narrative Medicine or Rhetorical Self-Care? opportunity to investigate the making of rational economic actors Kimberly Emmons, Case Western Reserve University through the extension of a technological, legal and financial Recent work in narrative medicine (Charon 2008, Brody 2002, infrastructure. Many economists and energy policymakers are Frank 1997) suggests that medical professionals will benefit from now advocating reforms that would expose consumers of learning to “read” patients’ stories more carefully and fully. electricity to some kind of "real-time pricing," or RTP. Rather Calling this practice “narrative competence,” Rita Charon argues than paying negotiated fixed rates for power, consumers would that those who master it will be better able to understand the see the price of their power changing day-to-day and even within social, cultural and personal contexts of illness and will, each 24-hour period. As economic actors, they would no longer therefore, offer more meaningful interventions. This presentation consume electricity whenever they like without having to take considers the role of narrative competence in producing a kind of price into account. Instead, the hope is that they will reduce their medical empathy that relies too heavily on stock characters and consumption when prices are higher, and thereby dampen the familiar plotlines. I argue that all encounters with healthcare spikes in demand that create spikes in wholesale prices, straining systems must cultivate a rhetorical competence, asking the the capacity of the generation system and transmission grid. foundational question: who or what benefits from the persuasive Based on interviews with a range of stakeholders and analysis of power of the images, stories and genres we use to understand our research reports and regulatory proceedings, the paper analyzes states of health and illness? This rhetorical stance is particularly the efforts to turn consumers into rational market participants, important as disease definitions become more often the property often in the face of resistance. To overcome this resistance, of direct-to-consumer advertisements than the purview of advocates of RTP propose a number of legal, financial and medical textbooks. Using published memoirs of depression technological measures. For instance, they promote the (Lauren Slater’s "Prozac Diary," Elizabeth Wurtzel’s "Prozac development of "smart-metering" to continually supply Nation," and Martha Manning’s "Undercurrents") and consumers with price signals. They also introduce a range of ethnographic interviews with mental health professionals and innovative financial instruments, to allow consumers to hedge with women experiencing symptoms of depression, this against the risks caused by price volatility. It is the struggle over presentation identifies sites of rhetorical resistance (and these reforms, rather than simply the technical requirements of acquiescence) to the all-too-familiar tropes and conventions of RTP, that shapes the legal, financial and technological conditions the “depressed woman.” Such sites provide important lessons in for the new rational electricity consumers. critical reading; they direct our attention to the definitions, Interconnections of District Heating Systems in Stockholm. metaphors, genres and standard narratives that construct the Dick Magnusson, Department of Thematic Studies: contemporary experience of depression. The “rhetorical self- Technology and Social Change, Linköping University, care” I define offers a robust response to a world in which even Sweden “wellness” has become a state that requires constant monitoring and self-regulation. A development toward integrated and interconnected district heating systems in Stockholm has taken place for a long time. Variation, Standards and (non-)Regulation: Studying Values in The first systems were built in the 1950s, and since the late 70s Clinical Practice Guidelines. Teun Zuiderent-Jerak, the expansion of existing systems has been extensive, and as a Erasmus University Rotterdam parallel process, new systems has been established. These Following the seminal work by Wennberg and Gittelsohn (1973) systems have gradually been interconnected, and from a regional on large variation in forms of care delivery within the same perspective this has been a strategy since the 70s. The purpose geographical area, recent decades have seen a steady increase has been to create safe supply security and to be able to build throughout Western healthcare systems of the predominance of combined heat and power plants. This development occurred in clinical practice guidelines as regulatory devices to standardize the era of what Graham and Marvin (2001) would call the the content of care delivery. Sociologists have explained this modern infrastructural ideal. However, the prerequisites have development as attempts to control professionals and cut costs, changed over this period. The liberalization of infrastructure has whereas science studies authors like Castel (2002), Timmermans occurred in Sweden as well, and the ownership structure has and Kolker (2004) and Berg et al. (2000) argued that changed drastically. The previous forms for cooperations have professionals themselves developed guidelines to preserve thus changed as well. The systems are still interconnected, but professional autonomy and ward of administrative pressures. A the incentives are different than earlier. Economic advantages are third explanation within science studies has been to conceptualize more important, but the interconnections have also lead to a this development as a new form of regulation of the quality of discussion regarding the market structure for district heating. The medical work (Weisz et al. 2007) that produced "regulatory aim of this study is thus to analyze how the regional cooperations objectivity" (Cambrosio et al. 2006). These explanations share regarding the regional district heating systems in Stockholm has that they aim at understanding guidelines in a rather general occurred and changed since the late 70s. How has the social sense, rather than focusing on the variation within guidelines that construction of the systems changed and how does it affect the are often addressing highly diverse issues. In this paper I explore opportunities to create a sustainable system? Methods used are the variation in guidelines based on a textual analysis of the interviews and document studies. content and values that are in and excluded from 62 Dutch Local Deliberation and Imagined Transition Epistemologies. clinical guidelines for 25 diagnoses and on interviews with more Gretchen L Gano, Arizona State University than 20 guideline developers. Based on this analysis, I point to The Transition Initiative (TI) is one of the fastest-growing the importance of studying guidelines in relation to the issues environmental social movements in the world. Its adherents they are trying to regulate – or leave untouched. strive for local self-sufficiency, community resilience and an Chair: intentional reduction in energy use in response to climate change, Teun Zuiderent-Jerak, Erasmus University Rotterdam peak oil and the global economic downturn (Barry & Quilley 2009). In the STS literature, Jasanoff and others offer 103. Energy Alternatives and Political Economy comparative methods for surfacing “civic epistemologies” (CE), 8:30 to 10:00 am or the social and institutional practices by which political communities construct, review, validate and deliberate politically sharing of imaginative ideas and proven solutions.” Looking to relevant knowledge (Miller 2008, 1896). This research applies explore/exploit the growing field of health information civic epistemic analysis to examine transition interpretations of technologies, GE declared that through participation in numerous public knowledge about systems in collapse. Research on civic online health communities, tracking your online health data, and epistemologies tends to have two foci: the first on institutional generally sharing health information in the networked social production of authoritative knowledge, the second on citizenship space, we can “imagine” the future where medical conditions of and the creation of knowledge in lay communities. This research our bodies and identities will be transformed and enhanced. This examines the intersection of the two. Transition groups make presentation argues that Healthymagination can be used as an apt sense of and adopt new epistemic configurations of global signifier of the emerging Health 2.0 movement - a growing environmental, political and economic crises. Three distinct and effort to use social media and information technologies to create locally contingent understandings about the nature of society’s a space where medical imaginaries create and manage future relationship to the environment emerge from conversations with subjectivities. Healthymagination refers to an increased individual organizers in nine designated TI across the UK, interconnectedness between discourses of health, anticipation and Germany and the US. This paper extends scholarship on the affect. More and more medical technologies enable the imagined character, composition and construction of TI knowledge that utopias where we obtain complete control over health motivates negotiations to sanction, retool or reject broad socio- information and thus over our bodies themselves. Through technical arrangements in contemporary society. tracking and reporting of our health data we are transformed into In What Sense Can We Talk of Democratic Energy Transition an utopian world where we obtain a mastery of one’s future self. Governance, and How Might This Be Achieved? Erik Laes, They are a part of what Adams, Murphy and Clarke (2009) call Flemish Institute for Technological Research, University of “the regime of anticipation”. This presentation explores how a regime of anticipation is enabled through both the imaginary and Antwerp; Yves De Weerdt, VITO; Luc Van Wortswinkel, the affective. In other words, Health 2.0 discourses establish VITO current actionable conditions for the future selves – an Over the last few years, several criticisms have been aimed at unidentifiable point in time when data donation will lead to a transition management scholars arguing that theoretical concepts more productive, healthier, more optimized self. central to the transition management approach such as the multi- Exploring the Potential of Photography Use for Wound Care by level perspective (MLP) and the technological innovation Home Care Nurses. Pieter Duysburgh, IBBT-SMIT/VUB; An systems perspective (TIS) (at least in their current versions) insufficiently acknowledge politics and governance issues (see Jacobs, Vrije Universiteit Brussel e.g. Kern & Smith, 2008; Meadowcroft, 2007, 2009; Shove & Photography is potentially a useful tool to assist nurses, and other Walker, 2007, 2008; Hendriks, 2008). Analyzing the application health workers, in the complex task of wound care. Photos can of transition management ideas in the Dutch context, these critics facilitate detailed documentation and follow-up, and may allow e.g. point out the lack of democratic legitimacy of the proposed teleconsultation and optimize referral. For photos to be optimally transition mechanisms, the persistent dominance of regime used as a medical tool, they need to be color-calibrated. Color incumbents who ‘colonize’ the transition arenas, the evasion of deviations in photos need to be corrected, since color is a clear political choices w.r.t. public support for promising ‘niche’ decisive element in wound care. This paper examines how home experiments, limited learning according to narrow techno- care nurses can integrate calibrated photography in their work. economic criteria, and the general ‘fuzziness’ of the visions This was studied in a four-phase research setup, making use of proposed by the incumbents which lack concreteness to inform ethnographic methods such as expert interviews, field strategies or select experiments. Such criticisms are by now evaluations and workshops. Findings show that all home care acknowledged by transition management scholars, who propose a nurses acknowledge the usefulness of calibrated images, but the new research agenda for transition management (Voβ et al., nurses' daily work reality seems to hinder their adoption. One 2009; Grin, 2010). In our paper, we analyze key texts from the bottleneck is the professional position of nurses, who fulfill a transition management literature as well as the recent criticisms wide diversity of tasks and often have confidential and personal and/or proposals for a new research agenda on democratic relationships with their patients. These inherent characteristics of transition governance. The analysis will be guided by the way the their profession hinder a strict execution of the photography criticisms/proposals relate to the different conceptions of instructions they received. Other impeding factors are democracy as elaborated in liberal, republican, populist and administrative obligations, randomness in collaboration between deliberative democratic accounts. Drawing on a detailed healthcare workers, and an unequal distribution of return. The discussion of the respective strengths and weaknesses of the uptake of photography in home care may be increased by different proposals, we tentatively propose our own account of appointing specific personnel to take the pictures, setting up how a more democratic governance of energy transitions could structural collaboration with other healthcare professionals or be achieved. The proposal will be worked out into concrete ensuring advantages for nurses who take the pictures. One suggestions for a further democratization of energy transition opportunity is to involve patients in the follow-up of their governance, and will relate to the chartering, composition, rules wounds, since photos illustrate the recovery process clearer and of deliberation and output of the governance organization thus increase patient's treatment adherence. implied. Molecular Debates: Mapping Controversies about Chair: Schizophrenia Genetics on the Internet. Anna Harris, Erik Laes, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Maastricht University University of Antwerp Despite a significant estimated heritability for schizophrenia, scientists have struggled to find a genetic basis for this disease. 104. ICTs in Biomedicine Feverish searches for genetic markers in the last half-century 8:30 to 10:00 am have led to breakthroughs followed by non-replicated results; Crowne Plaza: Hope disputes about the appropriateness of this research agenda; and claims concerning the destabilization of schizophrenia Participants: categorization altogether. In short, the genetics of schizophrenia Healthymagination: Anticipation and Affect in Health has been and continues to be swathed in controversy, an Information Technologies. Marina Levina, University of important empirical starting point for much work in STS. Our Memphis research contributes to this literature by analyzing online In 2010, General Electric launched an initiative called discourses concerning the marketing and selling of genetic tests Healthymagination. On its Web site, GE declared that for schizophrenia. We examine how companies offering these Healthymagination is “about becoming healthier, through the tests represent controversy and consensus and how consumers interpret and discuss the scientific and commercial claims in ERA scholars, and how GMO ecological science itself online settings such as forums, blogs and Wikipedia. We show influences, and is influenced by, the assumptions within ERA. To that, woven into the layers of controversy concerning help address these gaps, I examine an ongoing conflict between schizophrenia, genetics are densely textured online discourses. ecological scientists over how GMO non-target organism impacts Scientific claims made by industry are continuously edited to should be studied. I complete a document analysis of the signal consensus while retaining residual threads of debate, and conflicting scientific studies and proposed GMO ERA "conversations" between actors from science, commerce, the methodologies and perform in-depth interviews with the "general public" and other genetic adventurers cross in ways ecological scientists involved in the dispute. I analyze how which are both disconnected and knotty but never, as Lash differing assumptions and understandings influence the (2002) has suggested, flat. We argue that these various socio- competing conceptions of how to study non-target impacts, and technical sites are important places to analyze contemporary the implications for GMO governance. As part of this, I examine scientific controversies. While the controversies concerning the the understandings of harm, nature, science, technology and genetics, and genetic testing, of schizophrenia are not governance that underlie and are challenged in the conflict. I revolutionary, our case study highlights that these discourses are argue that GMO governance requires a critical engagement with qualitatively different from those in the past due to the nature of the assumptions in GMO ERA and ecological science, and I internet platforms being utilized. believe this work contributes to such a project. IT, the Data Deluge and "Friction": Forms for Info-Sharing CO2-reducing Initiatives: Challenging Policymakers' versus Methods of Knowledge Production within Global Perceptions of Citizens' Knowledges. Marie Chimwemwe Public Health. Theresa MacPhail, UC-Berkeley Degnbol, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Information is the lifeblood of global public health networks and Sciences; Sara Kristine Gloejmar Berthou, University of information technology is its foundational structure. Without Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences access to reliable information, epidemiologists and public health Challenging traditional perceptions of knowledge as technical analysts have difficulty "making sense" of uncertainty and risk expert knowledge is a central concern in STS-literature. It is related to outbreaks. Efforts to increase global transparency and argued that other forms of knowledge – such as citizens’ the speed of information-sharing during the post-SARS era have knowledge concerning local cultures, concerns, organization, resulted in a plethora of new "forms" of information, products of infrastructure and everyday life – should be acknowledged as advances in information technology. Experienced professionals, valuable inputs when seeking to facilitate sustainable change. however, see these newer systems as producing "data" that lacks There has been little focus, however, on constructive methods to "context" or semantic information. During outbreaks, disseminate and operationalize this perception of local epidemiological information is shared both formally and knowledge resources to policymakers, whose development and informally via mediums and systems that utilize both "newer" implementation of policies hold immense consequences for local and "older" methods for the aggregation and analysis of data. The everyday life. This article addresses this gap, by drawing on result is "information fatigue," a situation in which experts experiences from fieldwork in two Danish villages, where working under the rubric of global public health regularly researchers engaged in creating solutions for CO2-reductions in complain they are both inundated with information and unable to collaboration with municipal workers and citizens. Thus, the access the much-needed contextual information – or knowledge – article discusses how researchers using action research that relies upon personal networks or relationships to circulate methodology can foster acknowledgment of citizens’ knowledge effectively. Based upon fieldwork conducted within the U.S. resources among policymakers, and what hinders this CDC throughout the second wave of the pandemic, this paper acknowledgment in the first place. The article shows that while argues that a subsequent tension – or friction – between ‘local’, policymakers regard projects as static processes expected to ‘old’, and ‘personal’ or ‘global’, ‘new’, and ‘official’ systems of cause specific outputs within a limited time frame, citizens’ information sharing was never more visible than during the everyday life practices and knowledges are a bricolage of recent 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Expertise in global public interrelated and unpredictable interests, impulses, needs and health is being shaped by and rearticulated through overlapping, influences. Thus, citizens’ knowledges are regarded as resource- yet distinct, circuits of knowledge production; studies of demanding and inefficient disruptions to projects rather than technology in global health must distinguish between valuable inputs. This dissonance between policymakers’ and ‘information’ and ‘knowledge’ production and their relationships citizens’ perceptions of knowledge can have the unintended to local and global forms, methods and processes. consequence that social innovation is overlooked, and so the Chair: article concludes that this linear perception of social change must Theresa MacPhail, UC-Berkeley be challenged with concrete examples and recommendations of how citizens knowledges can become a resource in the policy 105. Knowledge, Resistance and Environment process. 8:30 to 10:00 am How Do Environmental Organizations Talk about the Crowne Plaza: Newman Uncertainties of CCS? Mads Dahl Gjefsen, Centre for Participants: Studies of Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Assessing Harm, Envisioning Nature: A Study of GMO Science Oslo and Risk Assessment Conflict. Adam Kokotovich, University Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) aims to isolate CO2 of Minnesota from large point emission sources and store it so that it does not reach the atmosphere. The technology is frequently included in Far from an “objective” identification, analysis and strategy proposals for addressing climate change. At the same characterization of potential risks to the environment, ecological time, its development is also seen as an important factor for risk assessment (ERA) has been shown to be a particular way of sustaining industries relying on fossil fuels, and potentially also approaching environmental governance that privileges certain as a technology which delays global transitions to renewable understandings of harm and nature at the expense of others and energy. There is notable disagreement between the world’s major contains many values-based assumptions (Jasanoff 2005, environmental organizations on whether or not CCS is desirable, Thompson 2003). ERA is fundamental to decision-making and this is reflected in how they publicly interpret and frame the surrounding genetically-modified organisms (GMOs), yet there is uncertainties and potential associated with its technological a lack of empirical work examining the relationship between development. This paper explores the tensions between ERA, GMO ecological science and GMO governance. In environmental organizations as it has been expressed in particular, little attention has been paid to the differences that publications directed toward specific CCS development projects exist between competing ERA methodologies proposed by GMO in Norway and the United States. My aim is to examine the ways in which environmental organizations attempt to make the social Killer Apps and Sick Users: An Overview of Pathological and ethical implications of CCS relevant to different audiences, Technoculture. D.Travers Scott, Clemson University and to identify some of the types of technological uncertainties, This paper presents an overview of my research into possibilities and interpretive flexibilities that are drawn upon in “technopathologies.” I have gathered hundreds of examples of this process. discourse that associates electric communication technologies Rethinking Global Warming: The Construction and Impact of with causing or exacerbating mental or physical distress. This Human Rights-Based Approaches to Climate Change. includes medically recognized conditions, such as hearing Jessica Koski, Northwestern University damage from radios, and cases of debated authenticity, such as Four years of lobbying on behalf of the Inuit and other vulnerable tumors from cell phones. I also include mental ailments, such as populations led the United Nations Human Rights Council to antisocial alienation from personal stereos. Fictional narratives, adopt Resolution 10/4 on March 25, 2009, enshrining the link such as horror movies about cursed text messages, and archaic between human rights and climate change in international law. disease models, such as neurasthenia or demon possession, are The mere extension of human rights discourse hardly warrants also included as contributors to discourses of “pathological attention; such discourses have proliferated throughout technoculture.” Using discourse analysis, focus groups and international policymaking arenas since World War II. What is archival research, these associations have been gathered, striking about the application of human rights language to analyzed and organized into five major patterns. I argue that climate change is how it brings social knowledge into discourses of sick technology users suggest cultural ideals and conversation with natural science. As with many environmental expectations for healthy users, while performing cultural work problems, climate change is fundamentally rooted in natural such as reinforcing negative stereotypes, individualizing, science and technology. Not only climate change, but also the normalizing, distracting from more social or systemic concerns, very concept of a global climate disappears without the lens and demonizing collectivity. This project contributes to STS afforded by vast computing power and global circulation models. literature by documenting the phenomena of technopathologies, In contrast, the human rights frame refocuses our attention on the which other scholars have noted, but typically only in passing social dimension of climate change. What evidence is marshaled reference and dismissing as merely anxious reactions to new in substantiating climate change’s social causes and impacts? technologies. This project focuses solely on technopathologies, How are such claims rendered credible? How do social claims documents them as extending beyond emergent technologies, and impact how we construct climate change and the organization of examines the reality of their discourse, rather than interpreting it the climate regime? This paper deploys content analysis of as metaphor for social conditions or projections of other United Nations proceedings and non-governmental organization anxieties. In addition, this project advances STS through publications, as well as interviews with key actors, to explore applying ideas of agential realism, as developed by trained these questions and investigate the ontological and physicist and feminist science and technology scholar Karen epistemological challenge human rights-based approaches Barad. present to dominant natural scientific constructions and Osteoporosis: A Case of Biological Relativism? John-Arne explorations of climate change. Such findings contribute to Skolbekken, Dept of social work and health science, NTNU; recent efforts to extend sociology of science and technology Ann Rudinow Saetnan, NTNU perspectives to social knowledge, particularly the role of social Identification, calculation and reduction of risk factors are central knowledge in policy debates. ideas in preventive medicine. Some of the more prominent risk Climate Geoengineering - Governance, Ethics, Risk and factors have been identified as situated within the body, in the Acceptability. Nick Pidgeon, Cardiff University; Karen form of blood pressure, blood sugar, blood cholesterol and bone Parkhill, Cardiff University; Adam Corner, Cardiff mass. When measured in larger populations these factors are University described as forming a Gaussian distribution. Although seen as In the face of the growing threat from dangerous climate change, vital biological factors in a healthy body, the status of risk factor some scientists and engineers are beginning to imagine and is attributed to certain levels of these variables through the research technologies for climate geoengineering, including selection of cut-off points on the bell curve. Such selections may techniques for solar radiation management and carbon dioxide come in the form of guidelines, based on research, as the removal. As an emerging ‘upstream’ technology, the risks of outcome of negotiations among medical experts. A further geoengineering are highly uncertain, while the question of feature shared by the risk factors situated within the blood stream whether this approach will be acceptable to society is as much a is that the cut-off points are adjusted according to sex and age, matter of perceptions, ethics and governance, as it is a technical but they are otherwise seen as general for humans around the issue. This paper contributes to the emerging debate about the world. Bone density measurements constitutes an exception from societal acceptability of geoengineering and its governance by this pattern, as the cut-off points are seen as related to differences presenting current evidence on public responses to this suite of in reference ranges between populations according to technologies. We draw primarily upon qualitative deliberative geographical regions and/or ethnic groups. As a consequence data obtained from UK publics as part of the Integrated various reference populations are established around the world. Assessment of Geoengineering Proposals (IAGP) project. The In this paper we aim to investigate what can be seen as a case of paper also begins to map out some of the ethical considerations biological relativism through the study of the medical literature people will bring to bear on their judgments of the acceptability on osteoporosis in relation to the reference populations of geoengineering, as well the constraints that people might wish constructed on the basis of regions, nations and ethnicity. to see placed upon geoengineering research activity. The paper Constructing Medical Evidence: Medical Students, the concludes that, aside from technical considerations, public Pharmaceutical Industry, and the Commercialization of perceptions and governance structures are likely to prove key Science. Kelly Holloway, York University elements influencing the debate over questions of both While there has been considerable investigation into how the acceptability and governance. participation of for-profit pharmaceutical companies in joint Chair: university-industry research initiatives can affect research Nick Pidgeon, Cardiff University outcomes, as well as into how the marketing efforts of pharmaceutical companies can affect physician prescribing 106. Illness, Drugs and Difference habits, there has been little research into how the industry 8:30 to 10:00 am influences medical education. My paper seeks to fill this gap. Crowne Plaza: Kaye This paper is based on 19 qualitative interviews with medical students who are active in the American Medical Student Participants: Association’s Pharmfree campaign. My findings suggest that medical students who are concerned about and opposed to the explores how the findings of these experiments’ are reinterpreted influence of the pharmaceutical industry in medical education and transformed by medics within the zones of protest. It believe that such influence works to undermine the idea of concludes by analyzing these transformations in the light of the medicine as a public good. By way of a solution, many critics state of exception that constitutes protest zones and the ways the point to “evidence-based medicine” as the means of removing “exception” disrupts the stabilities necessary for sciences to ‘bias’ from profit-motivated research. My paper will explore the function reliably. contradictions inherent in these views, given the degree to which Chair: the pharmaceutical industry, through its participation in medical education, has and continues to contribute to the construction of Matthew Weinstein, University of Washington-Tacoma what constitutes evidence. In so doing, I will demonstrate that 107. Revisiting Theories of Science and Technology Studies Science and Technology Studies offers some effective theoretical 8:30 to 10:00 am tools for critiquing dominant notions of ‘scientific evidence’ by Crowne Plaza: Miller challenging the universalist, positivist and reductionist claims of science. At the same time, I will argue that Science and Participants: Technology Studies has failed to sufficiently explore the subject Semantic Meaning of Tacit Knowledge According to Scientists. of evidence-based medicine in the context of neo-liberalism, and Sofia Liberman, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; more generally has neglected analysis of the commercialization Georgina Lozano Razo, Unidad Académica de Psicología. of science. Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. México Indexing Sweetness: Risk, Foreclosure and Type II Diabetic We investigated the semantic meaning of tacit knowledge (TK) Futures. James Battle, University of California, Berkeley for a sample of scientists, understanding semantic meaning as a and University of California, San Francisco basis for inferring intention to perform. Concerned with the The current financial crisis overwhelming the market and the conceptual difficulties to produce an operational definition of the attendant nervous attention given it point to the wide ranging tacit dimension, we propose that the contextual particularities of influences, benefits and dangers of privatized risk. The intricate its occurrence are informal, dependent on interaction and involve relationships between investment, commercial and mortgage some degree of awareness of its impact on scientific competence, banks have more acutely revealed how risk is refracted hence suggesting the existence of intention, interpretation and throughout societies, nations and bodies. This paper explores verbal or nonverbal communication in scientific and innovation Type II diabetes in terms of risk, foreclosure and technological groups. Generalizations on the behavior models involved in the innovation. I base this paper on dissertation research and transmission of TK have been conceptualized as interactional ethnographic fieldwork in both New York and the San Francisco expertise, manifested as a language based personal skill of the Bay Area. I interrogate a thematic dyad of leveraged financial individuals and groups and as another distinguishing facet of the and diabetic risk through the lens of foreclosure, as the current content of informal scientific and technological communication. financial zeitgeist was accelerated by the sub-prime mortgage Using the Natural Semantic Networks technique (Valdez, 1998) crisis. Foreclosure brings into sharper focus the home, the we interviewed 217 scientists in natural and exact sciences at the technological domestic base of increasing sedentism, T2 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. This technique diabetes, and other cardiometabolic disorders. However, the provides a hierarchical set of meanings based on semantic weight market now offers new technologies designed to reboot our and frequency of appearance that can be described as the shared sluggish metabolisms without incurring the risk of leaving home. representation of a mental map of the concept. Results show that This paper questions whether the market ideologies responsible for scientists TK means, above all, experience; it is axiomatic, for the production of the contemporary U.S. social body can accepted, implicit, evident, non-articulated, innovative and rehabilitate its metabolism. As both governments and markets related to communication and learning. It requires intuition and seek to revive the body of the laboring consumer citizen, this mostly face-to-face contact either in a lab or small group paper provides room to envision contingently possible Type II interaction. We present the general semantic network, a diabetic futures informed by the foreclosures of today. I seek to comparison between disciplines and we comment on the richness contribute to conversations in STS, HST, medical anthropology of the net. and sociology, as well as biological anthropology, in thinking Limits of Description: Joyce's Ulysses as an Exemplar of Actor- about risk, technology, encephalization and sedentism, agency Network Theory. Ray op'tLand, University of Calgary and control and the moral economy of individual health. The method outlined by Bruno Latour in 200X's "Reassembling Street Medicine: A Science for the State of Exception. Matthew the Social" included, "Lay[ing] continuous connections leading Weinstein, University of Washington-Tacoma from one local interaction to the other." Practical examples of the This paper draws on the growing scholarship regarding states of outcome of these tasks, if accomplished, were less forthcoming. exception (Agamben, 2005), i.e., the taking of supra-legal powers However, work that follows Latour's outline has been conducted by executive branches of government, to explore the in other disciplines. The fractal minutiae of James Joyce's development of medical science effective in such conditions. In mammoth "Ulysses" shows the lengths to which "description" this paper I bring together this analysis of the transformation of can be taken. The detail available for a given object, event or state powers and Latour’s analysis of the stabilization of science location can be endless, recursively spreading outward in ever- and/with society (1987). My object of analysis is the Street widening concentric circles. But the particular historical Medic movement, the networking by lay and trained medical construction of a single day that occurs in Joyce's "Ulysses" workers to, first, support demonstrators in protests where a state provides a methodological road-map when deploying Actor- of exception has been declared (e.g., at G20 conferences) and, Network Theory (ANT) at a research site. Using "Ulysses" as an second, serve in natural disasters which are administered under exemplar of Actor-Network Theory, I aim to demonstrate how the same supra-legal rules. Street medics are necessary since, theory from the field of literary criticism can inform work under the Geneva Convention, professional medics are barred conducted using ANT in the field of the social studies of science. from entering areas operating under states of exception without On the Lost Notion of "Task" in Organization Theory. Signe state permission. The paper reviews the history of street medicine Vikkelsø, Department of Organization, Copenhagen Business and analyzes its social structures and practices drawing on my ethnographic study of the contemporary movement. As part of School this analysis, I examine the development of medical protocols to How are the epistemic objects of a scientific discipline socio- treat patients in protest/natural disaster zones, including a lengthy technically created and what determines the fate of such objects discussion of clinical trials conducted by radical medics to find over time? The paper contributes to the literature on the effective treatments for tear gas and pepper spray. The paper performativity of science by investigating the notion of "task" within organization theory. While "task" used to be a key focus of organization studies, today it rarely features in work within the innovation in economic growth in earnest. While they had some field. By following the fate of a technique developed to discern modest influence during the Kennedy administration, innovation the "task at hand" in an organized group – Wilfred R. Bion’s did not gain a great deal of political attention at a time when the "experience group" – the paper traces the links between “innovation gap” referred to the failure of other countries to keep theoretical ambitions, practical techniques and emerging objects up with the U.S. In the 1970s four factors came together that in a scientific community. The experience group technique helped permanently tie innovation—and economic issues more developed from the idea that groups are prone to lose sight of generally—to S&T policy. First, the deterioration of the U.S. their "primary task." The technique turned out to be a very economy after 1970 made economic concerns more central to all effective, but also very challenging and even unpleasant method sorts of policymaking. Second, actual (if somewhat debatable) through which to conceive of the task of a group, and was indicators began to emerge that innovation was no longer subsequently translated into less intense versions. While the thriving in the U.S. Third, R&D-intensive industries began to technique became highly influential for the conception of press for greater attention to the issue of innovation and to their organizational culture as it was formulated in, for instance, the preferred solutions to the innovation problem: deregulation, work of Edgar Schein, its original focus became occluded as a lower taxes, looser antitrust enforcement, and stronger practical and theoretical program within organization theory. The intellectual property rights. Fourth, a growing base of academic paper concludes that the case of the experience group is knowledge about the economics of innovation reinforced the illustrative of the way practical aspects of "epistemic devices" are argument that technological innovation was indeed critical to central to the ability of a scientific discipline to perform its economic growth, though it was less clear what policy solutions knowledge objects and hence sustain a theoretical program. that implied. By the late 1970s, these developments had created a How to Map and Explain the Diversity of Research Programs in wave of interest in innovation among U.S. policymakers and a the Field of Science Studies. Andrey Kozhanov, Faculty of wide variety of S&T policies were framed in terms of their Sociology, Higher School of Economics ability to help solve the innovation problem and thus strengthen the U.S. economy. The paper uses this history of innovation How many sociologies of science did we have in the last 80 policy to argue that during the 1970s and 80s U.S. science policy years? We have two in terms of “research program” or experienced a process of economic rationalization, in which a “paradigm” (mertonian and so-called “second wave”) and we domain becomes seen specifically (though not necessarily have extremely many in terms of “school,” “band,” “turn,” exclusively) in terms of its economic effects, and that this shift “approach.” I`m going to present some considerations about has had long-term consequences for academic and industrial socio-historical and epistemological foundations of various science. highly-competitive theories in the field of Science Studies. The main problem of theoretical reconstruction within the Sociology Knowledge Deficit: Laymen’s New Virtue? Marie Auensen of Science is to get the intelligible and balanced explanation of Antonsen, NTNU, Trondheim recent developments by using the “because of” and “for what” This paper explores the co-construction of regulation practices motives. The first one is very close to the idea of “logical and criteria for participation in regulatory debates in relation to geography of the knowledge” (Ryle), while the second is putting human biotechnology in Norway. STS and PUS studies have for research into cultural and intellectual context of time, culture and a long time criticized the use of the so-called deficit model in society including social relations within academic society. But research about public understanding and engagement with must we choose between historical explanation and logical science and technology. Still, the idea of an educated and well- reconstruction (Forman, 1971; Lacatos, 1971)? Was the 70-80th informed public holds a strong position in many policy shift from Sociology of Science to Sociology of Scientific communities that engage with issues such as science literacy, Knowledge the response to unsolved problems, was it just new science policy and scientific and technological controversies in “wording,” or was it struggle (against what or whom)? I suppose society. "Science literacy" is considered to be important to the that some new typology of three kinds of tacit knowledge conduct of a modern democratic society. Irwin (2006) (Collins, 2011) can be productively applied to the understanding conceptualizes this as new scientific governance, and shows how of the Science Studies field transformation as a scientific political efforts in recent years aspire toward a more democratic progress/regress and as a knowledge of particular scientific interaction between scientific communities, politics and publics, community. especially in dealings with newer techno-scientific developments. One example of this is the institutionalization of “consequence Chair: debates” concerning biotechnology (and also climate Andrey Kozhanov, Faculty of Sociology, Higher School of change/global warming). Such initiatives are at the same time Economics very much informed by the alleged “legitimacy crisis” regarding 108. Institutions and Practices in the Production of Science and modern science and technology, a term that relates to the public skepticism toward both politicians and experts, and produces Technology Policy discussions such as those mentioned above; of knowledge 8:30 to 10:00 am deficits versus knowledge diversity. Compared to this situation Crowne Plaza: Owens with an increased focus on science literacy, the paper analyses Participants: the paradoxical search for "untouched" people to participate in evaluations of present developments with respect to human Innovation Drives the Economy: The Economic Rationalization biotechnology. The preferred participants are expected to have as of U.S. Science and Technology Policy, 1960-1985. little knowledge as possible about the phenomena under scrutiny. Elizabeth Popp Berman, University at Albany, SUNY The idea seems to be that the less knowledge they have in the During the decades after World War II U.S. science and area, the better. The dignified participant is expected to exercise technology (S&T) policy was oriented primarily toward defense the virtue of being unrelated to any ongoing discussions and and secondarily toward health. In the 1970s, however, U.S. S&T practices. Contemporary scientific and political endeavors policy also began to target the economy, an extension it has concerning biotechnology have spawned their own institutions. maintained to the present. This shift, which was tied to the The one studied here is the Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory argument that technological innovation is a central driver of Board, which exemplifies the paradoxical preference for economic growth, has had significant implications for both knowledge deficits. I have interviewed members of the Board, industrial and academic science. This paper draws on historical analyzed documents related to the Board’s activities and research to explore the reasons for this shift in focus. With the examined newspaper coverage of the board and its activities, to exception of Schumpeter, economists had paid little attention to find out who are seen as fit to conduct the NBAB’s mandate and technological innovation before the 1950s. In the 1950s and 60s, how this is done. My focus is simultaneously on the ongoing however, a small group of economists began studying the role of formation of "agoras" (Nowotny et al. 2001), and on "the conduct of conduct." The Board’s efforts to create and conduct what are imaginaries and 2), discuss further implications for governance. considered "more democratic procedures," lead to a preference As scientists have been actively involved in the making of that for ignorance as a basic virtue of dignified voices in the mapping, I understand it as an exercise of “anticipatory deliberations about human biotechnology. governance” (Barben, et. al. 2007), assuming that promoting Objectivity in Export Controls: Where It’s Come, and Where It reflexivity at an early stage of scientific development may have Won’t Lead Us. Samuel Evans, Havard University an impact in scientific practices and policies. Working with scientists in this way, I will argue STS scholars can contribute to The current reform process of the US export control system rests more reflexive developments in systems and synthetic biology. on a fundamental assumption that we should strive for creating an objective delineation between technologies which are and are Chair: not of military significance. This "bright line" would be very Ana Maria Delgado, University of Bergen beneficial to both the government and industry, if it were possible to achieve. Any categorization of technology, however, 109. The Fiction in the Science: The Intersection of Fiction and like any categorization of the natural world, will have anomalies. STS In this paper, I make two levels of argument. The first is that 8:30 to 10:00 am while industry and the government are striving to find Crowne Plaza: Boardroom "objective" criteria for control, the criteria they eventually decide This session brings scholars from different disciplines together to explore on will more likely be agreed to for many political, economic and the way science fiction shapes scientific explorations and technological organizational reasons, in addition to technical characteristics. creations and vice versa. In many ways this panel echoes what a few of the "Objective," then, merely means “agreed to by all present.” The authors – Ferro, Kirby, and Toomey - have tried to do in their 2011 book second level of argument is that this penchant for finding Science Fiction and Computing: Essays on Interlinked Domains objective measures is based on a long (Western) tradition in (McFarland, Ferro & Swedin, eds), what Kirby has done in his recent book understanding the relationship between technology and society, Lab Coats in Hollywood: Science, Scientists, and Cinema (MIT), and what which may no longer best serve the needs of the export control Bleeker has written about in his essay “Design Fiction: A Short Essay on system. I outline inadequacies in the export control system that Design, Science, Fact and Fiction.” If we have Science and Technology are a result of the reliance on objectivity, and present options for Studies (STS), you might call this an attempt to explore a fictional aspect, a new theoretical base for export controls. This paper draws on i.e. Science, Technology, and Fiction Studies (STFS) - although the STS literature about classification, anomalies, objectivity, and contributors are not presuming to give such a title to the effort. This should imagined sociotechnical orders, and aims to further strengthen address the STS foci of science communication, communities of the growing body of STS research on security-related issues. scientific/engineering practitioners, and scientific/engineering identities. Unprimed Associative Data on Public Understanding of The argument is that Science Fiction is a body of literature that has, Nanotechnology. Christopher Cummings, North Carolina through various means, shaped the pursuit and understanding of science State University and technology. It has acted as source of inspiration for career and invention; supplied language and imagery for communities of practitioners Potential economic and social footprints associated with and the general public; it has defined those communities and created nanotechnology have increased commitments to gauge the public techno-scientific identities; and it has assisted in understanding the understanding of nanotechnology. Responding to this interest, implications of scientific discoveries and technological inventions. This there has been a steady increase in the number of social scientific session brings together individuals from Media Studies, History, Computer projects attempting to measure public understanding. However, Science, Literature, Philosophy, and STS to explore those arguments. the extant body of research, while insightful, may not accurately reflect the wide range of public perceptions about Participants: nanotechnology. Surveys and consensus conferences often Around the Techno-scientist's Campfire: Science Fiction and provide the public with detailed risk and benefit definitions that the Undergraduate Engineer. David L Ferro, Weber State prime, frame and skew results. Participants in a national survey Univerity were asked to respond to an open-ended questionnaire that produced un-primed, baseline data concerning the public When a student enters into a field of study as an undergraduate, understanding of nanotechnology. Findings from a qualitative that student doesn’t only enter into a required sequence of constant-comparative method identified four broad categories of courses to fill that student with the required attributes and responses: general definitions, specific applications, cultural methods but into a community of practitioners. Ostensibly, if references and no familiarity with nanotechnology. Also successfully negotiating the gauntlet of killer classes that student discussed within this paper are 10 recurrent themes identified then graduates to join the community and contribute to its between and within the broad categories.Ultimately, this dataset workings and productions. However, faculty have long known suggests that the public does not have a particularly dominant that students also absorb other lessons not listed in the course conceptual association with nanotechnology. catalog. These lessons can range through dress, behaviors, stories, inspiration, and ways of thinking. It can occur through Imagining Life: Super-computers, Evolution and the “Junk of exposure to professors, fellow students, and guest speakers. It is Life”. Ana Maria Delgado, University of Bergen one of the criticisms often leveled at online education: that these As emergent research fields, synthetic and systems biology are lessons are lost in translation. This study looks at how science or related (Fox-Keller, 2002), sometimes clashing in interesting speculative fiction is an element of those informal lessons. This ways. The border between these two fields is not always easy to paper includes preliminary conclusions from a multi-year, draw. Sometimes systems biology is understood as providing latitudinal study of undergrads in the U.S. and Finland in the valuable theoretical basis for synthetic biology and other times STEM fields as compared to other majors principally looking at theory is understood to be a hindrance to the advance of synthetic how fiction plays a role in "designing engineers and scientists" – biology, following the Feynman’s well-known quote: “I cannot to paraphrase Louis Bucciarelli’s work Designing Engineers. understand what I cannot build.” Within these two fields, there is Through interviews and surveys, students answered questions a whole spectrum of approaches, framings and methods that teased out their relationship with science or speculative (O’Malley, et. al. 2008) which can be seen as pointing in fiction to show its importance in career goals, interpersonal different ways to the same issue: the possibility of fabricating relations, and views of the individual, society, and the future. In life. Those approaches also entail diversity values and political addition, it thus implicitly plays a role in determining who is positions as they point to broader normative frameworks. For the inside and who is outside. It becomes an aspect of encouraging purpose of this paper, we identify those frameworks as students to enter, remain, or leave the field either before entering “imaginaries of the making of life." “Super-computers, evolution college, during their studies, or after graduation. This study and the junk of life” are key components of those imaginaries. I hopes to add to the ideas of what goes into making an engineer propose an empirical paper in which I 1), map and explore those and/or scientist by examining the importance of speculative fiction to the individuals in those fields. regarded as suspect, so fringe that they bordered on science Forensic Fictions: Science, Storytelling and Media Production. fiction. Many of these ideas, in fact, were first articulated in David Kirby, University of Manchester science fiction: a silicon creature in Weinbaum’s 1934 “A Martian Odyssey,” and a thinking nebula in Hoyle’s 1957 “The Television combines the creation of a dramatic structure, Black Cloud”. Critics noted (quite rightly) that the claims they character development and a narrative drive in a media format made were simply un-testable. Recently though, scientific that includes a visual focus, temporal constraints, franchise practice has caught up with theory. Now, younger scientists are dependence, and an episodic or serial nature. Science provides testing those ideas and grounding them in our better both advantages and challenges to storytelling in this media understandings of chemistry and conditions in deep space. The environment. This paper will explore science’s impact on the subject makes for a very interesting set of cases in which science process of modern storytelling by examining how media fiction has anticipated (and in some instances inspired) science. practitioners utilize, negotiate and transform science during television production. Forensics in fictional television provides Design Fiction: From Props To Prototypes. Julian Bleecker, an ideal subject for exploring science’s role in modern Noka Design, Near Future Laboratory storytelling. Forensic television dramas are an increasingly Using fiction to design is a way to invigorate design, moving the popular genre and there is growing evidence that these shows practice beyond the routine, everyday notion of what design impact the public’s scientific literacy and influence jury does. Designing with the impulses and motivations of fiction behavior. In addition, forensics represents a practical application allows designers to speculate and wonder beyond convention and of both clinical medicine and medical science, involves expectation. It allows a designer the latitude to think through to professional cultures outside the scientific community including the unexpected, unconventional, undisciplined and unheard-of law enforcement, and has controversial aspects such as possibilities. Science fiction is a particularly interesting approach behavioral profiling. It is always important to keep in mind that to design. This would couple the authority and vision of science the content of media texts is determined entirely by choices made fact, with science fiction's intelligent, mindful extrapolation into during production. The stories in these texts are the sum total of alternate futures. I will discuss design fiction in a practice of production decisions and we need to acknowledge the agency of design that operates somewhere between fact and fiction, with those who made these decisions. Studying forensic science’s role practical motivations and pragmatic outcomes. in media production will help us understand how entertainment Chair: producers balance the certainty of forensic science alongside the uncertainty that is required for narrative progression. This paper David L Ferro, Weber State Univerity will based on interviews with the creators, producers and script Discussant: writers of Lie to Me, Bones, CSI, Waking the Dead, Silent Paul E. Ceruzzi, National Air & Space Museum Witness, and Diagnosis Murder. Sex and Nobility: Fictional Love, Imagined Technology, and 110. Coffee Break Ill: Sponsored by the Duke University Press the Real Engineer. Joseph Pitt, Virginia Tech 10:00 to 10:30 am Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom Assembly Area Science fiction is an important medium in the formation of the public's perception of engineers, especially for the young. Two 111. Author Meets Critics: On Eyal et al., "The Autism Matrix" short stories and two films are examined. The issues explored (Polity 2010) include the possibility of intimate relations between humans and 10:30 to 12:00 pm robots and the roots of moral corruption in engineers. I argue that Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim from these representations we are left with the conclusion that if An important milestone in the sociology of health and medicine, The the engineer is uncorrupted by a society of consumption and Autism Matrix offers a very broad-ranging analysis of the rise in the greed, he or she is portrayed as a new paradigm of virtue. On the visibility of autism since the 1970s, whose roots the authors trace back to question of human/robot relations, love it seems once again the deinstitutionalization of mental retardation. This major policy shift, conquers all. they argue, entailed a radical transformation not only of the "institutional Weird Tales to Weird Life: The Scientific Realization of matrix for dealing with developmental disorders of childhood, but also of Fictional Lifeforms. David Toomey, University of the cultural lens through which we view them." Massachusetts Chair: In 2002, NASA commissioned the National Resource Council to Marion Fourcade, UC Berkeley assemble a group of twenty-five scientists from research laboratories and institutes across the United States. They called Discussants: themselves the Committee on the Limits of Organic Life in Steven Epstein, Northwestern University Planetary Systems, and their stated mission was ambitious. They Andrew Lakoff, USC were to define life, to identify the traits necessary to life as we Chloe Silverman, The Pennsylvania State University know it, and to identify the outer limits of living systems. As if Stefan Timmermans, University of California, Los Angeles this were not enough, they were tasked with a second, more provocative challenge: to imagine what might be called “life as Eyal Eyal, Columbia University we do not know it” or what has come to be called weird life. All 112. Personalizing Medicine: Futures Past and Present life we know has DNA, the same twenty or so amino acids and 10:30 to 12:00 pm proteins, and a biochemistry that uses liquid water as a solvent. Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West Weird Life, if it exists, might have at its basis a molecule other In histories of medicine in the twentieth century there is little or no than DNA; it might use other amino acids; and it might use a reference to personalized or individualized medicine. Yet, in the first solvent like ammonia or liquid methane. The subject of weird life decade of this century, these have become powerful and persuasive visions has enjoyed a rush of interest of late, but it also has a long and of how medicine should be practiced in the near future. The 2007 National fascinating history. In the late 1950s British astronomer Fred Institutes of Health report on personalized medicine articulated a future in Hoyle suggested that life might find deep space, with its ready which healthcare professionals customize treatment to individuals based on supply of energy and its freedom from gravity, a more agreeable information about their genotype, and work alongside increasingly environment than the surface of a planet. In 1979 physicist scientifically literate patients who will actively shape their own treatment Freeman Dyson imagined organisms inhabiting very cold regions plans through generating personal data on their gene sequences, family of the universe that metabolized at a rate thousands of times histories, etc. The vision of personalized medicine therefore anticipates a slower than the life we know. In the 1980s physicist and potential reconfiguration of the sociotechnical relationships between engineer Robert Forward developed ideas for life that might exist healthcare organizations and patients who will utilize a range of health- on the crusts of neutron stars. For years these notions were related services. This vision represents what Michel Callon calls the Between Evidence, Persons and Things: Travelling, Affordance irrepressible movement in contemporary markets towards the and Governance of Expertise in Personalized Medicine. singularization of goods and services. This session offers a timely Aant Elzinga, Univeristy of Gothenburg, Sweden; Fredrik contribution to Science and Technology Studies through historical, Bragesjö, Dept. of Philosophy, Linguistics & Theory of conceptual and empirical studies exploring discourses and material practices of personalized medicine. This panel engages Science and Science; Dick Kasperowski, Dept of philosophy, linguistics Technology Studies through critical investigation and assessment of the and theory of science, Gothenburg university; Amelie promises and practices of the emergent sociotechnical phenomena of Hosher, Gothenburg University; Morten Sager, Gothenburg personalized medicine. The session address questions such as: How are University doctors and researchers anticipating personalized medicine? What kind of The paper delineates some recent work being developed on "users" are imagined and enacted by visions of personalized medicine? pertinent dimensions in a perceived gap between evidence-based What instruments, devices and services are patients utilizing in pursuit of medicine and personalized medicine. The approach is mainly personalized health and well-being? How are contemporary commitments conceptual. The approach is informed by investigations of to personalized medicine prefigured by previous debates within medicine? ramifications of a recent movement from patient-based medicine Participants: to individualization and personalization in the management of health care. In addition it takes account of the role of new and A History of Futures in Personalized Medicine. Richard emerging technologies in efforts to bridge the cited gap with Tutton, Lancaster University special reference to three dimensions of expertise: we refer to Contemporary visions of personalized medicine imagine these as the traveling, governance and affordance of expertise. significant changes to the way that drugs are developed by Expertise then is taken to include inscription of rules and industry and prescribed to patients, to the early detection and procedures in monitoring devices. Questions asked are: what prevention of disease, and to doctor-patient interaction. As STS kinds of technologies typically come into play; what modes of scholars have argued, today’s future expectations are prefigured governance are therewith enhanced or, respectively, through a long history of events, material practices and "past marginalized; what repertories of “objectivity” are preferred or futures." Personalized medicine is no different: while visions of a shaped when expertise is transported and embedded in future personalized medicine are defined in opposition to the technologies? Closely related is the question of what types of past, these visions are also prefigured by previous discourses of authority that may be associated with these “epistemologies” personalization in medicine. The paper focuses on the "person- ranging from the charismatic to the institutional and as-patient" initiative in the early 20th century that has been read technological? Given our analytic tri-focal lens of traveling, as a response to the perception that medicine was becoming a affordance and governance of expertise, we expect to elucidate "high tech" and impersonal science that neglected not only the the ways in which evidence-based and personalized medicine "art" of clinical practice and the relationship between doctor and interact and construct identities of patients, staff and next of kin. patient but also failed to properly take account of the social The purpose of the paper is, first, to invite comments on the determinants of health and disease. For advocates of this conceptual take and, second, to receive viewpoints on future perspective, individual variability was a repudiation of the idea directions of the research program. that medicine could be predicated entirely on a scientific basis. Practices, Platforms and Promises in Genomic Medicine. Clinical practice, with its emphasis on experiential knowledge, Nicole Nelson, McGill University; Peter Keating, University required an "artistic" as opposed to a "scientific" mode of thought and practice. Drawing on this account, the paper discusses how of Quebec, Montreal; Alberto Cambrosio, McGill University visions of personalizing medicine have changed over time in Discussions of personalized medicine often take a distinctly relation to ongoing epistemic contestations between laboratory anticipatory orientation, focusing on the utopic or dystopic social and clinical medicine and the production of therapeutics. and technological futures that can be derived from the Technologies of Autonomy and Control: On Strong and Weak promissory notes circulated by clinicians, researchers and health policy administrators. This paper, in contrast, investigates Personalization. Michael Arribas-Ayllon, Cardiff University; specific practices within the proximate setting of a translational Kristrun Gunnarsdottir, Lancaster University research and genomic medicine project. We follow the This paper explores three registers of personalization in relation development and execution of a clinical trial on drug resistance to healthcare and well-being over the past four decades. We in breast cancer launched by researchers at a major North begin by looking at a shift in the physician-patient relationship in American university, whose aim is to identify biomarkers that the 1970s. New ethical and psychological discourses aimed to predict resistance to particular therapies. The trial is also part of a optimize this relationship by enrolling the autonomy of patients cooperative research network that researchers hope to develop in decision-making and medical communication. Secondly, we into a platform to support future translational studies. Using examine the emergence of a "government of contingency" in the ethnographic data obtained via participant-observation as early 2000s, alongside large-scale collaborations between members of the investigators’ team, and interviews with molecular biology, genetics and computer science. The promise scientists, pathologists and clinicians involved in the trial, we of calculating and controlling future hazards has been associated investigate the following interrelated questions: How do different with increasing resolution of biomedical information within a technologies, practices and practitioners from the laboratory and paradigm of genetic susceptibility. Thirdly, we explore the recent the clinic intersect in this translational setting? How is this proliferation in the use of devices for home-monitoring of health- particular trial developed from and used as a template for other risk factors, e.g., high blood-pressure and cholesterol. This genomic studies? And finally, how do trial participants articulate signals a new development in the government of contingency, visions of both the future of cancer genomics research and of which highlights the difference between a science of medicine personalized medicine? Exploring these questions will enable us and democratization of medicine. The paradigm of genetic to follow the emergence of sociotechnical entities in genomic susceptibility has been dominated by big-data analysis, the output medicine in real time. of which promises personalized medicine, while a paradigm of Prescribing Risk Assessments: Physicians and the Promise of self-monitoring and prevention rests on substantive contributions Personalized Medicine. Michelle McGowan, Case Western from the everyday practices of patients/consumers. The latter has some continuity with the discourses of the 1970s by enrolling the Reserve University autonomy of patients, but here they are also involved as technical This presentation examines the interpretations of personalized laborers. We argue that personalization takes either a strong or a medicine by physician partners of DNA Direct and Navigenics. weak form within all three registers, which can be associated These US-based companies provide clinically integrated genomic with distinct assemblies of expertise, equipment, methods of services and decision support to clinicians to offer genomic risk communication and technologies of autonomy and control. assessment services to their patients. This presentation reports on empirical research findings documenting how the goal of “users” and “producers” in our stories? Who determines which personalized genomic medicine is defined and interpreted by innovations institutions must adapt to? What is the analytical those involved in its pursuit. The focus here will be on usefulness of the categorical distinction between users and physicians’ explanations of the promise of integrating genomic producers? What implications if any, proceed from dismantling services into medical practice, their understandings of the the user/producer frame in thinking through mobile technological benefits and challenges a personalized genomic approach to citizenship in Nigeria? The paper concludes by arguing for more medicine, and how they anticipate the impact of genomic risk cautious deployments of the user/producer frame. assessment on their clinical practice and the profession of Taking Control of Accessibility: Disabled Information medicine. Exploration of the attitudes of physicians on the Technologists and Recursive Publics. Kevin Robert vanguard of personalized genomic medicine will probe ethical Fodness, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and social implications of this approach to medicine, how their approach is similar to and distinct from traditional approaches to This paper/presentation examines the role of information clinical genetics, and how patients might be envisioned in the technologists with disabilities in creating and maintaining context of personalized health care. Overall this presentation will accessibility software primarily for their own use, or for the use explore how the implications of clinicians’ perspectives of the communities of disabled people of which they are a part. personalized genomic medicine are influenced by the axiological People with disabilities are marginalized within user groups of commitments of personalized genomic medicine itself – the technology, and disabled technologists tend to be marginalized values that drive and shape the entire enterprise. within development communities. Therefore, the presentation examines the knowledge and praxis produced by a marginalized Chair: community for other members of that marginalized community. Richard Tutton, Lancaster University The material for this presentation will come from primary 113. Knowledge from the Margins, Innovation and Institutional research in the form of interviews and participant observation, as well as secondary research in the form of background material on Change – II: Users as Producers the history of disabled technologists designing accessibility 10:30 to 12:00 pm software. It expands Chris Kelty's notion of a "recursive public" Crowne Plaza: Dolder to include technological development by people with disabilities, Knowledge from the margins is of longstanding interest to the field of for people with disabilities, to overcome accessibility challenges Science and Technology Studies. Modern technoscientific knowledge is caused by a lack of accessibility elements in existing technology. typically understood to be produced for patent, profit and/or its liberal It connects accessibility concerns and challenges with Zittrain's virtues. The early focus on innovative knowledge resulted primarily in elite warnings about the loss of "generative space" by the migration of histories of Western (typically male and Caucasian) technologists and applications to the cloud, and by the increasing use of data scientists going through the frustrations and satisfactions of life in devices which results in a loss of user control over the operating laboratories. However, such studies begged the question, where does this environment. knowledge go, what does it do, and for whom? Later STS scholars often Users as Co-designers of Interactive Media. Guillaume Latzko- explored this question from the point of view of those in "the margins" who Toth, Université Laval are: peripheral to modern knowledge production (e.g. civil society organizations, laypersons); "lacking" modern knowledge production (e.g. Increasingly salient in literature on technological innovation is non-Western, indigenous); or excluded from modern knowledge production the idea of a necessary "redistribution" of agency between the (e.g. female, minority, disabled). This triple session will demonstrate how a actors of technological innovation. Notably, it appears that the theoretical focus on knowledge from the margins resists typical ways of role of users in the construction of communication devices has conceptualizing producers, users and innovation, and radicalizes thinking been underrated, particularly in the case of digital artifacts, which about institutional change. Part I will topically focus on "sciences from seem to offer more "plasticity" in response to usage. In some below" and how they question assumptions about the knowledge cases, users of interactive media are fully involved in the design production process that are common to Western societies. Part II will process, as was observed in the case of Internet Relay Chat demonstrate how perturbing the user/producer boundary resists typical (IRC), where users invented "services" completing/competing ways of thinking about the design and consumption of information and with the initial design, or were institutionally enrolled in communications technologies. Part III will discuss how modern ideologies governance bodies taking part in technical decisions. Based upon of technocracy and/or neoliberalism shape local knowledge and, an in-depth case study of the creation and evolution of the first conversely, allow for local knowledge to challenge expert regulation. STS major IRC networks (EFnet and Undernet), this paper takes on and other scholars in women's studies, geography, political sociology of two tasks. First, it tells how the category of the "ordinary user" science, and sociology of technology will be interested in this session. was socially constructed at an early stage of IRC development when technical roles where still undifferentiated, and it argues Participants: that this construction stems from a denial of the power and Re-thinking the Margins of Knowledge Creation: Reconfigured legitimacy for some actors to act as designers. Then, it describes "Producers" and Productive "Users." Tolu Odumosu, the ways by which so-defined "users" nonetheless managed to Harvard University participate in the design of the sociotechnical device, either by appropriating the technical affordances of the IRC protocol flaws Margins, borders and boundaries are objects and phenomena with and openness (in the case of EFnet) or by being enrolled by IRC which STS is intimately familiar. Previous work has shown how operators as allies in network governance (Undernet). productive it is to examine borders and the stuff that goes on there, at the margins. STS scholars and researchers have shown Networks of Communicative Expertise: Marginal Practices and that the drawing of boundaries and borders (which are absolutely Journalistic Knowledge. Christopher W. Anderson, City necessary to create “a margin”) requires epistemological and University of New York political hard work, not just to bring the borders and boundaries American journalism - as an industry and a set of specific work into being, but also to continuously perform and sustain them, practices - is currently in the midst of a fundamental much as the title of the session does – “Knowledge from the transformation, much of it fostered by the growth of digital margins” – indicating that there are at a minimum two kinds of technologies. Concomitant with these changes, the past decade knowledge, from the margins and from the not-margins. This has seen an explosion in scholarly literature integrating science paper takes as its starting point, one particular knowledge-margin and technology studies, sociologies of knowledge, and the study / border which is maintained and re-inscribed in STS theory and of communication in general and journalism in particular. This literature, namely, the distinction between “users” and paper thus contributes to STS literature in the tradition of Pablo “producers”. It does so by problematizing this margin based on Boczkowski, Fred Turner, John Law, Emma Hemmingway, fieldwork conducted on mobile telephone adoption in marginal Tarleton Gillespie, Dominic Boyer and others, looking at the non-Western Nigeria. Where should we draw the line between intersection of communication practices, media sociology, and STS. The proposed paper draws on 3 years of ethnographic studies have expanded the range of nations included in research inside the Philadelphia local media “ecosystem,” comparisons and begun to explore more complex constructions including more than 6 months at major Philadelphia area news of GCC (e.g., Boykoff 2010 and others). This paper extends organizations. This research has argued that journalism’s these studies by examining the construction of hybrid frames jurisdictional knowledge is created when networked newswork, about GCC in newspapers in the U.S., Australia, New Zealand, itself comprised of both social and material artifacts, is overlaid India, UK and Denmark. It builds work that identifies the upon a particular form rhetoric about the proper exercise of salience of an environment/economics hybrid frame in U.S. knowledge. Both these forms of work and discourses of newspapers. A sample of newspaper articles from 2000-2010 is professional “shop-talk” should be documented empirically, if analyzed from English language newspapers in each of these possible. Over the past decade, however, professional journalists nations. A content analysis delineates hybrid frames which have seen a steady erosion of their autonomy vis-as-vis actors combine environment/economics, environment/inequality, from the margins of the communicative field: citizen journalists, environment/ethics and science/policy. They are compared for bloggers, and others. This paper, then, responds to the call to important cross-national differences and analyzed for their study “knowledge from the margins” in two ways. First, it implications for cross-national public understanding of GCC. studies how actors at the margins of a particular field affect the Despite extensive academic literature that has particularly knowledge claims and work practices of actors closer to the criticized the U.S. media for its poor job of improving public center of that field. Secondly, it studies a form of socio-technical knowledge of GCC, the paper discusses whether and how these practice that is itself marginal within the scholarly field of STS hybrid frames are consistent with STS prescriptive claims about itself- journalism and communications. While previous work in public understanding of science. STS has examined practices of science, medicine, accounting, Studying the Sociotechnical Dynamics of Systems Integration. economics, the law, and others, this paper aims to continue the Anne Lorene Vernay, Delft University of Technology; Karel application of STS to the domains of media and communication Mulder, Delft University of Technology; Linda Manon in the spirit of the authors cited above. Kamp, Delft University of Technology Chair: In the last decades, increased environmental consciousness has Xiaofeng Tang, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute been pushing cities to minimize their environmental footprint. Discussant: One way to do so is to make a transition toward a circular urban Amit Prasad, Department of Sociology, University of Missouri- metabolism. A circular urban metabolism seeks to locally close Columbia the cycles of material and energy. This means that sociotechnical systems for, among others, energy provision, waste and 114. Climate Politics wastewater management have to be locally integrated to each 10:30 to 12:00 pm other. This process is here referred to as systems integration. Crowne Plaza: Hassler Despite increasing political and scholarly interest in systems integration, it still happens rather marginally. The aim of this Participants: paper is to suggest an approach for analyzing how systems Climate Change Policies as Open-Ended Projects. Joseph integration comes (or does not come) about, in order to identify Datko, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute the key factors that influence its realization. To do so, we Recent reports by the U.S. Government Accountability Office, propose using actor-network theory to reconstruct how actor- U.S. Congressional Research Service and U.S. House Committee networks develop around ideas of systems integration. In on Science and Technology on Climate Engineering can serve as addition to that we suggest using the concept of "sociotechnical a timely highlight to an important contrast in climate change regime." Stemming from transition theory this concept allow us policy discourse. These reports follow the precedent set in prior to describe the actors in terms of the wider socio-institutional climate change policy literature of distinguishing between context of which they are part of and that influences their strategies for adaptation to climate change, mitigation of choices of actions. Conceptualized like that, systems integration anthropogenic contributions to the causes of climate change, and consists of the formation of an actor-network composed of actors climate engineering to counteract climate change. The uncertain coming from initially distinct regimes. During the development and unintended consequences of climate engineering are a of the actor-network, these separated regimes interact with each recurring theme in this literature, while adaptation measures are other creating both possibilities and barriers for integration. This treated as more routine resource management measures - even to approach will then be tested on a case study: the development of the point of being described as “no-regret” policies. I propose to systems integration in Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm. reexamine the policy options described in this literature as forms Organizing Stakeholder Involvement in Climate Science. Tjerk of technological legislation; all three are categories of projects Wardenaar, Rathenau Instituut; Edwin Horlings, Rathenau intended to address the risks presented by climate change, but in Institute, Department of Science System Assessment doing so, produce new uncertainties. Using the work of Beck and Climate change poses major challenges for modern society. others on risk society and Merchant’s concept of an Consensus is growing that science can only contribute to these environmental ethic of partnership, I will argue that both the challenges through close collaboration with stakeholders. As a aforementioned literature on climate change policy and more result a lot of developed countries have introduced climate general literature on risk governance are not sufficiently programs wherein scientists work jointly with relevant addressing the open-endedness of ecological interventions. This stakeholders. The programs are expected to facilitate the crossing argument aims to contribute to STS conversations on climate of organizational boundaries and to strengthen science-society change policy specifically, as well as environmental policy more relationships. To achieve these goals the programs have to broadly, by suggesting some priorities for future development in overcome obstacles such as different cultures, conflicting these areas. incentives and diverging objectives. We have studied two A Cross-national Comparison of Global Climate Change collaboration programs that aim to strengthen science-society Hybrid Frames in Newspapers. Stephen Zehr, University of relationships: KLIMZUG in Germany and Knowledge for Southern Indiana; Amy L. Brown, University of Southern Climate in the Netherlands. We have raised the question whether Indiana the increasing emphasis on scientific excellence has been an obstacle to achieving the goals of the programs. Scientists are International comparative studies of global climate change asked to prove the scientific quality of their work at evaluations, (GCC) in the media have been limited in number and scope. to achieve funding and to get tenure. In this way, being Several of these studies have compared U.S. and European scientifically excellent becomes a strong objective for scientists nations, pointing out how the U.S. press has emphasized and and potentially hinders fruitful collaboration with stakeholders. constructed scientific uncertainty about GCC. Some recent We have interviewed 20 persons about the influence of this these dynamics? Broader theoretical work within STS on users objective on the programs (10 for each program). The will be examined in terms of their potential for understanding interviewees are program directors, coordinators, participating both exclusionary practices and the mobilizing efforts of affected scientists and stakeholders, and program outsiders. The groups and researchers to influence these practices. The paper interviews concern the interference of the objective of scientific will conclude by pointing to critical questions to be addressed excellence at different stages of the collaborations. Following the toward a sociology of non-standardized users in transport literature on scientific collaborations we make a distinction infrastructures. between the foundation stage, the formulation stage, the Transport and Accessibility: In 2010, Will Sweden be sustainment stage, and the conclusion stage (Sonnenwald 2007). Accessible to All? Vasilis Galis, Dr Chair: In 2000, the Swedish government enacted the action plan, “From Tjerk Wardenaar, Rathenau Instituut patient to citizen.” In the framework of this plan, the public transport system should be accessible for people with different 115. Exploring Exclusions, Interventions and Social Equity in kinds of disabilities in 2010. This project follows the works and Transport Infrastructures interventions for the fulfillment of the action plan. At the same, it 10:30 to 12:00 pm analyzes how issues regarding accessibility/disability materialize Crowne Plaza: Savoy and are implemented in different transport systems in Sweden How can the dynamics of infrastructural systems be understood from the (e.g. Stockholm’s underground, Stockholm’s bus system, the vantage point of user groups who are marginalized, disadvantaged or Arlanda link, etc.) as well as how the disabled traveler is created excluded from access to/use of/benefits from these infrastructures? What through policies, material interventions and social attitudes. The can stories from the periphery tell us about the politics and power relations study will also discuss how disability organizations and the within which such infrastructures are embedded? What theoretical concepts accessibility action plan are produced together, how important and approaches from STS are fruitful for exploring the perspectives of forums where different perspectives on disability and “non-standardized” users and their engagements and interventions to accessibility are created, how different concerned groups, such as address issues of social equity in infrastructures? The aim of this session is disabled people, architects, transport organizations, and to present recent empirical and theoretical work on issues of social equity municipalities, negotiate and promote their interests and how in transport infrastructures. The work will discuss conceptual approaches to these interests are materialized in the built environment. In the these issues within STS, e.g. disability studies and studies of framework of this project, I have conducted a number of standardization in infrastructures. Papers will explore the attempts of interviews with actors from the Municipality of Stockholm, the various user groups to negotiate and promote their interests in planning Stockholm Public Transport (SL), the Swedish Agency for processes as well as planners’ practices in recognizing, including or Disability Policy Coordination and several disability excluding perspectives from these groups. organizations. Moreover, I have participated in a so-called accessibility course organized by SL and I had the opportunity to Participants: observe how designers, engineers and architects involved with Involving the Perspectives from Affected Citizens: public transportation interact with accessibility experts and Environment and Justice in the Planning Process for a New disability representatives. The results of this study will be part of Highway in Stockholm. Karolina Isaksson, Swedish an ambitious plan, that is, the SL aims to establish an National Road & Transport Research Institute/VTI accessibility impact analysis, where different policies and Sweden is a country that is well-known for its environmental and material provisions (mandated by the governmental action plan) social qualities, and is often referred to as a role model for how to will be assessed. In this way, accessibility does not constitute an consider social and environmental justice in policy and planning. object described in terms of input-output closure, that is, Critical planning research has, however, started to question what accessibility is not merely completed when all sociomaterial aims imprint that the more general principles and frameworks for are achieved, but rather it constitutes a sociotechnical praxis that environmental and social concern actually has in concrete derives from a plurality of views, experiences and interests that planning situations. What concern is actually being taken for continually impregnate the technopolitical agenda. The aim of environmental and social issues in planning practice? What the governmental action plan is not only to improve and to create happens when aspects of urban and regional growth and accessible infrastructures, but also to translate accessibility development confront local resistance? How are different awareness along with accessible ways of living and constructing knowledges being brought to the fore and fed into the knowledge in the sociomaterial stratum. The theoretical basis for this study support for large infrastructure investments? What is the role of is located at the intersection of two broad fields, namely science key professionals in this process – how do they recognize, bring and technology studies and disability studies. in and evaluate the perspectives from residents in areas affected “If You Build It They Will Come?”: Innovation Clustering and by the new transport infrastructure? This paper reports the results Socio-Economic Development in the Alberta Capital Region. of a study of the planning process for the new highway “Bypass Kevin Edson Jones, University of Alberta; Bryan Sluggett, Stockholm,” located in the outskirts of Stockholm. The study University of Alberta investigates the questions above and discusses issues of Edmonton and the wider Alberta Capital Region have been environment and justice in large infrastructure planning. designated as a hub for nanotechnologies research and industrial Mobility for Non-standardized Users? Concepts and development in Canada. Supported by federal and provincial Approaches for Exploring Issues of Social Equity in government funding, the centerpiece in this hub is the National Transport Infrastructures. Jane Summerton, Centre for Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT). With NINT’s development Technology, Innovation & Culture University of Oslo have come great expectations about the ability of scientific The purpose of this paper is to explore conceptual approaches to research to translate into future jobs, economic welfare and the understanding issues of social equity in transport infrastructures. development of a sustainable nano-industry within the region. In The paper, which will be highly exploratory in nature, will first 2007 the Alberta Government set the industry a lofty target of give an overview of existing empirical work which in different generating a 20 billion dollar (CAN) of international market ways address exclusionary planning practices and/or equity share by the year 2020. In a city, and a Province, where issues specifically in transport infrastructures. How are various economic prosperity has been historically linked with resource user groups constructed in transport planning, and what user and energy sectors, nanotechnology is envisioned as a means of groups are included/excluded in such planning processes? How both supporting these industries, but also of generating a more are exclusions expressed in terms of e.g. restricted access to diverse, and knowledge-based, commercial foundation within the everyday mobility, transport disadvantage and socioeconomic Province. Yet, experience in innovation and clustering suggests vulnerabilities, and what concepts are fruitful for explicating that the translation of research into commercial success is far from a straightforward process. Moreover, the impact of Heidegger defines the framework of this paper, where I will clustering on social and economic welfare and development discuss the current situation for what concerns the merging and within a specific regional context is equally uncertain. There is intertwinement of art and technology in an educational, societal thus an often sharp distinction between the promise of and philosophical perspective. It is the assumption that a fruitful innovation, and tangible successes and benefits within the dialectics in between the Critical Theoretical philosophy of communities. Partly, this could be attributed to a lag between science and technology and a Post-Phenomenological philosophy rhetoric and success. Moreover, economic and community of science and technology is actually taking place in various development are often the assumed outcomes of scientific and educational institutions, like for instance the Art & Technology commercial success, and the highly variable and contested nature Department at Aalborg University (DK), and furthermore of local development remains largely unengaged and treated as flourishing in the "real" world like in the work of the American unproblematic. In this paper we report on the outcomes of a artist Natalie Jeremijenko and the Danish art-group Superflex. research project in which we seek to redress the oversight of The intent of the paper is to unravel the intrinsic meaning of the community informed development that often characterizes "top- work of art within the framework of philosophy of technology, down" innovation strategies and science policies. Our research and show how there is a turn within the arts toward production of involves a qualitative research engagement which will bring meaningful practice in everyday life settings like educational together community participants, with industry, government and institutions and art-technologies that perform on a permanent the university through a series of focus groups over the spring basis in urban and rural contexts. and summer of 2011. This research will investigate contested Technological Mediations in Oncoscapes: Merging ascriptions of success and benefit, explore the scope and breadth Postphenomenology and Nursing in Cancer Related of regional networks of communication and engagement, and Ethnographic Research. Anette Forss, Karolinska Institutet seek to identify how local context and knowledge can contribute to a more socially robust framing of innovation in the region. In this paper, I discuss steps towards articulating technological Through this research we hope to provide insight into the mediations across cancer related health care regimes associated possibility of creating a more engaged, and open-ended, dialogue with different approaches on use and invasiveness of technology on nanotechnology futures in Alberta, and to identify policy with regard to cancer; biomedicine (BM), complementary strategies that will lead to more successful and thoughtful science medicine (CM), and integrative medicine (IM). To do so, I merge policy. two ‘posts’ in new waves of philosophy of technology; postphenomenology and posthumanist ethics (which offers a Chair: critical Meta perspective and conceptual tools based on inter- Vasilis Galis, Dr relational ontology), nursing and ethnographic fieldwork in light 116. Postphenomenological Research – II of globalization processes. My turn to new waves in philosophy of technology evolved out of critical re-readings of CAM related 10:30 to 12:00 pm literature and participation in CAM related Crowne Plaza: Ritz conferences/educational initiatives, which are strikingly silent on Over the past decade, the postphenomenological approach has gained the mediational role of technology in/and the pursuit of caring, influence in Science and Technology Studies. Often departing from the curing and healing practices, and the research thereon. work of Don Ihde, various scholars have developed analyses of the social Critiquing Techno-Fantasy as Fantasy. Justin Teague, PhD and cultural roles of technologies that are both empirically and phenomenologically oriented. In addition to mainstream approaches in student STS, postphenomenological research focuses on issues of embodiment, Techno-fantasies of post-humanity have been frequently and perception, hermeneutics and ethics. It investigates how technologies help appropriately criticized for overestimating what technologies are to shape perceptions, interpretations, and practices, in conceptual and possible or probable, that is criticized as predictions. This needs empirical ways. This session will present recent work in to be supplemented with a criticism of them as fantasies, as postphenomenology that analyzes new relations between human beings and stories that make implicit truth claims about who we are and technological artifacts, ranging from posthumanism and medical what we want which stand independent of the particular technologies to art and design. assertions about what we actually have the resources to do. I will make such a critique by comparing the popular and typical Participants: techno-fantasy put forth by Ray Kurzweil in Age of the Spiritual Time Collapse: Long and Short Writing Technology Changes. Machines with the fantasy of a heavenly afterlife and then Don Ihde, Stony Brook University contrast both with how people have actually behaved in the In previous work I have shown how "hard" writing technologies virtual world of Second Life, which offers comparable material (humans using inscribing tools applied to hard tablets), later vary freedom. I will show that Kurzweil’s fantasy has an with "soft" technologies (humans using brushes, quills, pens impoverished conception of what it is to be human, and by applied to soft tablets), and later, still, use keyboards eventually extension, post-human. upon screens. These developments span millennia. Borrowing Chair: from Galit Wellner’s work on contemporary cell phone Peter-Paul Verbeek, University of Twente communication, a short term set of changes obtains: voice dominance, texting dominance, image sliding. Yet in both long 117. STS in/of the South: Emerging Dialogues with India and short term shifts embodiment skills, mediating tools and 10:30 to 12:00 pm tablet-screen variations remain invariant. I will examine Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen examples of these shifts utilizing the notions of embodiment, STS scholars have powerfully demonstrated ways in which the inclusion of multistability, and variations as per the analytic style of marginal perspectives in the practice and organization of technosicence postphenomenology. serves to not only correct historical injustices, but also promotes the Art and Technology in a Post-Phenomenological and Critical creation of more robust knowledge infrastructures overall – by asking a Theoretical Perspective. Education and Practice. Lars Botin, different set of questions and opening up new avenues of research, for Aalborg University example. And yet, in spite of this recognition, STS itself has remained remarkably centered on Euro-American contexts. What would key debates The German exile Walter Benjamin wrote in 1936 ”Art in the in STS – such as those over democratization of technoscience, production Age of Mechanical Reproduction” after having discussed the and circulation of technoscientific expertise, relationship between essay extensively with his colleague Theodor W. Adorno. The technoscience and the state – look like when viewed through non-Western same year, Martin Heidegger wrote ”The Origin of the Work of lenses? What would it take for STS to pay sustained attention to Art.” The discussions on dialectics in art and technology between technoscience in non-Western contexts? This panel joins an emerging set Benjamin and Adorno, and the apparent dichotomous stance of of dialogues in this conference and at other venues that take seriously the charge of pushing STS scholarship to move beyond its Euro-American New Directions in STS and Postcolonial Studies in India. origins. To situate our discussion, the panel focuses exclusively on Sareeta Amrute, University of Washington technoscientific analyses grounded in India. We seek to identify productive This paper explores the relationship between postcolonial studies directions of research that help make sense of recent technological, and STS. Recently, postcolonial scholars of Indian history and cultural, and political-economic shifts in the region. At the same time, we society have inaugurated a post-Orientalist study of India. Such are also interested in how such research might enhance the conceptual and work asks, how can questions of caste, tribe, and politics be re- methodological toolkits available to STS. Towards these ends, the panel visited in light of critiques of colonial science and colonial invites papers that examine the interplays of technoscience, state, society, governmentality? This paper will review existing literature that culture and politics in contemporary India. revisits in a critical fashion colonial concepts and categories, Participants: especially as present in contemporary anthropology. This Modernity’s Garb(age): Neoliberalism, Environmentalism and literature—which engages with the study of village life, caste Urban Waste Management in Delhi. Aman Luthra, Johns politics, and the colonial archive—asks, what kind of new knowledge can be produced that moves debate beyond the Hopkins University critique of colonial optics? The paper then reviews work in STS Processes of urbanization the world over have yielded not only as emerging around the Indian IT sector and biotechnologies. the much hoped for increase in the size of the middle class, but This work, which embeds the history of Indian IT and biotech in also a large, impoverished, surplus population that builds and longer histories of modern science in India on the one hand and maintains the city, creating surplus value for capital in the in the production of global capitalism on the other, often uses process. Yet, bourgeois visions of a “clean and green” urban novel methodologies that stress enactments of technology and the modernity imply rendering invisible the very processes that make performativity of material life. Finally, this paper will read these the creation of such urban spaces possible. Slums and garbage, two literatures together to consider how concepts borrowed from the necessary underbelly of urban production and consumption, STS might inform a post-Orientalist human science of India and become the object of middle class anxieties. Further, the vice versa. What questions are raised by a consideration of provision of public services is increasingly being handed off to power and knowledge in post-colonial India that might expand the private sector under the rhetoric of efficiency gains and fiat of the scope of STS approaches? How might the methods to bear in municipal budget cuts. Urban waste management is undergoing a STS studies be used to develop a sophisticated understanding of similar transformation as the city contracts out to large waste the lived experience of social-scientific categories? management companies, thereby undermining the work of the Refiguring Indian Engineers: Moving beyond the Public/Private city’s poorest who have traditionally provided these services. Interests of private capital, specifically waste management Distinction. Aalok Khandekar, Rensselaer Polytechnic companies, align with middle class environmental ideologies in Institute the “cleaning” of urban spaces in Delhi. In the process, techno- Drawing on two years of fieldwork conducted in India and the scientific practices of waste management, and the formalization United States, this paper focuses on practices of “Education of garbage as a commodity, is privileged in opposition to Abroad” among Indian engineering students. Since the 1960’s, traditional informal waste management practices. To this end, the United States has been a particularly popular destination for this paper proposes methods for a concurrent examination of the Indian students to seek graduate education in various engineering emergence of waste management as a techno-scientific disciplines. In recent times, these trends have accelerated even discipline, the growth of the waste management industry, and more - as a response to, among other things, a widespread sanitation as an urban planning concern of primacy, in order to frustration among the Indian middle class with the perceived better grasp the links between capital, bourgeois ideology, the inefficiencies of the Indian state. Viewed thus, “Education state, and “science.” Abroad” can be interpreted as a “privatizing strategy” (Fernandes Knotty or Naughty?: Seeing the Indian State through a 2005) deployed by Indian engineers – a strategy which is Technoscientific Lens. Govind Gopakumar, Concordia consistent more generally with the enthusiastic espousal of privatization and economic liberalization by the Indian middle University class. Yet, even as these engineers undermine the legitimacy of The configuration of the state has, I believe, acquired a greater the Indian state, my research also highlights a continued strong prominence in recent years. The constitution of the “space of investment by these engineers in a cultural-national Indian flows” and of global “social imaginaries” accompanying the identity and familial and national welfare. For researchers formation of an infrastructure for transnational flows of capital, focused on contemporary India, this highlights a key conceptual information, humans and ideas, have inspired interest into the challenge – taking seriously the critiques leveled by Indian shifts in the position of the state. In part due to some prominent engineers entails recognizing the limitations of the public/private pronouncements that augured the “death” or “retreat” of the binary as a framing device, and calls for newer categories nation-state, there is a persistent curiosity about the condition of through which to understand shifting socio-cultural and political- the state in several fields including geography, political studies, economic configurations in contemporary India. I suggest that anthropology and sociology. In trying to gauge the shifting moving beyond this framing is of critical importance, if creative configuration of the state, scholars in these fields have utilized civic imaginaries towards addressing emerging national diverse lenses such as social and cultural relations, space/place, challenges – such as those in the domains of agriculture, capital flows, policy formulation. India, along with other large, infrastructure, and environmental sustainability – are to be labyrinthine states such as China, Brazil and Russia that have fostered among Indian engineers and the middle class more acquired positions of influence within this shifting political and generally. cultural terrain, presents a knotty problem to unravel. The particular knottiness of the Indian State arises from the Chairs: convergence of at least three factors: (1) a relatively resilient Aalok Khandekar, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute postcolonial state that has acquired the ability to assimilate Govind Gopakumar, Concordia University periodic episodes of resistance (2) a state apparatus that is Discussant: manifested at multiple sites and multiple scales, and (3) a long history of reliance on technoscientific development to build the Esha Shah, University of Sussex nation-state along material and discursive levels. Given the 118. Global Health Issues multiple sites, manifestations, actions, and discourses where the 10:30 to 12:00 pm Indian State can be experienced, how productive then is Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller technoscience as a lens to trace the working of this state? This paper will attempt to assess the challenges and opportunities that Participants: can arise from such an illustration. Organizing Transparency: The Case of Dutch Healthcare. Roland Bal, Erasmus University Rotterdam Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) as not feasible to treat in poor settings. The last decade has seen an unprecedented investment in the This position shifted between 1995 and 2002, when MDR-TB construction of transparency of organizations in the public was constructed as a pressing, global health problem. Against services. Whether it concerns education, transportation, the this background, this paper examines how actors construct the police or healthcare, organizations delivering public services public problem of MDR-TB in India. This provides insights into have gone through tremendous changes to accommodate opening the practices, relations and dynamics of global, national and local up to their publics. This has affected administrative processes actors in defining a public health challenge. Based on within public service organizations, the way internal processes of ethnographic fieldwork and Gusfield’s theory on the making of steering and control are organized, as well as the services public problems, I analyze a shift in policy strategy from denial themselves, e.g. by increasing standardization. This research asks that India has a MDR-TB problem to acknowledgement and how and with what consequences organizations within public response. I show how actors struggle for control over ownership, sectors organize for transparency. Taking healthcare as its causal theories and political responsibility of the problem of primary field of study, the research aims at answering the MDR-TB. Based on my results, I argue that the construction of following questions: 1) How are infrastructures for transparency facts and evidence for MDR-TB in India is a social and political built within and between public sector organizations? 2) How process that is closely linked to the practices and understandings and with what consequences for organizational policies is of the global health policy world. The need for representative accountability distributed across such infrastructures? 3) How data, international influence and politics define what is does the process affect the functioning of public service controllable. What is more, program officers try to avoid the risk organizations? In this paper I will mainly explore the effects of that changes in strategy will come at the expense of controlling rankings on hospitals in the Netherlands. Several of such the public problem definition of the threat of MDR-TB and rankings have been published over the last years and although the potentially cast a damning light on the TB program. They are validity of rankings is questioned, they highly affect hospital therefore framing the problem as within a global average, policies as shown by my continuing research over the last two manageable and caused by external factors. This impedes a years. In this paper, apart from discussing some of the findings of critical and transparent discussion on the public problem that research, I will focus on the possible explanations for these definition of MDR-TB in India. effects, drawing on and in debate with the sociology of The Vaccination Paradox and Risk Communication: An quantification literature. Exploratory Study of Taiwan's 2010 H1N1 Influenza Diagnosis Challenged by Genetics: The Case of Cystic Fibrosis Vaccination. Wei-Hsiang Liao, National Cheng Kung in France. Guy Minguet, Ecole des Mines de Nantes University; Kanlin Hsu, National Cheng-Kung University In what way and to what extent can a disease diagnosis be Vaccination is of vital importance for its proven cost- transformed by biomedical technology such as the systematic effectiveness in disease control. In Taiwan’s 2010 mass screening of cystic fibrosis in neonates? This question is explored vaccination against H1N1 influenza, the vaccination rate was by means of a case study investigating the diagnostic processes relatively low in comparison to past experience. In disputes over and practices for a rare, lethal, genetically transmitted congenital what and who to blamed for the general public’s hesitation, disease whose clinical expressions and prognostic significance disclosure of risk information was, among others, considered to are varied and complex. Since 2002, the Public Authorities be of great significance. Vaccination risk is a long-lasting issue instituted a systematic Neonatal Cystic Fibrosis Screening in the field of the social studies of science. The dilemma between Programme (CF NBS) in France. In this new context, our competing/probable risks in emergent situation is intrinsic to research contribution aims to identify and describe changes in CF preventive technology. Insofar as users are strategically matters diagnosis and diagnosis announcement practices occasioned by for successful disease control, it is of great policy significance to the introduction of mass screening. The diagnosis is considered know what concerns the general public. Drawing on focus group as a process; a sequence of events leading from presumption to discussions of participants purposely selected from college proof that is progressively established during the course of the seniors and disadvantaged single mothers, this paper aims to announcement process. In the case of cystic fibrosis, however, explore what people with different socioeconomic statuses screening can reveal ‘intermediary’ or borderline’ cases that consider in risk information that might be crucial for their generate diagnostic uncertainty, either because tests fail to vaccination decision. Analysis shows that, firstly, college seniors provide categorical proof of the disease, or because its clinical tend to trust scientific knowledge concerning disease control form does not correspond to existing medical delimitations. while single mothers seem to rely on government’s assurance Cases such as these result in a diagnostic dilemma since its with respect to the source of risk information for decision- prognostic significance for the patient is totally ignored. In this making. Secondly, college seniors believe in scientifically-based respect, CF NBS leads to the question of predictive medicine in measures, while single mothers appeal to multiple lay protections the form of prenatal and pre-implantation diagnosis, a question with regard to prevention strategy. Finally, it is the disclosure of that raises numerous ethical controversies. Our conclusions specific risks rather than the extent of risk disclosure which reveal three concurrent trends: parents, neonates and health matters for the room for and freedom of choice. This paper professionals now share the principle of diagnostic uncertainty; concludes with a theoretical reflection on the paradox of changes in the information content resulting from the screening preventive technology and relevant risk communication. test not only restructures the diagnosis announcement An Iressa Story: A Cancer Drug for Asians Only, or for the consultation but also the way the disease is experienced; EGFR Mutation-positive Patients? Sungwoo Ahn, Virginia advances in the field of genetics contributing to early diagnosis Tech raises new questions as to the ultimate aim of screening relative to the disease. Results are based on a research program The promise of personalized medicine and race-specific medicine conducted in two phases: a questionnaire survey among the 37 based on biological differences has provided hope of better specialized CF Centres in France, followed by 28 one-on-one medical knowledge for everyone, especially for minorities who interviews and eight focus group sessions within 15 CF Centres. have been at the edge of clinical research. However, the In total, 34 completed questionnaires were collected and 24 development of race-specific drug is not automatic outcome of physicians, 14 coordinating nurses (CN), four psychologists and emerging biomedical knowledge. Rather, we are now witnessing two physiotherapists were interviewed. a complicated process of development of personalized medicine and race-specific drugs characterized by combining different The Making of a Global Health Problem: MDR-TB in India. interests of regulatory agencies, the public, pharmaceutical Nora Engel, United Nations University & University of companies and emerging pharmacogenomic knowledge in Maastricht different ways in various contexts. In this paper, I explore the The international policy community regarded multi-drug resistant developing trajectory of a drug for cancer patients, Iressa, which is advertised as a pharmacogenetic drug, but which had been their descriptions. This is then argued to be a serious challenge known as an Asian-specific drug. While Bidil, the first race- for the development of the energy network of the future, since it specific drug approved by the FDA since 2005, ignited a race is as likely to constitute a large and important part of our controversy in the US, Iressa raised different issues in Korea. everyday lives as it is likely to need thorough domestication at First, I focus on the debate about the recognition of Iressa as an household levels to fulfill its highest potential. Undoubtedly, innovative drug, in which the Korean FDA, patient advocate finding ways for STS to helpfully contribute into policymaking groups and AstraZeneca, the company marketing Iressa, were and technology development processes may be able to meet this involved. And turning to a broader context, I examine the challenge. tensions among pharmacogenetic rationality, biocapital interests SCOT and Lighting: The Era of LED. Charlotte Louise Jensen, and racialized nationhood that have been intertwined with each University of Aalborg, Denmark other in the making process of Iressa as a race-specific drug. In the last, I discuss the reason of the recent recognition of Iressa as The current attention to climate change and resource deficiency, pharmacogenetic drug rather than a race-specific one in several as well as how to overcome these issues by governing and countries except the U.S. in terms of the national boundary in the enabling sustainable transition, request a need for looking into ‘scientific’ regulation process of new drugs. factors that enables or restricts the dissemination of energy saving technology. In this article, I will therefore revisit Bijker’s Chair: analysis of the fluorescent lamb (Bijker & Law, 1992), but in Sungwoo Ahn, Virginia Tech relation to the appearing LED technology. Through the analysis I will identify relevant social groups that have significant influence 119. Energy and Futures on the evolvement of lighting technologies in Denmark, with 10:30 to 12:00 pm special attention to the LED technology. I will look at Crowne Plaza: Hanna interpretive flexibility among the groups, and I will give special Participants: attention to how the environmental aspect of energy efficiency is perceived by the different groups. I will also look into how the The Discourse of Technoscientific Optimization of Lifestyle as dynamics between the groups may affect the social group(s) of an Environmental Fix. Per Gyberg, Linköping university consumers. The relevant social groups will be identified by Households contribute greatly to the environmental stress in "following the actor" and further by "rolling the snowball" Sweden and they also have one of the world’s highest electricity (Bijker & Law, 1992). I believe that applying a social- and heat consumption. The purpose of this paper is to discuss constructivist view on the evolvement and spreading of energy how Swedish householders’ reason about energy – which efficient technology will result in an understanding of enabling discourse is dominant? The paper builds on the analysis of and restricting factors that influence the path of dissemination. transcribed interviews with 19 households (between one and two Further, I believe that applying SCOT in a study of energy- participants in each). The coding was done by identification of efficient technology will create attention to the potential of key concepts, tensions and meaning fixations and their relation to applying social-constructivist perspectives when discussing, and each other. Three different discourses are identified: one is called perhaps managing, sustainable transition. “the green dream,” another “the path of least resistance” and the States and Epistemic Actors in the Evolving Organizational most dominant discourse is called “the technoscientific Field for Biofuel Governance. Abigail N. Martin, University optimization of lifestyle." The discourse of technoscientific optimization builds on a very active relation to energy. The basic of California at Berkeley idea is that what you do matters - but on the other hand you just The overall environmental impact and sustainability of biofuels do what you can with the time and other resources available. is the object of intensive societal and political debate worldwide. Energy is divided into different areas of action and these areas Following a push to create international sustainability standards are measurable (light bulbs, insulation) and defined by the for the biofuel industry, a complex multi-level organizational amount of money, electricity, heat loss, etc that can be field for biofuel sustainability emerged in which diverse actor earned/saved. The optimization also means that you can choose groups have worked to establish definitions of biofuel environmentally friendly activities according to what fits in a sustainability at subnational, national and transnational policy certain situation. Environmental problems can be solved by levels. One of the most central issues debated within this increased knowledge and new technology. Thus there is a strong organizational field is how to model lifecycle greenhouse gas trust in experts and their capability to solve crucial problems of emissions for biofuels produced from different feedstocks and the modern society. This paper contributes to a deeper technologies. States have attempted to set GHG reduction understanding of how global environmental problems are standards to ensure that biofuel consumption does not contribute handled in day to day life and the role of science and technology more to climate change than the fossil fuels being displaced. in this context. Such state-based GHG reduction standard for biofuels rely upon The Smart Grid in the Making: Constructs of an Energy controversial lifecycle assessment models, which have been contested by a diverse group of experts across public and private Network of the Future. william throndsen, Norwegian sectors in the US, Europe and Brazil. In examining the debate University of Science and Technology; Thomas Berker, over using life cycle analysis (LCA) to quantify greenhouse gas Norwegian University of Science and Technology emission (GHG) savings for biofuels, this paper highlights how The American and European initiatives aimed at realizing a expert knowledge is shaping the organizational field for biofuel future smart grid on the two continents were analyzed through sustainability by bring closure around the definition of new studies of key policy documents. The aim was to seek out and concepts that are likely to shape how future policy questions and evaluate the various types of arguments and motivations that solutions regarding biofuels and climate change are framed. existed for the establishing of a smart grid. The analysis uncovers Socio-technical Imaginaries for the New Multi-polar World: several different, however fairly comparable motivations. Firstly, Science, Innovation and EU Policymaking. Rob Hagendijk, and in general, there existed a tendency toward technologically Universiteit van Amsterdam; Tiago Santos Pereira, deterministic thinking about smart grid technologies as quick fixes to environmental challenges. Secondly, the US initiative University of Coimbra showed a strong focus on issues of national security connected to Our paper will focus on the emergence of a new multipolar world smart grid development. Finally, the European initiative and how it will relate to science, technology and innovation. In committed a strong reference to its more general Union ideology particular, we will look at the EU’s relations with third countries as a rationale for smarter grids. The various constructions of the with respect to science, technology and innovation. To what end users were also analyzed, and contrasted to the above extent are new socio-technical imaginaries (Jasanoff & Kim, mentioned motivations they were arguably found to be lacking in 2009) emerging in the EU and elsewhere that relate science and technology policies to international competitiveness and the resolution of global challenges. Important empirical questions the corroborating and anti-biasing elements of peer review’s are: How are European STI policies related to EU foreign policy? potential objectivity; I argue that the development of the arXiv How are developments in STI related to emerging multipolar has been responsive on corroboration, but the bias problem political configurations and vice versa? To address these remains neglected. I conclude by considering the prospects for an questions and trace changes, we will look at documents issued arXival equivalent of double-blindness. by, as well as about, EU policymaking and how issues about STI Qualitative Inquiry and the Institutional Review Board (IRB): and multipolarization are framed in them and related to one Tension between Autonomy and Control. Roli Varma, another. This will be combined with other sources. We will zoom University of New Mexico in on policies with respect to innovation in the fields of energy and sustainable development and policies with respect to BRICS Since 2000, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in the USA have countries and less developed economies. become rigid in their interpretations of federal regulations pertaining to qualitative social science research involving human Chair: subjects. Most importantly, IRBs either lack expertise in Rob Hagendijk, Universiteit van Amsterdam qualitative inquiry or believe it lacks scientific rigor, and thus use 120. Research and Review extraneous criteria to evaluate qualitative research proposals. Since professional autonomy of scientists to select the problems 10:30 to 12:00 pm and the means to carry out them is considered one of the basic Crowne Plaza: White norms of scientific research, qualitative researchers feel Participants: frustrated in their dealings with IRBs. An IRB license granted to Collective Assessment of Research Projects: The Panel Peer qualitative researchers will give them freedom to carry out research involving human subjects while assuring IRBs that Review (of the German Research Foundation). Alexandra qualitative research will be conducted with the full protection of Kraatz, iFQ; Thamar Klein, iFQ - Institute for Research human subjects. Information and Quality Assurance Chair: Acquiring third-party funds has gained importance within the last years for universities and research institutes. Panel peer review, Roli Varma, University of New Mexico which plays a major role for the decision process in funding 121. Reproductive Technologies organizations, especially large cooperative projects with joint 10:30 to 12:00 pm research institutes (such as the CRCs in Germany), are being Crowne Plaza: Allen evaluated by expert panels, consisting of a committee of up to 12 experts. Even though panel peer review is globally one of the Participants: most important applied methods for evaluating research projects Appropriate Uses for and Users of Assisted Reproductive and is significant in all fields of science in acquiring funds, it has Technologies. Alicia Jean VandeVusse, University of mainly been neglected in research. Whereas the peer review Chicago process for editing journals has already been researched, there is little known on panel peer review in the selection of scientific This paper examines how regulation influences the development research projects. Likewise, group dynamics considering of reproductive technologies and their implantations in society. economics or politics have already been the focus of studies, but More specifically, this paper explores the question of how the motivation of group dynamics in scientific expert panels has appropriate uses and users of reproductive technologies are been not been researched yet. Therefore, our study is highly socially constructed in Germany. This paper relates to the relevant for STS, as it asks the important questions about how existing studies of reproductive technologies such as Charis reviewers evaluate research projects in a group, how they form a Thompson’s Making Parents (2005), as well as to comparative common assessment and which dynamics evolve in and influence studies of science and technology such as Shelia Jasanoff’s the evaluation process of research projects. Employing Designs on Nature (2007). The paper draws on data collected in triangulation to gather empirical data, we work with different Germany, where the Embryo Protection Act of 1990 has severely methods and instruments which we selected and developed for limited the use of certain technologically-based reproductive this special environment, such as, e.g. participant observation, practices and, furthermore, the Bundesärztekammer (German expert interviews and cognitive methods. In our presentation, we Medical Association) holds that these technologies should be will show our latest results and discuss the advantages and reserved for long-term, heterosexual couples. This paper disadvantages of the panel peer process. examines, first, how this regulatory framework came to be and how it is maintained and enforced, drawing on in-depth Peer Review in an ArXival Age. Ben Almassi, College of Lake interviews with physicians, interest groups, and politicians. County Secondly, a content analysis of the coverage of reproductive The recent growth of the arXiv in physics and online preprint technologies in major German newspapers (from 1980 to 2010) archives throughout the sciences presents science studies scholars provides background on the public framing of and debates a good occasion to critically examine the evidential significance regarding these technologies over time. Moreover, this paper of peer review. Traditionally, peer review has been framed as a explores how political contexts influence the development of cornerstone of scientific objectivity, and the peer-reviewed reproductive technologies, particularly regarding the socially publication of results understood as crucial evidence of their constructed appropriate users of these procedures. rigor and reliability. Yet in physics and other fields, the arXiv Contemporary Sex Selection: Shifting Forms of Reproduction, (formerly the Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL] Archive) Transnational Flows and Inequality. Rajani Bhatia, lets users upload work without a peer review filter; this University of Maryland Department of Women's Studies unrestricted construction enables scientists to transit information and engage each other’s work at a rate that makes waiting on This paper examines new practices and technologies of sex peer reviewed publication unfeasible. But do the benefits of selection with a particular focus on the interrelationship between online preprint archives come at the expense of scientific the scientific products that enable these practices, the discursive objectivity? Here I draw upon the philosophical and sociological production of these practices through news media, promotional literature on the epistemology of peer review, as well as the literature and self-help communication, and the institutional history of the development and debates over arXiv in modern operations of U.S. clinics both within and across national physics. I critically engage arXiv founder Paul Ginsparg’s borders. In the late 1990s, mass print and television media began critique of traditional peer review and I look to identify other heralding the emergence of new technologies as the answer to a indicators to which arXiv users turn, absent peer review, to gauge long quest for scientifically-proven methods for selecting the sex the rigor and reliability of posted work. I propose we distinguish of a child. MicroSort® and preimplantation genetic diagnosis gained considerable attention as methods of sex selection that diverged from earlier technologies because they do not require an deal with the low fertility rate. This study aims to analyze the abortion. Instead, both methods are applied before pregnancy and "Infertile Couples Subsidy Project" (hereinafter the "Project"), must be used in conjunction with assisted reproduction such as started in 2006 as one of the measures to promote the childbirth in-vitro fertilization. Along with the technologies appeared new in Korea. Specifically, this study is to clarify the following discourses that make-meaning of these practices and new research questions: First, did the "Project" start with a institutional mechanisms that embed them within a larger comprehensive consideration for women's health? Or rather, has phenomenon of cross-(national) border reproductive practices. the "Project" caused the concept of women's health to change or The research uses qualitative, multi-sited modes of analysis and deteriorate? Second, can the "Project" be an effective measure to extends feminist STS scholarship on reproductive technologies deal with low fertility? And does this "Project" not cause internal by shifting focus to a transnational realm as manifested in what is contradictions with other low fertility policies? Third, does the currently conceptualized as “cross-border” reproductive "Project" live up to its name and actually really help couples with practices. Against a shifting terrain of transnational reproductive infertility? This study attempts to answer these questions by practices, the study aims to displace a dichotomous framing of analyzing the documents published by the government regarding global sex selection practices that polarizes Western from Eastern the "Project" and low fertility. In addition, it will analyze how practices with the more varied and complex movements that take national policy deals with women's health in conjunction with the place in cross–bordered sex selection. amendments of the "Mother and Child Health Act" implemented The Baby and the Bathwater: Competing Objectives in since 2009, and analysis on the "MCH Service." Moreover, an in- Canada’s AHRA. Alana Rose Cattapan, York University depth analysis of the background and the actual implementation process will be conducted through interviews with the main After more than a decade of research, public consultation and agents of the "Project" and the subjects supported by the failed legislation, Canada’s Assisted Human Reproduction Act "Project." (AHRA) was granted Royal Assent in 2004. Borne of the recommendations of the Royal Commission on New Chair: Reproductive Technologies, the Act’s purpose was twofold: to Jung-Ok Ha, Institute for Gender Research, Seoul National ban reproductive and genetic technologies that might threaten Univ., KOREA public safety, and to improve assisted reproductive services for Canadians. While the Act’s objectives are compatible in theory, 122. Technology, Abilities and Disabilities in practice, their coexistence has challenged the Act’s legitimacy. 10:30 to 12:00 pm For example, critics have charged that the AHRA’s ban on Crowne Plaza: Hope commercial surrogacy and gamete donation has resulted in empty Participants: threats of prosecution that have intimidated would-be parents, donors, and surrogates from seeking assisted reproductive Robots Made for Walking: Disability, Ethnography and the services. Further, in a constitutional challenge raised by the Ontological Politics of Technoscientific Innovation in Government of Quebec, the Supreme Court of Canada Neurorehabilitation. Stefanie Zimmer, Humboldt University overturned a number of the Act’s regulatory provisions, finding Berlin that each of the Act’s two purposes fell to different legislative Beyond theoretical discourses on concepts and categories, STS jurisdictions. This paper argues that the competing objectives of and Disability Studies can be linked on an empirical level. The so the AHRA precluded the establishment of a policy framework called "participatory action research" approach to do applied that could be effectively implemented. While existing research research in medicine and engineering is seen as a possible way on Canadian public policy governing assisted reproduction has for disabled scholars to constructively engage with science and focused on stakeholder contributions to the policy process, this technology but also as an undertaking which is for several paper builds on and breaks from this tradition by examining the reasons hard to realize. Doing ethnography is particularly relationship between the development of the policy’s objectives difficult since this methodological approach requires the and its failures in implementation. Using a post-positivist policy researcher to immerse herself in the culture studied as far as analysis, and drawing on decades of government documents, possible. By its very nature, however, disability makes fieldwork public consultation, and Parliamentary debate, this paper complicated or even impossible. Thus, given the physical and examines how the Act’s competing purposes worked to establish psychological burden that having to live with a disability may a regulatory regime doomed to fail. already entail there are only few disabled people in academia Incorporation and Cooptation of Gynecological Educator who are able and willing to do empirical work themselves in the Programs. Kelly Underman, University of Illinois at fields studied by STS scholars. Yet, despite having a walking Chicago disability I conducted a three-year ethnography in an emerging Gynecological educators are female-bodied individuals who field called "rehabilitation robotics" which claims to construct teach medical students the pelvic examination using their own technologies to help reduce disability in neurologically impaired bodies. A majority of medical schools in the US incorporate this people. Examples from this fieldwork will be used to discuss the type of educational program. Drawing from archival sources and opportunities and constraints of ‘hiring in’ and getting involved the biomedical academic literature on the developments of these in order to intervene in technoscientific practices as well as the programs, this paper asks how the contributions made by the difficulties of being an ethnographer with a disability. Apart from Women’s Health Movement came to be integrated into physical limitations the major difficulties not only concern biomedicine. It contributes to the literature on patient health access, trust and time but especially limited power or influence to movements and the use of experience to contest biomedical change the field’s specific "ontological politics" informing knowledge. The case of gynecological educator programs innovation strategies and being built into scientific and demonstrates one way in which individualized embodied technological artifacts which will be illustrated. experience was collectively produced and used by women’s Bridging the Deaf and Hearing Communities Through Multi- health activists to contest biomedicine, and were able to create a sensory Technology. Devin Burke, Case Western Reserve change in the routine education of medical students. University Solving Low Fertility with Technology: Criticism of the IVF In the last decade, numerous new technologies have been Subsidy as the Childbirth Promotion Policy. Jung-Ok Ha, developed to enhance musical experience for people who are Institute for Gender Research, Seoul National Univ., KOREA deaf or hard-of-hearing. The list of recent innovations includes South Korea's total fertility rate (TFR) in 2009 was 1.15, the ergonomic devices that render music into physical vibrations and lowest in the world (as known so far). The South Korean multi-media/sensory machines that translate music into visual government has invested a total of 19.7 trillion won (about $18 displays and even into scents. This paper investigates these billion) of public funds in the five years from 2006 to 2010 to technologies as part of an international trend toward bridging deaf and hearing communities. The focus of the paper will be the monitor the workflow of hospital personnel including nurses, simplest yet most widespread of these technologies: video- physicians, and custodial staff, and to discipline or reward sharing websites such as YouTube. Video-sharing sites have according to performance. While our research demonstrates that quickly become the most successful way of bridging the hearing this particular imaginary of neo-Tayloristic performance and deaf communities through music because they are easily monitoring in hospitals is one possible outcome, these accessible to everyone, and because they allow video producers technological systems encounter profound cultural and flexibility in how the music is represented visually—both infrastructural resistances that challenge these functions. through sign language and through creative uses of the medium. Drawing upon qualitative research in 23 U.S. hospitals, our In this paper, I argue that “sign language music videos” represent analysis focuses on some of the many forms of obduracy that a new artform that has been made possible by, and is confront surveillance-capable information systems in hospitals. fundamentally shaped by, video-sharing technology. I place these We argue that many of the control functions of hospital tracking sign-language music videos into the broader context of music systems are attenuated by individual resistance but also by a host technologies for the deaf and hard-of-hearing, then I analyze of technical, material, financial and cultural constraints. several examples that represent contrasting approaches to the Digital Roots of Social Representation: Mapping the medium. Finally, I summarize the reception of these videos by Controversy about Synthetic Biology. Anders Koed Madsen, members of the deaf and hearing communities and offer Copenhagen Business School suggestions about how the increasing proliferation of these videos, and related technologies, impact cultural understandings This paper focuses on the potentials and pitfalls of using digital of deafness and disability. traces and “the logics of the Web” to make the controversy about synthetic biology visible (Rogers, 2009). By crawling the Web Body Building: Architectural Narratives of Disability. Wanda from five different access points that are heavily used by the UK katja Liebermann, Harvard University public, the paper argues that the Web does not have one filtering This paper examines the ways in which the meanings of logic. Each access-point demarcates and organizes the disability become materialized in the built environment. As a controversy in its own way by making a specific socio-technical trained architect informed by science and technology studies assemblage (Callon, 1986) visible to the user, and the paper calls concepts, I understand identities and spaces to be constructed such a scope of visibility for a 'Web-vision.' It demonstrates how together. While disability studies’ social model partly undoes the such visions differ in both temporal and spatial terms across individual and medical view of disability, here, as elsewhere, the different access points to the Web. By taking the controversy problem with social construction is that it presumes that the about synthetic biology as its point of departure, the paper “social” acts upon the material to produce “reality,” which accordingly provides answers to two questions. The first question simultaneously discounts the material/embodied, while leaving a is whether the method of following digital traces on the Web can world “out there” intact. Instead, STS, including actor-network enable a new form of computational 'seeing' in relation to bio- theory and co-production, offers a conception of the “social” as technological controversies. The second is whether different itself an effect of the heterogeneous assemblages that constitute access-points allow for different 'eyeballs' that perform the social things (Latour, 2005) and views the built environment as a in different ways. Theoretically, the paper engages in a contingent ensemble of the social and material, producing and discussion with STS writings about the potential of using digital reflecting different forms of freedom, limitation, and sociability traces to understand biotechnological controversies (Rogers, (Jasanoff, 2008). Taking as a starting point that political cultures 2009; Latour, 2007) and it supplements this literature with a matter to the design of spaces that accommodate the disabled theoretical model of 'Web vision' which is methodologically body, this paper examines two architectural cases, the new Ed grounded in network analysis and web ethnography. Besides that, Roberts Campus in Berkeley, California, and Het Dorp, the the paper discusses with the body of literature arguing that 1960’s Dutch community for the disabled, which in different information filters on the Web has the potential to represent and ways probe the meanings, limits, and trade-offs of modernism’s organize such controversies in new and more democratic ways universalist ideals and accompanying notions of citizenship. (Benkler, 2006; Shirky, 2008). Understanding the interplay of the material, social, and symbolic Digital Patients and the Politics of Personal Electronic Health dimensions of architectural enactments of disability requires Records. Michael Wartenbe, UCLA Dept. of Information synthesizing mixed qualitative methods, including: historical research, close observation of specific micro-practices that join Studies bodies, technology and architectural elements in everyday The passage of the Stimulus Bill and its HITECH Act has routines, semi-structured interviews with actors, and critical triggered tens of billions of dollars of investment in a national analysis of the discursive framings of accessibility. Electronic Health Record (EHR) system. By 2014, health care facilities must prove "meaningful use" of EHR and each patient Chair: is to have her own portable electronic patient record. One of the Wanda katja Liebermann, Harvard University fastest growing areas of EHR is Personal Health Records (PHR). 123. Informatic Processes in Biomedicine PHR platforms, which come in various shapes and sizes, allow 10:30 to 12:00 pm individuals to record their own health information using applications that allow interoperability with clinical EHR Crowne Plaza: Newman applications. PHRs are increasingly seen as a solution to the Participants: increasing demands for data of evidenced-based medicine as well Negotiating Technological Control: Cultural and Infrastructural as a means of empowering lay individuals to become involved in Resistance to Hospital Tracking Systems. Torin Monahan, healthcare institutions. Drawing on a Systematic Self- Observation (SSO) study of PHR and speculative sociological Vanderbilt University; Jill A. Fisher, Vanderbilt University analysis, this presentation interrogates the politics of personal Many discourses surrounding hospitals’ new investments in health record keeping through an analysis of the processes of information and communication technologies tend to invoke subjectification embodied by regimes of personal data creation, extreme and exceptional circumstances – of disease pandemics management and use. It examines the tension between personal and disasters that can be controlled through technological record-keeping as a method for democratizing a formerly intervention. However, with the deployment of identification and sanctified health care institution by expanding individuals' and location technologies that manage patients, track personnel and groups' capacity to represent themselves and, conversely, generate data in real-time, these discourses often occlude a more personal record-keeping as a sign of the increasing rationalization mundane function for such technologies: workplace surveillance of everyday life in which accounting data formerly collected and of employees. Just as systems can track infection vectors, for performed by corporations and government institutions are now instance, those same systems can be used on a daily basis to volunteered by individuals. The paper contributes to STS literature by providing an analysis that analyzes PHR at the 10:30 to 12:00 pm confluence of emergent issues in politics, economics, social Crowne Plaza: Kaye aggregation, science and law. Participants: Telecare Technologies and Self-management. Ivo Maathuis, University of Twente Technology of Waste Picker’s Enterprises in Brazil. Rafaela Telecare can be defined as the remote provision of healthcare Francisconi Gutierrez, UNICAMP; Maria Zanin, UFSCar services via ICT applications. One of the aims of telecare Workers exposed to unemployment, precarious employment and technologies is enhancing self-management strategies of patients social exclusion seek alternative income generation through suffering from chronic illness. Recent literature on medical ethics collective and cooperative economic practices in Brazil. discerns three dominant paradigms of self-management in Solidarity economic enterprises of waste pickers are being telecare. Self-management based on "compulsory compliance," created in several municipalities as an alternative to patients as "proto-professionals" and self-management based on humanization and formalization of the picker’s work in the waste cooperation with healthcare personnel (Schermer 2010). This collection systems, in which they perform activities of collecting, paper addresses the question what forms of self-management are sorting, processing and commercialization of solid waste. These inscribed in telecare devices for patients suffering from a chronic cooperatives of waste pickers have struggled to consolidate and lung condition (COPD). It is based on a case study of the advance in the productive chain of waste due to several reasons: development of a telecare system for these patients in the lack of financial resources to invest in technology, lack of skills Netherlands, where self-management of patients is the core needed to deal with the market practices that might guarantee its concept. It includes activity monitoring via sensors and an competitiveness, ignorance of existing technologies of the electronic diary. Based on these data, the system provides production chain of recycling, and appropriateness of the feedback to patients. To answer our research question we adopted technologies to its reality. This study aims to discuss the access a script approach. This approach is based on the idea that and appropriateness of the technologies by the economic “innovators ‘inscribe’ a specific vision about the world into the enterprises of waste pickers, based on the fields of science, technical content of the new object” (Akrich 1992). This paper technology and society. We performed a multiple case study with contributes to refinement of the script approach by taking into five solidarity economic enterprises of waste pickers in the São account that one technology can consist of multiple devices, and Paulo State that holds the biggest economy in Brazil. The results can therefore contain multiple scripts. The paper concludes that were analyzed under the concepts of Social Construction of the dominant form of self-management scripted in the telecare Technology, Critic Theory of Technology and Social Technology system for COPD patients is self-management as "proto and showed that the cooperatives have been establishing different professional." However, combined with a face-to-face partnerships that give them different access to infrastructure and explanation with healthcare professionals, the system supports technology. We also observed that waste pickers relate self-management based on cooperation as well. This finding differently with technologies trying to appropriate and adapt contrasts Schermer’s suggestion that telecare technologies them to their own realities and everyday needs in order to mainly support self-management as "compulsory compliance." consolidate themselves in the productive chain. Electronic Patient Records Practices by Flemish Pharmacists: A Unexpected Appropriations of Technology and Life Cycle Sociotechnical Analysis. Kris Naessens, Vrije Universiteit Analysis: Reframing Cradle to Grave Approaches. Jordan Brussel; An Jacobs, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Frith, North Carolina State University; Christopher In this paper, we will discuss current work practices regarding Cummings, North Carolina State University electronic patient records (EPR) by pharmacists in Flanders Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Real Time Technology (region of Belgium) and explore the shaping of future practices. Assessment (RTTA) are techniques for assessing possible By combining qualitative (semi-structured interviews, N=10) and environmental health and social impacts of a technology at quantitative (telephonic survey, N=199) methods and considering different stages of production. Full LCA involves a cradle-to- micro and macro-level aspects, we aimed to provide specific grave method that examines the impacts of technology from the insights for a professional group often overlooked in the growing beginning of production until the technology is disposed of by body of EPR literature. Pharmacists hold a key position in the the user. RTTA and its variants attempt to incorporate public Flemish healthcare ecosystem, being the fifth largest group of sentiment into research agendas throughout the development and medical professionals (RIZIV, 2008) and uniquely combining dissemination of a technology. These approaches face significant economic (retail) and medical (advisory) activities. For this problems insufficiently addressed in the LCA literature. Most paper, we studied various aspects influencing EPR adoption, notably, these approaches implicitly assume a closed system such as daily work practices and processes, use of information where each stage of development and use can be controlled by and communication technology (ICT) and patient data the developers and designers of a given technology. In this paper, management practices by pharmacists. Employing a we complicate that assumption by drawing from the extensive sociotechnical approach, we looked beyond this micro-level of body of literature concerning the Social Construction of pharmacists' daily activities and also focused on contextual Technology (SCOT) to show that designers only have limited aspects by involving all relevant stakeholders that influence the capacity to determine how a technology will be used, pharmacists' daily activities (professional organizations, complicating the usage stage of LCA. The SCOT literature wholesalers and software developers). Starting from current provides many examples of how users alter technology by using practices and contextual aspects, we aimed to generate insights in it in ways for which it was never intended. Drawing from the pharmacists' possible future EPR practices. Results show how language of actor-network theory, we argue that designers can, at Flemish pharmacists currently use ICT intensively in their best, prescribe how a technology will be used, but can never fully activities. Their current EPR efforts are highly fragmented, being determine uses. The alterations of how a technology is used largely local with little data exchange with other pharmacies and complicates cradle-to-grave approaches because it throws into medical professionals, and incomplete registration of over-the- question the efficacy of viewing these approaches as controlled, counter products in their EPRs. There appears to be a strong closed systems. demand for more information on patients for further developing The South Atlantic Garbage Patch: Plastic Waste as "Matter of the pharmacist's advisory function, but this data has to be Concern." Kim De Wolff, UCSD specific, structured and summarized. The oceans are littered with micro-plastic bits and floating debris Chair: drawn by currents to accumulate in massive gyres or "garbage Kris Naessens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel patches." These plastics leach toxic chemicals, are consumed by marine life and break down into confetti-sized pieces that 124. Monitoring Manipulation of Environment preclude easy cleanup. The 5 Gyres Institute is among the first organizations to coordinate scientific research expeditions and so successful that the employees even unanimously accepted an communicate the global impact of plastics in the ocean to the unorthodox surveillance method, the use of "hygiene standard general public. In order to understand how the organization spies." In October 2007, the hospital declared the measures taken defines the material problem of plastic waste as both a success. The developed system had led to a beneficial change environmental issue and public concern, I analyze expedition of behavior and practices among the employees, patients and reports and media appearances surrounding their research trip visitors. The consumption of antiseptics had increased, the through the South Atlantic Garbage Patch. By mobilizing bits of compliance to hospital hygiene rules had improved significantly, plastic material to document the unintended consequences of and the number of rule-breaking doctors had dropped greatly as consumption, 5 Gyres works to counter rifts between had also the use of jewellery and wristwatches among nurses and consumption, disposal and the accumulation of waste in the auxiliary staff. Furthermore, the prescription of antibiotics had ocean. I draw together Science and Technology Studies, decreased and become more appropriate and there were Communication and Sociology in order to consider synthetic additional rooms available with their own sanitary facilities. plastic pieces entangled with oceans and humans as “matters of Although succeeding in seizing the epidemic, both the concern.” I explore the production of knowledge about the implementation and above all the sustainability of the Garbage Patch as it engages questions of the division between accountability system proved exceedingly exigent. To uphold an material and social, and I argue that the Garbage Patch “matters” adequate practice and behavior in the long run, the system needs not only in terms of representation, but also through the constant management and monitoring. Well aware of this demonstration and witnessing of the impact of plastic waste. difficulty, the officers had the objective of creating a new, self- The Power of Mapping: Governance with Discrepancies in supporting culture. Our findings suggest that so far the ambition Poland. Francis Harvey, University of Minnesota of achieving consistent and persistent norms and a new culture has failed. In some rural areas of Poland, official records and maps of land property (the cadastre) differ by area from the actual property Consequences of Knowledge Plurality in Medicine. Jae-Mahn boundaries by up to 40 percent. Cadastral maps are available for Shim, University of Chicago the entire country and, while generally reliable, maps in these Traditional, complementary or alternative medicine (TCAM) has areas are more than limited: they may even be unusable in historically co-evolved with modern bio-medicine. It is reported practice. However, these discrepancies go largely without notice that TCAM has been increasingly institutionalized into national and the errors in the maps fail to systematically disrupt farming health care systems across different societies. Then, to what or other activities. If maps have power, how is this possible at extent has this co-evolution been institutionalized? What social such a scale? Scholars and practitioners have made note of many ramifications do different extents of its institutionalization situations where a map’s power is limited, but in these cases produce? This paper conceptualizes this co-evolution as medical cadastral mapping clearly retains power, while individual maps plurality and gauges its variations across countries; it then may be of little significance. This article examines how the examines whether these variations are related to variations in power of maps indeed lies in the mapping interactions, and more population health outcomes. It has empirically found that medical aptly is the power of mapping, including the use of geographic plurality has positive impact on life expectancy with other information. Cadastral mapping power arises in interactions covariates for life expectancy controlled for. In addition, it has among people and technologies in the process of using the analyzed public and academic discourses on how medical cadastre for geographic social coordination. Following Foucault's plurality is related to health behaviors and health outcomes. concepts of governmentality and power, mapping power Based on these findings, this paper has developed several interactions involve both empowerment and limitations. possible pathways through which medical plurality leads to Chair: concrete social consequences. It highlights political-social as well as psychological processes that help advance science studies on Francis Harvey, University of Minnesota social meanings of plurality in knowledge and science/medicine. 125. Transforming Biomedicine Two Forms of Participation? Stem Cell Research Regulation 10:30 to 12:00 pm and Citizen Participation in a Semi-direct Democracy. Crowne Plaza: Miller Raffael Himmelsbach, University of Lausanne Participants: Since the advent of the "democratization of expertise" in the Back to Basics: Governing Antibacterial Resistance by Means 1990s, much has been written about public participation in technical decision-making. While some contributors have of Mundane Technoscience and Accountability Relations. stressed the need for citizen participation to improve the quality Fredrik Bragesjö, Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and legitimacy of decision-making in areas of persistent and Theory of Science; Margareta Hallberg, Department of uncertainty or ethical controversy, others have been more cynical Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science in seeing participatory governance as an instrument for co- In the spring of 2006, a sudden spread of a strain of a optation, rather than consultation of the concerned public. Citizen multiresistant bacterium (Klebsiella pneumonia, ESBL) arouse participation in technical decision-making has most often been inside of a Swedish university hospital (the UAS in Uppsala). discussed in the context of representative democracy where Measures were immediately taken to fight the bacteria spread in citizens can only indirectly influence public decision-making order to cease what soon developed into an epidemic. Hereby, the through the choice of their representative in elections. This raises officers at the hospital initiated a complex system of the question of whether such participation is primarily a tool for accountability relations, in this article analyzed through a model, addressing a more general democracy deficit of representative developed by Neyland & Woolgar. We employ text analyses of systems of government, or whether it really aims at including lay relevant hospital documents and archive material, complemented opinions into science policy advice. I therefore ask the question with interviews of relevant actors. We have been given access to that if participatory forms of expertise constitute a genuine and substantive empirical material from UAS, consisting of independent pillar of legitimacy for public decision-making as a memoranda, PM's, internal reports, notifications, records of remedy against technocracy, or whether it addresses the broader meetings and discussions from the procedure. Semi-structured issue of participation in a representative democracy. I attempt to interviews with employees of UAS were carried out in 2009. We answer this question by looking at the decision-making process show how the introduction of mundane technoscientific artifacts, of the Swiss human embryonic stem cell research law. education, stricter guidelines and supervision of hygiene Switzerland is an ideal test case for this kind of questioning, standards compliance was closely connected with the efforts of because it is a rather open political system with extensive making these measures seemingly understandable, recognizable, consultation procedures and instruments of direct democracy on relevant and necessary to the actors involved. The hospital was the national level of government. Within the Swiss political system, the stem cell research law is an ideal test case for two significance of the field itself in relation to the amount of reasons. Firstly, human and extrahuman biotechnology policy –of resources devoted, and the political significance attached to it. which the stem cell bill is part of– has been extensively driven by The paper relates to the STS literature on science, technology and popular initiatives and referenda, to which government and the military as identified by Rappert et al, (2008) in at least two parliament were forced to react. Hence, there is extensive ways: by exploring a path of extensive security-related - participation through the arena of direct democracy. Secondly, technical innovation, and by providing an across-the-spectrum participatory methods such as citizens’ deliberation have been analysis of the field, incorporating political, economic, industrial developed and employed in this policy field. Hence, within the and technical aspects; typically STS. The methodology employed making of the stem cell research bill, two forms of public is both qualitative (official documents, decisions) and participation are present. quantitative (evaluation of PASR results through statistical Problem, Tool or Opportunity? The Use of Race in Gene- analysis). Environment Interaction Studies. Janet Shim, University of Securitizing Technosciences: The 9/11-effect on the Research California, San Francisco; Martine Lappe, University of Landscape. Mats Fridlund, University of Gothenburg; California, San Francisco; L. Katherine Thomson, Gustaf Nelhans, University of Gothenburg University of California, San Francisco; Katherine “9/11 changed everything," is a statement often made in referring Weatherford Darling, UC San Francisco to the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001. If so, what has the This paper examines how race, ethnicity and ancestry are taken impact - if any – been on the sciences and on technical up in gene-environment interaction (GEI) research on complex applications and commodities? Some, such as urbanist Mike diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Recently, Davis, argue that there is a switch underway from a Cold War GEI approaches have become common in investigations of the military-industrial-academic complex shaped by the perceived racial/ethnic disparities that characterize such conditions. Using existential threat of nuclear annihilation to a new homeland in-depth interviews and ethnographic observation at scientific security-industrial-academic complex shaped by perceptions of a conferences, we explored how genetic epidemiologists use and new need of material and epistemological technosciences interpret race and ethnicity in GEI research. We found that race innovations to combat a new existential threat coming from and ethnicity are still deeply routinized methods for terrorist attacks. In doing this, the paper both builds upon and characterizing groups to elucidate disease etiology. However, the extends previous historical and sociological research (especially uses and interpretations of race/ethnicity are being elaborated in Forman, MacKenzie, Abbate, Edwards, Leslie) on the co- multiple ways. First, genetic epidemiologists interpret the production of technoscience and Cold War nuclear-related significance of ancestry informative markers as rooted not solely threats. Its extension is to take this discussion into the era of in genetic differences, but as potential markers of far more "War on Terror." The presentation will provide quantitative complex combinations of biological, social and environmental estimates and qualitative examples of how and whether the determinants. Second, self-reported race/ethnicity, rather than research in the sciences - the engineering and natural sciences as being displaced by new methodologies, are being supplemented well as on the social and human sciences – and some of their by ever-more precise self-reported data. Third, while genetic industrial and societal applications have shifted toward epidemiologists still view race, ethnicity, and ancestry as a increasingly addressing issues related to terrorism during the problem to be solved or a confounder to be controlled for, they period of 1990-2010. Furthermore, the other side of co- also see them as an opportunity to uncover clues about disease production of security and technoscience will be addressed, etiology. In particular, they are seen as a tool for better whether security technoscience also has contributes in understanding the interplay between genetic and environmental "securitizing" terrorism by making the threat of terrorism appear risk factors. By analyzing how notions of race, ethnicity, and as an existential threat, more critical and central to present day ancestry are actually being taken up in ongoing GEI studies of society than other kinds of man-made and "natural" threats. complex diseases, we provide a critical window into the Putting Science into Orbit: Skylab, the Beginning of "Science- increasingly complex ideas about human differences and their in-Space." Hyoung Joon An, Georgia Institution of role in producing health disparities that characterize the post- Technology genomic era. What kind of space is the space (out of the Earth) to human? Chair: Science has been a constitutive element (an integral part) of Janet Shim, University of California, San Francisco space missions since the beginning of space development. However, space was not a "field for scientists" conducting 126. Science and Technology Policy and International Security "science-in-space," where they could collect data and 10:30 to 12:00 pm experiment, but rather a "frontier for an explorer" to conquer and Crowne Plaza: Owens plant a flag on with the help of scientists researching the "science-of-space" on the Earth. For example, the biggest Participants: objective of the Apollo project was, put in the simplest terms, to The Construction of a Security-oriented Technology Policy in place a man on the Moon and return him safely for people’s Europe. NIKOLAOS KARAMPEKIOS, University of Athens, innate drive to explore unknown regions and national prestige Philosophy and History of Science, Dept. History of and security. In this paper, I examine the transition process of Technology space from a "site for exploration" to a "field for science" by After 9/11, EU placed the concept of security high in its list of tracking the history of Skylab, the United States' first space policy actions. Under the assumption that there was a threat by station built for fully scientific missions in Earth's orbit from terrorism, there has been an expansion of R&D priorities to 1973 to 1979. The story will deal with the two most significant include research domains, such as: border security, protection transitional traits related to defining the scientific practice in from organized crime and critical infrastructure protection. The space; (1) the appearance of a "rocket-modified-laboratory" and ensuing Preparatory Action on Security Research was the first (2) the "scientist-astronaut." Through the whole story, I will attempt to forge common security-related technological analyze how "science-in-space" went beyond "science-of-space" initiatives among European industries, universities and research in terms of the two traits constructed in the social and cultural centers. The construction of a security-oriented technology policy context. Scientific projects in space missions have been justified is an issue that is underexplored. It has not helped that students of with the human desire for new knowledge. Comprehending the technology policy are unfamiliar with issues of security while history of redefining the identity of space will provide a new students of security do not delve into the economics of significance to better understanding how the meaning of “being innovation. This compartmentalization, and thus isolation, of there” has been changing. analytical attempts of this cross-sectoral field is atypical of the Redefining Safety in Commercial Space. Michael Bouchey, Colorado School of Mines; Jason A Delborne, Colorado knowledge production and traditional use of psychiatric technologies. School of Mines Huijer and Sabelis show that mimicking the rhythm of sunset and sunrise, In 2009, President Obama proposed a budget for the National is a hybrid of nature and technology. Through its vocabulary of naturalness, Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that canceled the this technological device almost imperceptibly improves human Constellation program and included $2.5 billion over the next performance. In order to evaluate biomimetic technologies, we search for five years for the development of commercial crew transportation normative concepts acknowledging the hybridization of nature and systems into low Earth orbit. Not surprisingly, this significant technology. Rhythm itself might be such a concept. move to shift NASA’s mission into the private sector sparked Participants: political debate, but much of the discourse has focused on My Life as a Bit: Computer Ecosystems. John Hunter, impacts to “safety.” Although no one disputes the importance of Bucknell University Lewsburg, PA 17837 keeping our astronauts safe, strategies for defining safety reveal contrasting visions for the space program and opposing values This talk is part of a project exploring some of the ways in which regarding the privatization of U.S. space exploration. In other the conventional view of knowledge storage has been overturned words, the debate over commercial control has largely become through the omnipresence of digital recording technology encoded in arguments over safety. Specifically, proponents of (especially cameras) and of networked media devices (smart using commercial options for transporting astronauts to the phones, computers, etc.). More and more, specialized information International Space Station (ISS) argue that commercial vehicles does not have to be sought out in dedicated archival would be safe for astronauts, while proponents of NASA control environments; it is accessible from anywhere and needs only to argue that commercial vehicles would be unsafe, or at least not as be sought – sometimes, it finds us without our conscious intent. safe as NASA vehicles. The price of the spacecraft, the technical In turn, our digital traces are recorded everywhere. This requirements for designing a vehicle, and the experience and transformation is often presented as a biomimetic liberation from track record of the launch provider are all incorporated into what the limits of individual memory (a smart phone, for example, defines safety in human space flight. This paper will analyze provides a conscious knowledge base far beyond that of any these contested criteria through the lenses of actor-network unaided human being, even though it is a mere possession), but theory (ANT) (e.g., Latour, 2003 [1987]) and audience the supposedly-empowered users do not always share this sense construction (Delborne, 2011). of liberation. There have been many responses to this phenomenon: some see it a benign inevitability of advancing Yuri Gagarin the First Human in Space: Eagle or Lungfish? technology and encourage individuals to participate by digitally John M Wilkes, Worcester Polytechnic Institute recording every aspect of their daily lives (e.g. Microsoft Looking back on the event’s 50th anniversary, clearly Yuri Research’s MyLifeBits project). Properly done, they argue, we Gagarin was exceptional, and that technologist behind the Soviet could all live in a “personal computer ecosystem” in which an space program, Sergei Korolev, was a genius. Korolev called the invisible memory follows us wherever we go, massively present 5ft.2 in.-tall Gagarin his “little Eagle,” but I prefer to think of in its effects but with its immensity discreetly hidden in the him as a lungfish, since his space flight began the human digital ether. Others see this refusal to forget as one of the great occupation of a new medium. The status of the dogs that incipient traumas of the digital age (e.g. Victor Mayer- preceded him is interesting to ponder. Yuri was in space for 107 Schönberger’s Delete: The Virtues of Forgetting in the Digital minutes and achieved orbit, stayed in space in a stable situation Age et al). In philosophy and neuroscience, it has contributed to and could have maintained his position there. Alan Shepard (15.5 the vigorous debate about whether external technological aids minutes in a suborbital hop) was like that of a lungfish that rode a can be considered to be properly part of the human mind, or wave up on the land, found he could breathe and was washed whether that term should be reserved for the physical operations back into the water by the next big wave. Yuri’s feat was far of our brains. This paper uses cinematic representations of this more impressive, analogous to the first lungfish to crawl up on omnipresent archive to analyze how instant access to digitally- the land, and stay there until it chose to return to the pond or lake stored knowledge affects lived human experience. Using from which it came. It would not be until 1969 that Armstrong mainstream films such as Martin Campbell’s Casino Royale and Aldrin would briefly check out the next pond (the moon) and (2006), Marc Foster’s Quantum of Solace (2008), Roman return to the original lake by analogy. In this paper I will look Polanski’s The Ghost Writer (2010), and others, it shows how the back 50 years and then ahead 50 years to see how likely it is that futility of both the utopian and Jeremiad responses to this the next step in this technical evolution can be taken in that time. phenomenon. What is new about digital access to data is that we The next step is the move to “hunter gatherer” where one can live have lost the choice about whether to use it or not. Rather than in space without using consumable resources brought from Earth. lying passively in vaults waiting to be activated by our conscious Chair: choice, these films show digitally-stored knowledge influencing John M Wilkes, Worcester Polytechnic Institute and conditioning people and events, often before the characters consciously know that it is happening. We do not alternate 127. Life Rhythms and Everyday Technologies between periods of active learning and periods of other activities 10:30 to 12:00 pm any more; the act of taking in data is now figured and Crowne Plaza: Boardroom experienced as an act in itself, with purposes and rhythms that have nothing to do with the knowledge we are using. Twentieth century everyday technologies, e.g. washing machines, cars and magnetrons, imposed mechanical rhythms on daily life. Today, however, Rhythm Work: About Silences and Their Constituting everyday technologies, such as the iPhone, are increasingly geared to Innovative Forces. Katia Dupret Søndergaard, Institute of biological and corporeal rhythms: they mimic biorhythms. What impact do Learning, DPU, University of Aarhus biomimetic technologies have on our daily lives? The session contributes to The importance of silences in innovation processes in mental ongoing STS debates about the interactions between "nature" and health care has not been investigated previously. But during my "technology." Hunter uses cinematic representations of the omnipresent shadowing of an adult psychiatric team in their daily work and in archive produced by digital recording technology and networked media their efforts to change their working practices, I identified devices to analyze how instant access to digitally-stored knowledge affects silences as something that are specific to what the team is trying human experience. Alternating periods of active learning and other to change in their current practices. As such silences do a lot of activities have been replaced by a continuous act of absorbing data with invisible work which is important to how we can understand rhythms that have no relation with the knowledge we are using. innovation processes. This paper will explore how that is done Søndergaard shows how rhythms of silences are central in the performance through empirical examples of how silences are constituted in of innovation processes in mental health care. Based on empirical different ways in the team. The analysis is developed through a observations of an adult psychiatric team, Søndergaard discusses how symmetric and performative angle and makes it possible to argue silences add a dimension to psychiatric working practices that put at stake that silences are not a given thing, and does not have a pre-given definition nor effect. Silences are multiple and have various is manifest in material props by concealing and transforming the situated effects. In this empirical case it is shown to distribute efforts and intentions of an extended network of performers, authority, responsibility and decision making. The paper raises assistants, apparatus-builders, magical inventors and others. The questions about how knowledge claims in the realm of silence focus of the analysis is on magicians' instructional texts written are produced as something that is not singular and not fixed. during the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century in Silences make available a fluid decision making process. Further western Europe, a time and place of great inventiveness and the examples presented in the paper aims to show how how success for magical entertainment. The ideas and practices of silences become a central actor in how to perform a innovative three conjuring theorists spanning 1850s to 1930s are pivotal: processes that produces inter-bodily interaction and at the same Jean Eugene Robert-Houdin, Neville Maskelyne and Samuel time put aside technologies that usually tend to interact with Sharpe. Two broad techniques of the new modern style of these bodies. Silence in the performances presented here is partly conjuring that emerged over this time are identified here as conveyed by sound and partly by absence of sound. However, technological dissimulation and acted naturalness. The paper that does not entirely capture its particularity. The aim is to show discusses how these techniques are relevant to simulative that silence is not only a matter of sound and absence of sound in technologies in general, as witnessed, for example, in the a linear matter, but involves, like the other configurations, deceptive foundations of the Turing test and in fallible patterns of connections to other entities that give it life. Further, silences human-machine interaction observed by Lucy Suchman and make a difference as to how we understand the team’s efforts as Harry Collins, among others. innovative. Chair: Nature on the Bedside Cabinet. Marli Huijer, Erasmus Marli Huijer, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Fac of University Rotterdam, Fac of Philosophy; Ida Sabelis, VU Philosophy University, Amsterdam Everyday technologies introduced in the first half of the 20th 128. The Closure of Penn State STS and the Future of STS century, such as the washing machine, television, car and Education magnetron, imposed their own mechanical rhythms on everyday 12:15 to 1:15 pm life. Biological rhythms and rhythms of the body, as well as the Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim social rhythms based on these, were hardly taken into account in With public education under siege in a dozen or more states as well as in the development and introduction of these technologies. Today, the UK, the time is ripe to reflect upon the role of STS in higher education. however, rhythms of everyday technologies such as the Wake Up In some places it flourishes, in some it is marginal, in others it is abolished Light, iPod/iPad applications, e-diaries, RSI–prevention devices, – has STS as a scholarly endeavor made its case effectively to be an and iPhone gadgets, are presented as adapted to biological and important component of higher education? If not, then how can it do so? corporeal rhythms. Rather than introducing new technological or This panel discussion will open with very brief introductory remarks from mechanic rhythmic patterns of everyday life, they incorporate or faculty, administrators and graduate students from a variety of institutions imitate biorhythms. Starting from the assumption that 21st and then open the floor for ideas and discussion with the audience century technologies adhere more to biorhythms than their 20th participants. Occasioned by the abrupt closure of the Penn State STS century predecessors, we like to investigate how an everyday Program, we seek to understand what are the impacts of STS on students, technology such as the Wake Up Light affects the rhythms of research and the academic discourse and further ask how STS can better everyday life. There are at least two directions to follow in justify and communicate those impacts in this time of budgetary shrinkage answering this question. We might say that biomimetic where non-canonical and non-vocational fields seem under threat. Among technologies (1) reintroduce natural rhythms into everyday life to the questions we seek to address with the help of the audience: How does better meet the biological and social rhythms of human life; or STS stand with respect to administrations in terms of fields, colleges and (2) that they use (the discourse of) natural rhythms in order to inter/disciplinary work? Why is STS not perceived as crucial to modern technologically enhance human performance. The Wake Up light society and education? How can STS as a field that embraces facts + values might be considered a human friendly apparatus that helps us to (as not mutually exclusive) lead pedagogy and learning? How can STS live according to "natural" wake and sleep rhythms, but it might harness its awareness of and connectedness to extended communities back also be seen as a disciplinary technological device seducing us to into the academy? How do we best engage our own communities within sleep, and thus perform, as optimal as possible. As a hybrid of and without the academy, and who should those communities inside be, nature and technology, the Wake Up light addresses, on the one anyway? hand, the persisting desire for natural rhythms in a society where clocks rather than natural phenomena tell us what time it is; but, Chair: on the other hand, it addresses the equally persistent economic Greg Eghigian, Penn State Univ. and cultural imperative maximally to perform as an individual. Discussants: Therefore, in our paper we propose to address questions like: Jesse Ballenger, Pennsylvania State University what options exist to evaluate everyday technologies in terms of Deborah Blizzard, Rochester Institute of Technology them either reintroducing natural rhythms, or mimicking rhythms to enhance (work) performance? Should we perhaps analyze Stephen Cutcliffe, Lehigh University biomimetic technologies as bridging and transcending the Gary Downey, Virginia Tech natural-technological dichotomy? And could these new Ann Howard, Rochester Institute of Technology technologies represent hybrid forms that convey value without Andrei Israel, Penn State University necessarily being enhancing instruments? Trevor Pinch, Cornell University Technologies of Stage Magic. Wally Smith, The University of Sal Restivo, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Melbourne Erich W Schienke, Penn State STS Scholars interested in questions of agency around intelligent and Steven A Walton, Penn State University life-like computer simulations often trace the issues back to Sabrina Weiss, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute mechanical automata popular in the 18th century. But another significant ancestor, it is suggested, is the craft of conjuring that 129. New Initiatives in Funding and Understanding Science: NSF sometimes shared the stage with these clever machines. An and FUSE account of conjuring's deceptive methods is presented that argues 12:15 to 1:15 pm for their relevance to understanding simulative technologies. Crowne Plaza: Ritz Drawing on Lucy Suchman's (2007) analysis of life-like This lunchtime session is open to all participants at 4S, HSS and SHOT. It simulation, stage tricks are seen to enact a special kind of describes two new and important programs for the funding and "human-machine reconfiguration": a form of supernatural agency understanding of science at the federal level in the U.S. The first presentation describes the goals of NSF’s SciSIP program. It provides a green technology developed, who has access to that technology, broad overview of the main topic areas that have been funded, and who can build-upon and modify it, and who systemically benefits highlights some of the 4S research awards. It concludes with answers to from the resulting distribution of wealth and risk. This paper some frequently asked questions. The second will discuss the Foresight and examines the variety of ways in which technology law affects the Understanding from Scientific Exposition (FUSE) Program and will politics of green innovation – its technical, commercial and specifically emphasize the search for fundamental advances in our cultural characteristics and its impact on relations of power, understanding of how the real-world processes of technical emergence autonomy and sustainability. The paper then examines the leave discernible traces in the public scientific, technical and patent values, vision and legal strategies of the access to knowledge literature, and how those traces can be detected. (A2K) social movement to consider how A2K approaches can Participants: contribute to green innovation that advances broader notions of environmental justice. The emphasis on technology access and The Science of Science & Innovation Policy (SciSIP) Program. modification of A2K policy can arguably push green innovation Julia Lane, National Science Foundation pathways toward patterns that are more democratically This presentation describes the goals of NSF’s SciSIP program. constructed, more locally suitable, more pluralistic in means of It provides a broad overview of the main topic areas that have solving problems, and that likely distribute resulting wealth and been funded, and highlights some of the 4S research awards. It risks more equitably. The paper then considers approaches for concludes with answers to some frequently asked questions. strategic exchange, collaboration and coalition among A2K and Foresight and Understanding from Scientific Exposition. green movements. The paper draws from ethnographic research Dewey Murdick, IARPA and practitioner experience in the politics and policy of access to knowledge and technology law. By addressing the role of The talk will discuss the Foresight and Understanding from technology law in environmental justice, it contributes to STS Scientific Exposition (FUSE) Program and will specifically scholarship on how domains of technical expertise govern forces emphasize the search for fundamental advances in our that shape the contours of broader social and cultural life – and understanding of how the real-world processes of technical how multiple interest groups and movements contest those emergence leave discernible traces in the public scientific, politics of expertise. technical and patent literature, and how those traces can be detected. Law, Culture and Capital and the "Greening" of Indian Industry. Ravi Rajan, University of California, Santa Cruz Chair: If Industry claims are to be believed, environmental challenges Wesley Shrum, Louisiana State University are driving entrepreneurship and capital investment in India at a 130. Editorial Board Meeting, Social Studies of Science rapid pace, in fields as diverse as energy, transportation, 12:15 to 1:15 pm agriculture, consumer products, and high technology. Crowne Plaza: Boardroom Significantly, this “greening” of one of the world's large "emerging" economies, is touted, by major corporations and 131. Roundtable: Technology Law, Governance and Green business schools, as a new phase of development - one that is Innovation socially and environmentally responsible. However, barring a 1:30 to 3:00 pm few studies critical of initiatives such as carbon offset markets Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim and on labeling and certification, scholarship on green entrepreneurship in STS, has been relatively thin. Particularly Global technology law plays an integral role in the governance of green missing is systematic research on how law, culture, and capital innovation. Business models, public and private R&D, technology transfer, intersect to produce markets that embrace both on the corporate and the negotiation of global standards for state regulation, corporate social responsibility and ethical business practice spectrum. responsibility, and finance for sustainable development are all affected by Moreover, there is an urgent need to critically unpack claims technology law and institutions of governance. Intellectual property, about "greening" and triple bottom lines. This absence reflects a technology-forcing regulation, and investment law - for example - wider lack of attention to thick, detailed, ethnographic studies of influence the development of green technology products, the distributional how law and culture intersect in the production of markets, more consequences of their development and the sociotechnical systems in which generally, in emerging economies such as India. Although there they matter most. Green technology policy - whether concerning start-up is a considerable body of work critical of globalization, there is a venture business models or climate treaty negotiations – can likely benefit striking lack of scholarly research based on field data gathered in from exploration of the interface of technology law, governance, and green sites such as firms, large and small, and venture capitalist innovation. Most technology law developed under the lobbying priorities institutions. Again, despite the prolific growth of STS, there is and commercial paradigms governing other industries, and is often treated relatively little work analyzing the social and cultural basis of as a given in green innovation policy. Better understanding of how knowledge systems, such as those developed in disciplines like technology law and governance institutions shape environmental policy economics and business studies, that seek to explain the and green innovation can help identify targets and levers for legal and phenomena of new and emerging markets in sectors such as the regulatory reform that better addresses the policy priorities and politics of green, especially in the global south. There is also a relative lack green movements. This workshop brings together papers that explore of research in the STS tradition exploring the social, ideological relations between technology law and green innovation in a variety of and political economic underpinnings of the technologies and contexts. The individual papers and collective analysis of the workshop aim innovations stemming at a rapid rate from within the green arena. to identify specific ways law and technology inform current and future This paper will outline some preliminary results from my trends in green innovation. The workshop will also examine ways in which ongoing research in this field. In doing so, it will focus especially green movements and green innovation scholarship can expand analytic on the role of US and other international Venture Capital Firms and strategic discussions with movements and scholars examining in the building of the Indian Green sector. technology law from other vantage points, such as access to knowledge, risk, labor and other social justice frames. Tracing the Oligonomy of the Sky: Critical Ethnographic Analyses, Actor-Network Data Visualizations of the Carbon Participants: Market Industrial Complex & Struggles for Climate Justice. Global Technology Law & the Politics of Green Innovation: Michael K Dorsey, Faculty Why Access to Knowledge Law Matters to Environmental Castree argues that neoliberal analysis requires understanding Justice. Jason Cross, Duke University actors “who are operative at different geographical scales – all Global technology law affects the development and deployment the while attending to the myriad connections between markets, of green innovation. Intellectual property, investment law, states, quasi-state actors, civil society, workers, the natural administrative standards, and regulation all influence the kinds of environment and other things besides.” This paper has a double mandate. It uses Castree’s claim as a point of departure to 1:30 to 3:00 pm critically and empirically examine emerging carbon markets. The Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West paper disentangles the web of firms and states involved in the This panel explores the analytical payoffs of studying sociotechnical carbon market. Herein we elaborate the results of two field systems in which human actors are physically removed from associated seasons of ethnographic data collection at UNFCCC conference others, both human and nonhuman. Panelists will discuss remoteness both of the parties (COPs) meetings and related satellite events (i.e., in terms of spatiality, as is the case with remote weapons systems and annual IETA meetings, myriad NGO side-events, inter alia). planetary explorations, and temporality, as when acting upon future Ethnographic data gives nuance and context to the competitive promises. Each study of remoteness is grounded in the local, thus the intelligence driven analysis of publicly available data focused on amorphous concept of the remote becomes instantiated in daily practice. all UNFCCC CDM projects, disaggregated by type, CER's We consider how actors in these systems work to overcome barriers of obtained, geographical location of firms, projects and various separation, as well as how separation can effect intimacies. How do these participants involved. The data is analyzed using mathlab systems create proximal meaning for objects and people at a distance? In software and three-dimensional, actor-network imaging tools. We what ways does this influence participants’ work and thinking about their purposely restrict our analysis to “very basic” statistical role in a distributed network? As STS analysts increasingly work to assessments, to underscore an “any-one-can-do-this” –and thus overcome spatial and temporal hurdles in their own work in studying should— mandate. Such “simple” analyses also fortify and sociotechnical system, this panel looks at how scientists and technologists legitimate our arguments for basic changes in the collection of themselves are navigating these current configurations of remoteness. What data to better enable subsequent analysts to innovate on our rhetorical and relational tools are they drawing on to overcome remoteness, pathbreaking. Callon and Granovetter inspire our methods and and how does that torque and STS understanding of spatially and approach. Callon proposes a theory of markets by disaggregating temporally distributed networks? The projects that the papers in this panel each actor from the network and studying its role within it and examine span the planetary and inter-planetary scale. Remoteness becomes outside of it. We believe this to be the first multi-method not just a quality of geographic positioning, but something that extends into assessment of the carbon market industrial complex. The the “near Earth environment” and beyond. findings are disturbing. For example, in one data snap-shot, we learn nine actors from a space of more than 5000 control 50% of Participants: EU Certified Emission Reduction Credits (CERs). The world’s Computing at Cassini: Software as Remote Sociotechnical largest “free-market” experiment to manage the atmosphere is Geography. Marisa Leavitt Cohn, University of California, emerging as a mere oligonomy. The paper's second mandate Irvine emerges from the notion that markets per definition and first principles do not yield "just" outcomes-- ostensibly they deliver From the perspective of computing and systems engineering at "efficient" outcomes. Accordingly we analyze empirical and the Cassini Mission, remoteness is refigured as distance from the "thick descriptions" of markets as a means to better discern the spacecraft rather than distance from Earth, locating the Deep ways in which markets inhibit or enable justice. Such an Space Network antenna and the “Aces” who work with them undertaking allows us to consider the institutional sine qua non close and the computing systems that support science planning for modes of law, governance and innovation that may deliver distant. This notion of remoteness is what deems software “soft” forms of climate justice, in the face of market exuberance. and, within the hardware prestige culture of JPL, reinforces the marginalization of knowledge and labor associated with software Green Aviation and Air Traffic Management. Graham systems. It is overlain with a notion of temporal remoteness as Spinardi, University of Edinburgh well, since software tools and ways of working that are tightly Improvements in air traffic management (ATM) offer potential tethered to the hardware have changed little since Cassini’s environmental benefits mainly because any increased efficiency launch in 1997. Along this imagined continuum of remoteness, in flight management provides a direct reduction in fuel used and one can locate differing programming “styles,” interface “look- thus in carbon emissions. Unlike alternative solutions to and-feel” preferences, software architectural logics, and addressing aviation’s environmental impacts (such as developing modalities of working with software as a medium that are bio-fuels in sufficient sustainable amounts or developing greener historically and materially situated. These differences come to aircraft designs), improvements in ATM also have the advantage matter in the practice of translating science objectives into that they could be implemented without the need to replace the commands and in the politics of software authorship and use. current inventory of aircraft. Such ATM-driven reductions in Software has implications for material practice in the ways it aviation’s climate change impact could thus, in principle, be mediates the work of remote others. But software is also an implemented relatively quickly. The use of mathematical always already remote geography, a sociotechnical imaginary modeling in ATM over the last two decades has made a through which people discursively shape the authority, value and contribution to improving efficiency, but further reductions in sovereignty of particular processes, teams, or practices. This climate change effects are possible in principle. In practice, becomes particularly relevant as Cassini faces organizational and however, the potential benefits of technical advances may not be technological changes and its sociotechnical geography must be easily implemented because of social factors. This paper will re-territorialized and is upset by the discoveries of agential cuts describe new developments in ATM and address two main that expose intimacies and proximities between agencies that obstacles to their further implementation. First, although the were previously imagined to be remote. hardware requirements are not huge, there is reluctance within Representing and Represencing Mars. Lisa Messeri, MIT the industry to make the investment, given that the potential fuel What kind of space do scientists create for themselves while savings are not very large (and the benefits would accrue to all studying a spatially distant object? This talk considers the daily airlines and not give any firm competitive advantage). Second, practice of planetary scientists who study such an object: the there are safety concerns both within the industry and the Federal planet Mars. How do they transform Mars from a remote object Aviation Authority because of the increased reliance on software into an intimate place? Scholars in STS and cultural studies have involved in further use of algorithms in ATM, and because of the considered this question by examining scientists’ social and challenge of maintaining the adaptability of human air traffic organizational relationships with remote rovers as well as the controllers in the system. interplay between science fact and science fiction. This paper is Chair: the first that looks at contemporary cartographers of Mars. Jason Cross, Duke University Drawing from six months of ethnographic research at the NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, I examine Discussant: how the remote is made virtual, and closer, through the process Dustin Mulvaney, University of California, Berkeley of digital mapping and the creation of Web-based applications 132. Remote Presence, Present Futures such as Mars in Google Earth. As geographers have demonstrated, maps are sociopolitical creations. Though mapmakers at NASA use satellite imagery and thus claim to be attention to questions regarding the ethical and legal status of presenting unbiased representations for consumption by scientists mechanized decision-making, I focus here on a prior question and the general public, I consider the underlying assumptions and regarding the promise of "decision" itself. Arguably always a desires they map onto Mars. Mars is often a mirror of Earthly fictive prelude to action, the moment of decision becomes further anxieties and hopes, portrayed throughout the literary and filmic distributed across messy assemblages of sociotechnical record as either a dying planet or a utopian destination. The mediation that presuppose the recognizability of their objects, at mapmakers I worked with at NASA create Mars as a specific the same time that those objects become increasingly difficult to place: a product of a particular moment in history. I consider define. three attributes of modern Mars: its dynamism, its three Chair: dimensionality and its democratic message. Mars in Google Earth is portrayed as a dynamic world, worthy of human Lisa Messeri, MIT explorers and thus a planet with a future. Mars is immersive. Discussant: Through 3D visualizations, one can imagine being on the surface. Zara Mirmalek, MIT The remoteness of Mars is overcome through virtual place making. Finally, I will discuss how Mars is seen by the 133. Knowledge from the Margins, Innovation and Institutional mapmakers to be democratic. This is a planet made by the Change – III: Challenging Regulatory Frameworks people, for the people. Though it is an object of scientific study, 1:30 to 3:00 pm it should be accessible at a similarly high fidelity to the citizen Crowne Plaza: Dolder scientist. Maps of Mars transform a remote object into a virtual Knowledge from the margins is of longstanding interest to the field of presence, enriched by speculations of the future of Mars and the Science and Technology Studies. Modern technoscientific knowledge is future of lay scientific participation. typically understood to be produced for patent, profit and/or its liberal Remote Together: Coordinating Activity on Saturn, and on virtues. The early focus on innovative knowledge resulted primarily in elite Earth. Janet Vertesi, Princeton University histories of Western (typically male and Caucasian) technologists and It takes 1.5 hours for a signal sent from Earth to reach the Cassini scientists going through the frustrations and satisfactions of life in spacecraft, in orbit in the Saturn system since 2004. But it can laboratories. However, such studies begged the question, where does this take several weeks for members of the Cassini team of scientists knowledge go, what does it do, and for whom? Later STS scholars often and engineers to coordinate their activities on Earth and produce explored this question from the point of view of those in "the margins" who a plan of scientific activities for the spacecraft to execute in orbit. are: peripheral to modern knowledge production (e.g. civil society Remoteness here thus refers on the one hand to the distant organizations, laypersons); "lacking" modern knowledge production (e.g. spacecraft, and on the other to a distributed and international non-Western, indigenous); or excluded from modern knowledge production network of scientists and engineers working together on Earth to (e.g. female, minority, disabled). This triple session will demonstrate how a animate the spacecraft. Prior work on the Mars Exploration theoretical focus on knowledge from the margins resists typical ways of Rover mission examined the local representational techniques, conceptualizing producers, users and innovation, and radicalizes thinking forms of talk, and embodied practices that made the Rover about institutional change. Part I will topically focus on "sciences from present to its scientists at a distance. Focusing now on this large, below" and how they question assumptions about the knowledge multi-national and multi-institutional team with different local production process that are common to Western societies. Part II will logics, division of labor and associated sensibilities, this paper demonstrate how perturbing the user/producer boundary resists typical will examine the mundane work practices, representational ways of thinking about the design and consumption of information and genres and communication modalities that bridge the gap communications technologies. Part III will discuss how modern ideologies between members of the NASA-ESA-ASI Cassini mission. Form of technocracy and/or neoliberalism shape local knowledge and, of talk specific to the telecon, the affordances of the excel conversely, allow for local knowledge to challenge expert regulation. STS spreadsheet or native representational techniques, and the and other scholars in women's studies, geography, political sociology of uniqueness of “remote” worksites are all enrolled in the act of science, and sociology of technology will be interested in this session. planning for the spacecraft’s activities and, at the same time, Participants: enacting the organizational outlook of the team and performing Neoliberalism and Knowledge from the Margins. Rebecca individual membership. Working in this multi-modal space, scientists and engineers represent and make present a remote yet Lave, Indiana University shared sense of their and their spacecraft's time, activity and The literature on indigenous ecological knowledge, local work across significant distances: whether interplanetary, inter- knowledge and amateur science is extensive, and demonstrates a institutional, or even “just down the hall.” long history of tension between "knowledge from the margins" The Immediate Presents of Action at a Distance. Lucy and formal institutions of science; as long as there has been science in any formal sense, there have been battles over its Suchman, Lancaster University boundaries. One of the notable features of recent decades, In August of 2009, a two-minute video clip appeared on however, is the rise of widely-recognized scientific experts YouTube showing two operators in a control center for located firmly outside the scientific realm. These experts, despite unmanned drone aircraft, carrying out an apparently successful bearing very little in the way of scientific credentials and a great strike on a vehicle identified as a priority target. The text that weight of scorn from the academic community, are accorded accompanied the video read: “‘Missiles fired from Nevada tremendous scientific legitimacy by local, national, and controlled drone aircraft kill Taliban leader.’ Watch how it's international governmental and non-governmental agencies. I done.” A discussion ensued among commentators on the clip will argue in this paper that the rise of neoliberal science regarding its status. Was it actual footage from an active control management regimes has opened up room for such challenges to center, or a simulation? Discussants weighed in on the side of academic legitimacy by prioritizing the privatization and simulation, based on the explosion of the target which displayed commercialization of knowledge. Clearly this creates space for characteristics of CGI or computer-generated graphics. Taking the blatant promotion of science in the service of commercial this clip and its questionable status as a starting place, this paper interests, but I will argue that it may simultaneously create space outlines a wider problematic regarding recognition and for science in the service of activist agendas discouraged within identification in the domain of remotely controlled warfighting. academia. While science fiction and popular culture anxiously anticipate a Cosmopolitan Appropriation: White Cataracts and the future of autonomous robot soldiers, more intimate configurations of human and machine are presently in play in the Innovative User as Producer. Logan D. A. Williams, Science form of new devices (drone aircraft, battlefield robots) for the and Technology Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute projection of action at a distance. While critics rightly direct our Cataract surgery is one of the most frequently performed surgeries in the world. Since the 1990s, some ophthalmologists in South Asia have been debating the best surgical practice in the restoring the functional capacity of physical disable people in case of white cataracts. This paper provides an empirical case of rehabilitation programs. The principle of occupation was the how public health professionals who are marginalized within the maintenance or recover of the productive ability, shaping and field of ophthalmology are active in appropriating science and preparing bodies and lives to join the capitalist world of work. technology in a cosmopolitan process. The use of Appiah's OT in its origin was, therefore, a domain in the field of 'rooted cosmopolitanism' allows us to better understand the disciplinary practices, related to what Foucault (1999) called reinvention of surgical practice as a process of technoscientific biopolitic. The creation of the first OT schools in Latin America innovation that is rooted in the local contexts of multiple nations happened in the mid-1950s, when UNO encouraged the creation on the periphery of modern science and technology. of rehabilitation services in poor countries. However, Latin 'Cosmopolitan appropriation' advances previous theories of American countries have also produced their own practices and appropriation in social studies of science and technology in order theorization on occupational therapy (GALHEIGO, 2010). An to explain: (1) how locations on the 'periphery' can be the ethical-political commitment with the people occupational impetus for modern technoscientific change; (2) how local therapists should take care of arose from a strange nearby, a zone contexts are constitutive with global technoscience; (3) how local of indiscernibility which was established between the expert users in the global South can produce high technology in a occupational therapist and his or her patient, arising from the process of appropriation; (4) how appropriation as historiography place – somewhat marginal - that OT has occupied besides the helps us better explain an alternative mode of technoscientific others health professions. Before the creation of the first OT change. schools - during the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th In Search of Democracy and Experts: Environmental centuries - experiences that intertwined labortherapy with art and Regulation in Chile. Javiera Barandiaran, University of psychoanalysis introduced an interdisciplinary brand in Brazilian California, Berkeley OT, connecting the field with arts and humanities, what enabled Brazilian occupational therapists to broaden their scope of In industrialized societies, scientists often serve as experts to theoretical frameworks. Some ways of doing OT in Brazil have, government and industry on issues ranging from natural resource therefore, inverted disciplinary logic and produced pathways that management to environmental protection. In contrast, in many lead to the opposite direction, affirming the right to difference developing countries, the position of experts is informal, erratic and finding positivity in forms of life, the most singular and or invisible, even as some common policy tools, like situations, the most adverse. In this sense, in Brazil OT function environmental impact assessments (EIAs), require the input and as a minor discipline in the field of biopolitical actions. We take participation of scientific and technical experts. These conditions here the notion of minor literature developed by Deleuze & exist in recently democratic Chile. Though it has known how to Guattari (1977). As a minor discipline is possible to take the harness natural resources for economic growth, environmental clinical language and change it by a great coefficient of conflicts seem to increase and intensify and many criticize a deterritorialization, producing solidarity in a fragile community permanent lack of data to evaluate projects through EIAs. and creating conditions to express another sensibility and other Examining a number of large-scale controversies over the use of ways of producing practices and knowledge. To understand this natural resources, this paper traces the role and position of Brazilian difference, we carried out a historical research designed experts within an emerging environmental regulatory regime in to investigate how the fields of mental health, art and OT became Chile. This paper argues tracing these things says something interrelated in Brazil between the 19th and 20th centuries. On about Chile, the environment and expertise. doing this we found some experiences developed by artists, Chair: people with mental suffering and therapists that transformed the Kevin Robert Fodness, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute boundaries of art and clinic, and indicates a change in contemporary sensibility that brings transformation to cultural Discussant: and social relation with madness and mental suffering. Through Gwen Ottinger, University of Washington-Bothell this research we have constructed an alternative genealogy for 134. In Search of “Lines of Flights” in Latin America – I the field of Occupational Therapy, in its development in Brazil, finding in our own experience the basis for a way of doing and 1:30 to 3:00 pm thinking OT in our country. (LIMA, 2009). This research extends Crowne Plaza: Hassler to the OT profession and its practices the invitation and challenge Reliable knowledge today is strongly identified with scientific knowledge. of increasing its interdisciplinary connections. The overwhelming majority of scientific facts and artifacts, however, are Identifying Democracy: The Latin American Initiative to produced in the North and arrive in their stable forms (as ready objects) in Identify the Disappeared and Scientific Governance. Latin America, where they enjoy the attributes of universality and neutrality (in spite of STS results). In these terms, it is possible to say that Lindsay Adams Smith, Northwestern University modern sciences from the West provide a cage that confines the space In the last 20 years, there has been an ever-increasing process of available for Latin Americans to search for solutions of their practical standardization in post-conflict reconstruction efforts. With problems, since it would make no sense “to do” spaces and times or large-scale projects, like the rebuilding of the former Yugoslavia, propose objects outside universal and neutral knowledge – they would be offered as exemplars of intervention, an international toolkit of “simply wrong” since Latin Americans usually lack the resources to build reconstruction and repair, armed with a standard package of counter-laboratories. As an example, in the name of science the Brazilian scientific, political and legal technologies has emerged. In this Association of Nutritionists oppose local habits of nutrition that are found paper I examine ethnographically the emergence of one such effective by large parts of the Brazilian population to nourish their children. technology of “repair” by focusing on the Latin American This session indicates a special welcome to papers about programs and/or Initiative to Identify the Disappeared (LIID), a new politico- controversies involving conflicts between Western scientific knowledge scientific partnership, funded by the US State Department, to use and local practical knowledge many times relegated to worthlessness. DNA technologies to identify the “disappeared” of Argentina, Peru and Guatemala. Drawing on six months of fieldwork in Participants: Argentina and Guatemala with participants in this project, I Art, Mental Health and Occupational Therapy in Brazil: Lines explore how activists, families, scientists and policymakers to a Regional Genealogy. Elizabeth Maria Freire de Araújo responsible for this work conceptualize the project as part of both Lima, University of São Paulo international and national process of scientific development, Occupational Therapy (OT) is a field historically constructed to democratization and repair. I ask what it means in practice to see respond the demands of people who have experienced processes the scientific legitimacy of large-scale identifications as of exclusion. According to Soares (1991), OT emerged basically paramount for democratization, despite national conflicts from two processes: the labortherapy adopted with psychiatric surrounding the identification of the disappeared? Through a patients in hospitals for long staying; and the techniques for theoretical examination of “fixing,” I explore the kind of work that characterizes a project imagined as capable of repairing 30 lines of flight and ways out from the so-called universal and years of terror and violence through bio-scientific identification neutral (scientific, rational, Euro-American) frames of reference of the missing and the dead. In the first sense of fixing, I that establish themselves as overarching views of the modern interrogate the premise that the violence of the recent past in world. I argue that such frames of reference reduce the diversity Latin America can and should be repaired. Can the violence of of public policies’ spectrum of possibilities in Latin America cast the past be fixed? Secondly, I look at the ways in which the on a historical light of the relations between Latin America and epistemologies of genetic technologies literally fix - freeze in Euro-American modernity: “The significance of the Iberian case time and space - the Disappeared. Historians and cultural becomes evident when we consider that the religious and theorists of Latin America have emphasized the political power scientific revolutions, in their trajectories of incidence, did not of the Disappeared, particularly in their liminality—their place divide Europe clearly in two. Protestantism prospered along an between the living and the dead. The LIID promises to identify east-west septentrional axis, whereas “science” developed along and bury the disappeared, effectively fixing them forever in a north-south axis, sloped towards the Italian peninsula” (Morse, death. Finally, I explore imaginaries of the past, asking how these 1988:36). I then suggest a practice of an ontological politics as a projects of scientific repair fix in place long-standing way for the colonizer and colonized to locally join together to relationships of power between the United States and Latin deconstruct and reconstruct the procedure – until now denied and America. erased – that instituted the modern divide between Nature and Conflicted Birth: Transnational Medical Knowledges. Rosalynn Society, in order to establish new collective cohesions or new Adeline Vega, UC Berkeley/UC San Francisco versions of reality that are more humble, more balanced and show a greater respect for multiple ways of living than that "In a small hospital in central Mexico, two birthing rooms are version of reality that emanated hegemonically from the side by side, sharing a single wall. On the left is the room for colonizing West during the last few centuries. My suggestion is (generally lower-class, indigenous and copper-skinned) women that Latin Americans can translate and modify those “new who "elect" to give birth using a birthing chair. On the right is the directions” in order to better prepare themselves – in the sense of room for (generally upper-class, foreign-educated, American and being more successful in their inclusion processes – to deal with fair-skinned) women who "prefer" to have a water birth in a issues that involve science and public policy, especially those newly installed Jacuzzi. Many of the women who ask for the issues that are conditioned by the universality and neutrality that birthing chair reject water birth for fear that their baby will common sense attributes to modern science and technology, in drown." CASA, a locally well-known NGO with a 30-year contrast to local knowledge that is relegated to worthlessness. history of providing health care services to Mexican peasants throughout Mexico, is the site of my research. Through disparate Chair: knowledges about reproduction, I examine the friction between Ivan da Costa Marques, Universidade Federal do Rio de hegemonic biomedicine and ethnomedical birthing practices in Janeiro Mexico. In Mexico, how is knowledge of medicine(s) produced, and what are the cultural mechanisms that aid its circulation in Discussant: multiethnic communities? Do local communities synthesize Henrique Luiz Cukierman, PESC - COPPE - UFRJ “foreign” biomedical knowledge with their own culture logic or 135. Re-imagining the Relationship between Scientometrics and are intersecting medical systems producing entirely new health Science Policy models? How might these novel conceptions of medical treatment and health unfold on the physical and social body in 1:30 to 3:00 pm disparate ways depending on the geographical context, Crowne Plaza: Savoy socioeconomic status and education level of patients? What is With the inception of the National Science Foundation's Science of Science revealed when the exportation of managed care is read through and Innovation Policy program, the science policy community has taken interfacing biomedical and ethnomedical systems? Placing significant interest in quantifying, measuring and mapping science as a reproduction at the center of social theory makes visible the means to inform policy decisions regarding the scientific enterprise. transnational inequalities on which policies and politics Scientometrics scholars have developed and refined tools over the past increasingly depend (Ginsburg, Rapp 1995). By studying social several decades that may serve these purposes. This renewed policy interest life through the lens of reproduction, we can see how culture is presents an important opportunity for scholars to re-envision scientometrics produced and contested, and imagine new cultural futures and as a suite of tools to help science funding bodies most effectively work transformations. A focus on class- and ethnic-stratified toward their respective missions within their limited budgets. In this reproduction brings into relief the transnational processes that session, we will explore the myriad ways in which the quantitative tools mediate local and global interests, and the inclusions and developed to map, catalogue and explore various aspects of the scientific exclusions of global flows. Through a comprehensive midwifery enterprise can and do interact with and inform broader science policy curriculum that combines traditional Mexican partería (traditional processes. In particular, we will highlight novel and innovative interactions midwifery) with Western biomedical knowledge, CASA (and opportunities for interaction) between scientometrics and science midwives boast rates of birth complications and maternal and policy that may enable science managers to best accomplish their infant mortality that are lower than their obstetric counterparts organizations’ stated goals. We also hope to explore new ways of capturing (Davis-Floyd 2009). Beginning two years ago, CASA’s the complexity of the science/society system in a manner useful for midwifery students participate in a one-year internship in a policymakers. national health institute alongside obstetricians in order to be Participants: licensed as midwives. In this context, new (often antagonistic) relationships between obstetricians and midwives are emerging, New Developments in Citation Analysis. Loet Leydesdorff, and a new political climate is being formed concerning partería in University of Amsterdam Mexico. I critically examine these recent trends and make Most citation analysis was hitherto based on average citation suggestions for public policy. scores over highly skewed distributions. However, the NSF uses Ontological Politics and Situated Public Policies in Latin the top-1%, top-5%, top-10%, etc., with reference to a group (for America. Ivan da Costa Marques, Universidade Federal do example, the disciplinary journal set). This is called the percentile rank approach. Instead of using six percentile classes Rio de Janeiro one can rewrite the citation distribution also in terms of 100 Initially I call attention to the “new directions” proposed for the percentiles. A paper in the 99th percentile is then weighted twice sociology and history of science and technology, based on the as much as one in the 49th percentile. The consequent measure is anthropological studies of the way science is produced in based on a weighted summation. After proper normalization, laboratories, that marked the 1980s. Continuing, I present a series these impact indicators can be added and subtracted because they of examples, on different scales and in very diverse fields, of are based on summations. For example, two scientists as a group have more publications and citation than each of them separately. along with a discussion of the rationale for the assigned One can also evaluate journals within their disciplinary reference priorities. As a member of this panel, I wish to report at the 4S sets or nations among one another. The EU-27, for example, can meeting on the scope of this effort, and also to give my particular be disaggregated and within nations one can disaggregate in focus on capturing the spatial variability of the science and terms of universities. Unlike averages, volume matters for impact technology enterprise around the world. Much of the innovation in this weighted summation. However, this “integrated impact literature assumes that economic activity occurs at a point in indictor” may correlate negatively with, for example, impact space with no friction of distance. Yet, the STS literature insists factors since the latter are average citation rates over the last two on the variable length of social networks and the role of place in years. I shall show the differences, for example, among Nature, social structures. My personal experience in crossing borders and Science, and PNAS. The latter journal scores much better using organizing international networks will be used as a case to this new approach because of the volume of moderately-cited illuminate the debate on indicators. papers which contribute to its impact. I shall also decompose the Demonstrating a Shift Toward Ecosystem-Based Research set of journals classified as “nanoscience and nanotechnology” in Using Scientometrics. Michelle Picard-Aitken, Science- terms of the OECD nations. Metrix Data Infrastructure for Science Policy Analysis and Fisheries and Ocean Canada (DFO) asked Science-Metrix to Governance. Diana Hicks, Georgia Institute of Technology develop an approach to determine empirically whether - as per Progress on the vision laid out in the Science of Science Policy their strategic plan and science policy objectives - they were Roadmap requires a move to system level thinking and analysis increasingly adopting an ecosystem-based rather than a species- in the study of technology development. System level analysis based perspective in their scientific publications relating to fish will require systemic data infrastructure. The need for such an populations and fisheries. Two types of publications were infrastructure is increasingly explicitly recognized at the national considered: peer-reviewed papers in Scopus and internal reports level. This paper will review infrastructure efforts including (grey literature); much of the latter is produced for management previous US-based infrastructure, national research or as a direct response to policymakers’ needs for scientific documentation systems used in systemic evaluations, the information or advice. Eight sub-topics were identified using co- Community Innovation Survey in Europe, Lattes in Brazil, the word analysis within all fish population papers in Scopus: a co- NRC ranking of US graduate programs. The strengths and word matrix was built and loaded into the VosViewer software, weaknesses of each approach will be compared, and key issues which computes a similarity matrix and implements an algorithm will be identified. for the visualization and clustering of words into groups on a Dimensionality Reduction in the Multi-Criteria Analysis of two-dimensional map. Temporal trends were then examined in Scientific Performance. David Campbell, Science-Metrix the topics, species and keywords covered by DFO’s peer- reviewed papers and grey literature; measures of Multi-criteria analysis is a synthesis tool used in bibliometrics to complexity/diversity were also tested. The results confirmed that inform the decision making process in the science policy context. When several dimensions characterizing the scientific the focus of DFO’s scientific outputs has been shifting from stock assessment studies to a more ecologically based performance of an entity (e.g., a country) are being measured for perspective (e.g., at the habitat level). DFO has used this finding comparative purposes, it is often difficult to determine the position of entities being compared relative to one another to confirm to policy-makers that the evidence on which they are basing their decisions was produced using a suitably complex without a well-structured ranking mechanism. Various methods and contextualized approach. This study is particularly relevant have been developed in the scientific literature to reduce numerous indicators to a single composite indicator or multi- to STS in that it demonstrates the use of empirical evidence to measure a shift in the “complexity” of research being conducted rank. However, these methods are often sensitive to the in a given field. composition of the study sample: the position of two entities relative to one another (i.e., A performs better than B or vice- Chairs: versa) can be altered if entities are added or removed from the Leah Nichols, University of Michigan sample. A “similarity-based approach to ranking multicriteria Mark William Neff, Allegheny College alternatives” was adapted to provide a stable composite indicator and multi rank in a bibliometric context. The method ranks 136. Disability Studies and STS − l entities based on their degree of similarity to the positive-ideal 1:30 to 3:00 pm solution relative to the negative one. The key modification Crowne Plaza: Ritz consists in setting the positive- and negative-ideal solutions to For hundreds of centuries, disabled people have been viewed from a constant values regardless of the composition of the sample by perspective of deficits, lack and abnormality. Only in the 1980s, Disability determining, theoretically or empirically, the maximum and Studies (DS) have started to challenge this "medical gaze" on disability and minimum possible values of each indicator. In addition, clusters disabled people. But still, the paradigm shift from an individual-medical of entities with similar strengths and weaknesses are identified on understanding of disability toward the interactive/social model of disability a 2D map based on a similarity matrix of paired entities. The has not reached the everyday life of disabled people. During the last similarities are computed by determining the cosine of the angle decades, diverse socio-political, technical and scientific developments between each pair of entities’ vectors of N dimensions (i.e., N concerning disabled people have taken place, which have helped to indicators). The method is illustrated for environmental research. improve the living situation of disabled people. But still, disabled people Arguing for a Spatial Component in Science and Technology are facing various attitudinal and environmental barriers, which hinder their Indicators. Nicholas Chrisman, Université Laval full and effective participation in society (as the 2006 UN Convention on I have been appointed to a panel of the National Academy of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities states). This Convention is the first Sciences (USA) to provide recommendations regarding revised international human rights and legal instrument, which was co-composed indicators designed to reflect changes in global science, by DS scholars and which explicitly takes the social model of disability as technology and innovation (STI) systems. The study will involve a basis and calls for "the right for diversity and differentness." In this assessing the utility of current STI indicators that are developed Convention, diverse types and forms of science and technologies are not only in the United States (at NSF Sciences Resources mentioned and discussed which can improve the living situation of disabled Statistics Division- SRS), but also by other governments and persons. In addition, the Convention is also a plea for further and international organizations (particularly OECD). The initial accompanying research regarding disability. The session takes up this idea, meeting of this panel is set for April 2011, with a report due in and in doing so, intends to broaden the scientific discourse on disability 2012 or early 2013. The panel is charged to develop a priority beyond DS and model thinking. Also, the session can be understood as a ordering for refining, making more internationally comparable, socio-politically and scientifically topical after-effect of 4S meeting or developing a set of STI indicators on which SRS should focus, sessions regarding disability and STS, which have already been held. Participants: of universal design principles into the practice of architecture gives insight into an important social paradigm shift. Universal Co-construction of Assistive Devices for the Deaf and the design asks architects to consider the greatest number of users Social Meanings of the Deaf Body. Kathryn Burrows, when designing, not just the one-over-50 percent majority that Department of Sociology, Rutgers University was the focus of previous generations. This approach to design It is tempting to reify physical conditions, such as deafness, as and technology supports the goals of United Nation’s Convention “real” biological entities that are outside the influence of social of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to remove the forces. Bodies, however, are flexible interpretive objects on disabilities that “result from the interaction between persons with which the anxieties of the times are written. As a result, bodies impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that are a highly contested space, in which competing cultures and hinder full and effective participation in society on an equal basis worldviews struggle to define and sculpt what counts as normal with others.” Instead of expecting people to adapt to their and abnormal, and abled and disabled. A body’s definition of environment, architects who engage inclusive design practices being either abled or disabled is both a product and a producer of design the built environment to support diversity, differentness socio-technical power relations. In this paper, I explore the co- and a wide range of abilities. This paper will present case studies construction of assistive devices for the deaf and the social of adaptive technologies and architectural designs and built meanings of the deaf body as either abled or disabled, normal or works that illustrate how universal design practices are changing abnormal, and moral or immoral. Some assistive devices serve to the quality of life for persons with disabilities, how continued define the user as conforming to the dominant definition of the practice promotes the United Nations’ goals, and how these deaf body as disabled and in need of correction, and some define examples express the culture’s commitment a more inclusive the user as resisting that definition. However, technologies not society. only shape the social understanding of the deaf body; they are Blindness in Action: Notes on Practices of Rehabilitation with also a product of the competing definitions of the deaf body. People Visually-disabled. Marcia Oliveira Moraes, Starting with an historical analysis of the changing definitions of Universidade Federal Fluminense deafness and the values and meanings associated with the deaf This work investigates the ways in which visual disability is body, I explore the technological corrections that have been used enacted in day-by-day practices in a Rehabilitation Service of a to address the “problem of deafness” as it is defined in particular Special Institution, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Theoretically we eras. Assistive technologies and the meaning of the deaf body co- focus on visual disability without considering it neither as evolve but ultimately converge to define technology users as biological fact, nor as a social event. We investigate the different abled or disabled, normal or abnormal, and moral or immoral. ways in which people live without seeing. The research is based Universal Design’s New Materialist Epistemology: Rethinking on a praxiographic investigation of reality (Mol, 2002), that is, in Embodiment and Constructivism in Science and Space. Aimi this inquiry, knowledge is a matter of practice not of reference. Hamraie, Department of Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Methodologically, there are some principles that guide the Studies, Emory University research: to study blindness in action and not in its essential or The social and cultural models of disability have reacted to internal qualities; to follow the ways in which blindness is medicalization by making spatial exclusion and the politics of enacted in some rehabilitation practices; don't pre-define the scientific knowledge about the body key targets. In these models, limits and the differences between to see or not to see. We are the built environment is a privileged example of the interested in knowing with people who lost sight, including their materialization of exclusion by social design. Likewise, broad narratives about blindness and their day-by-day life without efforts at restructuring the built environment, such as Universal seeing. Finally, this paper is a contribution on the relation Design (UD), are idealized as the future of critical disability between STS and Disability Studies. STS is a powerful politics. The social and cultural models have usefully exposed theoretical and practical tool to investigate disability not as the violence that occurs when science justifies eugenics and something that a person is, in his or herself, but something that is rehabilitation. However, as new materialist feminist Science & performed in practice. With STS tools can follow blindness being Technology Studies scholars have argued, there is a tendency in enacted in practice as a way of existence with its own constructivist critiques to discard the baby with the bathwater. potentialities and inventiveness. We consider that STS is a strong Science and technology become conflated with the bio-medical discourse to remake the classical conceptions of disability as well use of scientific knowledge for normalizing, assimilationist, and as a discourse that enables rather than disables people who can curative effects. Not differentiating between the production and not see. uses of knowledge, however, does a disservice to critical theories Rethinking Disability/Rethinking the Social: From Models to of the body and displaces blame onto empirical knowledge rather Concepts. Michael Schillmeier, Department of Sociology, than distinguishing between problematic and useful scientific Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich practices. This paper takes Universal Design as a starting point STS may help 1) trying to avoid to "simply locate" dis/ability for epistemologically differentiating knowledge produced about within "society" or "the individual," "the social" or "the bodies from historical and problematic uses of sciences of the physiological," and 2) starting to rethink disability beyond the body. I argue that Disability Studies’ simultaneous rejection of hiatus of social and medical models, by 3) tracing the scientific knowledge about disabled bodies and praise for UD as heterogeneous relations of bodies, senses and things that make up an ideal future is a paradoxical stance. Focusing on a non-profit, the shifting and often ambiguous sociality of dis/ability. This in a research lab, and a built example of UD, the paper will mind, this paper advocates a conceptual understanding of the demonstrate that UD is an open-ended design practice that social of dis/ability rather than a social model of disability. A requires scientific knowledge production in its attempts to conceptual approach to disability argues that the social neither optimize accessibility. appears as the line of demarcation that separates itself off from A New Paradigm for Architecture: A Built Environment for All. the medical, the biological or mental and physiological. Nor does Sally L. Levine, Case Western Reserve University, it function as the divisional border that divides between society Cleveland, Ohio and nature, humans and non-humans, humans and technologies, America's commitment to diversity and the celebration of or between the collective and the individual. Rather, the social individual identity, although still a work-in-progress, is poised to remains to be explained by the very everyday practices that link support an architecture that expresses, both in process and in and thus configure and reconfigure bodies, senses, minds and product, an architecture based on the principles of universal things. Thus, a concept of the socialness of dis/ability draws design, an architecture of democracy. Universal design is the upon how the reality of dis/ability is (re-)constructed and (re- design of products and environments that are accessible to all )enacted. It opens the space for questioning such reality and thus people, regardless of physical or cognitive ability. The adaptation may constantly contribute to rethinking the specificities of that reality. areas), such as the implementation process of green certificates in Chair: Norway, must be "demined" in order to become boundary objects. Ursula J. Naue, Department of Political Science, Life-Science- Governance Research Platform, University of Vienna Brought To You By Twitter: Revolutions and Social Media Monopsonies. Ulises Ali Mejias, SUNY Oswego 137. People, Inventions and Markets This paper attempts three things: 1) to examine the emergence of 1:30 to 3:00 pm the monopsony as the dominant market structure of social media, Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen 2) to analyze the role of digital networks as platforms that Participants: increase participation while simultaneously increasing inequality, and 3) to look at how the discourse around the so-called Twitter Creating Innovation, Inventing Creativity: Institutional Revolutions in places like Tunisia and Egypt attempts to frame Innovation of Interactive Technologies. Ieva Tretjuka, social movements as by-products of a mediated participatory University of Pittsburgh, Department of Anthropology culture. Using a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework, While there is little consensus on what constitutes creativity and this paper looks at the use of language to form new relations of what comprises the relationship between creativity and production and consumption through social media and examines innovation, in recent years creativity and technological the supposed role of social network services (SNS) in facilitating innovation have come to be seen as sources of social and dissent. Liberal narratives position SNS as supposedly bringing economic prosperity. This paper examines how creativity is about the end of cultural monopolies and their one-to-many defined in the institutional setting of a university research center models of dissemination. However, the more monopolies (a that focuses on the innovation of interactive technologies. Based market structure characterized by a single seller) control on an ethnographic study at an academic institution in infrastructure and access to SNS, and the more monopsonies (a southwestern Pennsylvania, this project investigates how market structure characterized by a single buyer) control particular assumptions about human creativity are shaped, aggregation and distribution of user-generated content in these appropriated and supported in the context of a research networks, the easier it will be for authorities to control the flow organization that prides itself for being the locus of technological of communication. In essence, I argue that in this scenario, one- innovation. My paper thus focuses on researchers' to-many will not give way to many-to-many without first going conceptualizations of creativity. These researchers, while through many-to-one. This work can contribute to Science and affiliated with an academic institution and perceiving themselves Technology Studies a more nuanced understanding of the as innovators, participate in corporately sponsored projects and political economy of new media technologies, and of the social innovative practices with expected commercial potential. What is space in which they co-determine the nature of the public. then considered to be the source of creativity? What is perceived Role of Scientific Literacy in Economic Development. Hua to lie in the “black box” between creativity and innovation? How Deng, Center of STS,Tsinghua University is creativity seen as crucial to technological innovation? This The Outline of the National Scheme for Scientific Literacy paper also investigates how particular conceptualizations of (2006-2010-2020) has promulgated by the Chinese government creativity engender specific institutional attempts to facilitate in 2006. Minors’ scientific literacy has emphasized in the outline. innovative practices and how such organizational support aims to Furthermore, Minors’ scientific literacy action has been one of ensure research conditions that will foster the invention of the most important works of CAST (China Association for innovative interactive technologies. By focusing on researchers' Science & Technology) during the 12th Five-year Plan period. conceptualizations of creativity in the innovation of interactive The report of 2009 Program for International Student Assessment technologies and institutional standardization of these (PISA2009) shows that the scientific literacy level of the students perceptions, my paper analyzes technological innovation as in Shanghai-China is the highest out of 65 countries and regions. shaped by particular understandings of creativity and facilitated Shanghai students had an average score of 575 in science, well by the organizational structures in which innovative practices above the OECD average of 501. This paper uses endogenous take place. growth model to relate scientific literacy to economic growth. From Political Mines to Boundary Objects. Robert Lorenzo There is positive relationship between scientific literacy and Jomisko, Norwegian University of Science and Technology economic growth. This relationship indicates that small Green certificates, or Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), improvements in the scientific literacy of a national labor force have been or are being implemented in several European will lead to a large impact on future well-being. A modest goal of countries, including Norway and Sweden. These support having China boosts student performance in each province to systems, which vary somewhat in their structure, all share a reach the level achieved by Shanghai over the next 20 years common objective: to help stimulate the market for renewable implies an aggregated gain of China GDP of USD 49.8 trillion energy. The way the support system works is that electricity over the lifetime of the generation born in 2010. suppliers are obligated by law to produce a certain quota of Give and It will be Given to You: The Strategic Case for renewable energy, for which they are issued green certificates. In Sharing in the Information Age. Simcha Jong, University addition, consumers are required to purchase renewable energy College London; Kremena Slavcheva, University College from electricity suppliers. In practical terms, this means that London suppliers receive additional revenue by producing renewable energy. Green certificates could help fund various renewable New modes of innovation suggest that firms in science-based energy technologies and make renewable energy production sectors increasingly adhere to the norms of open science. This profitable for electricity suppliers. Moreover, the support system paper examines the impact of a firm’s strategy to share has the potential to create a demand for new renewables. While knowledge regarding its scientific discoveries on its R&D Sweden established an electricity certificate system in 2003, productivity. Specifically, we use the logic behind gift-based Norway has yet to implement this policy. The Norwegian exchanges to propose that free dissemination of knowledge government has on several occasions attempted to put the policy within the scientific community positively affects firm innovative into practice, but without any success, so far. In this paper, I will performance, as it entails social interdependencies within the examine the processes surrounding decisions about green community, reciprocity and potential access to relevant external certificates in Norway and compare it with that of Sweden. Why knowledge. We further integrate insights from the literature on has it been difficult to establish a reliable system and why has the organizational search for innovation to content that this government been hesitant? My approach is to build on the association is stronger for breakthrough innovations rather than concept of "boundary objects" as formulated by Susan Leigh for incremental innovations. The analysis of the R&D activities Star. I will argue that "political minefields" (or political problem of 190 U.K. therapeutic biotechnology firms over the period 1999-2009 provides strong empirical support to our theoretical model. contexts to realize these strategies for locating medical and social Chair: meaning in genomic observations. Simcha Jong, University College London Biology and Medicine Trading Zone: The Shift from Categorical to Dimensional Definition of Mental Disorders. 138. Public Health and Evidence beatrice renault, department of sociology Columbia 1:30 to 3:00 pm University Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller In the USA, the boundary between the normal and the Participants: pathological in mental disorders has been defined by the Behind the Numbers: Risk and Morality in Epidemiologic Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM), edited and Controversies. Maiko Rafael Spiess, Campinas State published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). While APA is in the process of revising the current version of the University; Maria Conceição da Costa, University if de manual to be released as DSMV by 2012, a significant paradigm Campinas - UNICAMP shift has already emerged: a moving away from a categorical and This paper addresses the making of epidemiologic statements, descriptive approach (emblematic of DSMIII and its subsequent and how this scientific process usually conceals notions of risk iterations) to a dimensional approach to classifying mental and moral imperatives through the use of large databases, disorders. While the significance and consequences of this statistical methods and inductive reasoning. From the premise change are being articulated, the causes for this switch still that the related concepts of illness and health are socially remain to be investigated. My argument is that it reflects the fact constructed, it argues that behind the scientifically collected that in the last two decades, the DSM has become one major site numbers and logically established statistics there is, in fact, a of the “trading zone” between biology and medicine/psychiatry. whole set of moral conceptions and constrains at work. Applying Changes in DSM criteria and "philosophy" do not reflect only the “infrastructural inversion” methodological approach (Bowker new scientific discoveries, but more generally, the fact that DSM & Star, 1999) it analyzes published scientific papers about two categories are entrusted with coordinating the complex controversies in epidemiology – the association between passive transactions between different actors (biology researchers, exposure to tobacco smoke and cancer, and the relation between psychiatrists and clinical doctors), forms of expertise (genetics, dietary fat and heart diseases – to draw observations about the neurosciences, developmental biology, psychiatry, cognitive and sociotechnical elements and manufacturing of epidemiologic behavioral medicine, drug discovery) and institutional domains facts. It concludes that epidemiologic statements are (APA, NIMH). To develop and support this argument, the paper sociotechnical assemblages simultaneously (and symmetrically) will focus on the case of schizophrenia. While the prevalence of comprised of both technical elements (e.g. the scientific concepts schizophrenia has hardly changed since its first medical of diseases, the databases and the statistical methods), and description, exactly 100 years ago, and its etiology is still totally cultural and moral issues (such as the growing disapproval of unknown, the paradigm shift is supposed to apply to it as well, smoking habits or the idea of body fat as a sign of illness) that transforming its classification and diagnosis from a set of nested tends to fade out and even disappear when the epidemiologic categories to a single dimension varying in severity and onset. models reach their final stage and stability. Finally, it shows that Through analysis of the proposed changes, as well as the in some epidemiologic controversies, the closure of the debate dissection of longitudinal clinical studies related to cannot be reached by technical arguments, but only through the schizophrenia, I will provide a genealogical understanding of the use of moral imperatives and notions of risk (which came from changing boundaries of classification of mental diseases. outside the science domain), thus reinforcing the hypothesis of Responsible Innovation and Multiple Futures of Diagnostic the social construction of the epidemiologic facts. Instruments for Alzheimer’s Disease. Yvonne Cuijpers, Beyond Geneticization: How Genomic Observations Can Utrecht University, Innovation Studies; Harro Van Lente, Reshape Medical Classification. Daniel Navon, Columbia University Utrecht; Ellen Moors, Utrecht University University Western societies are aging and with the rising number of aging Knowledge about our genomes continues to grow at an persons, the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is becoming astonishing rate. However, in the absence of well-characterized an increasingly important phenomenon. Currently, scientific and genotype-phenotype correlations, the implications for medicine clinical effort as well as public funding is being invested in the remain unclear. This paper examines the varied ways in which development of diagnostic instruments for AD using biomarkers observations of genomic abnormalities can impact medical (MRI and PET scans, and CSF analysis), guided by the particular classification. In a recent paper, I reported the practice of expectations that this will enable a more reliable and early ‘genomic designation’ – the discovery, delineation and diagnosis diagnosis and contribute to the development of novel medication of phenotypically diffuse medical conditions according to therapies. Research on molecular diagnostic instruments is observations made at the level of the genome. Rather than reduce predicated on a particular representation of the future. The main traits and medical conditions to characteristics of our DNA, as in argument of this paper is that there are multiple futures connected ‘geneticization’ (Lippman 1991), genomic designation opens up to the development of early diagnostic instruments for a line of research into the way genetics can give rise to new, Alzheimer’s disease, not just one. We will trace these futures and otherwise unthinkable kinds of people. However, in between analyze how they are produced by the interplay between geneticization and ideal typical cases of genomic designation lie expectations and uncertainties and suggest ways to productively a range of complex intermediary cases where the relationships and responsibly relate to these multiple futures. We will use data between genomic observations, existing medical categories and from document analysis, interviews and observations in (1) new ones is more complex. I use comparative-historical methods Alzheimer Cafes, where patients and informal care givers and and citation analysis to outline the heteronomous, socially local professionals working in the field of Alzheimer’s disease embedded strategies for reconciling genomic observations and meet, to exchange experiences and information and (2) a Health medical categories over the last fifty years. Examining conditions Technology Assessment assessing the costs and benefits of a like Down Syndrome, XYY Syndrome, 5p- Syndrome, Fragile X particular molecular diagnostic instrument. This research Syndrome, breast cancer, Phelan-McDermid Syndrome, 22q11.2 contributes to literature on the sociology of expectations in Deletion Syndrome and Williams Syndrome, I develop a five- relation to TA literature to contribute to responsible innovation. fold typology of the ways that observations of human genomes Legitimacy over Practicality: Clinical Trials for Alcohol and affect medical categories: geneticization, bifurcation, unification, reconfiguration and ‘de novo’ genomic designation. Finally, I Drug Dependence. Grischa Jeremy Metlay, NIH Office of discuss the way biomedical experts work with patients, parents History and other stakeholders across different social and institutional This talk contributes to work on the political, economic and public health consequences of clinical trial design. Focusing on in 1987 the Fish and Wildlife Service declared the species fully the United States around the 1990s, I argue that clinical research recovered. The naturalists who acted on behalf of the American funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and alligator in the 1960s and 70s were alarmed by increasing habitat Alcoholism (NIAAA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse destruction and the high rate of commercial exploitation of all (NIDA) systematically favored scientific legitimacy over clinical crocodilians, but they lacked a clear sense of the total size of the practicality. Following the development of neuroimaging and alligator population. This paper explores the scientific evidence genetic technologies, NIAAA and NIDA prioritized biomedical that naturalists used to make the case for endangerment, the research on alcohol and drug dependence. This became official public campaign they undertook to gain protection for the policy in 1991, when NIAAA and NIDA joined the National American alligator, and the ethical dilemma they encountered in Institutes of Health. NIDA focused on maintenance drugs to undertaking that campaign in the face of significant uncertainty. replace methadone, including LAAM, naltrexone and Routinizing Ethics in Endangered Species Research. Etienne buprenorphine. To quell the concerns of federal drug policy and Benson, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science regulatory agencies, drug researchers published statistically significant results from increasingly large subject pools, which The passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and led to the approval of buprenorphine in 2002. The results also the Endangered Species Act of 1973 ushered in a new era for the showed that clinical outcomes were heavily influenced by patient U.S. federal government in protecting and managing species adherence to dosage schedules. But the clinical trial framework understood to be threatened with extinction. It also transformed did not allow researchers to consider recommendations for the U.S. government's relationship to the relevant sciences - increasing adherence in real-world clinical settings. NIAAA primarily ecology, wildlife biology and the emerging field of directed clinical trials to test hypotheses about patient attributes conservation biology - in two ways. The first and best-studied is that predicted success with one form of psychotherapy or the laws' heavy reliance on scientific expertise to determine another. But these trials artificially homogenized a diverse which species deserve special protection and how such protection patient population, and they did not directly compare the should be implemented. The second is the laws' direct, formal effectiveness of the therapies in question. In both cases, federal regulation of scientific practice. Both the MMPA and the ESA research agencies favored internal validity (i.e., “pure science”) established mandatory, complex, centralized systems for over practical advice for treatment providers on the ground. permitting and monitoring research on protected species. These Tradeoffs between legitimacy and practicality therefore provide systems incorporated elements of peer review, but were also another dimension to consider in STS analyses of clinical trials. designed to give non-scientists a voice in determining the proper balance between the benefits of research and its costs. These Chair: benefits and costs were understood to be multidimensional: Grischa Jeremy Metlay, NIH Office of History benefits, for instance, were understood in terms of both conservation applications and knowledge in the abstract, while 139. Ethics in Conservation Biology costs were understood in terms of both ecological impacts and 1:30 to 3:00 pm animal welfare. This paper examines the origins and Crowne Plaza: Hanna development of the MMPA/ESA permitting system for protected Conservation biologists regularly face competing ethical obligations - to species research as an attempt to routinize ethical accountability the ecosystems and species they seek to protect, to the individual organisms in a domain of high controversy, complexity and uncertainty. they study, to the scientific community, to the sponsors of their research, Conservation for Everyone: The Role of the Human in and to the people living and working in the landscapes in which they Conservation Biology. Zoe Nyssa, University of Chicago conduct their research. Standards and expectations for how to respond to these obligations and to reconcile conflicting demands have changed over Conservation biology is an unusual science in that it aims to tell time and, in recent years, become increasingly formalized. New ethical us not only what is but what ought to be. Conservation biologists frameworks and systems of oversight have been established to ensure the consider global biodiversity to be a good in its own right and the responsibility and integrity of research; practices once considered scientific study and protection of biodiversity itself an ethical unobjectionable have become controversial and sometimes even illegal. imperative. Moreover, conservation biology is premised on the The papers in this session investigate conservation biology's past and assumption that anthropogenic causes are behind most present ethical dilemmas - including those arising from the desire to protect biodiversity loss and anthropogenic interventions are required to endangered species despite scientific uncertainty, from the risks and costs save biodiversity. Its ethical mission, causal assumptions and inherent to biological research, from the uneasy place of humanity in preferred means of action thus bring conservation biology into an conservation biology's understanding of the world and of its own practices, uneasy relation with humanity. This paper is based on a mixed- and from conflicts between animal welfare and conservation ethics. The methods study of conservation professionals that investigates session aims to elucidate both dynamics specific to conservation biology how humans are integrated into conceptual frameworks and since the 1960s and broader shifts in the governance, accountability and standards for practice in conservation. The approaches of ethics of science. conservationists from several organizations and institutions are compared, including scientists at the advisory bodies to the Participants: UNESCO World Heritage Convention and the Society for Acting in the Face of Uncertainty: The Campaign to Save the Conservation Biology. The training of the next generation of American Alligator. Mark V. Barrow, Virginia Tech scientists in U.S. graduate programs in the “human dimensions” of conservation is also considered. I argue that conservation In the mid-1960s, concerned naturalists and conservationists biologists conceptualize humans in several ways - as launched a campaign to save the American alligator (Alligator stakeholders representing interests; as rational decision-making mississipiensis), a large carnivorous reptile that once inhabited agents whose behaviors can be modeled; as consumers of goods, wetlands across much of the southeastern United States. When services and experiences; as suites of psychological dispositions state legislation protecting the species in Florida and Louisiana and attitudes to be managed; as populations subject to the same failed to stem the apparent decline, alligator enthusiasts appealed physical laws of growth, decline and variance as any other to the city of New York (the center of America’s commercial organism. Though conservation biology’s understanding of trade in crocodilians), to various other states and to the federal people leaves much to be desired, this self-reflexively ethical government for additional protection. The alligator appeared on science is also offering new participatory roles in scientific the first federal endangered species list created by the U.S. Fish inquiry. and Wildlife Service’s Committee on Rare and Endangered Wildlife Species in 1964. The protection of the species then Working to Resolve the Conflict between Animal Welfare and became an important rationale for the Endangered Species Acts Conservation Ethics. John A. Vucetich, Michigan of 1966, 1969 and 1973. And, following local, state and federal Technological University; Michael P. Nelson, Michigan protection, its population dramatically increased to the point that State University Some of conservation’s most basic activities - restoration and the Blaschkas’ models and was accepted as the correct style for management of exotic and overabundant species - conflict with scientific models for a time. To do this, I will analyze the way animal welfare because these activities often entail killing Blaschkas positioned themselves and their models, and how and animals. The conflict between animal welfare and conservation is Cornell art and biology groups talked about the work as both art tragic because these concerns represent two of the most valuable and science. developments in twentieth-century ethical thought. The most Earthworks and Moonwalks: Traversing Borders Between Art vocal proponents of each concern seem intent on annihilating the and Science. Erin Driessen, University of Otago other concern, and the rest of us have been unable to develop a solution. One group of scholars (i.e., Parris et al. 2010 [Journal of The culture of 1960s United States was one largely defined by Applied Ecology 47:227–234]) has recently proposed a route to the images and rhetoric of space exploration. Science and resolving this conflict that relies on the principles of technology, especially the latter, became a significant aspect of utilitarianism, a basic school of thought in ethics. Our approach everyday life. As much 1960s art was concerned with narrowing to resolving the conflict between animal welfare and the gap between art and everyday life, science and technology as conservation differs substantially from that of Parris et al. (2010) method, material or subject matter provided artists with the for being rooted in another basic school of thought in ethics, i.e., means to explore connections between the two. The virtue ethics. We show how the conflict is likely irresolvable if contemporary art genre of Earthworks, which officially emerged conservation is understood as a purely anthropocentric concern, in the United States in 1968, has been identified as insufficiently because resolution almost certainly depends on both concerns embedded in culture, due to its supposed intrinsic relationship to being motivated by a “respect for living things.” With this nature. Through the adoption of a new theoretical approach common motivation, we show how established ethical principles which aims to embed Earthworks in the culture of its time – the and empirical facts about empathy resolve the conflict. This culture of space exploration – the relationship between these resolution also refocuses attention on ultimate causes of works and science and technology is made clear. NASA’s conservation problems and shows how ecological knowledge Manned Space Program pushed science and technology to the plays a critical and under-emphasized role in fostering empathy forefront of American thought, a cultural shift reflected in the art with nature. produced during this period. Earthworks, a genre of what is now broadly termed environmental art, emerged at a time when the Chair: relationship between art and science was just beginning to Etienne Benson, Max Planck Institute for the History of undergo serious investigation by artists and theorists alike. A Science hybrid methodology of cultural history and art history provides an interdisciplinary look at an art initially interpreted only Discussant: through formalist ideologies. As a culturally reflective art form, Gregg Mitman, University of Wisconsin-Madison Earthworks in fact have aesthetic and methodological 140. Drawing, Tracing and Erasing the Boundaries between connections to space exploration, and therefore stand as a prime Science and Art: Four Historical Case Studies example of the relationship between aesthetics, science and technology. 1:30 to 3:00 pm Crowne Plaza: White The Sonification of Scientific Data at the Intersection between This panel examines how the boundaries between art and science have been Art and Science. Alexandra Supper, Maastricht University drawn and contested in four different historical moments: the spectacular Drawing on qualitative interviews, ethnographic research and a experiments of the late 19th-century electrical engineer Nikola Tesla, literature study, this paper deals with the sonification of scientific Blaschka's glass scientific models, the relationship between space data. Sonification refers to the process of making data audible, an exploration and environmental art in the 1960s, and contemporary practices acoustic counterpart to data visualization. As a scientific method, of data sonification. Each of these case studies reveals how methodologies it leads a fringe existence; but as an artistic phenomenon, and from science studies may be used to retrace conceptual distinctions and even as a tool for science popularization, it enjoys considerable institutional boundaries between artistic and scientific practices and to popularity. Why is sonification so popular in these domains, yet reconceptualize the aesthetic and epistemic norms that govern them. By so marginalized within "proper" science? Its success in art and putting these four topical papers into conversation, this panel seeks to popular science seems to rest upon a promise of sonification as a generate a reflective discussion of the interdisciplinary methodologies source of the sublime (Nye 1994, Turney 2004): A sense of awe requisite to the study of art-science exchange and intra-action. This is the and immersion in complex scientific phenomena is created with first in a series of three panels that will address the relationship between art the help of rhetorical, musical and technological strategies. This and science studies. This series will bring together theorists and framing of sonification, however, is less helpful in establishing practitioners from a diverse array of disciplines to discuss methodological its legitimacy as a scientific procedure. Some researchers, approaches, historical examples and contemporary works of art and their interested in legitimizing sonification scientifically, therefore implications for science studies. seek out alternative framings, e.g. by re-defining sonification as a scientific method; but even they at times make use of its artistic Participants: potential as a strategic resource, and flexibly re-draw the The Practices of Art and Science: The Blaschkas’ Glass Marine boundaries between science and art in different contexts. The Models. Hannah Star Rogers, Cornell University self-evidence of these very boundaries – between science and art, Leopold Blaschka (1822-1895) and his son Rudolf Blaschka between "proper" and "popular" science – have been questioned (1857-1939), created important scientific models made of glass in the fields of STS and PUS for a long time. Building and for research institutions worldwide, including Europe, the United extending upon a framework of boundary work (Gieryn 1999, States, Japan, Australia and India. The Blaschkas described Halffman 2003, Amsterdamska 2005), I want to trace these themselves as “natural history artisans.” They corresponded with negotiations of the identity of sonification at the intersection Ernest Haeckel (1834-1819), who loaned them scientific between science and art. drawings and atlases, including some of his own work. This Chair: paper will make use of research at the Corning Archive’s which Hannah Star Rogers, Cornell University houses the Blaschkas’ preparatory drawings and at Cornell University’s collection of more than 500 models, which are Discussant: divided between the University’s biology and art collections. Dehlia Hannah, Columbia University, Philosophy Department This paper will investigate the nature and logic of this division 141. Technoscientific Practices, Constructions and Imaginaries and the epistemological underpinnings of how art and biology 1:30 to 3:00 pm groups gave the models meaning. In particular, I will attempt to expose the way that Haeckel’s aesthetics found its way into the Crowne Plaza: Allen This panel engages an emergent intersection of art-science studies with practice by which imaginary worlds are invented and science, technology, and society studies. While art-science studies are often materialized for the silver screen. Concept designers are focused around the coming together or breaking apart of the sciences and industrial artists who – while referring to both actual and the humanities (e.g. Ede, 2005; Edwards, 2008; Mar & Anderson, 2010; hypothetical technologies – imagine and design fictional Wilson, 2010), this session engages with STS concerns over how techno- creatures, flashy fashion, futuristic technology, fictitious science artifacts, practices, and cultures are shaped, sustained, or transportation, and fancy architecture for the near future or an transformed (Fyfe & Law, 1988; Pauwels, 2006). The papers in this session alternative world. The term “Concept Design” was first used in examine how visually constructed conceptual and material artifacts or Disney Animation in the 1930s but the origin of the concepts enter the public imagination. The papers analyze how visual aforementioned group can be traced back to the advent of artifacts are sustained, created, or manipulated in the intersections of cinema, concept car design, and science-fiction illustration as artistically and scientifically informed visualization practices. Taking up early as the 1860s. As a practice it is situated between on the one questions of how diverse visualization practices draw upon existing techno- hand, art, architecture, and cinema, and on the other, science, scientific and aesthetic conventions, we investigate how graphic, fictional, technology, and engineering. By converging scientific and edutainment images transform communal, public knowledge of the speculation and artistic expression, the artists straddle a version unknown or untamable. Although focused on diverse phenomena (cultural of the dichotomy in Snow’s two cultures. Their designs involve knowledge of HIV/AIDS, Hollywood’s design of techno-scientific fictions, the incorporation and navigation of public science, folk science, and publicly oriented scientific visualization of computational data of and expert science. How do science consultants compliment cosmological and grand scale weather phenomena) each paper focuses concept designers? This question would be answered in part analysis on artifacts that reflect the visual transformation of scientific through the examination of the technoscientific imaginaries mysteries or imagined futures. Each author takes up an aspect of how the embedded in concept design that is constantly shaping and aesthetic and epistemic traditions of visualization meet public imaginations. shaped by cultural forces and questions in Science, Technology, In this intersection of the visual and the public imagination, images are not and Society (STS). The questions will include but not be limited only persuasive, but also become iconic, to the degree that they meet and to how designs for these chimerical worlds – while picturing extend local interpretive traditions. science and producing art – engage issues of futurology, future Participants: shock, technological determinism, and catastrophe. Focusing on cinematic environment design in Minority Report (2002), this Graphic Alert: Posters in the Construction of HIV/AIDS investigation will draw from and expand upon the public Awareness. Adrienne Klein, The Graduate Center of the perception of science in movies as explored by Kirby and the City University of New York theory and criticism of film architecture from Metropolis (1927) AIDS is a world-wide pandemic. An AIDS poster is a warning to Bladerunner (1982) by Neumann. This paper’s inquiry would call against a global threat. A group of AIDS posters reveals that be supplemented by ethnographic glimpses of concept designers this single unifying concern encompasses a variety of issues -- currently practicing in Hollywood and working with renowned issues that are subject to the filter of distinct cultures. This directors such as James Cameron, Steven Spielberg, and Ridley presentation will quantify the many factors that rule the design of Scott. The investigations aim to shed light upon the relationship HIV/AIDS information posters, from culture to culture. between technology and art; science and media culture by a small Advances in worldwide communication lead to some diminished social group of artists, whose designs influence values and cultural differences, but graphics still exhibit regional styles and symbols internationally. serve regional needs. Supported by a comparative study of the Visualizing Imaginaries of Territory and Cosmos through a international posters, observed distinctions between social Techno-Artistic Imagination. Linda Vigdor, University of imaginaries will make evident sets of values, institutions, and Illinois at Urbana-Champaign symbols particular to individual societies. Some of the This paper reports on how large-scale computational data of observations include but are not limited to the following: The cosmological and hurricane events are transformed, through art subtleties seen in posters from Eastern Europe reflect a legacy of and technoscience collaborations, into grand edutainments for graphics as a means of expressing political opinion in a covert immersive planetarium dome shows or IMAX films. Based on way. By contrast, posters from developing nations are often six months of organizational ethnography with the Advanced direct and information-filled. Independent of the quality of Visualization Laboratory at the University of Illinois’ National design, the quality of poster production depends on the resources Center for Supercomputer Applications, I examine how that are available to fund a health education campaign. These collaborative ventures across art and science visualize and assets vary widely, nation to nation. The course AIDS takes in a construct imaginaries of phenomena such as black holes, population varies from region to region, reflecting the way the colliding galaxies, and Hurricane Katrina by appealing to an HIV virus is transmitted. At a localized level, posters target aesthetic of the sublime that depends on fidelity to scientific, groups of individuals as specific as barbers, prostitutes, and computational data.Through visual, ethnographic analysis of the prison workers. For graphic and science communicators, the products of scientific and artistic methodologies in the 3D variety in the posters is a reminder of the necessity to know and visualization of terrestrial and cosmic events, I examine how art- address your public. Although the cause and effect relationship science collaborations contribute to artistically informed may be difficult to establish, it would be reasonable to assume technoscientific imaginaries both earthbound and extraterrestrial. that lives are saved because designers engage the public’s interest On the one hand, AVL’s approach foregrounds an adherence to through posters. Posters are not only culturally relevant and data-rich models of contemporary computational science, yet this socially engaging, but serve as a tool for critiquing social data fidelity is mediated by the affordances of 3D technologies; imaginaries deeply embedded within a medical epidemic. interdisciplinary collaborative quests for new, digitally-derived Concept Design: Technoscientific Imaginaries from Hollywood. scientific knowledge; and public expectations of grand, Jawn Tze-hin Lim, Harvard University immersive stories with views not previously seen. My paper will This paper examines how and why concept design from focus around representative animations and storyboards Hollywood is a key actor in the network of science-fiction constructed from stills analyzed in relation to “real-time” photos conjectures as well as its role in defining the pattern of and scientific simulations as well as the social discourses of art- expectation of cultures all around the world. From Palestinian technoscience collaborations. I argue that popular planetarium protestors painted blue and dressed as the native Na’vi characters dome shows and science-based IMAX films not only bring from Avatar (2009) to ubiquitous touch screen devices inspired science to the public, but also help to constitute contemporary by scientist John Underkoffler’s proposal for human-computer technoartistic imaginaries of this scientific data and our terrestrial interface in Minority Report (2002), concept design – through the or cosmological “reality.” medium of movies – have influenced the technoscientific The Science of Lemming Suicide: A Cultural History. Robert imaginaries of many societies. Concept design is the creative Schraff, UCLA In 1958, Walt Disney Studios’ Academy Award-winning Apple's OS's as Obligatory Passage Points. David J. documentary “White Wilderness” turned myths of lemming Phillips, U Toronto; Michael Murphy, U Toronto; Karen suicide into a new reality, a reality synthesizing and projecting Pollock, U Toronto potent political and cultural authority presented as natural Google and Apple rely on surveillance in distinct ways. Apple’s knowledge. In 1981, the oft-repeated and, by now iconic, interest in surveillance is little different from other corporations. lemming mass suicide narrative was seized by George Kennan – However, surveillance is central to Google’s interests. longtime academic, diplomat, one of few architects of the post- Surveillance provides the raw material from which Google World War II policy of containment, and two-time Pulitzer Prize produces audiences, the commodity from which it derives almost winner – in his Albert Einstein Peace Prize speech urging 50 all of its profit. Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS mobile percent reductions in nuclear arms and a “no first-use” pledge to operating systems are expressions of these interests. Android build international trust. Kennan used the uncanny notion of pushes users to use a unique identifier to access Google’s “free” mass lemming suicide to confront denial and fear, and force services; iOS pushes users to iTunes and its associated market popular political recognition of the irrational reality of places. Both Google and Apple are deploying legal, cultural, contemporary nuclear discourse. Examining the cultural and economic and technical resources to stabilize the infrastructure of academic contexts of Disney’s mid-century re-creation and cloud computing (relatively dumb terminals linked through high circulation of the science of lemming suicide in “White bandwidth channels to remote computing resources) such that Wilderness” further reveals that lemming suicide and mass their operating system is an obligatory passage point in that lemming death featured prominently in the academic discipline network. This paper chronicles those struggles, delineating the of population biology throughout the 20th century. This history relevant actors, resources and tactics at play, and the historical suggests that population biology was transformed from a context of global oligopoly capital in which they occur. It discipline of zoology to a discipline of ecology in the Cold War suggests certain likely outcomes of those struggles, and the as it changed from a science of rodent population control to a implications for surveillance power in cloud computing. science of human population control. Finally, the video game Specifically, it suggests that Google will continue its trend “Lemmings,” in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War, toward monopoly, while Apple will be reduced to a marketer of provides a lens through which to view this narrative in yet popular culture and a manufacturer of handsets. Surveillance will another cultural frame, one in which the popular and scientific be used in the service of customization – of apps, of handsets, of imagination again shifts from killing lemmings to recognizing knowledge – but only insofar as it is profitable to global, highly humans as lemming-like, and in need of saving. integrated, techno-cultural oligopolies. Individuals will be Discussant: addressed as interactive consumers; communities as fans and Joan Haran, Cardiff University audiences. The paper illustrates how an STS-informed analysis can inform telecommunications policy. 142. The Dynamics and Consequences of ICTs 1:30 to 3:00 pm Globalization with a Social Conscience? The World Wide Web Crowne Plaza: Hope Foundation through the Lens of ICT4D. Michael Dick, University of Toronto Participants: This paper considers the recent development-related initiatives The Rationalities Behind the Adoption of Cyberinfrastructure as championed by Tim Berners-Lee and the organization he heads, Organizational Practices, Technical Infrastructures and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). More specifically, the Social Norms. Kerk F Kee, Chapman University; Larry D. paper examines the mandate of the World Wide Web Foundation, Browning, Univ of Texas, Austin and related initiatives, with respect to their connections with the broader Information and Communication Technology for STS scholars Bowker, Edwards, Jackson and Knobel (2010) Development (ICT4D) movement; to a lesser extent, it also argue, “We regard cyberinfrastructure as the set of organizational considers the Web Foundation's concurrent focus on practices, technical infrastructures, and social norms that Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS). Through a review of collectively provide for the smooth operation of scientific work literature and an evocation of critical perspectives related to at a distance” (p. 41). We explore the organizational rationalities ICT4D, the core research question as to the emancipatory (Browning, 1992) behind cyberinfrastructure’s early adoption by potential (in the Freirian sense) of these initiatives is introduced. pioneering scientists who co-develop the infrastructures that Ultimately, it is argued that Berners-Lee’s work remains support their own scientific work. This paper shows important to the research community, but becomes problematic if cyberinfrastructure adoption as organizational practices is driven utilized as an agenda for development when situated within a by its relative advantages to produce quantitative and qualitative technological determinist framework. Specifically, this paper benefits that increase the possibility of major publications and contributes to STS by discussing Berners-Lee's work in greater scientific reputations. Second, cyberinfrastructure adoption as detail, and with the intention of providing further context to these technical infrastructures is driven by the perceived need for recently launched development projects concerning the Web. The computational power, massive storage, multi-scale integration, paper also considers how this work relates to the existing ICT4D and distributed collaboration. Third, cyberinfrastructure adoption and FLOSS movements, comparing and contrasting the as a new social norm/approach in science is driven and arguments that can be made as to their applicability to the Web maintained by shared visions held by scientists, technologists, Foundation. Finally, the paper closes by applying critical professional networks and scientific communities. This perspectives to the Web Foundation in order to weigh its methodology is based on grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, emancipatory potential with what I will argue are its more 1998) and thematic analysis of 70 in-depth interviews conducted prevalent tendencies to further globalization and a centralized, from November 2007 to June 2010 with domain scientists, deterministic control over the medium of the Web (even if the computational technologists, supercomputer center development-related initiatives are well-intended, as I also administrators, program officers at the U.S. National Science show). Foundation, social scientists, policy analysts and industry experts. Oudshoorn and Pinch (2008) argue, “Nearly all of the Producing “Cocoa” Programmers at the “Big Nerd Ranch”. recent STS work on users has been on technologies of Hansen Hsu, Cornell University consumption… The time is ripe to repair this imbalance… [by] In this paper I present initial findings of an ethnographic study of looking at the inventive skills of workers …” (p. 556). This paper a for-profit programming education company, the “Big Nerd contributes to STS literature by studying how inventive scientific Ranch.” Though not affiliated with Apple, the "Big Nerd Ranch" workers rationalize their early cyberinfrastructure adoption to teaches programmers to use Apple’s object-oriented “Cocoa” support their own scientific work. technology for the iPhone and Macintosh. It offers weeklong Stabilizing Surveillance in Cloud Computing: Google's and training seminars on both introductory and advanced topics in Cocoa programming, and publishes iPhone and Cocoa Examiner certification and eventually formed the International programming books. This study will examine how “good” Cocoa Association of Forensic Nurses. Although many anticipated that programmers are produced–how they are educated and rape kits would increase prosecution and conviction in cases of disciplined to think and practice like Cocoa programmers, and, sexual assault, this seems not to have happened as intended. like Hugh Gusterson’s (1996) work on the production of nuclear Indeed, human rights organizations have reported that many rape weapons scientists, how practitioners become enrolled in a kits languish without ever being tested for DNA. Bringing technological project and its associated ideologies. This forms a together approaches from science studies, organizational theory, part of my larger project examining sociotechnical values and and studies of social movements, I use interviews and archival identity construction in the Cocoa community. Drawing on materials to analyze the historical development of rape kits and Oudshoorn and Pinch (2004), I also look at programmers as users controversies surrounding their use and testing. I argue that the of technologies–programming languages, development tools, and development of sexual assault medical forensic exams represents design methodologies. I will discuss how these “users” are taught a specific historical moment in the movement to explicitly to use these technologies as means for the production of other “medicalize” violence, and that a specified process of evidence technologies–consumer “Apps”– and the role these tools play in collection may itself impact cultural understandings of rape and programmers’ identity construction. I will examine such issues suggest implicit answers to such questions as: What is rape? as: what socio-technical values students learn and unlearn; how What is a credible case? Who is a sympathetic victim? newcomers are introduced into the Cocoa community; and how Anchoring Sex to Nature: Trans Bodies and Sexual Difference. the identity of “Cocoa programmer” is performed by instructors Esther Ortega, UCM; Carmen Romero-Bachiller, Dpto. and taken on by newcomers. This study will contribute to the Sociología V - Universidad Complutense de Madrid STS fields of user studies, software studies, and computing cultures. In this paper, we aim to discuss the production and reproduction of sexual difference by biomedical discourses and analysis, in The Impact of the World Wide Web on Normal and particular drawing on the latest insights of molecular genetics. To Revolutionary Science. Carmen James Schifellite, Ryerson do so, we analyze recent biomedical articles and research papers University, Toronto, ON on the biological production of sexual differences in human This presentation examines the impact the Internet is having on bodies, in particular those which by focusing in trans bodies, aim the spread of nontraditional medical treatments and the role that to settle and stabilize sexual difference as a “natural,” “innate” citizen researchers can have in this process. In this study I look at and thus, “unchanging” truth. We offer an overview of the the case of a medical protocol initially developed for the medical-theoretical production of sexual difference along with treatment of Sarcoidosis, an autoimmune disease. However, this activist and academic discourses on gender disruption. However, treatment is now being used to treat many other autoimmune in those discourses - either with biological clothing or with diseases. This protocol was developed outside the boundaries of social/nurturing ones - the space of the “sexes” (male, female) is normal medical science by a bio-mechanical engineer, a doctor kept unquestioned. Is, then, the sexed nature expression of and a handful of health care professionals and lay people human bodies a stable truth? Departing from feminist analysis of attempting to cure themselves. It rests on a number of technoscience and ANT approaches, we aim to re-inscribe and revolutionary ideas about the causes of disease, the role of the re-read biomedical discourses on sexual difference and sexed innate immune system, the role of vitamin D in immune function bodies under a new light: those discourses and practices are very and the role of healing crises in medical treatment. It has shown much an important part in the production and reproduction of strong positive results but evidence to date is considered sexual difference in sexed bodies. anecdotal at worse and observational at best. The protocol has Testosterone Anti-doping Technomedical Practices and spread rapidly through the use of digital support systems. I Policies: The (Re)production of Gendered Elite Athletes. contrast this to an earlier and similar treatment developed by Cora Mae Olson, Virginia Tech Macpherson-Brown, an MD, who is said to have treated more than 10,000 people in his 50-year-long career but whose work This work explores technomedical regulation of testosterone use remains to this day outside the mainstream of rheumatologic in sport as policy and gender (re)production. Anne Balsamo practice. The contribution to STS is an examination of the ways highlights the ways in which the “natural” female body is in which these emergent communications technologies will constructed to maintain “dominant codes of femininity” within change how ideas spread and who has control of their the sport of bodybuilding. Drawing from Balsamo, I argue dissemination. I will also reexamine Kuhn’s formulation of testosterone detection techniques serve as practices of revolutionary change in science in light of these accelerated maintaining dominant gender codes. Testosterone detection communications technologies. practices also partake in regulatory science, what Jasanoff defines as “science used in policymaking.” At this intersection of Chair: dominant gender code maintenance and regulatory science, the Carmen James Schifellite, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON value systems written into the detection techniques become more 143. Technological Practices and Gender Identities visible. To make these visible I will provide a brief summary of the techniques used to detect testosterone in athlete’s urine 1:30 to 3:00 pm samples. Then I will highlight the connections between detection Crowne Plaza: Newman techniques and the shaping of formal policy to demonstrate that Participants: technical and scientific researchers play an important role in The History of Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Exams (“Rape defining the testosterone-doped athlete - as both a gendered entity and a morally transgressive entity. Specifically, my work Kits”). Jaimie Morse, Northwestern University will be among the first works to critically examine gender Developed in the late 1970s, sexual assault medical forensic relations and technological, medical and scientific knowledge- exams (commonly known as “rape kits”) are intended to assist in making in the context of sports, doping and anti-doping policy. the adjudication of sexual assault cases. Nurses allied with the Many gender analyses of doping and sports take the scientific, anti-rape movement have led advocacy efforts to promote the technical and medical knowledge-making practices of doping for adoption of rape kits in hospital emergency departments. Like granted. Likewise, previous feminist analyses of the body and other medical procedures, sexual assault medical forensic exams technoscience do not address doping as a part of the process of are conducted according to guidelines and protocols that lay out scientific knowledge-making. The intersections between gender, evidence collection routines and classify the physical injuries policy and doping/anti-doping as technoscience are just now associated with the incident. Seeking to enlist their profession in beginning to be realized. the service of rape prevention and to increase the prosecution of The Foreign and the Familiar: Competing Constructions of the alleged rapists, nurses created the Sexual Assault Nurse Gastric Band. Lisa Joy Borello, Georgia Institute of Technology individuals’ susceptibility of common diseases. Several studies At the center of America’s obesity "epidemic" are a number of have shown on the one hand that genetic information is unique in biomedical interventions intended to facilitate weight loss and its highly personalized nature and thus has significant influence improve the health of obese and morbidly obese individuals. This on individuals’ motivation to improve their health conditions, paper focuses on one type of weight loss technology - the gastric while on the other hand that it may strengthen patients’ fatalistic band, an adjustable and surgically implanted silicon device concept of disease and their dependence on medication rather designed to restrict the amount of food that enters the stomach. than on their will to change their lifestyles. Both aspects are As a relative newcomer among bariatric surgical options, the closely related to its predictive power. We have interviewed gastric band is becoming increasingly commonplace, though not several practitioners using predictive genetic testing of common embraced uniformly among all actors. Arena analysis instead diseases for primary prevention and asked how they perceive the reveals how various social actors – including potential and "predictivity" of genetic testing, how they carefully avoid the existing patients, surgeons, medical practitioners, insurance fatalistic connotation of genetic information and which aspects of providers and biotechnology firms - create multiple, sometimes genetic testing they regard as important compared with other conflicting constructions of the band, its efficacy and its role in types of medical checkup data for their preventive practice. We "curing" obesity. As the band takes on manifold meanings and also consider some social elements constituting the clinical utility identities – simultaneously existing as both a human-like "friend" of predictive genetic testing for primary prevention in Japanese and a non-human "foreign object" – it, in turn, re-constructs the health care system. Three factors are of relevance for future identities of both users and non-users, polarizing patients who primary prevention program for common diseases based on elect to have this procedure from those who chose other types of genomic information: 1) Growing number of solo practitioners bariatric surgery. Drawing on ethnographic data collected in the and their aging in Japan; 2) General practitioners’ knowledge and Southeastern United States at several hospitals and surgical communication skills in genomics of common diseases; 3) centers, as well as interviews with female patients and medical Health insurance system for primary prevention. Of these three professionals, and content analysis of technical and marketing factors, only 1) currently has a positive influence on the materials, this project contributes to our understanding of the development of primary prevention programs. ways in which new biomedical technologies are changing the New Molecular Techniques and the Changing “Look” of nature of healthcare, medical practice and the illness experience. Genetic Diseases. Andrew J Hogan, University of There is a critical need to understand not only how new Pennsylvania technologies alter the material and social body, but also how DiGeorge (DGS) and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are inborn technologies themselves become embedded with values and genetic diseases that were first described between 1955 and 1965, expectations which have consequences for individuals. and for decades were diagnosed exclusively by their distinctive Solving Sexual Assault...One Technology at a Time? Deborah clinical features. In the early-1980s, both diseases were directly White, Trent University; Gethin Rees, The University of correlated to a unique genetic location, with DGS on the 22nd Edinburgh chromosome and PWS on number 15. This interest in "locating" Sexual assault has long been a crime and gendered social a disease is part of a larger biomedical trend toward linking the problem of great magnitude. Its prevalence is profound, and the bodily symptoms of inborn disorders as exactly as possible with lack of criminal justice for victims, as indicated by consistently particular genetic markers. New visualization technologies, low conviction rates for offenders, is striking. In recent years, including karyotype staining techniques and DNA hybridization state responses have begun to revolve more heavily around methods, have been applied in pursuit of this goal. These tools, medical, scientific and technological interventions, the "rape kit" however, have revealed that both DGS and PWS share their being chief among these. In this presentation, we explore another genetic location with other inborn disorders, which possess technological response aimed at addressing sexual violence. An different clinical features. This finding has destabilized basic anti-rape device known as the Rape-aXe garnered a notable assumptions about the direct links between genetic markers and degree of attention during the FIFA World Cup in the summer of bodily outcomes. How are preexisting conceptions of seemingly 2010. This female condom, outfitted with barbs designed to latch independent diseases altered when two disorders with different on to a penis in non-consensual intercourse, has been hailed by clinical outcomes are visually linked to the same genetic some as a preventive technology with the potential to "curb the aberration? What implications does this have for prenatal atrocity of rape." We present a preliminary analysis of Internet diagnosis, when clinical features are usually unavailable to discourse surrounding media coverage of the Rape-aXe, distinguish among possible outcomes? Building upon Rayna examining the understandings of rape and raped women Rapp’s work on the cytogenetic "stabilization" of prenatal expressed in online news Web sites and popular blog comments. diagnoses, this paper uses case studies of DGS and PWS to We argue that the cultural biases embedded in the design, and the explore how the visual diagnosis of inborn diseases has been “interpretive flexibility” of technological artefacts such as the transformed since the 1970s. I utilize the published medical Rape-aXe (and rape kits) generate particular meanings of sexual literature, interviews with researchers, and ethnography in assault, and suggest that those involved in their creation and cytogenetic labs to investigate how molecular techniques have application should be aware of the often unanticipated outcomes literally changed the “look” of genetic diseases for medical that may arise. We conclude by positing that such technologies professionals. have the potential to ultimately undermine those for whom they The Truth about the Family: DNA Testing for Family were ostensibly designed. Reunification. Torsten Heinemann, Goethe University Chair: Frankfurt, Department of Social Sciences Deborah White, Trent University DNA profiling technologies have become crucial elements of criminal investigations, immigration procedures and parental 144. Understanding Genetics testing. They seem to provide definite answers whether a suspect 1:30 to 3:00 pm has committed a crime or not, whether an immigrant originates Crowne Plaza: Kaye from the country he claims to or whether persons applying for Participants: family reunification are indeed a biological family. Lynch et al. (2009) coined the term “truth machine” to describe this notion of Between Determinism and Weak Predictivity: Predictive forensic DNA testing. Using the case of DNA tests for family Genetic Testing for Common Diseases and Primary reunification, I will investigate how DNA technology is used to Preventive Medicine. HIroshi Yamanaka, Osaka University “verify” family relations and its impact on the concept of family. Much has been discussed about the possibility of personal Today, many countries around the world have begun to use primary prevention based on genomic information about parental testing to establish biological relatedness in family reunification cases. Family reunification refers to the right of very well thought out. family members living abroad to join relatives who hold long- The Ethics of Advocacy. Andrew Stroffolino, Rutgers term residence permits in a given country. I will argue, that DNA University kinship tests for immigration purposes establish and strengthen a nuclear family model. Family is mostly understood as a Recent studies have shown that scientists are motivated to biological relation while social dimensions such as affections and conduct research (1) to contribute to the research community and the aspect of caring for each other are devaluated. This biological (2) to positively impact “society.” But what are scientists’ idea of family contradicts the more pluralistic concepts of family obligations once they have completed their research? Publication in western European countries, e.g. same sex partnerships or is the longstanding means to disseminate findings to the research families with adopted children. The argument is based on community, but does it sufficiently satisfy the need to do science interviews with representatives of NGOs and immigration for “the public good”? Our team conducted semi-structured, face- authorities, lawyers specializing in family and immigration law, to-face interviews with 79 individuals with expertise that is in geneticists working in DNA laboratories and those applying for some way related to an environmental hazard. In this paper, I family reunification. report what the scientists in our sample said regarding the appropriate ways to disseminate their findings to various publics. Revisiting Lewontin's Fallacy. Paola Raska, Case Western Respondents engaged in many forms of advocacy, and three rules Reserve University of thumb emerged from the interviews: (1) clearly separating In the debate on the use of the race category in biomedical roles of “scientist” and “citizen,” (2) passively, and not actively, research, much attention has been paid to the breakdown of engaging non-academic audiences, e.g., letting the news media genetic variation within the human species. The most quoted call them but not vice versa, and (3) maintaining the appearance figures include that all humans are 99 percent the same, and of of objectivity. These rules of thumb were interlocked so that the one percent in which we differ, only 15 percent lies between omitting one guideline might suggest that the others had also not populations, while 85 percent lies within populations. These been followed. That is, actively contacting various publics could figures are quoted to support arguments against the use of race as easily be framed as something that any other non-objective a genetically informative category. Their failure to account for citizen might do. Because the fear of bias cuts to the heart of the the existing genetic correlation structure in this variation, scientific enterprise, many of our respondents engaged publics correlation which permits a nearly error free separation of the very cautiously, if at all. Scientists may thus face a moral human species into groups, has been coined as “Lewontin’s dilemma, in which their professional careers are pitted against the fallacy.” Through simulation and principal component analysis, well-being of those who might benefit from their research. this study will show how what is claimed to be fallacious, the The Price of Thinking Ahead: Lessons from the Israeli case of assumption of independence between loci, may on the other hand the Commission for Future Generations (2001-2006). constitute a justifiable null hypothesis for biomedical research in Aharon Ariel Lavi, Bar-Ilan University, STS department lieu of any alternative hypothesis that directly associates the genetic variation underlying the phenotype of interest and recent Contemporary parliamentary democracies contain an inherent evolutionary history. This study will furthermore reflect on what blindspot which makes long-term decision making difficult: to may really be fueling the debate of race in research in STS, what get reelected, politicians must produce short-term visible carries the emotions behind the arguments and the real danger to successes. Moreover, caring for future generations could harm science and society. It is not whether or not race is real but rather, present voters, while future voters are politically irrelevant. It has whether we “premise the moral equality of human beings on been claimed that coping with this blindspot is possible to the biological similarity.” greatest extent by establishing a professional body of experts (who are not elected, by definition), assigned to implement what Chair: has been termed as "Future Intelligence", meaning sustainable peter john taylor, UMass Boston practices, in the space of governance (Shoham, 2011). Such a 145. Uncertainty and Disaster body must be general, unlike most other similar bodies which are very specific (like the Water Commission). Therefore, it 1:30 to 3:00 pm challenges the elected delegates' ability to rule and transforms the Crowne Plaza: Miller conflict between short and long term decision making, into a Participants: conflict between elected politicians to non-elected experts. The Cascading Effects and Interorganizational Emergency Planning. Commission for Future Generations was established in 2001 within the Israeli parliament, in order to pursue the above Renate Lieb, Technical University Berlin; Marie Bartels, mentioned goal, as a meaningful institution which was even Technical University Berlin imitated in other countries. Its mandate was to broadly criticize Even though societies’ dependency on critical infrastructures and legislative processes, and implement “Future Intelligence” in the their vulnerability to external shocks has increasingly been paid government. The commission lasted for only 5 years, and I will attention to in recent years, there is still a lack of understanding claim that this was due to its attempt to standardize Future of how and to what degree they rely on each other. The Intelligence as an integral part of public policy, while positioning liberalization of the formerly state-owned infrastructures lead to a it as something politicians are immanently incapable of. This is a fragmentation into organizations that are highly specialized but unique case study, which can help us better understand the role lack knowledge of their surrounding and therefore their own of experts in hybrid spaces of governance and the feasibility of preconditions. A project in Berlin currently studies the systems implementing sustainable practices in contemporary that supply energy, gas, water and heat to the general public, democracies. focusing on cascading effects that might occur when disruptions Practicing Disaster Response. Nils Ellebrecht, Institut of or breakdowns in one system or more occur. The intention is to Sociology, University of Freiburg, Germany; Markus Jenki, develop a software-based decision support system that follows the principle of "standardization in action." We would like to University of Freiburg, Germany present our method to collect and process data on technical This article unfolds the argument that the purpose of disaster interdependencies on the one hand and accompanying lines of training is not merely the strengthening and routinizing of the communication on the other. It allows for an assessment of the practitioners' skills, but also, and crucially, the public criticality of single services to the citywide infrastructures, and presentation of the rescuers' competences. To illustrate this, we therefore an identification of blind spots in emergency plans. Our will focus on two central questions concerning the German thesis is that existing plans mainly provide for cases that already history of practicing disaster response. Firstly, are there different have occurred in the past, while anticipation of or mindfulness to forms of practicing disaster response? And secondly, what is the uncommon problems are merely theoretical and plans are not role of the public during these historical forms? Four historical forms of practicing disaster response could be identified: drill, tests, exercises, and simulation. Their respective functions, as relate to the experiences of affective techno-bodies working and well as their historical emergences, will be traced in detail. A playing in community. By studying the connections between the particular focus will be given to the technological developments origins of mountain biking and the rise of DIY bike repair in which gave way to each of the four specific forms of practicing Northern California, I consider the role of affect and sensation in disaster response. Until the 19th century, disaster response was the making of matters of concern. The re-making of the task and duty of the whole urban community. With organized technological objects and practices intimately affects and is firefighting, the community was no longer responsible. Public affected by and the emotions and sensations circulating around tests ("Schauproben“) of new machines and techniques gained their creation. These affective flows materialize in new the character of a presentation, addressing the community as configurations of technological devices and articulate ethical audience. The aim was to produce trust in the skills and concerns in their discursive productions. The innovation of professionalism of the new organizations. During the last years, mountain biking presents a particularly intriguing site of analysis exercises involving a large number of casualties gain weight for for affective techno-embodied productions because of its fire brigades and rescue organizations. Until today, the public synchronicity with the countercultural movements of the early generally doesn't show up during large exercises. Particularly 1970s San Francisco Bay Area. This grassroots innovation executive staff and operational headquarters are trained in depended upon peculiar partnerships of fitness buffs and pot- simulations. The article is based on historical research and on our smoking Deadheads, pre-World War II beach cruiser bicycles evaluation of several big exercises carried out in Germany. and back-to-the-land trailblazers, Vietnam vets and bicycle Chair: junkyards. This work draws on interviews, magazines, and bicycling ephemera from the early days of mountain biking and Nils Ellebrecht, Institut of Sociology, University of Freiburg, juxtaposes this historical moment with participant observation Germany field work at DIY bicycle repair spaces in Northern California to 146. STS as Practice: Reassembling Techne and Politeia consider breaks and flows in the affective and sensational 1:30 to 3:00 pm relations between these two sites of DIY technological Crowne Plaza: Boardroom innovation and activist politics. In their re-construction and re-assemblage of what constitutes scientific Probiotic Hygiene: Reculturing Culture With DIY Biology. matters-of-fact and scientific knowing, members of this workshop through Jonathan Cluck, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute their focus on technical practices and objects, embody particular matters of Recently, there has been a surge in participation in citizen concern within their matters-of-fact. These connections between ethical science, involving many do-it-yourself (DIY) groups, where concern and technological construction are exemplified by activist-oriented those outside of the hierarchy of professional institutions work maker groups such as PLOTS and various do-it-yourself (DIY) collectively to recombine science into forms that resist dominant communities — in their activities they not only construct compelling discourses in their content, practice, and organization. This paper technical devices, but also make and re-make modes of intervention and draws on ethnographic examinations of the workings of DIY Bio sociality. Members of this workshop attend to matters of ethical concern Boston, a loose affiliation of biological researchers and advocates both through their theoretical work and through their tinkering with the located in Boston, Massachusetts. Through Heather Paxson’s very materials of knowing, to produce matter that is itself ethically microbiopolitical frame, we can see how scientific practice and concerned. This approach, typified in part by critical making, seeks to discourse regarding microbes is structured through what she calls provide support to issues of social and environmental justice by refiguring Pasteurian attitudes, which highlight specific ethical concerns the relationships between activism, technology, and design processes. This about hygiene and purity. As they become reified in institutional workshop is part of an ongoing conversation about the relationship between and policymaking cultures, these attitudes are extended to activism and STS, specifically regarding the materials and methods with formulate what I call anti-biotic governing mentalities. In which STS scholars deploy theoretical frameworks “in the world” and how particular, the DIY Bio community reacts to these anti-biotic they embody and exemplify ethical matters of concern. governing mentalities in ways that lead the researchers to critically re-make scientific artifacts and to create new tools for Participants: interacting with microbes in "pro-biotic," or post-Pasteurian Shop Class Meets Hackerspace: The Ethos of Emerging DIY ways. The reimagining of these interactions displays itself Social Organizations. Dave Conz, Arizona State University through friendship and interdependence, rather than states of fear, Scholars and public intellectuals have lamented the elimination mistrust, and control which typify anti-biotic governing of creative, manual arts from American public education mentalities. These friendly and interdependent interactions with curriculum (e.g., Harper's "Embodied Knowledge" and their subjects of study are reproduced in their social organization Crawford's "Shop Class as Soulcraft"). Science as an epistemic as well -- their collectivity emphasizes scientific work as being institution began with amateur “tinkerers” making tools and best achieved through friendship between people, and through apparatus in order to conduct experiments and share results. Just friendship with microbes. as these early do-it-yourself (DIY) “Makers” created the Royal Research on Scientizing Science Policy with STS Perspectives. Society over 350 years ago, the Makers of today - equipped with Gouk Tae Kim, Virginia Tech new tools, organizations, and concepts like 3D printers, As my current dissertation project, this research (1) explains the “hackerspaces,” and open source design - are creating and rise and development of what I called SSP (scientizing science fostering new organizations and incentives that are poised to policy) framework, and (2) analyzes the implications of the SSP change the way things are designed, fabricated, distributed, and for analyzing and evaluating STI (Science, Technology, and owned. In this study I discuss the visions, missions, cultural Innovation) policy. The SSP framework has primarily emerged practices, and products of hackerspaces in the Desert Southwest as an answer to the call for developing scientific analytical tools, and West Coast and how they resemble and differ from a social models and data sets for discussing and evaluating STI practices movement, a business, and institutional technoscience. Based and policy strategies since early 2000s. One of the key primarily on participant observation, content analysis of web assumptions of the SSP framework is that science policy and pages, and formal interviews conducted from 2002 - present, I evaluation should be conducted objectively based on scientific discuss the similarities and differences between four evidence. As one of the main research methods, I am conducting organizations across a range of DIY Citizen Technoscience the research interview to gather perspectives from a range of activities. science policy scholars and practitioners on the SSP framework. I Affective Ethics of Technological Innovation. Sarah Rebolloso also seek to explicitly extend the reach of the STS discussion and McCullough, University of California - Davis approach to the development of the SSP policy framework. This project considers how discourses and practices of do-it- Through this research, the following broader impacts on STI yourself (DIY) bicycle repair and customization emerge from and policy and the STS community could be anticipated: First, this research will provide useful resources to discuss about how the environments. Panelists’s statements will be limited to 10 minutes, SSP framework creates either new opportunities or challenges for presenting a specific theoretical, methodological and practical issue from the STI policy development; second, this research would their experience. We will then turn to our audience for active participation, encourage STS scholars to translate STS theories and approaches opening a dialogue about the challenges of research and scholarship from into models that fit the needs of the SSP community; third, an STS perspective. understanding the dynamics of the SSP framework would offer Chair: new insights into the interactions among science, politics, and STI policy. Janet Vertesi, Princeton University Chair: Discussants: Jonathan Cluck, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Trevor Pinch, Cornell University Joshua Mark Greenberg, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation 147. Coffee Break lV Morana Alac, University of California, San Diego 3:00 to 3:30 pm Lucy Suchman, Lancaster University Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom Assembly Area 153. Science and Commercial Culture: Competition, Cooperation 148. 4S Presidential Plenary and Assimilation 3:30 to 5:00 pm 8:30 to 10:00 am Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West Evelyn F. Keller, "Genes, Genomes, and the Nature-Nurture Debate" The interaction between scientific and commercial regimes of knowledge Steven Shapin, "The Science of Subjectivity" production, dissemination and legitimation is a common and well- Chair: characterized feature of late 20th and early 21st century life. Our panel Judy Wajcman, London School of Economics & Political questions if the fruitful and sometimes tense relationship between scientific Science and commercial culture is a uniquely modern phenomenon or if similar dynamics can be found throughout the history of science. Of course, Panel Members: context matters a great deal: 19th century science was as different from Evelyn Fox Keller, MIT 21st century science as it was from 16th or 17th century science. Hence, we Steven Shapin, Harvard University have assembled a series of case studies whose historical foci range from early to late modernity. Our goal is to see how scientists both policed and 149. 4S Business Meeting transgressed the porous boundary that served to distinguish their 5:00 to 6:00 pm institutions, practices and norms of behavior from those of the business Crowne Plaza: Savoy world. The breadth of contributions to this panel serves to demonstrate that 150. 4S Reception (Cash Bar) although interactions with commercial culture has been a pervasive feature of science, the precise form those interactions can take have varied 6:00 to 7:00 pm considerably. In some cases, we see competition between the two resulting Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom Assembly Area in one group taking over domains of practice that had formerly been 151. 4S Annual Banquet associated with another. In so doing, whole forms of life and expected 7:00 to 11:55 pm behaviors were often transferred from one context into the other. Other Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East times, the relationship is less competitive and more closely resembles a symbiotic mutualism. A third, though by no means final possibility is that the distinction between science and commerce is eradicated entirely. Participants: SATURDAY, NOVEMBER, 5 Publish When You Cannot Patent: Counterintuitive Relations Between Early Modern Science and Commerce. Mario 152. STS 2.0: Taking the Canon Digital – l Biagioli, STS Program & School of Law, UC Davis 8:30 to 10:00 am Many scientific practitioners and members of early modern Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim science academies patented instruments and devices closely Classic STS scholarship has had a dramatic impact on studies of related to their research. They also published books and journal computational spaces, device ecologies, and network architectures in social articles on the subject of their patents. These may look like and scientific experience alike. However, much of the best scholarly work contemporary scenarios - the so called "paper-patent-pairs" drawing on these traditions has not been presented within STS venues. studied by sociologists - but the analogy, while seductive, is Disciplines such as Anthropology, Information Studies, or Human- profoundly incorrect. I want to make two counterintuitive claims. Computer Interaction appear be more receptive audiences to the new The first is that the relationship between publications and patents generation of STS gone digital. This double panel session seeks to open a was conceptually and practically different from what it is today discussion and remedy the situation. Rather than presenting our research as due to the radically different way in which early modern patents papers, our panel seeks to address a broader discussion: studies of the (or privileges of inventions) construed "prior art". Today, digital drawing from the scholarly traditions of STS, and discussed scientific articles establish "prior art" that may be quite damaging amongst STS scholars. We therefore bring together scholars working to subsequent patenting -- a problem that often causes delay in across many aspects of digital environments into a synthetic conversation, scientific publications due to the need to protect the commercial to critically examine our STS tools in the light of these novel interests of sponsors or universities by filing a patent application sociotechnical arrangements. Each participant brings a different theoretical before any article is submitted. In the early modern period, or methodological perspective to the table. They represent a range of instead, there was no conflict between publishing and patenting career stages, from doctoral students writing dissertations to senior scholars due to different legal definitions of "invention." Actually, we can in the field. Our core questions are: how do we renew the STS canon for say that while publishing is the default practice for modern contemporary studies of digital environments and interactions? And, within scientists (unless the claim appears to be patentable), in the early these contemporary digital environments, what (new or old) STS topics and modern period most mathematical practitioners would have themes are coming to the fore? The first panel of a two-part series, this thought of patenting (or secrecy) as the default practice, and that group will explore the above questions through case studies of the publication was a venue pursued for claims or instruments with networked and multi-sited setting of contemporary scientific work, both in no obvious local utility. While today we tend to see a patentable the laboratory settings we study and in our tools, methodologies, and digital invention as a following from a discovery, in the early modern resources we use to study them; and analyzing work and interaction with period discoveries could be seen, in fact, as useless inventions. digital artifacts and representations in digitally enhanced or multimodal Academies in the Press: The Structural Transformation of the Johns Hopkins both used patent royalties to fund their laboratory Scientific Public. Alex Csiszar, Harvard University researches. Rowland's simultaneous appeal for a "pure science" By the late nineteenth century, the scientific journal had become detached from industry has thus puzzled scholars ever since. Yet the principal institutional site for the representation, certification, wireless innovator Oliver Lodge pursued the same janus-faced and registration of scientific knowledge and authority. Earlier, it strategy in England. This paper explores this as a key tension in had largely been scientific societies that played these crucial the dynamics of technoscience. At the opposite end of spectrum roles as legitimating institutions; not only was the periodical from Lord Kelvin we see the contrasting cases of Oliver press relatively marginal to such functions, but it was normally Heaviside in London and Jagadis Bose in Calcutta who each took viewed as a hindrance to them, a domain of commercial interest, out only one patent, and only then in reluctant collaboration with political extremism, and rampant piracy. But as early as the sponsors. They sought instead to establish a form of physics 1810s, scientific societies found themselves increasingly in grounded instead on moral credit for innovation rewarded by conflict and competition with the commercial press, both as sites funding from either government or philanthropists. The latter part for registering authoritative knowledge, and over the right to of the paper looks to the First World War as the fulcrum point at control public reports about their activities and decisions. As which entrepreneurial modes of physics were replaced by science authoritative knowledge diffused out into the broader sponsored by the state: first for national defense and offense, and marketplace for news, societies compromised by appropriating thereafter to build a 'science for the nation' grounded in notions publishing models from the commercial press beginning in the of autonomous pure disciplines. late 1820s. Among the most dramatic instances of this shift was Chair: the founding of the Comptes Rendus by the French Académie Lukas Rieppel, Harvard University des Sciences in 1835, based on and managed by the science editor of the Parisian newspaper Le Temps. Far from arising out Discussant: of internal needs for more secure and mobile communication Bruno Strasser, Yale University media, the scientific journal became central to scientific life 154. The Politics of Uncertainty: Disasters and STS − l through broader changes in political cultures of several European 8:30 to 10:00 am states following the Revolutionary period. New commitments to the role of the public in conferring political legitimacy and of the Crowne Plaza: Dolder role of the commercial press in representing this public Disasters –from floods to toxic runoffs, from earthquakes to terrorist compelled scientific groups to reimagine the grounds of their attacks- have become highly contested political objects. The proliferation authority to manage knowledge about the natural world. of a ‘new species of trouble’ (new types of problems) has dissolved the Vertical Integration and the Market for Vertebrate Fossils, demarcation between natural and technological disasters. Moreover, the assessment of the causes and effects of a disaster, as well as the strategies 1890-1910. Lukas Rieppel, Harvard University of disaster prevention or reconstruction, once scientific problems in the Around 1900, a well-known shift took place at US Natural hand of experts, increasingly involve multiple actors, forms of knowledge History museums. Rather than purchase their specimens from production, and value regimes. As a result, it is almost impossible to commercial dealers, museums increasingly began to mount their determine when a disaster begins and ends, what modes of existence it own expeditions. This is often explained as the outcome of rising disrupts, and how to disentangle its human, material, institutional, and standards within the museum. As research and display technological dimensions. Thus what constitutes a disaster, how collections were separated from one another both physically and responsibilities should be allocated, and which agents should participate in epistemically, the argument goes, neither could easily be the reconstruction plans –once unproblematic questions- have become purchased any longer. For example, as scientists became pressing queries for policy makers, politicians, and scientists. STS increasingly interested in variation within populations, dozens of scholars from different theoretical and research fields are invited to individuals had to be collected from each locale. In a similar participate and submit papers addressing the politization of disasters and way, the construction of habitat dioramas required collecting the complex situations produced by disasters. Papers are welcome on a entire family groups as well as soil, vegetation samples, and variety of issues, including (but not limited to): (i) Disasters as detailed sketches of the landscape. However, in the case of nature/society recombinant spaces. (ii) Justification and evaluation regimes vertebrate paleontology, the story is more complex. The reason in catastrophic settings. (iii) Hybrid forums, participation and public is that for practical purposes fossil vertebrates had long been engagement in disaster contexts. (iv) Expertiments in governance and treated as an economic commodity: one among any number of more-than-human politics and cosmopolitics in the prevention, scarce natural resources one could extract from the Western management and relief of disasters. (v) Methodological and theoretical United States and sell at a profit. However, around the turn of issues related to disasters. the 20th century a number of new museums became interested in vertebrate paleontology. These were large, civic institutions Participants: bankrolled by wealthy philanthropists. With ample resources and Nonhumans and the Politization of Disasters: The Role of manpower at their disposal, they began to distance themselves Migratory Birds in Doñana’s Ecological Disaster. Israel from commercial fossil dealers primarily on economic grounds. Rodríguez-Giralt, Goldsmiths College, University of London. As the number of museums looking to acquire fossils grew, the The aim of this paper is to explore the debate engaged in by marketplace became increasingly competitive and prices rose Science and Technology Studies in recent years about the precipitously. As a result, they engaged in a process of “vertical relationship between nonhuman and the political. Questioning integration” wherein every aspect of knowledge production and this relationship involves examining the role that nonhumans exhibit design would be accomplished in-house. Museums, I play in shaping, developing and consolidating matters of public argue, thus actively pushed commercial collectors out of the field concern. To this extent, I will focus on the public controversy in an effort to secure monopoly power over their quarries. opened up after one of the most serious ecological disasters in the Purity vs. Property? Entrepreneurship, War and Technoscience's recent history of Spain, the toxic spill occurred near Doñana's Changing Identity. Graeme Gooday, University of Leeds; National Park in 1998. Through a detailed analysis of the ensuing Stathis Arapostathis, University of Leeds dispute, I will show how different nonhumans played a key role The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 was not university scholars' first in the development of the dispute. Heavy metals, rivers, dunes, experience of the tensions created by entrepreneurial patenting. birds and excavators, as we will see, were key elements to define The "propertization" of science critiqued by Nowotny in The what occurred and to this extent to put forward solutions for the Public Nature of Science under Assault (2005) was in fact affected area. But particularly, I will focus on the role of precedented in the late nineteenth century "laissez faire" political migratory birds that nested in the Park when the spill occurred. economy: knowledge-making in physics was also then expected Firstly overlooked by “official” experts and administrations to pay for itself. Lord Kelvin at Glasgow and Henry Rowland at dealing with the aftermath of the disaster, they progressively become crucial for the development of the dispute as a global Mapping a Wildfire: Tracing Authoritative Knowledge of a matter of concern. Monitored through bird-ringing methods by Disaster. Katrina Petersen, University of California, San environmentalists groups, they are crucial to engage humans and Diego nonhumans in the same political space, re-scaling and projecting In October 2007, Southern California faced one of the largest an initially local disaster into an increasingly global disaster ever wildfire events in its history. These wildfires posed a great more densely populated with actors and discussions. In this challenge for fire officials, disaster responders, and the news regard, the controversy over Doñana clearly shows the dense media as they worked to gather and share information about the network of actions, actors and procedures that characterize fires and take appropriate actions. Throughout, maps became disasters situations. In this framework that tries to stabilize a both vital tools of communication and means for making the fires “common world”, nonhumans are protagonists of first order. But knowable. This paper explores one of the maps made during and more importantly, as the birds’ episode suggests, during the for use in the disaster in order to study how diverse actors, interplay of forces that characterize a disaster these nonhumans technologies, conceptions of city life and the natural environment are also transformed. These multiple transformations that interact to produce ways of knowing the 2007 wildfires that were nonhumans undergo in the course of a disaster will allow me to valued by scientists, first responders, journalists, and the public finally open up a discussion about the need to rethink the alike. Data collected through textual analysis of government and category “nonhuman” so as to examine these different scientific documents as well as interviews and observations of entanglements between matter and politics that are produced in key actors and their mapping practices were analyzed for the the course of a disaster. socio-technical relationships and the cultural understandings of “Mayday, Mayday. Immediate Assistance Needed, Over.”. the environment that shaped what kind of data were gathered and Anique Hommels, Maastricht University networks were created to produce the map. By working with a Since the 1990s, efforts were made in Europe to standardize and map produced during and for use in a disaster, this project looks digitize emergency communication infrastructures for emergency beyond the norms of policy and risk management to include the services. In the Netherlands, a new nation-wide digital network improvisational practices that took place which make visible the called C2000, was launched. Before the introduction of this normally invisible relationships that that produce accepted forms network, the police, ambulance and fire services had their own of knowledge. In these relationships, this paper argues, it is local, analogue radio networks. With the introduction of C2000, possible to see how diverse actors and technologies interplay, they had to use the same technologies and protocols, despite the often non-authoritative ones, to produce authoritative knowledge vast differences in working cultures. In 2009, a number of critical of that disaster. events gave rise to discussions about the reliability of C2000. Chair: One explanation for C2000’s malfunctioning was the lack of compliance among the users with the procedures and protocols Manuel Tironi, Pontificia Unversidad Catolica de Chile for using C2000. Furthermore, the lack of ‘ether discipline’ of 155. In Search of “Lines of Flights” in Latin America – II the C2000 users was identified as a potential problem. Moreover, 8:30 to 10:00 am Haynes et al. have argued that “members of emergency response Crowne Plaza: Hassler (…) identify closely with their profession” and “value personal Reliable knowledge today is strongly identified with scientific knowledge. reliability in the field above conformance with more abstract The overwhelming majority of scientific facts and artifacts, however, are organizational norms” (Haynes, Schafer, & Carroll, 2007: p. 1). produced in the North and arrive in their stable forms (as ready objects) in This raises the question how the three professions appropriated Latin America, where they enjoy the attributes of universality and the new standards into their existing working processes. How to neutrality (in spite of STS results). In these terms it is possible to say that deal with highly standardized technical equipment and protocols modern sciences from the West provide a cage that confines the space while responding to a critical event that requires improvisation? available for Latin Americans to search for solutions of their practical This paper is based on a literature review and interviews with problems, since it would make no sense “to do” spaces and times or users of the C2000 system and with managers in the propose objects outside universal and neutral knowledge – they would be organizations of police, fire and ambulance. It contributes to STS “simply wrong” since Latin Americans usually lack the resources to build research on standardization and improvisation (E.g. Timmermans counter-laboratories. As an example, in the name of science the Brazilian & Berg, 2003) and STS vulnerability research (e.g. Bijker, 2006; Association of Nutritionists oppose local habits of nutrition that are found 2007). effective by large parts of the Brazilian population to nourish their children. Symbolic Security: The Cultural Production of Responsibility This session indicates a special welcome to papers about programs and/or in the aftermath of Large-scale Flooding. Jennifer Mokos, controversies involving conflicts between Western scientific knowledge Vanderbilt University and local practical knowledge many times relegated to worthlessness. Urban water systems are a fusion of the technological and the Participants: natural. Waterways are often modified in underground pipes and concrete channels that invisibilize and impair the physical Three Brazilian Informatics Policies and their Debates in the presence of water and the dynamics of ecological processes. Congress (1984, 1991, 2001). Henrique Luiz Cukierman, Practices aimed at diverting and detaining water behind flood- PESC - COPPE - UFRJ control dams can further alter and hide water flow patterns. The paper forwards the initial propositions taken from a research When flooding occurs, these hydrologies and technological on the controversies and debates which took place in the infrastructures are rendered visible, opening space for the Brazilian Congress during the parliamentary proceedings for the possibility of new understandings. In this presentation, I approval of three informatics policies (1984, 1991, 2001). Which examine the role of the media in constructing meaning and were the issues at stake in order to build local and autonomously responsibility in the aftermath of extensive flooding that occurred a Brazilian computer technology? Which issues "warmed up" the in May 2010 when the city of Nashville, Tennessee received over controversies and which ones "cooled" them, so enabling the 13 inches of rain over two days. I focus on the ways that the final enactment of a new law? Whose voices were heard from the media shapes how “responsible” citizens respond to the so-called "civil society"? What had they to say and to what extent uncertainty and insecurity created by catastrophic flooding. did they strengthen the law later approved? Is it possible to align These narratives focus on taking personal responsibility for the the politicians’ position with their party affiliation? Is it possible mitigation of insecurity through capitalist economic imperatives, to identify the action of lobbies? These questions can be such as the purchase of new equipment and fundraising t-shirts. I answered either by setting up at the start which kinds of groups also explore how blame for the disaster is placed on a failure of or level of analysis are focused on, or by following the actors' technologic and natural systems in ways that mediate our own ways of forming and dismantling groups, the latter being the relationships to and understandings of hydrologic. choice of the research. Another set of propositions is related to the comparison between the three debates in the Congress. Which their contexts and interests. Active farmers’ participation is a key issues performed the enactment of three informatics policies in factor to create a successful participatory approach that such a brief time? Which translations brought about the considered users’ perspectives and reduce conflicts. Despite the proposition of a new policy later on? Which controversies differences between both maize farming systems there is a remained, renewed, started? Which groups were formed and common concern: the preservation of their maize landraces and which were dismantled in each new policy enactment? These the uncertainty of the commercial production of transgenic maize groups' formation and dismantling leave many traces. The in Mexico. The results generated should contribute to consider research is focused on the traces left by politicians along the the integration of uses and users in multicultural contexts during parliamentary debates, mainly the documents where they are participatory approaches. formally registered. Chair: Interactive Devices to Learn Science and Technology: Are They Ivan da Costa Marques, Universidade Federal do Rio de a Black Box? Manuel Franco Avellaneda, Universidade Janeiro Federal de Santa Catarina; Irlan von Linsingen, Federal University of Santa Catarina, S.C, Brazil Discussant: The original proposal of interactive science museums was to Ivan da Costa Marques, Universidade Federal do Rio de offer a direct experience with natural phenomenon. It the 1960s it Janeiro was materialized through the building of interactive devices in 156. Paradoxes of Quantification − l the Exploratorium of San Francisco. This idea to locate in objects 8:30 to 10:00 am the learning of science and technology has positioned itself in Crowne Plaza: Savoy Latin America as an alternative to school education. However, there is no research related to the processes of design and Rationalization, modernization and quantification go hand in hand. construction of these artifacts in the south, or on the implications Numbers make things legible; they are summaries, willful reductions in the of the imaginaries about science and technology embedded in complexity of the world designed to give their creators leverage over that objects destined to education. This paper proposes an alternative world. Numbers also seem to make decisions opaque and harder to contest. methodology for the analysis of interactive artifacts meant to Recent STS scholarship has demonstrated that quantitative decision rules educate in science and technology, in countries like Colombia. It may make values and assumptions explicit and legible, but do so while is based on three theoretical fields: the social studies of science simultaneously changing the terms of the debate and foreclosing some and technology, feminist epistemology and the dialogic Freirean avenues of debate - and possibly opening (unforeseen) others. This area of perspective on education. In the junction of these perspectives it work has shed light on the political contestation inherent in episodes of proposes three key components: That objects are a social quantification, often sparked by interested parties' recognition that new construction as much as a technological construction; that systems of reckoning may produce decisions that are easier to grasp yet artifacts are based on partial and situated knowledge, which is harder to contest. This two-part session seeks to explore the paradoxes of influenced by the subjectivities and the culture of the people quantification. Under what conditions might the turn towards quantitative engaged in the design and building process; individuals who are decision techniques shield elites from outside challenges? Under what part of a collective of design and building have different levels of conditions might quantification and commensuration open up challenges by awareness regarding their experiences and existence, and so they making a decision too legible? One panel focuses on policy and prediction, make up implicit and explicit political stances through which while another focuses on accountability and risk, with overlap between the they seek either transformation or maintenance of different two. All papers present a range of empirical cases and pay careful attention notions of reality which are embedded in the educational to the details of challenges and paradoxes in quantification. dimension of the objects that they help to build and design. This Participants: paper contributes to situated discussions about the educational Accounting for Terrorism: Chronologies, Commensuration and implications of interactive artifacts meant to educate in science Unintended Consequences. Lisa Stampnitzky, Univerity of and technology, it seeks to problematize deterministic notions about educational objects and about the concepts that these Oxford objects want to mise-en-scène, it also helps to theorize from the Chronologies and databases have both stabilized particular south the dichotomy between technology and society, trying to understandings of “terrorism” as a problem, and created openings uncover, geopolitical as well as local interests that co-construct for resistance to counter-terrorism concepts and practices. From a the design of educational artifacts. staff of three clipping newspapers and recording data on index Actors Behind Maize Farming Systems in Mexico: A Decision- cards in the RAND office in the early 1970s, to the multi-million dollar “global terrorism database” project now underway at the shaping Network in Action. Wendy Cano, University of the University of Maryland, quantification has been a central goal of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) counter-terrorism research and practice. This paper addresses We present an ongoing case study in Tlalpan, Mexico City, how terrorism has been made subject to quantitative analysis, and where peasant and industrialized maize farming systems coexist. identifies some of the intended and unintended effects of these Traditional agricultural practices that generally plant maize for measures. Chronologies, in which counts of terrorist events and subsistence have enhanced and preserved the maize genetic deaths/casualties are plotted over time, and databases, in which diversity. Paradoxically, the political absence of effective events are correlated with characteristics of perpetrators, victims, mechanisms and incentives to cultivate maize landraces is and methods of attack, instantiate “terrorism” as a particular sort evident and the main economic supports are for industrialized of problem (by virtue of the particular events included and not farmers. Using a social network analysis, this paper identifies the included in the chronologies) and certify some types of actors behind peasant and industrialized maize farming systems information (such as the countries of origin of the perpetrators) in two localities of Tlalpan: San Miguel Xicalco and Topilejo. as significant, and others (such as terrorists’ motives) as less so. Then, it explores the participation and interactions on the Terrorism chronologies also produce further, unintended effects. financial programs that local government supported during 2009 Chronologies operate as political documents, with increases or and 2010. Our results show that the change in policies in the decreases in deaths and events being mobilized to prove local government allowed for a more inclusive approach on the “success” or “failure” of counter-terrorism policy. The development of scientific and technological programs. A mobilization of data for political purposes also opens suspicions multidisciplinary team of natural and social scientists participate about the transparency of this data, as recently highlighted by actively, meanwhile farmers share their knowledge about their claims that numbers were fudged in the State Department’s 2003 local context creating a complex and mutually enforcing process. “Patterns of Global Terrorism” report. And the quantification of The shape and structure of each network is more dynamic when deaths allows for commensuration not only across incidents, but actors participate and enhance realistic common interests within also with other sorts of deaths - thus enabling critics of the “war on terror” to point out that more Americans die annually in car analysts in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The first examines the accidents, or in bathtubs, than from terrorism. appraisal of apartments, which follows a more traditional story of Quantifying Ecosystems: Adaptive Resource Management in quantification in market interactions – the goal of making the Delaware Bay. Kristoffer Whitney, University of fundamentally distinct objects fungible. The specific practice Pennsylvania through which appraisal is made possible, known as the “homogenization of square meters,” aims to collapse a variety of Since the 1970s, wildlife biologists and environmental activists variables specific to each apartment into one number: price per have converged on the Delaware Bay, in the northeastern U.S., to square meter. Here, number and quantification make possible study a migratory shorebird called the "red knot." Ecologically new legibilities: numbers allow apartments to move within linked with the spawning cycle of the horseshoe crab, the broader networks of comparison through which they can be sold. population of this bird has declined precipitously in recent The other practice, however, is distinct. It involves the analysis decades with the advent of a crab fishery on the east coast. of historical trend data, aiming to understand the history of the Attempts to halt this decline have hinged on shorebird population Argentine real estate market as a whole in order to forecast surveys and horseshoe crab harvest quotas. In addition to potential futures. Here, analysts begin with numbers (e.g. charts traditional field techniques for making these assessments, the showing the average price of apartments more than 30 years), past decade has seen the introduction of computer modeling and seek to unearth the historical complexities that created them technologies and "adaptive resource management" (ARM) – – to determine why the numbers were what they were. In this techniques to establish the statistical relationship between red case, it is precisely the commensurability of the numerical data knot abundance and horseshoe crab harvests, and develop that makes it hollow. As a result, analysts reload the numbers predictive models on which to base harvest quotas. Proponents of with other content – political, historical, and cultural analyses – ARM claim to take the "politics" and "emotion" out of wildlife in order to make them meaningful. By juxtaposing these two management, making such decisions objective, transparent and stories of quantification, this paper highlights the relationality of scientific. Critics of the new ARM approach claim the opposite: numbers within broader systems of production and legibility, in that these techniques obfuscate the issue by burying assumptions order to understand the numerical lives of buildings in the hands about ecosystem functions in computer code and thwarting of market experts. public participation through complicated statistics. Drawing upon ethnographic and archival work, this paper explores the Cost-benefit Analysis and the Paradox of “Non-political” contradictory claims about ARM in terms of transparency, Values. Karin Thoresson, Department of Thematic Studies – values, and "good science." Following work in the history and Technology and Social Change, Linköping University philosophy of science on objectivity and quantification, this For as long as 50 years, Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) has been paper argues that the drive to model is itself an emotion-laden, applied in long-term planning of transport infrastructure in moral choice, and should be seen – contrary to scientists' claims Sweden. However, during the last 15 years CBA has gained of numbers versus sentiment – as one of many competing values political significance and the role of this quantitative tool, which in environmental decision-making. is based on commensuration, has changed. The advocates of From Prediction to Control: The Logistic Law of Population CBA as support for planning decisions claim that it increases Growth and the Cohort Component Population Model in the transparency and neutrality, and that it makes possible fair Interwar Period. Emily Rose Merchant, University of comparisons between investment alternatives. In addition, CBA is promoted as means to the achievement of general political Michigan goals. However, the extensive application of CBA in long-term Population projections not only predict the future, but also shape planning has also been widely criticized – according to critics, it by informing planning and policymaking. The current standard CBA does not live up to what it promise to measure. Moreover, for population projection, the cohort component method, models its calculations is said to be rigid and inaccessible to users, i.e. population growth as a function of future trends in mortality, decision makers. This paper argues, in line with recent fertility and migration operating on the age-sex structure of the developments within the overlap between STS and economic current population. It was developed in the interwar period as an sociology, that CBA is a quantitative tool that not only enters the alternative to the method of projecting future population by political field of transport planning but also shapes its conditions. fitting past population growth to a logistic curve, touted by its On the contrary to being a neutral and ”non-political” tool, CBA proponents as a mathematical law of population growth tends to impose its inherent values and quite distinct ontology on analogous to that governing the growth of individual organisms. political goals. However, this part appears as ”behind” the This paper examines the competition between these methods in numbers and is therefore not accessible for all to see or to the 1920s and 1930s, arguing that the cohort component contest. The paper is based on a recently finished Ph.D. study population model was ultimately accepted because it linked and focus on the constructed boundary between expertise and individual vital processes to overall population growth and politics. Its empirical foundation is documents and interviews. thereby subjected population growth itself to human control through the manipulation of vital rates. By relating these vital Chair: processes to social and economic factors, it distinguished human Fiona Greenland, University of Michigan populations from those of other organisms, contributing to the 157. Disability Studies and STS − ll professionalization of demography as a social rather than 8:30 to 10:00 am biological science. The logistic model, however, did not disappear, and this paper also tracks the ways in which it was Crowne Plaza: Ritz recuperated by and incorporated into demographic models and Participants: theories, including the cohort component model itself. By How Much is an Eye Worth? Calculating Distribution through analyzing the interplay between two competing methods of Disability Classification Scales. Gaby Admon-Rick, Bar Ilan population projection and the resolution of that competition, this paper demonstrates that the quantification of population growth University was not inevitable, but rather the product of contestation and Work injury compensation and pensions are often determined negotiation. according to disability or impairment scales attributing a Thinking in Square Meters: Quantification, Fungibility and numerical rating to each lost body part or function. Operated by national social insurance plans and incorporated into medical- History in Argentine Real Estate Analyses. Nicholas administrative networks of committees and examinations, these D’Avella, University of California, Davis ratings are part of the framework of disability in welfare states. This paper examines two different practices surrounding This paper examines the role of impairment scales in the quantification, both of which are carried out by real estate market emergence of dis/ability as social categories and objects of governance, by examining the Israeli National security Construction of Unmotivated Clients and Uninterested compulsory worker's compensations regulations developed in Professionals in Vocational Rehabilitation. Lineke van Hal, 1956. Drawing on STS conceptualizations regarding the socio- Maastricht University - CAPHRI - dept. of Health, Ethics technical role of classification systems and human measurement and Society procedures, I contend that while the classifications include cultural judgments and values, and are formed through a specific Numerous research is focused on how to motivate clients. Not social understanding of the relationship between impairment and much attention is paid to how motivation is constituted in productivity, the numerical formation "black boxes" these specific professional practices, and what is expected from clients aspects, and the understanding of disability as merely bodily often remains implicit. The stagnating and excluding effects of impairment and loss of function emerges and stabilizes. This labeling "unmotivated clients" and "uninterested professionals" shall be discussed by looking at the normative values embedded are left untouched. In our paper we want to move beyond the in the various categories, the object of 100 percent impairment ideal of motivation. We explore ways in which motivation is level and the mechanism for dealing with multiple impairments. "done" in the case of vocational rehabilitation of people with a The paper demonstrates that STS can be applied to analysis of work disability. In this exercise we make use of tools from STS the medical model of disability and its framing. This approach and Disability Studies. Concrete practices have their own sheds light both on the identification between impairment and dynamics and logics and are not a mere reflection or application disability, and on the resilience of society to social change due to of theories. By analyzing how clients and professionals speak the existence of stable heterogeneous networks around disability. about vocational rehabilitation trajectories they participate(d) in, we will illustrate that "motivation" is not a given, nor an Past Fox and Limbaugh: Disability in Stem Cell Research. individual characteristic. We aim to show how motivation is a Emily Laurel Smith, University of Minnesota value that is both considered a precondition for successful In 2006, Michael J. Fox endorsed candidates backing stem cell vocational rehabilitation as well as produced in the practice of research in several campaign ads, and as he spoke, his body vocational rehabilitation. In our analysis we focus on various shook and spasmed - a result of his Parkinson’s medication. In ways in which the "work" done by clients and professionals response, Rush Limbaugh suggested that Fox was faking the during vocational rehabilitation programs is framed. Some tremors to gain pity votes, and even after Limbaugh learned that "work" is made "invisible," because it does not fit expectations or Fox commonly shakes, he called Fox “shilling” for the does not seem to contribute to the (often implicit) goals clients democrats’ agenda. Through discourse analysis of this cultural and professionals have in mind. The paradox is that at the one moment, I provide a more critical look into the role of disability hand clients and professionals have to reach certain goals in promoting stem cell research, extending past both Limbaugh’s together, but at the other hand they may have totally different and Fox’s perspectives. While Fox is heard regularly, his voice standpoints in this process. makes invisible many within disability activism and scholarship who tell a different story, prioritizing sociocultural change over Chair: the eradication of disability with technoscience futures. I Vasilis Galis, Dr certainly break from Limbaugh’s attack on Fox, but Limbaugh’s 158. From Many Angles: The Deepwater Horizon Disaster and response reminds us that these ads were powerful (and therefore Disaster Science Studies threatening to conservatives) because the image of Fox’s unruly 8:30 to 10:00 am body makes viewers deeply uncomfortable. From this anxiety, many viewers might be more likely to look to technoscience Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen cures. Even within STS scholarship of stem cell science, a “Disaster science” consists of knowledge practices and regimes developed critical conversation about disability has been absent; feminist to prevent disaster, to understand the causes and consequences of disaster, science studies scholars, for example, argue we must consider and to orient disaster relief, rehabilitation and recovery efforts. As such, unequal access based on systems of oppression, which assumes disaster science is implicated in a wide array of institutional and socio- that stem cell therapy is desired by all. This paper shares the political processes. These include national and international legal and panel’s concern for more intersections between disability and regulatory systems, health and humanitarian programs, efforts to protect STS, as disability is too often central and yet invisible - and restore ecosystems and policies that permit and delimit particular kinds hyper(in)visible - in debates over the future of science and of technical development. Like the arenas it inhabits, disaster science itself technology. is characterized by institutional and epistemic diversity. It is produced by Feminist Technologies are Assistive Technologies: Lessons many kinds of experts and organizations, it spans disciplinary and institutional boundaries, and it speaks in different ways to different from Disability Rights. Linda Louise Layne, Rensselaer audiences. In these ways and more, disaster science is a complex and One of the issues raised in Feminist Technology (Layne, Vostral, important socio-political phenomenon. Papers on this panel will advance Boyer 2010) is the extent to which changes in the built STS analyses of disaster science through focus on the 2010 Deepwater environment brought about by disability rights activists have Horizon explosion and gusher in the Gulf of Mexico. Papers will examine inadvertently benefited women who have mobility challenges various kinds of disaster-related science, how they relate, and how they because of small children, whether their own or others for whom have affected understanding and recovery in the Gulf. Papers will also they care. In the introduction to that volume, I note that an examine how region shapes the way disasters play out, and are engaged unintended consequence of the ramps, curb cuts, elevators and scientifically. Papers will build on previous research that uses STS insight larger public toilets that were installed as a result of the to understand the dynamics of science in the context of disaster. The panel Americans with Disabilities Act was that women (and men) who will also lay ground for building a network of STS researchers prepared to care for small children also benefited. Why, I asked, had pursue disaster science studies in the future. feminists not called for these changes themselves? In this paper I examine a number of accommodations for people with Participants: disabilities traveling on public transit systems that have been Between Calamity and Recovery: Disaster Science in the Gulf extended to women if they are pregnant and/or traveling with of Mexico. Scott Frickel, Washington State Univeristy small children. Comparing the same technologies offered to The structure and dynamics of disaster science are not well different classes of riders (and the social movements that understood. What kinds of new knowledge does disaster science represent them) helps explain why feminists have not been more produce? Who makes and certifies it? How and where is the assertive about transforming the material world to suit women’s knowledge used? More broadly, what is the relationship between needs. My hope is that by explicating the source of this the new epistemic order that disaster science offers and the new reluctance and presenting an alternative model, feminists will ecological and social orders that marks disaster recovery? These more readily exploit the potential of feminist technology to questions – and the notable absence of even provisional answers improve women’s lives. to accompany them – suggest an urgent need to pay close attention to political constructions, uses, and consequences of Pricing “Natural Treasures” and “Animal Ghosts": Natural and disaster science. Toward this, my paper will examine the Social Science Collaborations to Financialize Gulf organization and production of research mobilized in response to Ecosystems and the Deepwater Horizon Disaster. Valerie two recent large-scale disasters in the Gulf of Mexico: Hurricane Olson, Rice University Katrina in 2005 and the Deepwater Horizon oil gusher in 2010. Drawing on evidence obtained from field work, government and Ecosystem services valuation is a disaster science practice based industry reports, scientific journals, public and private funding on attaching monetary value to destroyed or damaged spaces, initiatives, and from public and private environmental monitoring species and environmental processes. It requires the translation of data, I assess similarities and differences in the organization and ecosystem elements into socially vital “services” rather deployment of public and private science in the Katrina and oil commodities, such as valuing oyster beds as water filtration gusher disasters, respectively. I also compare these responses to systems and breakwaters rather than foodstuffs. Ecosystem scientific dynamics and field conditions that generally hold in the services valuation provided litigation and remediation data absence of disaster. following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and is being used similarly for the Deepwater Horizon disaster, but on a broader scope and Techno-legal Aspects of the British Petroleum Oil Spill: Risk scale. The goal of ecosystems valuation is to account for the Assessment, Citizen Science and Disaster Recovery. value of environmental services currently understood as free or Sabrina McCormick, US EPA (8601-P) priceless, allowing, as interlocutors informed me, “the Assessing risks of an oil spill or disasters more generally is a environment to come to the table” during post-disaster litigation, challenge complicated by the situated nature of knowledge- planning and restoration processes. However, these generation that results in differential perceptions and responses. collaborations between natural scientists and economists are These processes are critical in the case of the British Petroleum fraught with ongoing cross-disciplinary disputes about why and spill in the Gulf Coast, since the identification of risks promises how to monetize species and services, who counts as the to have massive legal ramifications for all multiple social actors. “human” being served, how to forecast value changes into the Clean up workers and local communities are particularly future, and how to negotiate the ethics and politics of vulnerable since they lack an evidentiary base for their argument. environmental financialization. This paper uses ethnographic Exposures to communities, workers, and the environment have data collected during land- and sea-based fieldwork among been neglected by experts in past oil spills, subsequently academic and independent Gulf Coast marine biologists and affecting the ability of these groups to gain desired legal ecologists currently operationalizing ecosystem services in order outcomes. A similar situation is developing in the Gulf oil spill to inform National Resource Damage Assessment studies as contention develops between government and industry following the Deepwater Horizon hydrocarbon release. It assessors who claim the impacts are less than anticipated and investigates this process as it is unfolding and argues that the community groups that see risks in their daily lives. This project cross-disciplinary problems of ecosystem services valuation are explores formal risk assessment and citizen science projects by compounded by nationally ambivalent views of the Gulf Coast as focusing on: 1) traditional risk assessment methods and a national environmental and social sacrifice zone. limitations, and 2) the ways in which citizen science is Chair: developed, conducted, and newly engages workers. Qualitative interviews, ethnographic observations, and video data were Kim Fortun, RPI collected with local social movement organizations, grassroots Discussant: groups, spill workers, fisherman, local residents, scientists and Kim Fortun, RPI government representatives within five months of the spill event. I find that there are gaps and conflicts between diverse 159. Science, Technology and Citizen Engagement stakeholders regarding risk that are exacerbated by the extreme 8:30 to 10:00 am and sudden characteristics of the event. These findings reveal Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller new insights about social dimensions of technological Participants: innovations in disasters and visually demonstrates how risk assessment processes affect disaster recovery and long-term How Far Can Public Participation Go? Indications from response. NASA’s Recent Experiences. Amy Kaminski, “An Uncontrollable Science Experiment”: The BP Oil Spill and NASA/Virginia Tech the Politics of Disaster Science. David Bond, New School Government institutions, traditionally identified as bastions of for Social Research techno-scientific expertise, increasingly seek ways to improve public engagement in activities ranging from policymaking to The science of a disaster is not a singular science. In the research, in an effort to maintain legitimacy at a time Sheila aftermath of the BP Oil Spill, scientists of all stripes lent their Jasanoff describes as being “of exceptional social and epistemic expertise to mastering the environmental effects of this fluidity.” But who or what determines whether, to what extent, shockingly large deepwater oil spill. Drawing from eight months and in what ways techno-scientific fields, issues, and institutions of fieldwork with academic and government scientists are ripe for “non-expert” participation? Examining recent efforts researching the ecological consequences of the BP Oil Spill, I of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration suggest that the science of a disaster is always a fraught and (NASA) to interact more with the general public, I enhance STS emergent field of inquiry. The science of a disaster is held scholarship by broadening understanding of why only certain together less by scholarly decorum than by shared research techno-scientific fields, issues and institutions seem open to devices and the urgency of solving a dramatic problem. To make participation, and where the bounds of participative possibilities this point, I review the key analytical technologies of the may realistically exist. While NASA claims the public “can deepwater and describe how their varied application within directly contribute to expanding human presence into the solar historically distinct modes of inquiry led to the conflicted (and system,” its participatory turn has entailed extending information ultimately politicized) production of facts on the BP Oil Spill. distribution through social media outlets and offering a handful The specific history of problems dealt with in one venue of of citizen science-type opportunities; rarely has the agency science, I argue, shapes how scientists working in that venue solicited or heeded input on policy matters. Drawing on respond to an unfolding disaster. This paper concludes with a participant-observation and interviews with NASA personnel, I discussion of the tensions between the generalizable ambition of argue that limits to fuller public participation include not only scientific knowledge and the searing particularities of an NASA’s expertise culture, but also the dominance of nationalistic environmental catastrophe. This paper reflects upon the lessons goals and entrenched stakeholders, administrative factors, and this disaster may hold for an ethnography of the actual politics of (ironically) NASA’s concerns about its legitimacy. I also nature. highlight the role public interest plays in determining the extent and scope of participatory opportunities while addressing what This paper offers a critical discussion of dialogue, signposting its these findings say about the public as legitimate NASA limitations as the pre-eminent means of delivering public stakeholders and how they might be relevant to understanding engagement with science and technology (PEST). It emerges as a public engagement with other techno-scientific fields, issues and response from the author as an evaluator of a public engagement institutions. program sponsored by the UK Government’s Department of Knowing and Loving: Pleasure in Public Engagement. Sarah Business, Industry and Skills, investigating issues of science, Davies, Arizona State University trust and public engagement. The paper contests and complicates the highly promissory account of dialogue peddled by dialogue Research in what became known as critical Public Understanding proselytizers, principally: conceptualisations of dialogue as a of Science (cPUS) has decisively indicated that, contrary to synergistic method – catalysing equitable, inclusive and "deficit model" assumptions regarding the relation between meaningful interactions between expert and non-expert public science and its publics, to know science is not necessarily to love groups; dialogue as leverage from insular, secretive and it. Lay public assessments of technoscience are grounded not just technocratic governance; dialogue as a form of brokerage that in understandings of particular "facts," but in social contexts, reifies science as relevant, user-friendly and integral to public popular knowledges and cultural meanings. In the UK, one discourse; dialogue as a translation/elucidation device of response to this research has been the instigation of a broad- scientific complexity that justifies the work of scientists in public based shift from "public understanding" to "public engagement terms and sustains considerable tranches of dedicated public with science and technology," exemplified in, for instance, the funding; dialogue as a catalyst for new forms of knowledge rise of processes formalizing public participation in science worker – the "public intellectual" and "citizen scientist"; dialogue policy and of "dialogue" as an integral part of science as a stimulant enriching and diversifying the perceptual horizons communication. This paper explores the character of this move. of science; and finally, dialogue as a facilitator of economic Taking as its starting point the British government’s 2008 call for prosperity enabling an integrated, fluid, multi-interfacing activities that promote a “society that is excited about science” network and "information/network society." In total, the paper and drawing on interviews with researchers, lay public discusses many of the overlooked or unlearned challenges of "audiences" and other participants in public engagement, it formal and informal or invited and uninvited science dialogue argues that – while knowing and loving are no longer processes, which potentially compromise the operationalizing of concomitant – the role of affect in public engagement has been PEST, the "science and society" nexus and ambition of a underplayed. Indeed, the pleasure of participation is an important legitimately democratic science governance. feature of the accounts of those who are involved in public engagement, structuring the experiences of both scientific Chair: "engagers" and public attendance. In exploring the role of Richard Watermeyer, Cardiff University pleasure in public engagement, this paper suggests that good scientific citizenship may no longer be predicated on knowing, 160. The Greening of Environment but is oriented around assumptions of a particular, correct, 8:30 to 10:00 am affective relation between science and its publics. Crowne Plaza: Hanna Public Participation and Decision-making for Controversial Participants: Projects: A Dilemma in China. Shihong Yu, University of A Logic-oriented and Information-based Workshop Method Tokyo; Yuko Fujigaki, University of Tokyo Toward a Green Campus. Naoki Takuma, Tokyo Institute of In the face of an increasing public protest against projects that are Technology; Katsunori Hanamura, Tokyo Institute of controversial in science and technology, public participation has Technology; Hideto Nakajima, Tokyo Institute of Technology been emphasized frequently in decision-making, as well as laws. Decision-making on a community-wide environmental issue However, on the other side, public participations have involved should rest on the approval of nearly all the members of the in a dilemma in China. A lot of conflict between the public's community. In general, unauthorized small-group workshops are bottom-up participations and passive responses of the not considered effective in building such a broad consensus, but government and other organizations has been recognized. This we can make use of it in a knowledge-intensive community such paper tries to investigate the background of public participation as a university. This is realized by designing a logic-oriented and in China, what difficulties it is confronted with, and why those information-based workshop whose output report is highly difficulties arose - are there any problems peculiar to China? visible to other members of the community and helps them Based on a review of historical literatures and a qualitative multi- understand the points of issue, the diversity in the way of method case study, combining interviews, non-participation thinking, and the possible blue prints for the future. In addition, observation and documentary analysis, we argue that: (1) public this output report can be reused as a reference material in other awareness of risks involved in modern science and technology workshops or cafes, and can contribute to the enhancement of the has played an important role in participation in decision-making knowledge base in the community. The workshop we designed related to those controversial projects; (2) experts from different resembles the “Perspective Workshop” of the Danish Board of fields have incompatible opinions, even these in the same field Technology, but is different because the articles the participants have different priority in options. This has provided space for the receive contain objective and detailed information, such as the public to challenge the existed policy; (3) traditional and closed efficiency of several energy reduction techniques, the status quo decision-making mechanism which dominated by the bureaucrat of environmental regulations, and the role of the university in the and experts is passive and sluggish when they are confronting region's greenery plan. The workshop consists of three phases: with the request of public participation; (4) the tension between the Idea-Growing Phase, the Evaluation Phase and the Proposal scientific uncertainty and law’s call for definite evidence is a Phase. During these phases, the participants are requested to double-edged sword for the public, as well as regulators. This specify the reasons of their statements, if they are not clear. We paper finally tries to explore a practicable solution for the carried out an experiment of this workshop on the "green dilemma in China. In regards to the peculiarity of Chinese campus" issue at our university. The observation confirmed that society and political system, this paper will make a contribution the discussion process was sufficiently logical and divers to to the STS literature which can help us to understand the provide a visible report worthy of browsing. importance of social and cultural context in studying risk governance and the potential of S&T in prompting Planning by Intermediaries: Making Cities Make Nature in democratization. Amsterdam. Kimberley Kinder, University of California, The Desublimation of Dialogue: Difficulties and Dangers in Berkeley Public Engagement with Science and Technology. Richard The IJburg archipelago in Amsterdam is quickly becoming one Watermeyer, Cardiff University of the city’s most popular living quarters. When complete in 2020, 45,000 people will live on seven newly constructed chemicals are ubiquitous across populations. This data has islands. But IJburg is more than a mega-scale residential shocked scientists, policymakers and the public. It has also development. In environmental circles, the development has also reinvigorated debates about the adequacy of chemical regulations become a pilot project for the biggest potential wetland and shed light on the toll chemical exposures may exert on restoration undertaking in Western Europe, made possible human health. Despite the far-reaching impacts of human through the largest and most innovative urban development biomonitoring data, analytical chemists point to the endeavor underway in the Netherlands. This paper explores the indeterminacy of the chemical measurements they produce in the way STS theories of distributed agency, many of which were laboratory. In particular, they highlight the challenges associated developed as a warning against human hubris, have changed the with measuring exogenous chemicals in human bodies, where the way municipal planners in Amsterdam are approaching this joint chemicals are subject to metabolic alterations often making the urban-wetland development task. Instead of envisioning nature line between endogenous and exogenous substances brought back into the city, IJburg planners are working to turn indistinguishable. This paper contributes to science studies cities into nature’s womb, or the place where lake currents and scholarship on quantification and measurement. bird populations are born before radiating out into the Chair: countryside. And instead of trying to midwife these nature elements directly through nurseries or total ecosystem Rachel Washburn, Loyola Marymount University construction, planners are instead attempting to use urban 161. Neoliberal Science: The Sequel infrastructure to harness lake hydrology, mussel and fish biology, 8:30 to 10:00 am and avian optics so as to spontaneously create seemingly wild Crowne Plaza: White wetlands at a considerable distance downstream. The purpose of this session is to follow up on the special issue of Social Responsible Innovation: The Process of Framing the Studies of Science in October 2010 on Neoliberal Science, itself originated Standardization of Sustainability. Allison Marie Loconto, at an earlier meeting of 4S. While the papers in that issue described Institut Francilien Recherche Innovation Societe (IFRIS), neoliberal trends in stream restoration, meteorology and citation practices, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA-SenS) events have moved much faster than our publication schedule. The purpose Social and environmental standards have been claimed to be of this session is to bring interested groups up to date in new areas, such as socio-technical devices utilized by a range of stakeholders to geoengineering, the establishment of the Tufts Center on Drug govern agricultural practices in the North and the South, and to Development, and the resort of the "wisdom of crowds" through Twitter link these stakeholders together within "value" chains (Busch and blogs to displace old-fashioned peer review in select journals. As we 2000; Loconto 2011). These standards use science-based argued in the previous issue, these developments are directly related to methods to determine compliance with specific sets of values members of the neoliberal thought collective; we do not access the term developed by a range of international organizations, which make "neoliberalism" lightly. claims regarding the ability of these standards to influence the Participants: sustainability of practices. These activities are often included in Geoengineering: Between Technonationalism & Neoliberalism, the new wave of socio-technologies that represent "responsible innovation" (e.g., Geels, Hekkert, and Jacobsson 2008; Visser Past, Present & Future. David Tyfield, Lancaster University; 2010). However, this concept of responsible innovation has not Bron Szerszynski, Lancaster University; Maia Galarraga, been fully problematized by the existing literature, particularly as Lancaster University this type of innovation works to conceal power dynamics, As climate change progresses and efforts to mitigate emissions inequities, and disputes through the process of standardization. prove insufficient, the fear of a future runaway greenhouse effect Using the ISEAL Alliance as an example, this paper examines is leading atmospheric physicists, engineers, climate modellers the framing techniques used at the global level to establish social and oceanographers inter alia to research "geoengineering" and environmental standards as a responsible innovation. The schemes; large-scale interventions in the Earth’s climate system analysis draws from the examination of the ISEAL Impacts code, in order to offset the effects of global warming. Moreover, such including communications and background papers worries have led to recommendations from a number of leading commissioned, and the individual standards of the core ISEAL science and policy institutions to start researching members. The conceptual framework draws upon the notions of geoengineering schemes now in order to know whether they framing practices and links this with the theory of engagements could serve to avoid future tipping points. The answers, the story (Benford and Snow 2000; Boltanski and Thévenot [1991] 2006 ; goes, will offer informed decisions about our future by unveiling Gamson 1989; Nisbet, Brossard, and Kroepsch 2003; Pellow –"based on evidence"– what options we have, with 1999; Smith, Voß, and Grin 2010; Thévenot 2009). In other geoengineering as an "insurance policy" against catastrophic words, what measures have been developed to "prove" the climate change. These techno-scientific developments (and the "responsibility" of stakeholders in "impacting" sustainable explicitly tight connection between "research" and "application" practices? in this case) provide an important case study for co-productionist The Problems with Measurement in Human Biomonitoring studies of their parallel construction with forms of socio- Research. Rachel Washburn, Loyola Marymount University technical ordering, not least given the potentially catastrophic impact at a planetary scale of such geoengineering interventions, Measurement is central to the enterprise of science. It is an idea, even as "experiments." The tacit socio-technical imaginaries and an activity, a language and an outcome. According to Theodore institutional framings of geoengineering, however, are more or Porter, “In our own time, measurement means nothing if not less neglected in the scientific/policy arguments regarding which precision and objectivity” (1995: 23). However, as Porter and research to fund and pursue. Such large-scale manipulation of the others have noted, measurement is a situated activity shaped by climate system inherently encompasses heterogeneous disciplines the contexts in which it is undertaken, including the particular and knowledge practices (engineers, modellers, bio-chemists, time and space it which it occurs as well as the theoretical physicists, ecologists, biologists, etc.) yet the question of how frameworks, instruments, materials and observations on which it these overlapping and diverse histories, framing and objectives rests. Based on qualitative interviews with analytical chemists, are negotiated and stabilized is largely ignored. This may be this paper examines the problems with measurement in human particularly significant given the way in which hopes of biomonitoring research. Human biomonitoring is the practice of predictability and control have been constitutive in climate measuring environmental chemicals, their metabolites, or science and are now playing a similarly crucial role in the reaction products in human fluids and tissues. Over the past conception of certain geoengineering proposals. decade, scientists in government agencies, universities and industry have produced volumes of human biomonitoring data, Neoliberalism and the Origins of Pharmaceutical Ignorance. suggesting that exposures to a wide array of environmental Edward Nik-Khah, Roanoke College Science studies scholars have identified as a characteristic feature Chair: of the current intellectual landscape the use of science as an instrument to achieve political and economic aims (Proctor & Philip Mirowski, University of Notre Dame Schiebinger 2008; Oreskes & Conway 2010). While these 162. Science Communication and Education scholars of “agnotology” have successfully implicated certain 8:30 to 10:00 am practices in the production of ignorance, they have been less Crowne Plaza: Allen successful in identifying the political economy informing these efforts. This paper seeks to address this shortcoming by Participants: examining an episode that has escaped the attention of scholars Trash Talk and Trusted Adults: Analyzing Internet Safety of agnotology, the efforts of certain pharmaceutical corporations Curricula. Nathan Fisk, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute to mobilize against the 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments to the There is currently a tremendous effort being put forth toward US Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act. Pharmaceutical corporations educating today's youth on the “safe” and “appropriate” use of perceived the changes to pharmaceutical science brought about communication technologies through various educational by the Act to be a direct threat to their profitability, and enlisted a programs nationwide. These programs are preparing youth set of economists and legal scholars associated with the Internet users to become “cybercitizens,” fostering safe online neoliberal Mont Pèlerin Society (MPS) to counteract these environments for both educational and corporate activities. changes. This paper follows the activities of the pharmaceutical Additionally, they seek to assist seemingly confused parents to industry and their allies to construct institutions (the Center for better understand what youth are doing online, and the potential the Study of Drug Development) and promote scientific practices risks they face should the Internet be used inappropriately. These (e.g., ghostwriting scientific papers) that produced their favored curricula provide significant insight into the ways in which youth form of knowledge about drugs. It argues that the ideas guiding Internet safety has emerged as problematic for policymakers, these activities developed within the MPS effort to reconstitute school administrators and parents. Part of an ongoing dissertation liberalism. It then points out that these efforts cashed out in ways project on youth Internet safety based in New York State, this similar to those identified for tobacco and climate science (the presentation details the results of a discourse analysis of the establishment of an “echo chamber” to cast doubt on the FDA’s NetSmartz youth Internet safety curricula. Broadly, it will be efforts; the generation of revisionist histories about the argued that the youth Internet safety curricula acts as a thalidomide tragedy), often involving the same think tanks, and technology of governance, repositioning youth and adults in such concludes with the suggestion that one should also view the a way to increase online surveillance and colonize youth strategies previously identified by the agnotology literature as subcultures. The central tactical mechanism of this curricula is being informed by neoliberal ideas. reliant on a dominant construction – or governing mentalities – Trial by Twitter: The New Neoliberal Notion of Peer Review. of youth as not-yet-adult, rendering youth frames of reference as Philip Mirowski, University of Notre Dame secondary to that of “trusted adults.” As such, activities which Science studies scholars have long been skeptical of the virtues youth may perceive as inconsequential become instances of of peer review, but so have various theorists of the neoliberal victimization or deviance which youth must be protected from thought collective. In the last decade, a number of journals through adult governance. The presentation will conclude with experimented with "open peer review" models under their preliminary results from survey and focus group research control, but that experiment seems to have fizzled. Instead, performed with students, parents and administrators in school certain high-profile papers in journals from Science to Nature to districts during fall 2010. Journal of the American Chemical Society have been ripped Unspooling the Topologist’s Videotape: From Chicken-wires to apart by bloggers and tweets in matters of days, often to the Film Festivals. Alma Steingart, MIT embarrassment of authors and journal editors. Editors, distressed During the past four decades, mathematicians have begun by the chaotic criticisms, have started looking for ways to advocating the increasing visualization of mathematics, singling contain, systematize and control this trend. This paper will cover out advances made in computer graphics as the crucial impetus such experiments like the Faculty of 1000, the “alt-metrics” behind this turn. Toward tracking this transformation, this talk movement, and others; it will then explore the theory of examines “Turning The Sphere Inside Out,” a mathematical epistemology behind such developments. Not surprisingly, just video produced in the early 1970s which was one of the first like the case of Wikipedia, they have been prompted by attempts to use computer graphics to visualize otherwise hard to neoliberal notions, and rarely live up to the ideas of “spontaneous depict mathematical objects and theories. “Turning The Sphere orders” so beloved of their proponents. Inside Out,” which illustrated a topological problem known as Transformation of STS in Neoliberal States: The Japanese Case. the “sphere eversion,” was the fourth movie by the Topology Hidetoshi KIHARA, Kokushikan University, Tokyo Films Project (an NSF-funded initiative). In this talk, I claim that Neoliberal reforms have changed how science, technology and the film was not simply a post hoc representation of a theory. further academic research, as well as society, work. Even so, in Instead, it utilized computational visualization as a potent tool for this period, many critical studies of the negative consequences of training mathematicians to apprehend abstract theories. Further, neoliberalism, such as the globalization of poverty and the the film was not only representational, but also experimental: it inattention to social rights and social fairness, have been produced new theoretical knowledge about topology. Whereas undertaken in some historical and social science fields. However, science studies accounts of representation and visual cultures of STS, which should be critical against science and technology, has science primarily have focused on the natural sciences, a close generally not addressed the problem of neoliberalism with investigation of computational visualizations of mathematical respect to science and technology. Rather, some currents in STS theories can contribute to recent analyses of how visualization may be viewed as supportive of neoliberal transformations. Why techniques engender new conceptual objects, material practices is it so? This paper will find out the reason by studying the and experimental enterprises. Since the ontological status of Japanese case. In Japan, "public policy" change was affected by mathematical objects is always up for grabs, mathematicians are neoliberal reform in 1990s. Consequently, a broad area of vocal about the relative abstractness or concreteness of their Japanese social sciences altered how to be engaged in public theories as they work to construct and maintain clear distinctions policy. STS in Japan formed their body in this change and shifted between the two. Paying close attention to these sorts of to neoliberal public policy–oriented STS in the mid 1990s. As a negotiations could further illuminate the role of visualization and result, STS as well as other many social sciences suffered a modeling as a creative scientific endeavor. transformation of critical function. These circumstances seem to Education of Science Communication for Graduate Students to have overlapped and have caused STS in Japan not to address the Develop Communication Skills and Mindset for Thinking critical studies of neoliberalism. Connectivity with Others. Gensei Ishimura, Hokkaido University; Naoyuki Mikami, Hokkaido University unfaithful, aspects I wish to further investigate in this paper. In 2010-2011, we provided graduate students with three science World of Warcraft is an online game with more than 12 million communication courses to develop various communication skills players world wide, attracting interest in both media and and to help them acquire a mindset for thinking connectivity with academia. The case is based around an incident coined as other specialists and non-specialists. One of the courses was the “Ensidiagate.” In January 2010, a group of elite players from the four-day “Science Communication,” in which six graduates took guild Ensidia was temporarily banned for cheating. Together part. The goal was for them to acquire creativity, collaboration with the ban was a withdrawal of the achievement and rewards skills and imagination for others, and to reflect on their research they had gained as the first guild in the world to defeat the final and the context of it through planning collaborative research monster. The story spread like wildfire in the playercommunity, projects amongst themselves. The course was designed to be gaining headliners and editorial pieces on many WoW related composed of the following three parts: a quest for their own Web sites; Was the ban justified? The data material for this research context, presentation of them and planning for presentation is based on a one-year ethnographic study in WoW collaborative research. To find research context, students and its related forums. Here I have collected blogposts, identified the following five factors on worksheets designed to forumdiscussions and other news segments that arose during this guide their elaboration: ‘their own research subject,’ ‘broader event. In addition, I have five interviews with players in Ensidia research area including them,’ ‘their application,’ ‘researches, which gives further insight into competitive gaming in WoW and technologies and theories supporting them,’ and ‘researchers or why such a ban became newsworthy. Not only did the code research areas they want to associate with their own.’ Students betray the designers when it malfunctioned, it also betrayed were instructed to try to combine each of their own five factors Ensidia's players when its fluidity gave room for what would with others to find any possibility for collaboration. They later be labelled an exploit. Was this lack of sportsmanship? Was reflected on the course and reported, “I found it is important to it faulty design? Or is the code perhaps deceiving them both, think beyond familiar frame of reference,” “I got interested in displaying the trickster within? developing new methods for collaborative research," “The course Why Users Matter (Even More) in the Age of Information. Lisa gave me good chance to think differently. I want to organize a Nelson, University of Pittsburgh training course as this in some academic meeting.” As prior work in STS has pointed out, users play a significant Reforming the Unwillingly? Reform Activities in Higher role in affecting the usages of technology or resisting Education. Kristin Hope, University of Bergen technologies. However, how users matter is arguably even more The debate about how to govern and manage the universities has important to the success of information technologies, which been marked by a constructed distinction between two different depend upon disclosure of personal information. Social governing and management models. The Humboltian university acceptance of any particular information technology is more than model is thought to be a model that prescribes free and a simple configuration of the technology for the users or independent academic research, a democratic organization and placement of the technology within an existing practice or policy scientific education. This is contrasted with a more instrumental paradigm. Nowhere is this of greater concern than with model where the state plays a more prominent role as a provider technologies that make use of personal information and the of economic incentives, and where management by objectives public and private institutions which rely upon both. If the and results and quality control is emphasized. However, can the institutional use of personal information does not resonate with management of universities be characterized as contradictory as the ethical considerations important to the “form of life” these models imply? Are there perhaps other factors that come instantiated in our expectations, norms, values and legal into play when we look at governing and steering of the higher guarantees of personal liberty and dignity, then a loss of trust and education sector? To examine this further it is important to look confidence is the consequence. While some STS research has at the local level. Within the higher educational context the local explored the effects of the political ideology of inventors on the adaptation will be of special interest, expecting different local development of technology, surprisingly little attention has been adaptations to reforms. Therefore institutional case studies will paid to what perceptions of technology can tell us about the be fruitful where the comparison of how the changes has been “politics” or “political ideology” of societal acceptance and the carried out, where both comparison between nations and within referents relied upon to evaluate the political, legal and social nations will be productive. The approach is comparative, where acceptability of a technology and how this, in turn, should and the focus will be on policy formation and policymaking at can affect the direction of technological innovation. The national and local level in some of the participating countries in methodological question explored in this paper is how can the the project. The project will produce in-depth case studies as well politics or political ideology of users be utilized to better guide as more comprehensive and cross-national analyses of existing the ethical development and deployment of technology? policy initiatives and processes. The study is a comparative STS Analysis of Bio-inspired Algorithms in Organizing and comparison between eight European countries regarding their Management Practices. Diane M. Rodgers, Northern Illinois higher education system and how the different reform activities University has been carried out and implemented the last 10 years. Ideas and practices of organizing and managing have Chair: increasingly been influenced by new paradigms in biology. The Kristin Hope, University of Bergen terms “bio-inspired” or “nature-inspired” have been applied to new forms of organizational structure as well as new styles of 163. ICTs: Users, Designers and Management management and production. Because the self-organizing of 8:30 to 10:00 am social insects is seen to be compatible to the changes in the Crowne Plaza: Hope human division of labor and economy, they have quite often Participants: become the source of this inspiration. The creation of ant and bee algorithms based on their self-organization has served as one of “Ensidiagate” and the Treacherous Code. Kristine Ask, NTNU the underlying logics behind new human organizational models Lessig’s popular phrase "Code is law" has become a slogan to and management strategies. This biological inspiration appears address the interchangeable relationship between regulation and straightforward and innovative, however, a critical investigation code. In digital games the code also dictates the underlying into the past and future of social insects as models for human mechanisms that govern the rules. However, discrepancies can organizations and management is needed. I will address the rise occur between the rules of the game and the rules of the code, as in bioinspired algorithms in the literature and describe the the code can hold opposing or hidden meanings -creating a suggested applications for a particular set of these based on social tension between rules, code and practice in games. Haraway’s insect behaviors. I have conducted a discourse analysis of articles cyborg thought us how these hybrids can be both treacherous and within business, management, computing and engineering databases from 1990-2010. A critical science studies approach is Martin Hand, Queen's University used to provide the insights of those such as Steven Barley, Judy Wajcman and Sherry Turkle who would place STS at the nexus 164. Perspectives for STS Research of organizational theory, work practices and technology. My 8:30 to 10:00 am contention is that these insights need to be combined with the Crowne Plaza: Newman idea of a legitimating loop created by co-constructions of natural Participants: and social organization to best explain biologically inspired algorithms and.expand STS literature. Latin American Perspective of Social Studies of Science and Chronic Disease Self-Management, Foucault’s Clinic and the Technology. Javier Enrique Guerrero Castro, Colombian Digital Patient. Bethany Hipple Walters, Erasmus Observatory of Science and Technology; Diana Lucio-Arias, University; Samantha Adams, Erasmus University Rotterdam Colombian Observatory of Science and Technology - Dept. of Health Policy One of the main features of the Social Studies of Science and Technology, as a cognitive distinguishable category, is perhaps Disease management programs (DMPs), especially those its heterogeneity, not only in terms of disciplinary and focusing on self-management, are a popular method of caring for methodological approaches but also in the audiences and chronically ill patients. In the Netherlands, there is a state-funded interests targeted. This heterogeneity responds to the co-existence shift toward DMPs, which are commonly in primary care and (and sometimes co-evolution) of different discourses, intellectual often rely on an increased medicalization of the patient’s home trajectories, disciplines, theoretical frameworks and approaches life. While DMPs are thought to improve care and reduce and definition of objects of study. The field has been recognized expenditures, they are not without repercussions. This work for providing different perspectives to science and technology. investigates the professional’s perceptions of the role of This also holds for Latin America, where the field has gained technology, patients and self-management in many venues, from some level of professionalization from early 90s (Kreimer, an eating disorder website to Internet-based patient portals. 2007). Our contribution aims at providing the Latin-American Through interviews conducted with professionals in five practice perspective of the discipline: Using social network analysis and groups in the Netherlands, this research explores how self- descriptive statistics we will provide an overview of the management is, in many ways, an extension of Foucault’s Clinic discipline in this specific context: which topics are being through the mechanism of digitizing the patient, as described by addressed, which publics are being articulated, which Oudshoorn. Self-management activities extend the medical gaze methodologies are preferred. We use the information from the beyond the clinic (doctor’s office) to the patient’s home, proceedings of the main Latin American venue for the resulting in increased patient obligation for disease management. communication of social studies of science and technology - This redistribution of power over chronic disease from the clinic Jornadas Latinoamericanas de Estudios Sociales de La Ciencia y to the patient, while apparently favoring patients, favors a select la tecnología, ESOCITE - as our main point of departure. This group, those who adapt to the clinic’s method of disease meeting has been held every two years since the first meeting in management; this effect is a result of the internalization of the Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1995. The last (VIII) meeting, again program by the professionals, resulting in increased expectations in Buenos Aires, took place in 2010, 425 papers were presented, of patients. This research contributes to STS by building on covering 10 main sessions, with contributions from 12 Latin Oudshoorn’s work on how an increasingly common method of American countries. care (Internet-based health care and the digital patient) is pushing the boundaries between the patient, doctor and the clinic. What Happened to Postmodern Science? Bernhard Isopp, York Persistent Traces and Potential Memories. Martin Hand, University Queen's University While not completely dead-letters, the notions of “postmodern science” and postmodernism have largely vanished from STS Digital memory-making is taking many different forms, from the parlance. These concepts present an interesting case for STS as vast databases of memory institutions (libraries, archives), and they have been employed by both scientists and STS scholars. other state, corporate and scientific organizations, to the user- This paper examines their fate in the discourse of both generated archives of Web 2.0, to the visible traces of daily communities, and in the much broader social, historical and practice produced with combinations of cameras, cell-phones and intellectual contexts shaping, and shaped by, postmodernism. It networked media in personal life. On the one hand, digital traces the emergence of the notion of “postmodern science” in memory is cheap, such that we routinely store vast amounts of the early 1960s and its uptake in the works of scientists David digital data and thus appear to remember a great deal, both Bohm and Rupert Sheldrake, who linked their particular views of individually and collectively through persistent digital traces. On scientific knowledge to the intellectual currents undergirding the other hand, new technologies change what can be postmodernism. Thus, in some sense, Bohm and Sheldrake can remembered, and how. This has consequences for future cultural be located on the border of science and STS. In terms of STS, memory in an era of burgeoning potential memories stored postmodernism as an analytical concept became popular in the within diffused media, shaped by potentially incompatible 1980s and peaked in the late 1990s. Its demise was partially the conventions. In contrast to the promise of perfect memory result of the so-called science wars, which involved several machines, this new regime of technologies prompts challenging sustained and conspicuous attacks on postmodern theory. Major questions about relationships between collective and personal discussions of postmodernism – either favorable or critical – on memory (archival histories and individual biographies), the behalf of scientists were largely intended for popular, or semi- public and the private (the public visibility of private life online), popular, audiences. This is also true for certain work in STS. the myriad ways in which malleable visual and textual data can This paper thus reveals a set of dynamically and dialectically co- be stored, classified, reconstructed and reworked, and whether produced relationships and border-crossings through the analysis instant communication now takes priority over memorization in of a case in which scientists and STS scholars interacted by everyday life. Drawing upon documentary and in-depth defining and engaging in a political contest over particular qualitative interview data the paper shows how a) memory notions of scientific knowledge, practice, and ethos, as well as institutions are using digital technologies to rework the past and the role, jurisdiction and legitimacy of STS. shape future memory practices; and b) how such practices are emerging in daily life as new mobile digital devices (e.g. Organizational Context and the Emergence of Mechanical smartphones) mesh with existing technologies, conventions and Objectivity in the Production of the OED. Kelly Kistner, practices of memory-making. The paper aims to make University of Washington, Seattle contributions to STS debates around the intersection of digital “A word factory was wanted.” In its application of the methods, materiality, practice and classification. theory and aims of comparative philology, and its coordination Chair: among thousands of contributors spread around the globe, the production of what became the Oxford English Dictionary is a Neoliberal reforms in Japan have affected its science and remarkable organizational endeavor in itself, as well as an early technology. STS literature has not focused on responses to model of large-scale collaborative knowledge production. Begun neoliberalism through the lens of a country. Japan has a discrete in 1857 only to be relaunched again in 1879, the story of its STS history and makes a good case study for the problem of the making provides a glimpse into varied visions of the meaning influence of neoliberalism on STS. Japan is unique in its history and practice of intersubjective science at the time, but also the of Marxist science studies preceding the introduction of STS. In viable contingencies of their enactment. Drawing on archival August 2010, at Tokyo’s Social Studies of Science (4S) sources, I characterize the model that eventually sustained the meetings, there were four sessions on neoliberalism and STS. dictionary’s production by its standardization and centralization, Scholars presented different responses to neoliberalism. Japanese extensive and iterative corroboration, and an informal internal responses included: Kunio Goto examining the relevance of hierarchy with meritocratic boundaries. I find these features Marxism to STS in Japan. With an outline of the history of reflective of Britain’s autonomous, yet relatively disorganized Marxism and STS, Yasumoto Fujita argues that Marxism should and non-professionalized nature of scientific knowledge be revitalized in Japanese STS. Hideto Nakajima traced the production at the time, and more generally correlated with demise of Marxist science studies in Japan to the impact of contexts of heterogeneity and uncertain authority. I consider how Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Hidetoshi Kihara this model of organization influenced the highly streamlined and viewed that STS lost its critical function with Japanese neoliberal descriptive style of the OED, and contrast it against the different reforms in the 1990s. US STS scholars provided a global styles and production of other historical-dictionaries of the era. response: David Hess examined STS as a field and its response to And while the makers of the OED extolled the distributed and neoliberalism in Europe and Anglophone countries. Steve Fuller depersonalized process of its production – often speaking of it in argued that STS’ lack of discussion of universities as distributors mechanistic terms – I cite evidence of tension and limitations that of knowledge is evidence of STS as a neoliberal discipline. How arose out of its suppression of more tacit forms of knowledge and will Marxist science studies be revitalized to be a viable personal discretion. alternative to STS in Japan? What issues will Marxist science The Art of Living and Doing Science in a University studies address as an alternative to STS? Will those issues be Laboratory. Patricia de Góis, UEL - Universidade Estadual different than STS issues? These are some questions to be de Londrina; Moisés Alves de Oliveira, Universidade discussed. Estadual de Londrina Chair: This dissertation is intended to have its main objective as to bring Francis Remedios, Independent Scholar and Editorial Board a new perspective of looking at the university laboratories Member, Social Epistemology beyond the general idea of the Liberal Technicist thought, 165. Nuclear Reactors: Is it Possible to Uninvent a Technology? concerning the educational and scientific academic research, but looking at it as part of negotiation nets and relationship 8:30 to 10:00 am networking. It has as a field of study the university lab, of the Crowne Plaza: Kaye State University of Londrina, of instrumental and analytics Participants: chemistry research (DIA), where the research took place from The Social Construction of India’s Fast Breeder Reactors. September to November 2009 and January 2010. The theorist- methodology has been attached to the experience of an Chaitanya Ravi, George Mason University ethnographic basis, through which the researcher experienced the On July 18, 2005, U.S President George W. Bush reversed three daily issue of the laboratorial net DIA, while the person in charge decades of non-proliferation policies and offered to allow Non- negotiated constantly its expansion, searching allies and leasing, proliferation Treaty (NPT) non-signatory India to buy nuclear so that the researcher could take notes to analyze, write, revise reactors, uranium and dual use technologies on the international and after, describe what had happened in those spaces. The market. In return, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh undertook to observation data were registered through audio recording, and in separate India’s civilian nuclear facilities from its military ones notes in a field notebook, following the procedures of collecting and to place the civilian ones under International Atomic Energy and analysis and adopting the laboratory studies of Bruno Latour. Agency (IAEA) safeguards. My study aims to understand the According to this perspective, the laboratory is understood to be debate in India over the status of the breeder reactors in the a close net composed of various elements, interests, partnerships, separation plan. I contend that qualitative factors like prestige procedures and knowledge, produced by human and non-human and self-reliance influenced the final status of the breeders. I rely entities that constitute the objects and the meanings that we know on newspapers, foundational references and data from 42 semi- as sciences or science practicing. Besides, the credit/credibility structured interviews. My research contributes to the STS concept, key to this theory body, has helped in the literature by helping to better understand the interconnections comprehension of the heterogenic content of elements that have between nuclear power, state and society in India. I use the been managed by its actors as with an objective to have as much concept of relevant social groups from the SCOT approach and credibility for the laboratory as well as for themselves, turning it juxtapose the meanings assigned to the idea of separation by two as an organization with great credibility in the net it is embedded broad contending coalitions. I demonstrate the interpretative allowing its survival. The observation and the description of the flexibility of the breeder reactors by focusing on the debate over material show how the net turns the studied laboratory totally their civilian or military status within the first coalition that dependent on the net it is part of so, as the process of expansion supported the idea of separation. I view the debate as a contest of the laboratory is dependent of many associations, negotiations, between a political recognition plan supported by the Ministry of alignments and discursive strategies done by the participants, that External Affairs (MEA) and a technology autonomy plan interact with as many numbers of elements possible, so that it is proposed by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). I use the possible to accumulate capital for a soon future of (re)investment. concept of technopolitics from the systems approach and Through this investigation in which it has has been emphasized demonstrate how the DAE ensured the victory of its technology the science in action the science as knowledge, as a contingent autonomy plan. process, the science living of a university lab has shown as to be Looking Global, Speaking Local: Proleptic Structure in much more complex, than just a place of technical experiments. Fukushima-related Discourse during an NC Public Hearing. Japanese STS and Marxism. Francis Remedios, Editorial Ashley Rose Kelly, North Carolina State University Board Member Social Epistemology This paper articulates the events of a North Carolina Utilities Neoliberalism advocates for the construction of free markets, Commission Public Hearing regarding a request by Duke Energy which are to be used for solutions to economic and social for $267 million USD to complete the building of a nuclear problems, rather than state solutions to those problems. reactor. This hearing was held while several of the Fukushima Dai-ichi power plant reactors were in crisis. Predictably, the this proposal, neither the full scope of the accidents in Japan nor events unraveling in Japan did not go unacknowledged during the their specific implications for nuclear energy are clear. hearing. During an hour open to citizens to contribute their input, Nevertheless, discourses of nuclear regulation, design, financing, Japan was consistently noted among respondents; interestingly, risk and policy will surely be affected. The paper contributes to the responses were often in tentative and forward-looking terms. STS literatures on large sociotechnical systems, risk analysis, To unpack the discursive strategies employed during public risk communication, and public policy controversies, utilizing hearing in NC, this paper turns to the rhetorical figure of critical discourse theory, rhetorical criticism, media theory and prolepsis. Bullinger (1889) describes prolepsis as, "An globalization theory. Following the project’s commitment to a Anticipation of some future Time which cannot yet be enjoyed: cross-national comparative perspective, the analysis argues that but has to be deferred... The Figure is so called when we unique features of national nuclear discourses operate anticipate what is going to be done, and speak of future things as interdependently within a global system of nuclear technologies, present." Prolepsis here is taken to be a pragmatic discourse policies and institutions. strategy which anticipates an event, treating it as an established Chair: fact, that has yet to occur. Through an analysis of the proleptic structure of the Fukushima-related citizen discourse in the NC William J Kinsella, North Carolina State University Utilities Commission Public Hearing, this paper raises questions 166. Medical Imaginaries and Technological Futures: regarding the ways in which nuclear energy discourse in NC Transformations of Subjectivity in Science and Medicine became framed by the events unfolding in Japan. This work 8:30 to 10:00 am contributes to both advancing rhetorical studies of figures in STS Crowne Plaza: Miller literature and to an understanding of how the events at the Fukushima power plant in Japan affected aspects of global Although medical technologies may be created to serve specific pragmatic nuclear energy discourse. purposes, STS scholars have shown that they also carry out their own “social lives.” From proliferation to distribution and use, the ever-evolving Nuclear Fallout: Shifting Discourse Concerning Nuclear Energy life course of technology is embedded in an equally fluid network of actors post-Fukushima Dai-ichi. Meagan Kittle Autry, North and institutions. Through their life courses, technologies often take on new Carolina State University cultural meaning as repurposed or recycled objects and contribute to Following the March 2011 earthquake and subsequent tsunami in intersecting imaginaries of modernization, enhancement, communication northern Japan that significantly damaged reactors at the and prevention. This panel sheds light on the reciprocal, diachronic Fukushima Dai-ichi power plant, public debate began anew relationships between humans and medical technologies, broadly concerning the risk of nuclear energy reactors within the United conceived, and their effects on conceptions of identity, subjectivity and States. At the time of this submission, the long-term impact of personhood. As analytical attention to the imbrications of technologies, the disaster remains unclear; what we do know, though, is that social lives, and social relations has been renewed, we ask how medical the danger of harmful levels of radiation reaching the United technologies are caught up in and constitutive of new practices through States is relatively low. However, this has not stopped which selves, collectivities, objects, and imaginaries are dynamically widespread speculation about the potential dangers for U.S. created. From simple surgical scissors to technologies of genetic screening, Americans. This essay will argue that whereas pre-disaster systems of telemedicine to performance enhancing drugs, this panel re- nuclear energy concerns focus on the general environmental engages the social lives of technologies to account for their dynamic roles health and safety issues, post-disaster nuclear energy discourse as valued commodities, mediating lenses, social media, and sites of shifts to the public health threat that radiation purportedly poses. experimentation. Exploring the many lives of medical objects in and over For example, the popular press in the United States has reported time, the panel investigates the promising and sometimes anxious futures on the public’s fears that radiation will affect the health of these technologies may signify. citizens on the West Coast and beyond. In these public Participants: declarations of fear, a discursive shift is marked from the environmental health and safety concerns to what appears to be Struggles over Birthing Tools: Shaping Personhood and an individual uncertainty-based health concern. This essay Imagined Futures in Rural Indonesia. Vanessa Hildebrand, contributes to STS literature by examining the discursive shift in Case Western Reserve University public response to EHS nuclear energy concerns after the crisis in This paper uses ethnographic data to trace the manner in which a Japan. Through rhetorical and critical discourse analysis, the simple biomedical tool, umbilical cord scissors, has developed a slide in EHS nuclear-related discourse from one of a holistic social life and symbolizes potential futures in the hands of both environments concern to individual health concerns is critically traditional and clinic midwives in rural Indonesia. In this rural examined. village resources are limited, maternal and infant mortality rates Revisiting a Nuclear Renaissance: Discursive and Practical are high, and there is robust competition for both patients and Implications of the March 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami. status between traditional and clinic midwives, all set against William J Kinsella, North Carolina State University nationalist pressure to “modernize.” The perceived right to use the umbilical cord scissors in a professional setting is contested. The proposed paper extends a cross-national comparative study Traditional midwives selectively use or sometimes reject the underway since 2009, examining public discourses, policy umbilical cord scissors, in favor of local methods, to assist in the debates and media representations of nuclear energy in a global delivery of a new member of the community. Using the scissors context. The study has included interviews with nuclear publicly references access to biomedical obstetric knowledge, a engineers, policy analysts, independent scientists, advocates and domain claimed by clinic midwives. This places them in conflict critics of nuclear energy; analysis of technical and policy with clinic midwives as they construct a hybrid modern identity documents related to national and world-regional programs; by marking a place for traditional and biomedical obstetric participant observation within the US and German nuclear systems in the treatment of childbirth. In this way the normally communities; and field visits to nuclear facilities in the US, quotidian tool becomes a valued commodity and a central symbol Germany and Japan. From this foundation, the paper will provide in the struggle over shaping personhood in this rural region. a critical analysis of emerging discourses of nuclear energy Aided by the use of the symbolically-laden umbilical cord following the multiple failures at Japanese facilities after the scissors, the traditional midwives are able to circumvent the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. Within days of the earthquake, a mission of the clinic programs to eradicate their practice by large public protest against nuclear energy took place at a nuclear successfully framing themselves to the local population as a plant in Germany, political figures in various nations raised combination of obstetric practitioner, translator of biomedicine, concerns about their governments’ nuclear commitments, and and central figure in an ongoing definition of a local modernity. media stories began speculating on the implications for a purported “nuclear Renaissance.” At the submission deadline for From ADHD Brains to Academic Gods: Transformations of Subjectivity through Cognitive Enhancement. Tazin Karim, for reforming the organization and delivery of healthcare in the Michigan State University US. We examine three imaginaries of telemedicine where Imagine a world where memories are permanent, sleep is promoters articulated particular technologies and institutional optional, and intelligence is measured in milligrams. This is one formations in critical and inventive ways. First – post-physician of many possible futures promised by continuing advancements imaginaries (1960-1970) – critically reimagined the role of in the modern neurological and pharmaceutical sciences. physicians and hospitals as the centers of health care. It focused Cosmetic neurology is the practice of customizing and enhancing on the problem of shortages in medical specialists and the cognitive systems through biomedical manipulation. While this potential use of interactive television to re-distribute medical science is far from perfected, various individuals are already knowledge and skill from physicians and hospitals to medical experimenting with medications for mental illnesses in order to para-professionals and community clinics. Second – network increase their own cognitive abilities. Recent studies indicate that imaginaries (1980-1990) re-envisioned healthcare as an this behavior is becoming increasingly common in academia with informational commodity controlled by computer networks using prevalence rates as high as 35 percent among U.S. college broadband communications whose aim was envisioned as students. The reconceptualization of these drugs as cognitive enabling and managing the circulation of medical services and enhancers has sparked serious debate in the scientific and expertise across a territory. Third – imaginaries of consumption, academic communities. Some argue in favor of controlled invention and entrepreneurialism (1990- present) – have centered pharmaceutical enhancements citing them as inevitable products on the promise of the global internet and personal computing, of human ingenuity. Others suggest that cosmetic neurology may envisioned as enabling the packaging and delivery of medicine compromise the legitimacy of existing biomedical subjectivities tailored to consumers according to their needs, their habits and – as Fukuyama (2003:208) argues, “The original purpose of certain imagined ideas regarding how patients interact with and medicine is after all, to heal the sick, not turn healthy people into experience medicine and healthcare. While infused with the gods.” Drawing from original ethnographic data, this paper ideology of technological utopianism – the privileging of situates the social lives of mental health drugs as they are technological solutions to social problems – we will show that repurposed for cognitive enhancement on a large U.S. college these imaginaries of telemedicine have also articulated wide- campus. It seeks to contextualize these debates by exploring the ranging critiques of the health care delivery system and a vision various ways academics access these medications in order to for alternative social and institutional arrangements. negotiate their own biomedical and social subjectivities. As a Chair: result, this paper will shed light on how these individuals are Tazin Karim, Michigan State University reconfiguring cultural notions of health, performance, merit and risk in an emerging medical imaginary of cognitive enhancement. Discussant: Anxious Futures: Expanded Newborn Screening and the Joseph Dumit, UC Davis Politics of Saving Lives. Mara H Buchbinder, UNC-Chapel 167. Governing Biomedicine and Health Hill; Stefan Timmermans, University of California, Los 8:30 to 10:00 am Angeles Crowne Plaza: Owens During the past five years in the US, newborn screening for rare Participants: genetic disorders has undergone a rapid expansion that has been propelled in large measure by cultural anxieties about “saving Boundary-work in the Construction of Epistemic Culture: The babies” from serious disability and sudden death. In an era of Case of Finnish Nursing Science. Pia Vuolanto, University increased commercialization of genetic testing, population of Tampere, Finland screening for genetic disorders constitutes a welcome shift My study focuses on the construction of epistemic culture in toward democratized health care. At the same time, however, Finnish nursing science. The key question is: What kind of expanding screening without concurrent attention to funding scientific boundary-work has there been in the nursing science treatment and long-term care risks further entrenching inequities. field and what is produced through this boundary-work? The Drawing upon three years of ethnographic research on newborn approximately quarter-of-a-century-old nursing field connotes screening in California, this paper examines the affective the concept of welfare society in the Nordic countries dimensions of the politics of prevention and the moral imperative emphasizing the societal targets of health, well-being and social to “save babies” through new medical technologies. We focus equality. The nursing science field produces expert systems far specifically on the powerful role that emotionally invested away from scientific-technical elites of the natural, biomedical parent-advocates exercise in bringing new screening technologies and technological vanguard sciences, and instead associates with into use. By analyzing their scripted narratives and what they expert systems combining professional and lay knowledge about necessarily elide, we demonstrate how the expansion of newborn caring, charity and benevolence. The study shows how this screening was motivated not only by biopolitical modes of techno-scientifically marginalized and precarious young field governance, but also by affective economies that operate parallel dominated by women struggles for professional, scientific and to, yet outside of, the public health market. We argue that societal power and strives for authority in the scientific anxiety, the principal currency of these affective economies, both community. Discourse analytic and rhetorical methods of STS enables and compels early detection through screening - even in are used to analyze two controversial episodes concerning fasting the absence, at times, of effective treatment and the funding to and therapeutic touch. The efficacy of fasting became an issue as administer it. By examining how anxiety about children’s futures a PhD dissertation on fasting was accepted in the department of has catalyzed this rapid expansion of screening technologies, we nursing science at the University of Tampere in 1996. During the illuminate the anticipatory logics through which novel medical same year, therapeutic touch was questioned as a Master’s thesis technologies take hold in the popular medical imaginary. in nursing, in the same department, received the annual ”flim- Technological Utopianism and Medical Reform: Imaginaries of flam” award given by the Finnish association of skeptics. The Telemedicine from the 1960s to the Present. Victor analysis reveals four interrelated argumentative contexts of nursing science boundary-work: 1) defining good practices Braitberg, University of Arizona, School of Anthropology; within nursing science, 2) building a disciplinary identity and Matthew Iles-Shih, University of Utah; Oregon Health & constructing differences between disciplines, 3) articulating the Science University societal relevance of science, 4) distinguishing scientific This paper documents how a succession of information and knowledge systems and mechanisms from alternative knowledge communication technologies – television, telephone, software, systems. computers and broadband networks – have been taken up by Biomedicalization of Ethnicity: A Study on the Changing physicians and other healthcare actors to articulate their vision Politics of Aboriginal Health in Taiwan. YU-YUEH TSAI, Institute of Sociology,Academia Sicina interactional expertise. These algorithms are found to diminish Since the 1990s, there has been an increasing concern with interpretive flexibility by a corroborative congruence between evaluating the genetic attributes of Taiwan’s aboriginal people in heterogeneous forms of laboratory and clinical data mediated by terms of biomedicine in many areas of research. More and more, the concept of seroepidemiological risk. For STS, these findings the aboriginal minority has been biomedically represented in advance our understanding about the role of expert governance in terms of their presumed genetic features. This paper takes the regulating laboratory practice and the limits of users’ Taiwan case as an intriguing variant and tries to answer the interactional expertise. following questions: What is the complicated relationship Chair: between genetic discourse and aboriginal identification in Kevin Corbett, Canterbury Christ Church University Taiwan? What is the particular historical development and social mechanism that has led to this complicated relationship and how? 168. The New Sentinels of Progress What are the viewpoints and interests of different parties 8:30 to 10:00 am involved in the debates about the relationship between aboriginal Crowne Plaza: Boardroom genetic attributes, health, and ethnic identification? What is at stake in these debates? What are the social effects of the Participants: discourse of aboriginal genetic features? How should we make "App that Bitch 'till it Sings": Aura, Nostalgia and Legitimation sense of the biomedically essentialized categorization of people in iPhoneography. Megan K Halpern, Cornell University; in terms of methodology? Focusing on the influence of genetic Lee Humphreys, Cornell University discourse and biomedical genetic research upon the politics of The iPhone and other smartphones are fast becoming some of the aboriginal health in Taiwan, this paper will examine how most popular cameras, not only because of their ubiquity, but biomedicine premised on genetics has led to the also because images can be easily uploaded to popular outlets “biomedicalization of ethnicity,” especially regarding the issues like Flickr, Facebook and Twitter directly from the of aboriginal health and ethnic identity. My study will also phones. Another new development, the introduction of investigate this contingent dynamics and show how science and photography “apps” like Hipstamatic and thousands of others politics are mutually constitutive. available for the iPhone, adds a layer of aesthetic capabilities to Reflexive Distancing: About How Registries Reshape the smartphone photography not previously available on most point- Relationship between Health Policy and Clinical Practice. and-shoot cameras or camera phones. These capabilities attract Antoinette de Bont, ErasmusMC; Maartje Niezen, Erasmus artists and provide technologies for new media of artistic University; Kor Grit, Erasmus University expression. Drawing on Becker’s art worlds, this paper describes the ways in which iPhone photographers, or iPhoneographers, This paper seeks to identify how clinical registries reshape are, currently engaged in the process of art world relationships between health policy makers and physicians. We building. Through online ethnography and semistructured conducted five case studies to reconstruct the collectives formed interviews, this study reveals the ways iPhoneographers are around registries. Each registry was intended to be employed to sharing and critiquing their work online; hosting curated gallery control the use of particular pharmaceuticals, such a growth shows both online and in physical space; and engaging in hormone and oncolytics, but also antibiotics. Policymakers ongoing discussions shaping the boundaries of the hardly use the registries, neither for cost control nor for quality iPhoneography art world. Not unlike Bourdieu’s amateur camera assurance, i.e. they do not retrieve nor analyze the data, nor do clubs in the late 19th century, iPhoneographers are using a they make decisions based upon the data. One of the most medium to build and legitimize an artistic practice. Informants important findings of this study is that this "non-use" is in fact an used iPhone apps to manipulate their images, specifically important condition for effective co-governance. For effective building a practice that introduces the human hand to insert what co-governance to control the use of drugs, policymakers and Benjamin calls “simulated aura.” Through these activities, the physicians needs to solve the tension between, on the one hand, iPhoneography community is grappling with issues about the the aim for a stable and closed list with reimbursable drugs and, aesthetics, values and practices of iPhoneography, and by doing on the other hand, the aim for a constant reflection and so, they are building a legitimizable art world. adjustment of "appropriate use." Paradoxically, the tension is solved by creating distance between policy and clinical practice. Samples and Trophies: A Moral Economy of Ornithological In this paper, we describe the different ways of reflexive Sound Recording. Joeri Bruyninckx, Maastricht University, distancing by both policymakers as clinicians. Endocrinologists, Dept. Technology & Society Studies for example, only provide general data about the use of growth This paper investigates how sound recordings have been defined hormone to policymakers. Or, another example, insurers ask as reliable observations in ornithology. By the mid-20th century, primary care physicians to send them prescription data about several institutes began collecting field recordings of birds to aid antibiotics they could retrieve from their own databases. taxonomic and behavioral studies. People contributing these Inference to the Best Diagnosis: Inside the Blackbox of HIV recordings came from the worlds of biology, broadcasting, movie Antibody-testing. Kevin Corbett, Canterbury Christ Church industry and amateur naturalism. For ornithologists, accurate University identification and information were crucial. Collaboration between academics and others and the organization of data This paper analyzes three eras of United Kingdom (UK) official sharing have been recurrent themes within STS (Star & guidance that since 1985 has governed laboratory testing for Griesemer 1989, Hilgartner & Brandt-Rauf 1994). Extending antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Using these interests, this paper explores how scientists strategically data from expert governance of U.K. laboratory practice and brokered sound recordings with non-scientists to achieve users understandings thereof, I analyze how this "publicly coherent data-sets. Drawing on a historical ethnography of field hidden" or "black-boxed" process has dealt with the notes, correspondence, interviews and published works around interpretative flexibility of antibody testing by optimizing user the Cornell Natural Sound and British Wildlife Sound libraries, it expertise in testing processes for purposes of inferring medical investigates how scientists traded recordings as data, but also as diagnosis. I show that variables such as test sensitivity, commercial commodities, craft objects and trophies. Thus specificity and risk of exposure categories, which all impact on engaging simultaneously with different communities’ regimes of the interpretive flexibility of the antibody-tests were historically ownership, credit, priority and access, recordings served as factored into test algorithms by regulatory expertise. This currency to invest in a moral culture of mutual obligation and enabled regulators to develop test algorithms using accrued responsibility. Not only managing knowledge translation, this expertise that aimed to increase throughput targets, diminish culture demonstrates how otherwise commercial goods and interpretive flexibility and optimize diagnostic accuracy by a common cultural practice were attracted to circulate as works of form of inference to the best diagnosis critiqued through user scientific listening. By exploring how scientists acted as brokers, meeting, a group of early career STS scholars will gather to debate these trading sound recordings as economic, material and symbolic issues and create a collaborative document that outlines our shared resources, this paper extends the concept of moral economy convictions. At the 4S workshop, we will present this document, explain its (Kohler 1994). It argues that material objects not only operate in genesis and evolution, and solicit feedback and ideas from audience a single community’s moral organization; they may also enter in members. Our goals are to foster a broader debate about how we present a complex economy or trade between competing values of the field to outsiders, graduate student training and placement and the scientific and other communities. actions needed to create institutional support for STS. After the session, we Sociological Analysis of Technology by Case Study of will revise the document to reflect the ideas and opinions of workshop Network-neutrality Rules. LI Feng, Tsinghua University participants. Network neutrality, best defined as a network design principle, Participants: means that a maximally useful public information network The Genesis of Our Provocations. Christopher Jones, Harvard aspires to treat all content, sites and platforms equally. It has University been the center of a debate over whether the companies can give In this short presentation, Chris Jones will explain the preferential treatment to content providers who pay for faster background to the creation of a collaborative document at the transmission, or to their own content, in effect creating a two-tier “STS: The Next Twenty” conference in April of 2011 outlining a Web, and about whether they can block or impede content set of shared convictions about key issues facing the field. Copies representing controversial points of view. This paper aims to of this document, expected to have an executive summary of no develop a comprehensive understanding of the sociological, more than two pages, will be distributed to all attendees. Chris institutional, organizational, historical and economic factors that will explain the shared concerns and conversations among will influence the implementation of network neutrality in China several scholars about such events as the closing of the Penn by Actor-Network Theory. The further research will help to State STS program and threatened cuts in NSF funding for whether choose the policy of Network neutrality or not in China research, and how these conversations led to the desire to create a from the view of STS. written statement reflecting these sentiments. Sonic Evolution and the Classification of Musical “Species”. Debating the Issues at “STS: The Next Twenty”. Margaret Rachel Mundy, Columbia University Curnutte, University of Milan During the first half of the 20th century, the collection and Margaret Curnutte will give a short presentation summarizing the classification of sonic “specimens” in the study of birdsong was debates of the document at the “STS: The Next Twenty” almost identical to the collection of “specimens” of non-Western conference. The presentation will emphasize the points of music, both dealing with similar challenges as they represented agreement and those points about which no consensus could be sound in visual formats. Broadly speaking, the methodological reached. similarity between the two fields was justified by a shared metaphor of evolutionary development. As American biologist A Living Document. Kris Saha, MIT Whitehead Institute Henry Oldys explained in 1913, “Astonishing and revolutionary Our goal is to create a living document that is updated to reflect as it may seem, there is no escape from the conclusion that the new ideas and agreements. Kris Saha’s presentation will describe evolution of bird music independently parallels the evolution of the ways the document has been revised between the April human music.” As Oldys and others pursued such claims, conference and the 4S meeting to reflect ongoing conversations. morphological and musical practices merged in a grey area He will also describe the ways we intend to update the document between biological and cultural evolutionism. In this talk, I draw after the 4S conference to reflect the deliberations during the on primary and secondary written and recorded sources from workshop. This presentation will serve as the transition to the ornithology and music scholarship to explore the tradition of main focus of our workshop session: the solicitation of opinions sonic specimen-collecting and its affect on the classification of and ideas from workshop attendees. musical sounds during the first half of the 20th century. From Chair: guides to American songbirds written in four-part harmony, to taxonomies of international folk-songs, the close relation Ben Hurlbut, Arizona State University between music and visual morphology left a long-term impact on 170. Coffee Break V the way scientists and musicians alike approached the 10:00 to 10:30 am classification of sound. By looking at the early twentieth-century Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom Assembly Area collection, transcription, and reproduction of sonic “specimens,” this research raises intriguing questions about the past and 171. STS 2.0: Taking the Canon Digital – ll present representations of “species” in music, and the strong ties 10:30 to 12:00 pm between musical identity, sonic information, and visual Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim taxonomy. Classic STS scholarship has had a dramatic impact on studies of Chair: computational spaces, device ecologies, and network architectures in social Rachel Mundy, Columbia University and scientific experience alike. However, much of the best scholarly work drawing on these traditions has not been presented within STS venues. 169. Roundtable: Provocations from Early Career STS Scholars Disciplines such as Anthropology, Information Studies, or Human- 8:30 to 10:00 am Computer Interaction appear be more receptive audiences to the new Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East: B generation of STS gone digital. This double panel session seeks to open a The tenuous institutional standing of STS as an academic field of inquiry is discussion and remedy the situation. Rather than presenting our research as one of the most pressing questions facing early career scholars interested in papers, our panel seeks to address a broader discussion: studies of the the social and cultural dimensions of science and technology. Intellectually, digital drawing from the scholarly traditions of STS, and discussed we know that STS scholars are making great advances. But in this era of amongst STS scholars. We therefore bring together scholars working declining budgets and program cuts, we are aware that the field’s growth across many aspects of digital environments into a synthetic conversation, requires more than good ideas. As early career scholars, we must take to critically examine our STS tools in the light of these novel responsibility for creating the institutions that will support STS in the sociotechnical arrangements. Each participant brings a different theoretical future. This workshop session will be an opportunity for STS scholars of all or methodological perspective to the table. They represent a range of stages in their careers to engage with the linkages between our own career stages, from doctoral students writing dissertations to senior scholars intellectual ideas and their institutional standing, much as we have been in the field. Our core questions are: how do we renew the STS canon for trained to study practitioners of science and technology. We will orient the contemporary studies of digital environments and interactions? And, within discussion around a project begun in conjunction with the “STS: The Next these contemporary digital environments, what (new or old) STS topics and Twenty” conference held at Harvard University in April 2011. At this themes are coming to the fore? The second panel of the two-part series, this group will examine the above questions through case studies that explore Indiana University, School of Informatics and Computing the sociomateriality of technical practices; new forms of expertise and In recent years, much has been said about the potential for activism in lay technopublics, such as online forums, including hacker or robotic technologies to become integrated into society (Brooks, user expertise in online spheres such as wikis or forums; and network- 2001; Gates, 2007). Particularly in the case of socially assistive assisted political upheavals and digital-activism in global and local context. and interactive technologies, the combination of technical and Panelists’s statements will be limited to 10 minutes, presenting a specific social challenges in developing robust robotic technologies opens theoretical, methodological and practical issue from their experience. We up a space for social science and STS scholars to acitively will then turn to our audience for active participation, opening a dialogue participate in robot design discourse and practice. In this about the challenges of research and scholarship from an STS perspective. presentation, I will describe my own experiences as a “critical Chair: participant” in the emerging fields of socially assistive robotics David Ribes, Georgetown University (SAR) and human-robot interaction (HRI) as a case study of translational STS in practice. Having started my engagement Discussants: with SAR and HRI as a participant observer, I track how I Geoffrey Bowker, Santa Clara University became a contributor to research in these fields and a participant Paul Dourish, University of California at Irvine in the HRI community, while continuing to engage in critical E. Gabriella Coleman, New York University analysis and reflection. In describing my personal trajectory from Anita Chan, University of Illinois observer to insider, I discuss the notion of “contributory expertise,” pointing out that it includes not only linguistic 172. Translational STS engagement and practice within a field, as Collins and Evans 10:30 to 12:00 pm (2002) suggest, but becoming a part of a social group, a Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West community of researchers. Furthermore, I discuss how social If STS history could be modeled as waves in a ripple tank, the history robots can be seen as “boundary objects” not only between might look like three waves produced at one end, the first focusing on members of different fields of study, such as social science and building an interdisciplinary framework for examining the close engineering, but also within one’s own individual scientific relationship between society, science, and technology, the second bringing practice, enabling translation of insights between STS and in further the influence of cultural and political values on the practice of technical practice. I reflect on my use of STS theories to inspire technoscience, and the third, as described by Collins and Evans (2002), work in social robotics and HRI, and how the practical and distinguishes between different kinds of expertise and the positioning of the material aspects of work in HRI have influenced my perspective STS scholar in relation to their field of study as interactive experts, who on STS. were able to engage in discussions with research participants and Performative Philosophy of Technology and the Good Life. contributory experts in the domain. This third wave is closely associated Taylor Dotson, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with the many new conceptual frames in the social study of science that One of the primary concerns in the philosophy of technology is focus on knowledge as doing—e.g. performativity, composition (Latour the impact that modern technology has on our ability to achieve 2010), dance of agency (Pickering 2008), and thinkering (Root-Bernstein & the good life. The works of Albert Borgmann exemplify this Root-Bernstein 2008). Each suggests a prominent role of design as part of concern. Unfortunately, as with much philosophy of technology, the process of critical engagement by STS scholars and points to a wide it is open to charges of essentialism and a romanticizing of the range of “translational ripples” in STS that open our practice up from pre-technological world. However, Borgmann also stresses the textual production to the development of human and non-human networks importance of practice and engagement in the pursuit of the good through the design of technologies. How do we make the material world life. Therefore, Borgmann’s philosophy can be resituated within while also doing STS? What are some of the richest and most accessible the ongoing conversation about representation and performativity materials that STS practitioners can use to start thinkering with? What (Ingold, 2000; Pickering, 1995). One may be able to avoid other sorts of literatures, research traditions, or conceptual frameworks essentialism and romanticizing by switching emphasis from could further help warrant translational STS? things to the practice the thing co-constitutes. The good life can Participants: thus be conceived not as something to be represented or Reflexive and Embodied Practices for Computer Modeling and commodified but as something which is performed and either discouraged or enabled by the character of the institutional, social Simulation. Matthew Francisco, Indiana University and technological context. Utilizing such a conception of the Bloomington good life may open the door to simultaneously avoiding mere Within the field of computer simulation and modeling in the restatements of the alienation thesis of technology or naïve social sciences an epistemological discussion has been underway instrumentalism and inch one closer to an ethics of technology. for at least a decade on how scientists and policy-makers learn As such, I aim to position performativity in relation to arguments from models if models do not (and should not) do prediction. between technological determinism and social constructionism in Much can be understood about this problem if we look to addition to arguing for continuing the conversation about the idea reflexive and embodied forms of modeling. Here learning is of the good life within a technological world. closely related to the question of how an analyst might know that Lost in Translation: STS, Psychological Science, and Problem- a modeler’s target system is local. Locality can be understood as centered Inquiry. Linnda Caporael, Rensselaer Polytechnic the immediacy of the system to the modeler’s agency and to what degree that agency is itself a part of the model. I describe three Institute modeling projects (household cleaning, the neighborhood social In the 1970s, STS was part of a broad awakening related to economy, and the evolution of social groups) to illustrate the looking at old stories and common assumptions through a mechanism that makes learning possible with such embodied cultural lens. But STS crystallized this type of analysis by reflexive models. I hope to open up a larger space for a hybrid explicitly turning its lens on science. In doing so, STS STS computer simulation practice that focuses on gaining a feel researchers challenged fundamental assumptions about human for the world we live in through the practice of modeling the psychology--among those, that humans were fundamentally most immediate aspects human experience. To achieve this we rational. After all, if scientists, with all the advantages of a need new sorts of infrastructures made up of visualization tools rigorous scientific training, were still influenced by their social and model archives where students and citizens can quickly “interests,” then certainly what it meant to be human deserved construct such models together. We also need practitioners that more investigation. At the same time, psychologists were understand the dynamic and sometimes deeply problematic undertaking their own studies of the failures of human interchanges between modeling the world and making the world rationality, including scientific failures, which eventually led to a through models. broad study of cognitive heuristics and biases. To my knowledge, Translating between STS and Robotics. Selma Sabanovic, never the twain did meet. Remarkably, this broad scale phenomena is repeating itself. As STSers become engaged with (Tanzania). Fernando Dominguez, NYU; Ann Horton Kelly, embodiment, practice and performativity, psychological London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Javier scientists are engaged in parallel investigations. Once again, the Lezaun, University of Oxford twain fails to meet. In this paper, I suggest that the incorporation This paper presents the results of ongoing research into the of psychological science as part of problem-centered inquiry in relationship between the dynamics of urban governance and STS, which not only enriches STS but draws attention and credit practices of (un)containment in two cities that confront endemic to the discipline for its discoveries. and structural disaster risks. Our two cases center on the Chair: management of the circulation of water – the organization of Matthew Francisco, Indiana University Bloomington liquid flows throughout and around the urban fabric – as a sine qua non condition for the sustainability of the city. In the city of 173. The Politics of Uncertainty: Disasters and STS − ll Cancún (Mexico) we have investigated the continuous effort to 10:30 to 12:00 pm mitigate the impact of recurrent tropical storms and hurricanes. Crowne Plaza: Dolder Containing seawater is essential to the stabilization of the Participants: fundamental asset and raison d'être of the city: the pristine and white-sand beaches and the tourist industry they support. In the Justice and Expertise: NGO Assistance in Rebuilding New city of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) we have analyzed the endeavor Orleans. Barbara Allen, Virginia Tech to prevent water from slowing down and stagnating and thus Environmental justice (EJ) case studies typically involve the providing a breeding habitat for malaria-carrying mosquitoes. analysis of poor and/or minority residents’ struggles around Ditches, ponds, drains, construction pits and furrows must be environmental problems or potential problems. Much has been located, eliminated and/or chemically treated to make the city written, for example, on the EJ aspects of the U.S. government’s inhospitable to disease. The forms of containment and post-disaster response in New Orleans both during and uncontainment that characterize the everyday urban tactics of immediately following the flood. However, less research has disaster mitigation and prevention in these two cities share a been done on the EJ aspects of NGO assistance, one of the main number of features. They operate in the absence of (or resources for post-disaster rebuilding available to poor irrespective of) formal, long-term planning efforts; they involve a communities in the years following Katrina. To study this, I variety of technologies and infrastructures – ranging from chose three poor, heavily-flooded neighborhoods as case studies makeshift draining systems to advanced dredging systems; and representing very different approaches to NGO assistance. All draw on a mixture of local, national and international expertise. were neighborhoods that were successfully rebuilding after the In both cases, feats of ‘impossible engineering’ and routine care disaster. One received more traditional assistance, through of the urban fabric are mobilized to stave off a disaster that never funding and empowering local help groups in operation before goes away. the storm. Another neighborhood became the nominal center of Governing Disasters: Planning Experiments and the Politics of the sustainability movement in the city, hosting many green Uncertainty. Manuel Tironi, Pontificia Unversidad Catolica groups with a variety of new technologies. The third neighborhood’s NGO assistance came in the form of intensive de Chile university student and faculty expertise. In analyzing these three This paper examines the Sustainable Reconstruction Plans, or case studies, based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, I ask a PRES in Spanish, an ad-hoc policy instrument designed after the number of questions. What were the politics of local and expert earthquake/tsunami occurred in Chile in February 2010. I claim, knowledge? How did policies, procedures and rules of the NGOs however, that far from being a regulatory tool thought to manage help or hinder trust, collaboration and rebuilding? How is an stable and known set of entities, the PRES was designed as a “success” defined in post-disaster rebuilding assistance? And planning experiment: a policy device that not only had to govern lastly, were the modes of assistance “just” and by what measure uncertainty, but that also had, in order to make governing can they be judged so? plausible, to constitute the political beings and contexts upon The Distribution of Disasters: Enacting in a Big Society. which were acted. Specifically, this article reconstructs the process of the PRES in Talca, one of the most devastated cities Joseph Deville, Goldsmiths, University of London; Michael by the earthquake. By tracing its origins, actors and Guggenheim, Goldsmiths, University of London; Zuzana controversies, I show how the PRES enacted a particular Hrdlickova, Goldsmiths, University of London governance regime constituted by a particular political context – A unique feature of modern societies is that they prepare for the notion of the disaster as an opportunity to be seized - and a disasters by training. Disaster training is a distinctive endeavor particular political agent – the engaged citizen, fleshed out because it enacts situations whose central features are absent in through several technologies of elicitations. The case of Talca the enactment. Doing so requires imagining, enacting and testing also shows how, under certain circumstances, these regulatory the functioning of society. Through observing these acts of experiments can be contested by a world that resists being imagination and enactment, we claim that it becomes possible to translated in the terms set by the experimenters. In Talca, both grasp important components of the technological and scientific the political context and the political agents constituted by the self-image of a society. In our paper we analyze flood PRES’ regime were challenged by non-governmental entities, preparation in the UK based on ethnographic material gathered thus multiplying the complexity the PRES had to supposedly during the week long national "Watermark" exercise in 2011. tame. Finally, this paper seeks to contribute to the growing STS When David Cameron announced his vision of a “big society,” debate on disasters, specifically on how disasters are defined and an aim was to devolve aspects of state responsibility to the wider how different technologies, policy devices and political population. The enactment of UK flood preparation provides a institutions are entangled in reconstruction processes. view into the challenges of similar acts of (re)distribution as they Chair: relate to questions of disaster preparedness. We analyze the particular models of social organization and knowledge that are Israel Rodríguez-Giralt, Goldsmiths College, University of being assumed and enacted in the distribution of materials and London. expertise between various government organizations and lay 174. Strategies of Transition toward Green, Post Carbon groups. Specifically, observing flood disaster training demands a Societies – l reconceptualization of how categories such as citizen, disasters 10:30 to 12:00 pm expert and vulnerable person are both made relevant and problematized in and through imagined disaster scenarios. Crowne Plaza: Hassler Urban (Un)containment and Disaster Management: Shaping the Sociotechnical systems like energy systems are often understood as stable and difficult to transform. Concepts used to describe such inertia and the Circulation of Water in Cancún (Mexico) and Dar es Salaam challenges to pursuing change include technological momentum (Hughes 1987), path dependency (David 1985), lock-in (Arthur 1988) and Contradictions and Actor Configurations Enabling Socio- entrapment (Walker 2000). Such concepts seem to aptly characterize technical Transitions. Ulrik Jørgensen, DTU Management present energy systems quite well, making the achievement of sustainable Transitions often occur not as smooth processes but in a series of energy transitions appear an overwhelming challenge. There is a need not conflicts that – changing over time – the involved details in only for new sustainability-producing technologies but also for actors to visions, aims and means that are crucial for the engagements of engage productively with these technologies through distributed action. No actors throughout the process. Thus, transitions cannot be single actor, including government, is able to manage the challenges on its assumed simply to build on societal consensus – or at least not on own. Transition is a conception of a whole-sector, multi-level process detailed visions for the future – though recognition of the producing dramatic and lasting changes in production and consumption urgency and need for change must be shared. Historic evidence patterns and practices. It therefore requires complex multi-level show that transitions still often have occurred based on an governance; it is not just a matter of injecting single technological extended period of controversy in which both alternatives and the innovations and expecting them to take off. In this session, we shall address need for change have created broader public, political and analytically the challenges related to understanding sustainable transition economic interest. In such periods of increased attention and efforts, drawing broadly on STS scholarship. The emphasis is on engagement, societal actors also prepare the possibilities and sociotechnical institutions (understood at all levels) that need reforming directions of change. While dominant regimes may still have and may act as obstacles to transition, providing entrenchment, lock-in, discursive power, tensions in existing regimes and social political resistance, economic obstacles, inadequate infrastructure, etc. The practices are often overlooked when such regimes and aim is to contribute to STS-based transition theory development that also normaliszd practices are studied. The paper will analyze improves the understanding of what sustains current unsustainable examples of such tensions and the mechanisms that trigger and practices. This is part I of a proposed series of three sessions. lead to stepwise growth as e.g. the changes in demands and Participants: provision of organic food in the 1990s and 2000s, the temporary Toward Sustainable Sanitation? Ragna Zeiss, Maastricht defeat of nuclear power in the 1970s, the blockage of highways University of cars at the entrances of cities in the 1970s, and the reductions in power and fuel consumption in certain periods. Careful studies While much attention has been devoted to sanitation in the global of how contradictions and controversies in society unfold and South, in Europe sanitation also needs to be re-addressed to visions of alternative ways of organizing the relationship respond to the challenges of sustainable development such as use between production and consumption that prepare for systemic of water and energy. Most parts of Europe rely on large transformations are needed for these cases. While studies of the technological sanitation systems consisting of pipelines and solidity of existing regimes have predominated in the field of wastewater treatment plants. This successful approach to transition studies, our focus will be on mechanisms that trigger sanitation was developed in the late 19th and early 20th century changes and supplementary actor configurations and governance and spread to many parts of the world. The sanitation system has initiatives that sustain transition processes. become a critical infrastructure as well as a mundane, taken for granted, invisible system. This has consequences for how is dealt From "Alternative" to "Advanced": Mainstreaming of with innovative (sustainable) technologies in terms of e.g. risk Sustainable Technologies. Knut H. Sørensen, Norwegian taking. Further, the reliance on this large technological system University of Science and Technology has caused a situation of lock-in and its invisibility does not Currently, there is a growing interest in studying transitions make it a core issue on the sustainability agenda. To make towards more sustainable practices with respect to energy, sanitation more sustainable these issues need to be addressed and transport, etc. This suggests that it is important to study the role knowledge needs to be brokered between different academic of technology in such transitions. The paper is meant as a disciplines (e.g. engineering, environmental and social sciences) contribution to such queries by revisiting some technologies that as well as different societal actors (e.g. policy-makers, in the 1970s were considered as low tech alternatives to universities, industry, citizens). On the basis of interview and mainstream versions but today are developed using high tech documentary material, this paper investigates knowledge elements. The paper analyses the change from «alternative» to brokerage around and (non-)adoption processes of sustainable «advanced» as a process of sociotechnical mainstreaming, trying innovation in sanitation in the context of the Netherlands. also to clarify what is involved in such processes of Despite its criticality, sanitation has hardly been a topic of STS mainstreaming. The examples are discussed: wind turbines, research. Further, the paper contributes to an understanding of 1) electrical cars, and ecological architecture. Four mainstreaming the roles of and mechanisms for knowledge brokerage, 2) strategies are identified: (1) pragmatic mainstreaming, (2) (sustainable) socio-technical innovation in the public -rather than competitive mainstreaming, (3) niche mainstreaming, and (4) private- sector in particular regulatory and national contexts. hybrid mainstreaming. Consulting Engineers as Transition Actors and Their Transition Chair: Strategies. Vivian Anette Lagesen, Norwegian University of Knut H. Sørensen, Norwegian University of Science and Science and Technology Technology There is an increasing interest in strategies that may produce transitions towards a more sustainable society. Thus, many actors 175. Paradoxes of Quantification − ll are expected to contribute to such a transition. Engineering 10:30 to 12:00 pm consulting companies are one such important group of actors. Crowne Plaza: Savoy Consulting companies may play a vital role as advisers to Participants: builders, industrial companies and public institutions whose decisions shape the physical construction of society and have Dequantifying Diversity: Affirmative Action at the University potentially wide-ranging environmental impacts. Thus, of Michigan, 2002-2005. Fiona Greenland, University of consultant engineers may clearly be important transition actors. Michigan; Daniel Hirschman, University of Michigan But what are their transition strategies? We have found that rules For more than a century, scholars have worried about the power help consulting engineers to sell more sustainable designs, of numbers, and their increasing role in decision-making. From actually, stricter standard-making also served as a means of college rankings to cost-benefit-analysis, recent scholarship has transferring environmental knowledge, thus indicating examined the causes and consequences of quantification. Porter technology forcing as an efficient tool for transition. What other compellingly argues that experts seek out numbers when their strategies do consultant engineers have as transition actors? How authority is challenged, and that numbers often make decisions about niche management? What is the role of government with harder to contest. But do numbers always strengthen decisions? respect to making transition strategies available to consulting From the 1990s to 2002, the University of Michigan relied on a engineers? points system for undergraduate admissions. Applicants were scored on grades, test scores, alumni relations, and, the numbers “wrong.” They also encourage a resource-centered controversially, their race and geographic origin. This system environmentalism rather than a deep ecology, enable was legally challenged, culminating in the 2003 Gratz v. quantification, but preclude accountability. Bollinger Supreme Court decision which found the point system On Audits and Airplanes: How Calculations Shape Systems. unconstitutional. In the following admissions cycle, the John Downer, Stanford University University of Michigan abandoned the points system for a “holistic assessment” of applicants, which included a new essay From power-stations to pacemakers, modern industrial societies on diversity. We trace the history of the points system, from the increasingly depend on technologies that cannot be allowed to elimination of quotas in the 1970s, to the implementation of the fail. Technological risk, therefore, has become a signal feature of points system, to its replacement in 2003. We argue that, here, modernity, and its administration an obligation of modern quantification produced transparency sufficient to enable governance. Integral to this task are the auditing and accounting challenges to authority. These successful challenges weakened practices through which we "know" the reliability of complex the decisions and led to de-quantification, a relatively rare technologies. These frame vital societal choices about the worlds phenomenon in modern, rational bureaucracies. Drawing on we create around us. For all this, however, reliability assessments interview data, we examine the two-stage process of de- of the most publicly-significant high-technologies - from nuclear quantification by showing how Michigan first remade its power-plants to civil jetliners - invoke calculative practices that admission procedures and then trained its admissions personnel are both opaque to the public gaze and largely neglected by to “unsee” the points system: they were now required to assess sociologists. This paper is an effort to begin the long process of applications holistically while still attempting to create a diverse redressing this neglect. It looks at a specific calculative tool - student body. redundancy - and explores its role in the assessments of new airframes by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It Quantification and the Diagnosis of Sexual Disorders. Kristina explains the importance of redundancy to both design and Gupta, Emory University assessment practices in aviation, but contests redundancy’s In this paper, I analyze the effort to “quantify” the diagnosis of ability to accurately translate between them. It suggests that FAA sexual disorders. The DSM-V workgroup on sexual disorders has reliability assessments serve a useful regulatory purpose by proposed numerical criteria for these diagnoses in order to couching the qualitative work of engineers and regulators in an eliminate the need for clinical judgment. In their proposal, idiom of calculative objectivity, but cautions that this comes with symptoms must persist for a specific amount of time and occur in potentially perverse consequences. a specific percentage of sexual encounters. In addition, a certain Taking Care of the (un-) Account (-able): Narrative Accounting number of symptoms must be present for diagnosis. Paralleling in Nursing Homes. Sonja Jerak-Zuiderent, Erasmus these developments, clinicians have begun to use symptom check University lists to diagnose sexual disorders. This effort at quantification may have contradictory effects. On the one hand, it may reduce While policymaking on quality and accountability of healthcare the willingness of clinicians to consider contextual factors. have, until recently, been mainly shaped by the principle According to some researchers, the absence of contextual “measuring equals knowing,” Annemarie Mol, Ingrunn Moser considerations in the diagnostic criteria for depression has led to and Jeannette Pols (2010) – amongst other STS researchers and an over-diagnosis of depression. Scholars have also critiqued the anthropologists – show, it is not always that clear-cut and fixed use of symptom check lists, arguing that the use of such check what "good" healthcare means. It is also often not convertible lists fails to capture the complexity of lived experience. into a singularized transportable numerical format. However, in allowing for a significant amount of “clinical Conceptualizing healthcare as a process, something that the judgment,” the current criteria for sexual dysfunctions have also "care-seeker" and the professional tinker with given the specific permitted an over-diagnosis of these disorders. Thus, the circumstances they are in, opens up other dimensions of quantification of these diagnoses may also reduce over-diagnosis. (inter)subjectivity that are not enacted by cognitive, pre-defined Although a number of feminist STS scholars have opposed or consensus-based norms of the quality of care. This has quantifying the diagnosis of female sexual disorders, this analysis consequences for what needs to be taken into "account": It suggests that the effects of quantification are paradoxical. In the requires different reasonings and results in different analytical conclusion of this paper, I will consider whether there is a way to sensitivities than numerically and cognitively oriented ones. The reap the benefits of quantification in diagnosis while taking into developments around narrative research and narrative medicine account the complexity of lived experience. resonate with these endeavors (see amongst others Kenyon & Randall 1997; Charon 2006; Kenyon, Bohlmeijer et al. 2010). In No Accounting for Carbon: Distributed Work, Conservation this paper I scrutinize the apparent dichotomy between calculable and the Perils of Quantification. Rebecca Slayton, Stanford and rational versus incalculable and "human" (narrative) University dimensions (Law & Callon 2005) of accounting in nursing “What gets measured gets managed.” Today this basic tenet, a homes. Ethnographically observing quality initiatives in nursing time-honored maxim of scientific management, is increasingly homes I explore the ‘silent’ (Star 1991), "unspoken" (Hirschauer mobilized to motivate energy conservation in organizations. For 2006) and embodied moments of accounting and how they relate example, the Carbon Disclosure Project, an initiative funded to the notions of narrativity. Instead of perpetuating a dichotomy primarily by private corporations, has successfully persuaded between rational and irrational, I research accounting in its some 3,000 organizations in about 60 countries to report data broadest sense. I explore how infrastructures of care in nursing related to greenhouse gas emissions, in part by emphasizing that homes co-shape and embody narrative accounting and measurement improves efficiency and cost savings. Yet, efforts “humanness” (Foucault 2002). to quantify corporate carbon can obscure as much as they reveal. Chair: This paper critically examines studies that claim that information technology has cut carbon emissions by replacing physical Fiona Greenland, University of Michigan transportation with telecommuting, teleconferencing, and other 176. Author Meets Critics: Philip Mirowski's "Science-Mart" forms of digital information and communication systems. 10:30 to 12:00 pm Though these reports tout improved efficiency and environmental Crowne Plaza: Ritz responsibility, they neglect key uncertainties that have been well- documented in studies of the relationship between distributed As STS increasingly grapples with neoliberalism and its effects on the work and transportation practices. Furthermore, by framing organization, practice and content of science, it is worth remembering that carbon savings solely in terms of individual meetings and there are a number of STS scholars whose work can provide us with useful exchanges, rather than in terms of a broader socio-technical theoretical frameworks and empirical grounding. Among others, Fisher, system of work and travel, these reports risk more than getting Frickel, Hayden, Hess, Kleinman, Moore, Randalls, Sismondo, Sunder- Rajan, Tyfield, and Vallas have engaged with neoliberalism in interesting and productively different ways. Another scholar on this list is Phil their epistemic importance—which is most obvious when they Mirowski, whose impressive body of work on the history of economics are compared with curricular leaders (e.g. typical departmental includes a long term focus on neoliberalism's roots and its current impacts. ones) with no keystone mentor role. Second, while the 20th Mirowski's latest book, Science-Mart, is his first to explicitly engage century’s disciplinarity reinforced the character of the various neoliberalism's role in reconfiguring the American university system. It sciences as cultures with shared orthodoxies, the mechanisms of provides both much needed historical depth and a wealth of empirical detail orthodoxy perpetuation are weaker in these recently emergent on what he describes as "neoliberal science management regimes," and is programs than in traditional departments. Program directors thus a key entry into the rapidly expanding STS literature on neoliberalism. inevitably infuse programs with their own perspectives, but the Chair: influence of these orthodoxies (which are themselves individual constructions) rarely extends beyond a given institution; I present Rebecca Lave, Indiana University the nation’s systems biology programs are a case study in Discussants: personalized understandings of a field coexisting across Trevor Barnes, University of British Columbia institutions. Jill A. Fisher, Vanderbilt University Forgetting Physics: The Physicalization of History and Sergio Sismondo, Queen's University Memory. Aaron Sidney Wright, University of Toronto Philip Mirowski, University of Notre Dame In 1961, physicist Rolf Landauer published an article in the IBM Journal of Research and Development that argued that erasure of 177. The Changing Setting of Academic Science a bit of information has an entropy cost, dissipating heat 10:30 to 12:00 pm (''Landauer's principle''). Disembodied logical irreversibility was Crowne Plaza: Kelley connected to physical irreversibility. He claimed that this Participants: ''dissipation serves the purpose of [...] making [signals] independent of their exact logical history.'' This connection Academia’s Tense Marriage of Disciplinary Epistemology and between information erasure and thermodynamics was used to Constructivist Practice. Victor Quintanar-Zilinskas, Santa argue about the fundamental limits of computation, and also in Clara University thought experiments about Maxwell's demon and the second law During the 20th century, curricula reflected the academy’s of thermodynamics. By 1982, Landauer's erasure had been disciplinary epistemology, wherein the world’s knowledge is anthropormorphized: it was now about the thermodynamics of divisible into disciplines, each with its characteristic intellectual forgetting. The entropy cost of forgetting was used to exorcize practices. Recently, though, universities have created numerous Maxwell's demon. The history of ''forgetting'' in physics and new academic programs. To characterize them, I reviewed the information theory is a rich site for analysis. Drawing on documentation (e.g. descriptions of new administrative units, Nietzsche, this paper analyzes original published papers and requirements for a major) of various program creation processes review articles about Landauer's principle to argue for the and drew from “state of science” commentaries by disciplinary importance of ''active forgetting'' in physics. Review articles are a leaders. I also interviewed several program directors about mode of purifying the past for the present that constitutes a program design principles, student learning outcome particular notion of ''progress'' in physics. They de-historicize expectations, and roles played by program-associated faculty and physics by a highly selective re-telling of physics' past. In so institutional actors. The documentation review revealed that the doing they delimit the questions that will count as relevant in the two most common design objectives of newly invented programs future. At another level, drawing on Ricoeur, examining active are social relevance (e.g. environmental policy) and preparation forgetting in physics motivates a reflexive analysis of the for recently emergent disciplines (e.g. systems biology). Both of forgetting implicit in history of science. This work aims to these objectives often result in interdepartmental curricula, contribute to the discussion of temporalities in science. which, relative to disciplinary instruction models, lessen the Fuzziness and Probability in Controversy: A Socio-Historical prevalence of themes that cut across courses. In continuation Perspective. Parisa Moosavi, Science and Technology with traditional disciplinary epistemology, the new curricula are Studies, Virginia Tech described as serving to prepare students for work in a specified area. However, one of the most commonly acknowledged When Lotfi A. Zadeh introduced the theory of fuzzy sets and its training challenges is trainee synthesis of what they learn across counterpart propositional logic, fuzzy logic, in 1965, he incited the training areas combined in the program. Program designers nearly four decades of debate between the supporters of his fuzzy seem to soberly understand that training in their programs’ framework and the advocates of more traditional frameworks “foundation areas” is likely thinner than for disciplinary such as probability theory. In this paper, I attempt to offer specialists, and that synthesis is not a given. Fortunately, in some sociological insight into the practices of logic, mathematics and programs, practice is filling the void left by principle. In computer science through examining this controversy. By using particular, programs designed for social relevance often involve textual and historical analysis of the publications on this topic experiential learning, while graduate work in emergent areas and depicting their progression through time, I attempt to often deviates from the one-master apprenticeship model—which examine the nature of the issues raised and the rhetorical methods has increasingly come under criticism for often only weakly employed by the participants in this controversy. I argue that the encouraging students to blaze their own path. These scientists involved in this debate show an awareness of the developments are consistent with constructivist education influence of the social on scientific judgments and do not hesitate practice. Currently, constructivist epistemology, which holds to employ this awareness as a rhetorical method in their that meaning is individually generated, is rarely cited as a arguments. For instance, they often accuse their opponents of program design consideration; I argue that its explicit adoption as social and cultural biases. I also argue that the rhetoric and the a complement to disciplinary epistemology would enlighten the content of this debate changes in favor of fuzzy theory program design process, and, by increasing consistency between approximately after 1990 around the same time that the principle and practice, relieve the most salient conceptual tension publications on fuzzy logic outnumber the publications on in 21st century program design. Optimistically assuming probability theory. That is while the defenders of fuzzy logic constructivist epistemology’s adoption, we turn to its practice cannot be said to have won the debate on theoretical grounds any and implications. First, previous literature has addressed, and my time around the 1990s. I argue that this shift in the rhetoric can findings corroborate, the practical importance of a common be associated with the increase in the number of applications of feature of many successful 21st century programs: a program fuzzy logic, and the number of researchers who became leader that mentors students through the individualized interested to study and develop these applications. components of their training (e.g. extended experiential learning Is It Possible to Get Data from Ethnography for Social projects). Informed by my interviews, I additionally address Psychology of Science Research? Melissa Orozco, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro; Lorena García, term productivity is science and innovation policy. Vast Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro government spending systematically left out R&D funding and The entrance of psychology to the science studies has implied a the policy reforms in the field of science and technology policy review of its methods and theories that can help for explaining have been mainly carried out in a rather incoherent and science and scientists’ thoughts/behaviors. So far, the subfields inefficient way. As a result, Greece lags far behind in technology of personality and cognition are the most developed in adoption and industrial development, something mirrored in the psychology of science. The endeavors of these subfields have country’s overall competitiveness. By drawing upon STS shown how theories and methods of psychology can be applied literature, this paper attempts to shed light on the Greek Science to empirical studies of science (Feist & Gorman, 1998). In the and Innovation System. As most of the barriers to increase case of social psychology, however, no empirical studies have innovativeness are of institutional and cultural order, it highlights demonstrated, yet how this application could be performed. With certain socio-cultural particularities that affect the impact of the empirical and conceptual program of Social Psychology of policy reforms and innovative activity. Science (SPS) (Shadish, Fullet, et. al. 1994), some suggestions Imagined Innovation: Cultural Limits and Politics of China’s have been made of how theories, methodologies and even more High-technology Development. Kun Chen, University of general discussions of STS studies could be addressed from California, Berkeley social psychology. In the case analyzed here, ethnographic In 2005, “building an innovative country” became a new national observations were performed to study a group of Mexican agenda in China. China is now the world’s second largest neuroscientists in context. But even if ethnography has been spender on research and development. However, the image of suggested as a method for inquiries in social psychology of Chinese products is continuously portrayed as a “copycat” in the science, the results in our study have let us raise the question of West. Besides immature institutional mechanisms for innovation, how practical it is for exploring social-psychological processes. are there cultural limits that hinder China’s innovation We present the main results of an empirical work that started in development? I question the conventional notion of “innovation” October 2008 and we discuss these results considering SPS as the economically instrumental production and empirical and conceptual program. With this work, we are trying commercialization of technological creativity. I treat to contribute to SPS empirical research and to its inclusion in “innovation” in China as an open question subjected to broader discussions of STS. culturally-specific conditions responding to global competition Disciplinary Networks: Scientific Communication and local desires. My research examines the question through an within/between STS and History of Science. Raf ethnography of the cultural politics in China’s high-technology Vanderstraeten, Ghent University, Belgium; Frédéric development. I have reviewed government reports, conducted Vandermoere, Ghent University, Belgium participant observation in two Internet companies and interviewed government officials, engineers and venture Only in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries has the capitalists in Beijing. My research has revealed three findings. discipline become the main social unit for the production and First, innovation is not only an economic index of development organization of knowledge. The historical rise of disciplines was but also a political strategy to cultivate nationalism among very much dependent on the emergence of the modern research Chinese. Second, by focusing on statistics, the government university, which united teaching and research (‘Lehre und creates an imagination for future and modernity to attract Forschung’). But the formation of disciplines also depended on transnational resources and govern expertise. Third, officials the invention of new communication formats, which allowed for consider short-term economic growth their political the formation of specific scientific communities. In this light, achievements, so high-technology development does not tolerate attention first of all needs to be directed to the rise of specialized the risk for long-term innovative experiments. Therefore, scholarly journals. These journals are able to bring together a innovation in China is focused on political and economic value community of authors – who accept the specialization chosen by instead of technological creativity in the nation-building agenda. the journal, but who also continually modify this specialization I call this political strategy “imagined innovation.” My research by the effect of their contributions. The purpose of this paper is can diversify ways to conceptualize innovation and provide to present an analysis of (sub-)disciplinary communicative evidence to address the politically and culturally embedded networks. In particular, we have chosen two related conditions of high-technology development in non-Western specializations, viz. science & technology studies (STS) and the societies. history of science, in order to shed light on basic characteristics of their disciplinary identities and relationships. We will present Managing Restoration under Uncertainty: Decision-makers and detailed network analyses about the structural features of both Population Projection Models. Sarah Michaels, University scientific specializations, as well as the communication (or lack of Nebraska; Andrew J. Tyre, University of Nebraska thereof) between STS and the history of science. Thus, we will While the last half-century has seen enormous strides in refining analyze scientific communication within our own disciplinary predictive modeling for wildlife management, our understanding specializations. Our aim is to contribute to greater reflexivity of how decision-makers use these models remains frustratingly within science, to clarify some of the ways in which we are deficient. For example, we don’t know the extent to which disciplined by our disciplines. decision-makers’ use of population projection models enhances Chair: their appreciation of how much variability there is in the Raf Vanderstraeten, Ghent University, Belgium populations they are managing. In an initial attempt to address this gap, we provided wildlife managers and undergraduate 178. Economics, Technology and Markets wildlife management students with an interactive experience of 10:30 to 12:00 pm decision-making under uncertainty using the predictive models Crowne Plaza: Willard developed for the Missouri River Recovery Program (MRRP) Emergent Sandbar Habitat program. The model demonstrates the Participants: impact that habitat creation, environmental variation (through Science and Innovation Policy in Greece or Another Failure variable river discharge) and demographic stochasticity (the Factor. Vassilios Daglas, National and Kapodestrian random nature of births and deaths in any population) have on University of Athens the future number of piping plovers and their reproductive The unfolding financial crisis in Greece has been rigorously performance. We asked the participants whether or not the debated within the international arena. The crisis is largely running of the model changed their thinking about how much identified as a systemic one, with under achievements in several variability there is in the piping plover population on the policy domains related to economic activity. One that is crucial Missouri River. This research contributes to the science, and intrinsically linked with economic performance and long- technology and society literature by demonstrating the potential of using experiments to further our understanding of the extent to and Identity in Youth Peer Cultures. Christo Sims, U.C. which non-scientists come to terms with variability by employing Berkeley, School of Information packaged, dynamic scientific expertise. It also suggests the value This paper examines the relationship between digital media of recognizing decision support tools as an interactive class of practices and the identity negotiations young people take part in boundary objects. by way of their participation in schooling. The paper draws on Agricultural Subsidies, Econometric Models and the Brazil- fieldwork conducted between 2009 and 2011 at an experimental USA WTO Cotton Dispute. Arthur Daemmrich, Harvard New York City public middle school that celebrated digital Business School media production. Applying Holland and Lave's (2001) notion of Almost immediately after launching in 2001, the Doha Round of "history in person," the paper analyzes how historical structures World Trade Organization negotiations entered a prolonged of privilege were brought to a present in which digital media stalemate. A North-South divide emerged regarding agricultural were often assumed to be common and esteemed features of subsidies, intellectual property rights and other "non-tariff" topics young people's everyday lives. Such an analysis suggests that of significant domestic sensitivity. After years of widening and while all young people engaged in a diversity of digital media deepening the WTO participating countries were deadlocked, and practices, media and technology were only foregrounded as the WTO’s legitimacy as a negotiating forum came under central aspects of identity for one of the school's dominant question. In the same time period, however, dispute resolution cliques: a group of boys that was predominantly economically proceedings at the WTO continued apace. Disputes involved privileged and white. This "media- and technology-centric" form WTO-appointed experts adjudicating competing claims that were of masculinity is contrasted with the other dominant forms of typically backed by competing econometric models and data. In doing masculinity and femininity that were produced at the the late 1990s and early 2000s, disputes were brought primarily school. The paper argues that to understand when and how media by developed countries against one another, or against and technology were foregrounded as an aspect of youth identity developing countries, which served to further undermine WTO we need to consider the place of digital media practices within claims of neutrality. In a development that raised the WTO’s the larger set of more voluntary practices available to youth, profile, claims were brought with greater frequency by practices whose access and appeal are historically rooted in developing countries against the United States and European privileged structures of class, gender and race. Union. This paper analyzes a decade-long, ultimately successful Multiple Masculinities, Dichotomies and Power Games in WTO dispute filed by the country of Brazil against U.S. cotton Male-Dominated Domains. Tanja M. Paulitz, University of subsidies. My findings are based upon interviews with Brazilian Graz government officials and WTO leaders, and analysis of Gender studies has convincingly shown that – at least in Western econometric models and trade data that were foundational to societies – gender is reproduced in many social domains WTO rulings. The paper argues that the Brazil cotton dispute – a according to a dichotomous symbolic framework. These prominent example of a developing country using WTO conceptual polarities have served as a basic symbolic resource procedures for domestic gains – contributed to improved for the societal division of labor as well as for the exclusion of legitimacy for the WTO as a dispute forum, even though women from various professional fields. Similarly, feminist decision-making remains in the hands of a narrow band of technology studies has indicated that dichotomies like technical and economic experts. By identifying how the WTO technical/social, hard/soft, etc. are implicated in the gender struck a balance between representative and procedural segregation especially present within engineering and computing. legitimacy, even as it adjudicated complex trade disputes, the Masculinity has been primarily constituted as an underlying and paper contributes to studies of emergent regulatory knowledge unquestioned norm by separation from an – assumed – deviant and provides insights on the increasing role of econometric femininity in the modern sciences and civil society. In the paper I models in global trade relations. will uncover the discursive practices of that have served to Chair: constitute masculinities over time within male-dominated Arthur Daemmrich, Harvard Business School professional domains like engineering, computing, etc. On the basis of a historical discourse analysis of debates within German 179. Negotiating Identities in Circuits of Technoculture mechanical engineering spanning the 19th and 20th centuries I 10:30 to 12:00 pm argue that the dominant mode of masculinity construction in Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen these domains operates in a distinct manner. While projections of This panel explores some of the different ways identities and subjectivities a masculine subjectivity for the mechanical engineer tended to have been articulated and negotiated at different moments in circuits of neglect femininity entirely, other categories of social technoculture. The papers examine contemporary and historical cases in differentiation, like ethnicity, nationality, class, come into play. which technological artifacts and discourses played a role in reproducing Even though multiple versions of masculinity can be observed and reconfiguring identities that were gendered, classed, racialized and within the discourse over time, the absence of femininity remains marked by other lines of social difference. We explore these issues by prevalent. examining several moments in circuits of media and information Configuring Geek Gender Identities. Christina Dunbar-Hester, technocultures, including analyses of peer identity negotiations at a Rutgers University contemporary NYC middle school that focused on media and technology In July 2006, a few attendees of the Hackers on Planet Earth production, gender representations in early 20th century German (H.O.P.E.) Conference in NYC sold homemade t-shirts riffing on mechanical engineering discourse, attempts to challenge technical practices a recent gaffe by Senator Ted Stevens (R-AK), where he referred linked to white masculinity within software and hacker practitioner to the Internet as a “series of tubes”. The H.O.P.E. t-shirt communities, and uses of media production to challenge expectations about hawkers poked fun at Stevens’ understanding of Internet special education students. Theoretically, this panel relates the traditions of principles while simultaneously directing a critique at their own producer- and user-studies within SCOT (Hughes 1987; Oudshoorn & community: Stevens’ quote appeared as the caption under an Pinch 2003; Cowan 1987) with work from media studies that theorizes anatomy-book representation of the female reproductive system, relations between production and consumption as moments in circuits of a gesture that creatively and humorously challenged the notion cultural (re)production (Hall 1977; Dornfeld 1998). Since our case studies that a technical domain such as the Internet is a masculine one all address media and information technologies, identity work often (Haraway 1991; Wacjman 2007). Significantly, this hacker involved processes of communications and technical practice conference was an event dominated by male speakers and simultaneously, a conjuncture that has led us to look for compatible strands audience members. This paper provides a timely ethnographic of theory from both STS and media studies. account of a new and vibrant wave of activism and advocacy to Participants: promote “diversity” (variously construed, but most often When Does the Digital Make a Difference? Negotiating Gender focusing on gender) in activist technical projects, including free software and hacker-spaces in the U.S. This paper explores the the University of Berlin. A high degree of autonomy - both intersection of technical identity and gender identities between academic disciplines and between the university and (masculine, feminine, and notably, queer or nonbinary gender) as society - was built into the structure of this new research they are negotiated at sites of technology production that blur the university. Once this new model of the university began to take boundaries between work and leisure, arguing that some actors hold, disciplinary professional societies began to spring up, as view gender, like technology, to be “configurable,” and examines well. What it means to be a peer - to be a "philosopher" as the link between these notions of gender and technical practice. opposed to a "psychologist," say - became institutionalized with The paper thus offers new insight into the gender-technology departments on the intra-university level and professional relation at sites where actors are actively seeking to transform societies and journals on the inter-university level. By the late technical communities. 20th century, however, calls for interdisciplinarity could be heard Becoming Visible: Media Production and Identity in Special across the academy. It is far from clear, however, that we yet Education. Rebecca Herr Stephenson, Joan Ganz Cooney know (around 50 years after the beginnings of the sustained call Center at Sesame Workshop for interdisciplinarity) how to engage in interdisciplinary work, or even why we ought to do so. I argue that a major reason This presentation will consider the role of media production tools behind this confusion is the lack of institutional change to and pedagogy in supporting the identity development and accommodate interdisciplinarity. As a case study in this failure to expression of students in urban special education. The findings of change I examine the notion of a peer. the paper highlight ways in which teachers can use digital media to challenge expectations about which students are capable of How Rankings Can Suppress Interdisciplinarity: The Case of engaging in critical and creative literacy activities. Drawing from Innovation Studies and Business and Management. Ismael research conducted with middle school students in Los Angeles, Rafols, SPRU, University of Sussex; Loet Leydesdorff, the presentation will describe a yearlong effort to integrate media University of Amsterdam; Andrew Stirling, Sussex production into special education students’ literacy and science Rankings have undeniably captured the attention of many curricula. Through media production, students were encouraged scientists and policymakers. Academic managers are busily to take on identities as media makers and were presented with crafting strategies to improve the position of their institutions in opportunities to act as experts in various settings within the the rankings. Incentives for faculty to publish in high-rank school community, including leading a co-production with journals figures prominently among the policies developed. What students in a “gifted and talented” class. As will be discussed in can be the unintended effects of a shift in publication strategies the presentation, becoming media makers led to important gains aimed at ranking improvement? This study illustrates how in students’ engagement and resilience in school. Just as alleged "excellence-based" journal rankings have a bias in favor important as the technical and literacy skills developed through of mono-disciplinary research and how this negatively affects the these projects, however, was the impact of sharing media with assessment of interdisciplinary organizations. The investigation the school community; becoming media makers allowed special first demonstrates that Innovation Studies (IS) organizations are education students to push back against the marginalization they more interdisciplinary than leading Business and Management had previously experienced, becoming visible - as experts, no Schools (BMS) under various perspectives. Second, it shows that less - within the social fabric of the school. the journal rankings of the Association of Business Schools Chair: (ABS) have a disciplinary bias which translates very directly into Christo Sims, U.C. Berkeley, School of Information a low assessment of interdisciplinary organizations’ (IS) performance in comparison to BMS. Finally, it shows that this Discussant: low assessment is not warranted by citation-count measures. In Mary L. Gray, Indiana University this way, the present study suggests that the use of ABS rankings serves systematically to disadvantage interdisciplinarity. While 180. Linking Interdisciplinarity, Innovation and Impact: Both the use of rankings is predicated on the assumption that the Within and Outside the Academy resulting ranks constitute objective assessments that can be 10:30 to 12:00 pm treated as robust proxies for academic excellence, these results Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller challenge such claims to objectivity and suggest that rankings Interdisciplinarity is often touted as the best means of linking academic present a "specific" view of excellence. To the extent that ABS knowledge production with societal problems and needs. rankings are becoming increasingly used to evaluate individual Interdisciplinarity, in other words, is seen as a way of guaranteeing the and organizational research performance, it does seem likely that societal relevance of academic knowledge. The connection between they have a suppressive effect on interdisciplinary research. knowledge production and use, however, is fraught with conceptual, Beware the Language of Impact. Adam Robert Briggle, practical and institutional difficulties: is not the academy part of - rather University of North Texas than far removed from - society? If so, why suppose that disciplinary In a neoliberal age obsessed with returns on investment, it goes knowledge production is any less relevant to societal problem-solving than without saying that having an “impact” is a good thing. In the interdisciplinary work? What about the academic reward structure? Even if world of bioethics advisory commissions, the language of impact interdisciplinarity could be shown to increase the societal impact of usually means a demonstrable short-term influence on a specific academic knowledge, unless academics are rewarded rather than punished piece of legislation. To publish a report that has no such impact is for interdisciplinarity, why suppose that they will engage in to be perceived as a failure, as being irrelevant to the real interdisciplinary work? Can interdisciplinarity be shown to increase business of filling the policy vacuums created by innovation. The societal impacts? If so, how? What is the state of the art in measuring language of impact here is instrumentalist: it does not matter interdisciplinarity? What about measuring impact? Is there any way these whether it was a good policy beneficially shaped by the report, measurements can be combined? but merely that it was impacted in some way. This is to conceive Participants: of the task of such commissions far too narrowly. Their task is to The Conflict of the Faculties 2.0: Outside the Disciplines, Who pose the question: what goals ought we to pursue and why? This Counts as a Peer? James Britt Holbrook, University of North re-examination of ends may paralyze action momentarily and thus does not lend itself well to metrics of “impact.” Even where, Texas as in the Belmont Report, we can show a demonstrable short- In his essay, "The Conflict of the Faculties," Immanuel Kant not term impact, what makes this a success is not the mere fact that it only offers a critique of the dispute between the higher and lower shaped policy but that it shaped it in the right direction according university faculties, but also he lays out the basic plan for the to noble and well-justified principles. But here, the principles in German (and later North American) research university that was question were already largely shared. The task for such instantiated by Wilhelm von Humboldt with the establishment of commissions in a pluralist society facing new biotechnological powers is not just to articulate shared values but to unearth technical platform they are most commonly associated with. different visions of the good life and subject them to critical This dissonance is most visible when such online communities analysis. This examination of ends will not provide immediately gather in physical environments, and the title of this paper is available means for impacting a policy. But we must first know taken from a quote by a keynote speaker at ROFLcon, a hybrid what kind of impact is good. According to the current obsession conference/convention on Internet culture that brought about 600 with impact, we could walk right into a bio-dystopia, all the Internet enthusiasts, celebrities, and academics to a series of while congratulating ourselves for “impacting” the policies that lecture halls at MIT. Anthropologist Chris Kelty delivered the got us there. phrase to thunderous applause, and I explore this and similar Interdisciplinary Thinking and Academic Rigor. Robert claims of presence which are often made when online Frodeman, University of North Texas communities meet in physical spaces. I explore this tension between online and physical environments in the case of two For the past 125 years the university has been the home of Internet-mediated platforms which are often invoked as knowledge production. The 20th century research university communities or organizations: Wikipedia and 4chan. Both are combined a Kantian belief in disciplinarity, a Humboldtian often popularly and academically imagined as constituted commitment to linking research and education and upholding entirely by isolated individuals interacting on the Internet, and academic autonomy, and a Cartesian allegiance to infinite the tendency is to focus on the activity at http://wikipedia.org and knowledge production. There was no end to knowledge - either http://4chan.org. However, I show how actions which are in the sense of a conclusion, or in terms of there being a goal - attributed to something like 'the community' occur in a diverse other than the endless goal of the infinite pursuit of desire. This assemblage of spaces, both physical and computer-mediated. has led to a tacit, academy-wide definition of academic rigor. Each of these spaces are not cleanly delinated; rather presence This view sees rigor as an infinite process. In addition to being must be articulated and is done so in many different ways. While tacit, this definition is also unsustainable. Rigor pursued with no still problematic, I argue that the term 'virtual' is far more formal attention to other formal determinants such as timeliness, productive than "online" to describe distributed groups of accessibility or cost ignores the social determinants to individuals who utilize many different kinds of tools, techniques, knowledge, factors that are always implicitly in play. The and technologies to interact. academy needs to revise its current sense of rigor, away from its current monolithic, disciplinary model of specialization and The Multiplexing of Multi-space: Attention, Spatiality and expertise. Protest in Online Social Networks. Morgan Daniels, Chair: University of Michigan, School of Information James Britt Holbrook, University of North Texas We problematize the perceived placelessness of online interaction by analyzing an online protest of Amazon.com in Discussants: April of 2009. The amazonfail protest catalyzed a large number Steve Fuller, University of Warwick of Twitter users to condemn the “delisting” of LGBT authors and Edward Hackett, Arizona State University books from the retailer’s sales rankings, which rendered them largely invisible to potential customers. From a contextual 181. The Physicality of the Virtual analysis of tweets, media reports and blog posts, we develop a 10:30 to 12:00 pm model for understanding online social network systems as unique Crowne Plaza: Hanna spatialities. We explore the complexities of 'multi-placed' Scholars from a variety of fields and topic areas are increasingly interested information space by borrowing the concept of isovist volume, a in the interactions which take place in so-called "virtual" spaces. From the measure of visibility in geographic space from architectural "invisible college" of the Royal Society to today's emerging theory, as a measure of attentional space. We use isovist volume cyberinfrastructures, knowledge production is often highly distributed and as a measure of what a user can theoretically "see" in Twitter. A organized around "virtual communities" and "virtual organizations." given user’s isovist is governed by whom they have chosen to Debates about the effect of the Internet as a "virtual public sphere" on follow on twitter, thus the twitterverse is made up of multiple political action and activism abound in academic and popular discourse, as spatialities. Hashtags allow users to see beyond the attentional do revived visions of "virtual reality" technology making their way to horizon of their follower networks into new spheres of discourse. consumer technologies. Amidst all of these slightly different invocations of We describe a hashtag’s work as multiplexing, or collapsing the virtual, what kinds of assumptions are we making and what other multi-dimensional information spaces into and across individual ontologies are we foreclosing? In this panel we explore the commonly held isovists. We assert that the instigators of the amazonfail protest distinctions between "virtual" and "reality," between cyberspace and used the hashtag to multiplex a public space, akin to public meatspace. This distiction assumes a reality all its own, leading existing spaces in physical protests, to construct an isovistic multi-place' (theoretical) discourses to construct what may be a false dichotomy. We built from semi-autonomous actions. This paper contributes two begin to question these categories using four approaches: the tension new analytical categories, isovist volume and multiplexing, to between physical and online environments at play in Wikipedia and 4chan; understand distributed sensemaking within complex spatialities. the introduction of crowd theory to the analysis of groups online; the Crowd Theory From the Street to the Screen. Finn Brunton, "materiality" of Wikipedia on the web, read in light of its history as printed University of Michigan, School of Information text and CD; and the "spatiality" of online protest on twitter. With these We have been talking about crowds for millennia; we've been diverse subject areas, we will re-examine the unsteady and complex talking about virtual communities and social software for dualism between the virtual (online, cyber, non-rival ...) and the real decades. What can the first conversation offer the second? (meaty, rival, physical ...). This panel will be of interest to scholars from Theories of groups on electronic networks -- and designs based many disciplinary and theoretical backgrounds, especially those who are on those theories -- have drawn on anthropology and sociology, tackling issues of materiality, distribution, coordination, and globalization. and models like villages, firms, primate bands, circles of friends, Participants: communes and criminal subcultures. I will introduce the crowd "The Internet Is Here": The Virtuality of Online Communities into this discussion. The crowd has always occupied an uncertain in Physical Spaces. R. Stuart Geiger, UC-Berkeley, School political, social and scientific space: is it Rousseau's "general will," a democratic Spinozist multitude, an Athenian audience, or of Information is it the vulga, the turba, the mob? The revolutionary march or Groups and organizations that communicate primarily through the Fascist rally? A gathering of individuals or an expression of Internet-mediated channels are often called 'online communities.' herd instinct, like bees or wolves? Though I will mention We often conceptualize such communities as existing entirely classical theories of the crowd, I will focus on the invention of within a particular software platform, and deliniate community crowd theory as a (pseudo-) scientific project after the birth of activity to the set of all interactions within this virtual space. In the modern metropolis, particularly in the work of Gustav Le fact, the names of these social groups are often metonyms of the Bon, Wilfred Trotter and Elias Canetti. With that background, I through analysis of STS projects which assemble alternative approaches for will present the contributions this idea can make to our scientific practice and technology development. STS emerged as an activist understanding of anonymity, intimacy, collective action, and the field, seeking to unsettle and question the most privileged spaces of flux of gathering and dispersing online -- above all, to the transit knowledge making - the sciences. However, Latour worries in his 2004 between private and public, screen and street. While a failure as a article, STS’s success in unsettling of ‘scientific matters of fact’ has scientific project in its own right, I argue, crowd theory has impaired our ability to speak to "matters of concern." Latour wonders why created a rich body of theories and frameworks to help us discuss fundamentalist christians and climate denier’s rhetoric sound perilously the physical nature of the "virtual community." close to STS arguments about the contingency and social production of Embodying the Free Encyclopedia: Wikipedia’s Materiality in knowledge. How without certain sciences are we able to address, discuss or Myth and Practice. Andrew Famiglietti, Georgia Institute of develop matters of ethical concern? What new or neglected approaches to Technology science, engineering and STS do we need to address the pressing social, environmental and political issues of our times: climate change, toxics, The early Wikipedia community was shaped by a belief, environmental justice, corporate accountability and social inequality? inherited from earlier hacker communities, that information freed Happily STS has begun answering these questions as illustrated in the from legal restraints would flow easily and naturally between and projects presented by this panel which participate in assembling, rather than among physical forms. Jimmy Wales, project co-founder, deconstructing, novel scientific, technical and social scientific approaches famously predicted that Wikipedia would provide the world with to addressing "matters of concern." free information, and that the content of the free encyclopedia would even reach classrooms without Internet access via cheaply Participants: printed paper editions. Ten years later, the web hosted version of When Self-organization Meets Appropriation: Collective Wikipedia thrives, but attempts to translate this resource into Technological Flexibility and Social Power. Ron Eglash, print and CD editions have met with limited success. This essay Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute will explore the history of these attempts, along with other cases Much of the work under the rubric of "appropriated technology" from the contemporary Wikipedia to explore how Wikipedia is is focused on the flexibility of artifacts and processes: how shaped by what N. Katherine Hayles calls “materiality,” or “or science or technology can be reinterpreted, adapted, or reinvented the “dynamic interactions between physical characteristics and to suit the needs of laypeople normally outside the production of signifying strategies.” I will demonstrate how the material form the original artifact. However we can add another dimension to of the web hosted Wikipedia, far from being irrelevant, has that portrait when we consider the difference between individual shaped the signifying strategies of the Wikipedia community, and versus collective acts. Increasingly "bottom-up" social how these strategies may have in turn frustrated attempts to collectives, not individuals or hierarchies, are the site of powerful translate the Free Encyclopedia into other forms. changes in the technosocial landscape. Open source software Virtual Place Attachment and the Physical Place. Raz Schwartz, (OSS), for example, depends not only on re-locating production Bar Ilan University from corporations to the civil sphere, but also on bringing @IAmAru: “I feel like I'm betraying my @foursquare mayorship together the individuals into collaboration. The "Open" concept by going to the other Starbucks.” For @IAmAru, being the has spread from software to other types of production: Open mayor of a specific Starbucks carries special meanings. Although Source Nano, Open Source Science, and Open Source Design are all other Starbucks look the same, he continuously chooses to go just a few of these new incarnations. But many other to this particular one just to maintain his virtual Mayor title. But combinations of appropriation and self-organization are possible: @IAmAru's emotional tweet is hardly a rare example; it portrays consider, for example, the Hyperbolic Crochet Coral Reef, which a growing tendency in which location-based service users interact brought together mathematicians, knitting fans, and with the physical places they visit. What are the elements, environmental activists. By understanding the relation to three therefore, that virtually connect someone to a certain physical other dimensions—movement between the physical/virtual place? Why do people feel an intimate attachment to a specific divide, movement between civil, state, and private domains, and place after using these applications? And how do location-based transfers of cultural and financial capital—we can begin mapping services promote users to virtually chronicle their everyday the patterns of social power that emerge, and improve endeavors? Drawing on an interdisciplinary theoretical concept interventions that contribute to social justice and environmental called "Place Attachment," that was conceived in the late 1980s, sustainability. following by analysis of interviews, I examine how the use of Critical Making and Technoscience Intervention. Matthew location-based services in mobile phones establishes a Ratto, University of Toronto personalized relation to a physical place. By applying this Increasing engagements between design and STS can be theoretical framework to the study of location-based technology, understood as attempts to develop novel modes of intervention I offer a new lens through which we can articulate the into technoscience. The development – and the critique – of such implications these services have over local connections between modes is the main focus of our work which design methods and people and places. Studying these virtual-local relationships of open source software and hardware (e.g. arduino, processing, etc) people and places in light of concepts of "Place Attachment" are used to supplement and extend critical reflection on the role enables us to better understand users actions, and explore how, in of information and information technologies in modern life. We turn, these practices strengthen users connection to a physical call this work ‘critical making’ in order to highlight the place, promote the assimilation and participation of users in their reconnection of two modes of engagement with the world that are local community, enhance relations with other users and fortify typically held separate: critical thinking, traditionally understood the existence of a virtual-local identity. as conceptually and linguistically based, and physical ‘making’, Chair: goal-based material work. We see this as a necessary integration Matt Burton, University of Michigan for three reasons; first, as a way of overcoming the ‘brittle’ and overly-structural sense of technologies that often exist in critical 182. STS in Practice: Science, Engineering and STS as Partners social science literature; second, as a way of creating shared in Social Justice and Sustainability. experiences with technologies that provide joint resources for 10:30 to 12:00 pm transforming the socio-technical imagination; and third, as a site Crowne Plaza: White for overcoming problematic disciplinary divides within The critic is not the one who debunks, but the one who assembles. The technoscience. In this talk, I will overview critical making as a critic is not the one who lifts the rugs from under the feet of the naive particular mode of intervention into both STS and technoscience believers, but the one who offers the participants arenas in which to gather. and provide examples from recent projects. (Bruno Latour “Has Critique Run Out of Steam?” 2004). This panel Public Design as Co-operative Inquiry: Working Together to develops the definition of critic offered by Latour in the above quotation Explore and Express Agricultural Futures. Carl DiSalvo, may be that lay participants are typically dependent on external Georgia Institute of Technology experts for producing sensory technology as well as for providing Recent scholarship spanning participatory design and science and data analysis. But they are also restricted by limitations that technology studies has drawn on the work of John Dewey (1927) precede the intervention, such as urban landscapes and cultural and his notions of “publics” and “issues” to characterize certain fragmentation. Despite a sizable body of literature in Science and social situations, structures and actions. In the sense of theories Technology Studies, which details citizen science paradigms for as tools for thinking and acting, these notions of publics and community activism – and participatory design as a pathway issues are useful because they denote the multi-faceted conditions between community and laboratory – further inquiry is required and “matters of concern” (Latour 2005) that characterize the against homogenous assumptions of how “lay expertise” is contexts of design. Combining discourses from participatory constructed. This gap become especially evident when applied to design and science and technology studies, in this talk I outline technoscientific knowledge/practice in participatory sensing the notion of public design as a distinct mode of issue-oriented research. Using as example a series of educational sensor design practice. This discussion is grounded in a description and workshops conducted on the Navajo Nation, this paper discusses analysis of the growBot Garden project: an ongoing project that indigenous ways-of-knowing (Watson-Verran & Turnbull 1995; brings together designers, researchers and stakeholders in small- Aikenhead & Ogawa 2007) to illustrate reflexive states of scale agriculture to re-imagine the future of agricultural culturally situated lay expertise where abstract knowledge-as- technology. More specifically, I draw examples from information (de Certeau 1984) remains in context with cultural participation in the 2010 01SJ Biennial (San Jose, CA), which productions of knowledge. By mapping indigenous took the theme Build Your Own World and endeavored to environmental science into STS citizen science discourse, this provide an open forum for public engagement through design and paper addresses technoscientific imaginaries of place and space media arts. In a novel way, the biennial then functioned as a site by interrogating intercultural interpretations of data analysis for experimentation into public design, highlighting its potentials (Brewer & Dourish 2008). Ultimately, locating heterogeneous and limitations. In this talk I explore the ways public design can ways-of-practice as part of STS literatures on appropriated function to model speculative socio-technical configurations and technology and ‘critical making’ practice, we can make visible create events through which those configurations can be the “mainstream” cultural content of “normal” science, and experienced and reflected upon. In addition, I call attention to the develop less alienating models for citizen participation in science ways such public design challenges distinctions between the and technology across all communities. designer and user, and sets the stage for new networks of Chair: working relations (Suchman 2002) between designers and Sara Wylie, Massachusetts Institute of Technology publics. 183. Reproductive and Contraceptive Technologies: Shifting Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science: Subjectivities and Contemporary Lives Environmental Justice, Citizen Science, and Participatory 10:30 to 12:00 pm STS in Monitoring of Disaster Landscapes. Shannon Crowne Plaza: Allen Dosemagen, Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science; Jeff Warren, Public Laboratory for Open Technological and scientific innovation within the sphere of reproduction and contraception has opened up various possibilities for women and men Technology and Science, MIT in terms of their reproductive and contraceptive options. However, the This paper examines a citizen science effort to document the ability, need or desire to make these choices is embedded in a fluid, Deepwater Horizon Spill through a DIY aerial photography and complex network of actors and institutions. This session explores how mapmaking process called Grassroots Mapping. We analyze women and men navigate new reproductive terrain, whereby the Grassroots Mapping as a mode of “in practice” STS research technologies of assisted reproduction, contraceptive pharmaceuticals, and whereby insights from STS are used to develop alternative modes midwifery care reveal and reconceptualize notions of identity, citizenship, of scientific data gathering suited to environmental justice issues. kinship, gender and sexuality. Advances in reproductive/contraceptive The success of Grassroots Mapping inspired a group of scientists, technology combined with market logic and transnational biopolitics have artists, STS researchers, anthropologists, social organizers and led to a reexamination of contemporary subjectivities. This session will community members to begin forming a non-profit, open source interrogate these themes in order to shed light on the diverse effects of community of called PLOTS: Public Laboratory for Open reproductive science and technology on human social relations. Three of Technology and Science. PLOTS, through open sourcing the papers in this panel explore how assisted reproduction impacts the hardware design, develops tools for the citizen study of social lives of intended parents and other reproductive actors in India and environmental justice and sustainability issues such as: superfund the Middle East, revealing the implications of reproductive technology for site clean up, in-door air pollution and small-scale agriculture. emergent understandings of kinship and gender identity. This panel also PLOTS critiques the "user vs. maker" binary by creating a includes examinations of contraceptive technology and midwifery care, platform where those roles may mix, and where a culture of illustrating how contraceptive advertising in India reflects contradictions in advocacy can exist in conjunction with a "hacker" culture of ideas about class, gender and public health, as well as how the politics of technological remixing and re-purposing. Using specific midwifery care in Mexico rework notions of indigenous and peasant examples from mapping the Gulf spill we discuss the identity in relation to the Mexican state. Taken together, these five papers relationships between enthusiasts developing advanced offer substantive and critical contributions to understandings of the photographic techniques and activists to explore community relationship between technology, reproduction and social relations in the members sense of ownership over this data gathering process and 21st century. its products. Through PLOTS we examine whether participatory science and technology development can produce approaches to Participants: environmental research which acknowledge the role of the Transnational Surrogacy, Kinship and Reproductive Relations researcher as an active and even activist participant and provide in India. Daisy Deomampo, City University of New York, new possibilities for addressing environmental justice issues. The Graduate Center Ways of Practice in Participatory Sensing: Indigenous In recent years, India has emerged as a global “hub” for Knowledge Systems and Culturally Situated Design. Kirk “reproductive tourism” - briefly defined as the movement of Jalbert, RPI people across national borders for assisted reproductive Environmental monitoring involving laypersons, or participatory technologies (ARTs) - in particular for would-be parents seeking sensing, encompasses a wide array of methods and applications. gestational surrogacy, egg donation and in vitro fertilization. This However, the usefulness of many well-intended projects is often paper explores the social and cultural implications of such travel restrictive when delivered to target communities. One reason by examining how these transnational medical processes affect notions of kinship, family and parenthood. While much of the existing literature on reproductive tourism focuses on ethics, law religious moralities. Although Islamic authorities have condoned and policy, surprisingly little has been written about how the assisted reproduction as a solution to human suffering, third- actors involved in transnational surrogacy experience, understand party reproductive assistance (sperm donation, egg donation, and verbalize the relationships among genetic donors, gestational embryo donation, surrogacy) is still widely banned across the surrogates and intended parents. Based on 12 months of Sunni Muslim world from Morocco to Malaysia. However, ethnographic fieldwork in India, this paper draws on participant recent Shia Muslim fatwas have challenged this ban, leading to a observation at clinics, hospitals, intended parents’ thriving donor technology industry in both Iran and Lebanon. In accommodations and surrogate mothers’ homes; in-depth today’s Middle East, men are rethinking their “Islamic interviews with doctors, intended parents, egg donors, surrogate masculinities” as they undertake transnational quests for mothers and their families; media reports; policy documents; conception out of devotion to the infertile wives they love. In analysis of popular representations of “reproductive tourism”; forwarding the trope of “the new Arab man,” this paper questions and online surrogacy forums and blogs. By studying “on-the- taken-for-granted assumptions about Middle Eastern men as men ground” the diverse motivations and experiences of key actors in an era of emerging science and technology. involved in reproductive tourism, this work reveals how the Making Mother India: Gendered Politics of Assisted practice of transnational surrogacy both challenges and reinforces Reproductive Technologies in India. Sharmila Rudrappa, notions of kinship, family and parenthood in both Indian and University of Texas at Austin Western contexts. This research aims to make innovative contributions to science and technology studies and medical Assisted reproductive technologies are a burgeoning sub- anthropology by elucidating how ideologies of kinship and speciality in gynecology in India. A popular perception is that family shape and are shaped by globalization and the worldwide ARTs "save" women from the stigma of infertility, and these reach of assisted reproductive technologies. technologies allow them greater choice in making fertility decisions. This article challenges such notions by showing that The Future of Childbirth in Mexico: Midwifery and the Medical new reproductive technologies attach women more deeply to Imaginary. Rosalynn Adeline Vega, UC Berkeley/UC San their biology and their social roles as mothers. Such a line of Francisco argument is not new because gender scholars have explored how CASA (Center for the Adolescents of San Miguel de Allende) is reproductive technologies mediate the experience of motherhood the production site of an emergent medical technology: in disempowering ways for women (Becker, 2000; Franklin, professional midwife-assisted childbirth as a safer, government 1997; Franklin & Ragone, 1998; Ginsburg & Rapp, 1995; accredited alternative to obstetrician-assisted childbirth. CASA Inhorn, 1996; Rapp, 1999; Rothman, 2000). But there are no midwives boast rates of birth complications and maternal and analyses of the gendered, cultural politics of ARTs within the infant mortality below that of their obstetric counterparts (Davis- Indian context. I argue that the growth of reproductive Floyd 2009). Mexico’s universal care coverage includes CASA technologies in India disciplines women into motherhood services, thereby divorcing medical choice from economic through two processes: While earlier women blamed fate the considerations and reformulating the commodification of belief now is that ARTs ostensibly make biological motherhood childbirth. CASA professional midwives combine traditional possible for all those who are willing to undergo the rigors of midwifery techniques with Western biomedical practices, thus “treatment.” Thus, individual women can overcome infertility if serving as a mediating lens between indigenous medicine and only they tried hard enough. Second, assisted reproductive Western science. Furthermore, CASA is working with Mexico’s technologies discipline women into new understandings of their Ministry of Health to amend sections 61, 64 and 79 of Mexico’s bodies. Ideas of bodily recalcitrance and unworthiness are re- General Health Law to guarantee midwives’ inclusion in the written from a scientific/ technical perspective. Thus women national health system, thus acting as a node between indigenous develop new ways of conceiving their bodies, emplotting their populations and government actors and institutions. What is at lives through the narratives of medical imaginaries. Through stake is the relationship between humans and birth models, and participant observation in an infertility clinic in Bangalore, India, the renegotiation of indigenous and peasant identities with interviews with couples and women undergoing infertility respect to the Mexican state. CASA is involved in the treatment, and infertility specialists, I interrogate the ideals of transformation of Mexico’s medical imaginary and fights to reproductive freedom and choice that play out in infertility reshape Mexico’s medical and social future in a way that assistance in India. equitably includes indigenous and female perspectives. Also, Women, Empowerment and Emergency Contraceptive CASA fosters social networks, technologies of relationship Advertising in India. Nayantara Sheoran, George Mason (between patient and health provider, lay-public and the state, University midwives and obstetricians, rural populations and city dwellers) and technologies of the self (redefining what it means to care for Pharmaceutical pills are an embodiment of scientific and oneself and for one’s child). CASA rescripts modern medical technological innovation with multiple physical, social and subjectivity. cultural implications. In its mediated form, the pharmaceutical pill’s efficacy and implications extend beyond the merely The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities and Assisted physiological. This paper focuses on one such category of pills Reproduction. Marcia C Inhorn, Yale University and its advertisements within the context of India. Emergency Since September 11, 2001, Arab men have been particularly contraceptives pills were introduced as over-the-counter pills in vilified as terrorists, religious zealots and brutal oppressors of 2005 and their extensive advertising began in 2007. Since then, women. Against this backdrop of neo-Orientalist representation, some women (particularly younger women) have associated this paper presents a humanizing portrayal of ordinary Middle these pills with a sense of empowerment in that they are able to Eastern men as they struggle to overcome their infertility and make choices in their reproductive lives. However, at the same childlessness. Contrary to popular expectations, male infertility is time, these choices are circumscribed by the rampant misuse of more common than female infertility in the Middle East, and these pills and lack of information in these advertisements. While many Middle Eastern men are engaged in high-tech forms of the pills and their advertisements are aimed to operate within the assisted reproduction. Through in-depth ethnography undertaken reproductive and contraceptive sphere, they however have in assisted reproductive technology (ART) clinics in four extended beyond when connections are made by the viewing countries, the paper captures the marital, moral and material audiences where the emergency contraceptive is viewed as a commitments of infertile Middle Eastern couples as they engage consumer commodity with attachments to particular consumer with ARTs. Emerging technologies - particularly lifestyle choices. The advertisements along with the convenience intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to overcome male of the emergency contraceptive pill espouse a vocabulary that infertility and egg donation to overcome age-related female makes certain claims to global middle-class consumer values. infertility - are changing Middle Eastern couples’ lives and Drawing on ethnographic field work in India with women across age and class boundaries, I unpack the multiple complexities that Creation Evidence Museum. play out as women in India make decisions regarding their Bio-Luddism in France, Germany and Spain: Context and reproductive choices. The paper will articulate the contradictions Uneven Diffusion. Franz Seifert, University Vienna between public health decisions, women’s notion of empowerment and commoditization of health. In the social studies of science and technology (STS), technology controversies are recognized as alternative shapers of technology, Chairs: operating beyond and against the imperatives of military Nayantara Sheoran, George Mason University advantage, commercial profitability or national competitiveness. Daisy Deomampo, City University of New York, The Graduate Social movements, in turn, are the prime movers of technology Center controversies. Theirs is the role of the technology’s vocal detractor, whose motives often arise from a profound critique of 184. Alternative Engagement in Science and Technology industrial, market-driven society, a critique with little prospects 10:30 to 12:00 pm to find representation by more institutionalized actors. As STS Crowne Plaza: Hope pays surprisingly little attention to social movements, the presented research project attempts to foster the cooperation Participants: between the STS and new social movement research. Its subject Alternative Pathways: Social Movements, Innovations and is Bio-Luddism, i.e., a radical critique of modern biotechnology Citizenship. EunJeong Ma, Seoul National University which resorts to the similarly radical protest method of GMO This paper investigates the degree and scope of the public field trial vandalism. For both STS and new social movement engagement of science. With particular attention to grassroots research, Bio-Luddism is worth close inspection: STS traces the movements surrounding innovative prescription drugs that took impact of radical critique on the expert-guided policy process; place in South Korea, the paper aims to gauge the possibility of theories on social movement try to explain why particular protest alternative pathways in the course of techno-scientific methods are being adopted, and succeed or fail under given innovations. To this end, it first maps the discursive and political circumstances. Episodes of Bio-Luddism occurred in various space that patients activists strive to carve out in a globalized developing countries (most dramatically in India and Brazil); in local pharmaceutical market. Second, it examines the ways in Europe epicentres of Bio-Luddism were the UK, France and which the rhetoric of ‘ethical’ market emerges as an alternative Germany. This project investigates Bio-Luddism in France, pathway against the dominant corporate market. The paper is Germany and Spain (where it occurred only on one single based on about a year-long ethnographic interactions with blood occasion). It discusses the varying political effects of this form of cancer patients groups. The size of afflicted population under radical activism, reviews empirical evidence for the method’s investigation is relatively small. Yet, the consumption of the trans-national diffusion, and the reasons for its political success newly-marketed drugs can alter the course of the illness from or failure under different national circumstances. fatal to chronic condition as well as the lifestyle from bare to new Alternative Modernities and New Media Technologies: The life. More importantly, access to innovative drugs hinges on the Islamic Home Film Movement in Kerala, India. T T negotiations with the global trade order. Under such Sreekumar, National University of Singapore circumstances, patients mobilized political and social means to The increasing popularity of the home film theater among challenge the dominant knowledge paradigm embedded in marginalized minority communities in India is, in many respects, intellectual property rights, bio-innovative drugs, and drug remarkably similar to the intersection of religion, new media pricing policies. And they made a strategic alliance with technologies and popular culture in various parts of the world, physicians, pharmacists and social activists to create the political specifically those related to the rise of cinema in the post colonial and moral space in which they speak for their rights as societies. The home film movement among Islamic households in legitimate, global citizens rather than as deprived species. This Kerala, India provides an interesting case for further reflections strategic space is spoken in the languages of responsibility and and research on the multiple and ambivalent negotiations of morality. tradition and alternative modernities. Understanding Autonomous Community Science: A Fifth Model of PPSR. technocultures as embodying cultural-moral expectations of a Graham Dixon, Cornell University critique of mainstream cinema in general and representation of Public Participation in Scientific Research (PPSR) – i.e., the lay Islam in particular is one of the major underpinnings of the public engaging in varying degrees of scientific research in emerging political discourse which attempt to justify cooperation with scientists – provides a new way of approaching technological mediations when the relation is in a religious point informal science education in the United States. Whereas of view ambivalent, if not oppositional. This paper argues that previous science engagement initiatives prescribe more top down Home films are seen both as a medium for essentialization and approaches (e.g., Public Understanding of Science model), PPSR true representation of the personal and the political Islam (social instead allows for engagement on issues directly relevant to the world and familial spaces) while a renegotiation of the moral public’s lives. Current models of PPSR highlight the issue of economy of Muslim house hold in the post globalization age is relevance while also describing the varying degrees of deeply inscribed in the ideology of the religious aesthetics and responsibility a public participant is afforded. However, while responsibility that seeks legitimacy to the technological project these models provide categories of public-mainstream science of the home film theater. Focusing on the religious- and collaboration, there is the assumption that PPSR projects must, at community-based responses to cultural marginalization through a the very least, have scientists in supervisory roles. For instance, new regime of cultural production enabling the communities for at the highest degree of PPSR autonomy (Community-Based, mapping an alternative moral geography of the counter public Participatory Research model), the public performs original and private spaces in multi-ethnic/religious post colonial research on issues of their own accord, with the scientists acting societies, the present study based on ethnographic field work, only in supervisory roles. At its lowest degree of autonomy aims to understand negotiations for alternative modernities (Community Workers model), the public’s role is relegated to among marginalized and minority groups in post colonial Kerala data collection while scientific experts define the problem, design society. the study, and interpret the results. This paper proposes a new Chair: model – Autonomous Community Science – that instead describes PPSR projects whereby no mainstream science Franz Seifert, University Vienna assistance or collaboration occurs. Furthermore, governance 185. Nanotechnology and Nanoscience issues are explored through the lens of efficacy and credibility by 10:30 to 12:00 pm focusing on two prominent autonomous community science Crowne Plaza: Newman organizations: The Bigfoot Field Research Organization and the Participants: practices of laboratory engagement, would the scientists and humanists, who have different knowledge backgrounds and Responsible Innovation in the Private and Public Sectors: A trained in different disciplines, have troubles to understand each Comparative Analysis of Nanotechnologies in Flanders and other? What I am trying to do is to employ Discourse Analysis Wallonia, Belgium. François THOREAU, University of (DA), a bunch of methods from linguistics, in the research of Liège laboratory engagement in nanotechnology. By two cases of "Responsible Innovation" (R.I.) seems to be the new mantra of laboratory engagement in Britain and America, I will show that public policies with respect to new and emerging technologies. DA could bring in a new perspective and help lead the practices However, it is loosely defined and it remains unclear how to to a direction that may be easy to achieve specific goal - to operationalize it. This paper does not seek to fill the concept with promote the "governance from within." a working definition, for this task belongs to policymakers and It Takes a (Paid) Network: Social Computing in Nanoscience. regulators. What it does, however, is come to terms with the Ann Zimmerman, University of Michigan notion to provide insights into the actual meaning of the concept Social computing systems support social behavior through and what it stands for in public policies. On this ground, the technology. These systems, in which users are producers as well paper explores how to operationalize the concept of R.I. in two as consumers of information, facilitate interaction, collaboration, very different contexts. It offers a clear distinction of these two and open sharing of information and objects (e.g., photographs) contexts and distinguishes both by addressing manifold variables among distributed individuals. There is a preoccupation with (scale, funding sources, network structure, history and timescale, getting scientists to adopt the principles and practices of social and lastly, political context). Then, it picks on the "private / computing to support large-scale sharing of ideas, data, tools, and public" criterion to further assess its relevance in light of information. Science-based applications of social computing surrounding calls for responsible innovation and their include community curation to deal with growing amounts of operationalization. It concludes by suggesting that this criterion, data, wikis for annotating scientific workflows, and sites for if not sufficient to address the complex issues that arise with sharing software and data. Since most attempts have failed to respect to R.I., is nevertheless necessary to examine closely. reach critical mass, sustained cases of social computing in Media Debate on Nanotechnology: Perspectives from Sweden, science is of great interest to scholars, policymakers and Poland and Iran. Szczepan Lemanczyk, Institute for Science scientists. This paper reports findings from a case study of and Society, University of Nottingham nanoHUB, a long-running resource for the sharing and online use of simulation tools in nanotechnology. By many counts, Research into media coverage of the risks and benefits of nanotechnology has flourished in recent years. However, most nanoHUB is highly successful: It has been operating since 2002 and currently counts more than 165,000 users annually. Further, research was focused on Western countries, especially the United the technological platform nanoHUB developed to support the States, the United Kingdom and Canada. Only a few researchers investigated media in non-English speaking countries, such as sharing of research software and related materials has been adopted by approximately 20 other groups from a variety of Germany, Norway, Italy or the Netherlands. Finally, only very domains. We draw on close study of the functions and little research has been carried out into the discussion of risks and benefits in Northern and Central European countries, and no capabilities of nanoHUB and on interviews with its designers and developers and its users and contributors to analyze what it takes research at all deals with media coverage in developing countries. to make nanoHUB “work.” Our findings contribute to ongoing This paper presents results of the study of the media debate on risks and benefits of nanotechnology in Sweden, Poland and Iran. streams of work in STS that investigate the ways in which information and communication technologies influence the The three countries chosen for this study represent different production, communication and meaning of knowledge. perspectives on modern science reflected through the lenses of different cultures, religions, languages and economies. Content Chair: analysis of the articles published between 2004 and 2009 in Ann Zimmerman, University of Michigan Swedish, Polish and Iranian newspapers has been conducted in order to find out the cross-national differences in the debates on 186. Negotiating Regulation of Hazardous Materials potential risks and benefits of nanotechnology. In this paper I 10:30 to 12:00 pm discuss how this debate has been changing in this time period, as Crowne Plaza: Kaye well as point out how particular benefits and risks factors have Participants: been presented in the media in these three countries. This paper contributes to the studies on social implications of emerging Radioactive Waste Management: Remembering (Not) to technologies, enhancing the existing knowledge of media debates Forget? Jantine Schröder, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre on risks and benefits of nanotechnology, covering countries and Deep geological disposal is currently proposed as the reference languages that have not been studied before in this context. means for isolating long-lived radioactive waste from the natural Discourse Analysis in Laboratory Engagement of and human environment. This management method is conceived Nanotechnology. Miao Liao, Tsinghua University to be final, i.e. permanent and passive, i.e. not depending on the presence or intervention of man for fulfilling its safety and The governance of nanotechnology, a representative of various security goal. Quite the contrary in fact. Nevertheless, there is no new and emerging technologies, has increasingly received (longer the) intention to forgo awareness either of the repository international attention. The studies in sociology of science and or of the waste that it contains. The preservation of records, technology since the 1970’s have proved that the trajectory of knowledge and memory is considered an integral part of technological development could be shaped by human values and radioactive waste management, supporting lengthy and complex social elements. Learned from the criticism on the Ethical, Legal decision-making processes across long operational but also far and Social Issues program of the Human Genome Project, early longer post-operational lifetimes. This is a subject that spans integration of societal and ethical concern into Nano-R&D is unprecedented time-horizons in which challenges of scientific, supported by some of nanotechnology’s key institutional technological, philosophical, epistemological, ethical, political, promoters, e.g., NSF, instead of exploration outsourced to societal and cultural nature are interwoven. This paper will try to scholars outside the enterprise. To the aim above, practices of combine insights from STS, ethics and philosophy of technology laboratory engagements have been promoted in the United States to tackle key questions related to this issue, such as: Is there a and Europe. On the basis of laboratory ethnographies since the potential contradiction between the goal of passive, permanent 1970s, laboratory engagements provide opportunities for social disposal and that of active, ongoing memorization? How can scientists and humanists to enter scientific laboratories, to records, knowledge and memory about such complex socio- collaborate with scientists and engineers researching into the technical objects as radioactive waste disposals (remain to) be social dimension of emerging technologies. However, in the meaningfully connected over time? How do science, technology and society interact in memory preservation/creation? the former is due to the proliferation within the system of Post-Chernobyl Research in Belarus: Setting the Limits of environmental monitoring of the simulation as a specific mode of Knowledge. Olga Kuchinskaya, University of Pittsburgh control. The specific focus of the presentation is on the Swedish Chemicals Agency, which is the one agency in Sweden wielding Experts from the International Atomic Energy Agency and World a regulatory authority. Central to the agency’s rationality is found Health Organization vehemently supported the Soviet scientists to be a paradox, whereby scientific data and methods are in their denial of any significant consequences of the 1986 acknowledged to be at the same time the only available – and Chernobyl nuclear accident. This paper considers how the working – means of evaluating chemical substances’ position of the UN experts, which remained unchanged for two- environmental impact, and insufficient to make a valid prediction and-a-half decades, has affected science policies in Belarus, a of the consequences of the release of chemical substances. The former Soviet Union republic with long-term radioactive acknowledgments of the insufficiencies of science for the contamination of 23 percent of its territory. I describe how and regulating activity surfaces as lacunas of sorts in the dominating why the Belarusian government came to concur with the UN discourse, which suggests adequate control. The paradox is found assessment, after a relatively long period of disagreement. I also to be productive, in the sense that it allows for the simulation of outline the resultant changes in Chernobyl science policy in control and, crucially, in the maintenance of the current Belarus, including reframing of research agendas and chemicals policy. restructuring of research institutions. These changes led to the disappearance of the radiation factor as an object of inquiry, and On Risk Assessment in Policy Justification: Eradication of to relying on theoretically, rather than empirically driven Illicit Drug Crops with Herbicide in Colombia. Elisa Arond, approaches. Rapidly shrinking visibility of the consequences of STEPS Centre, University of Sussex the post-Chernobyl contamination in Belarus made it possible for This paper examines the debate around US policy to support the government to introduce plans to build its own nuclear power herbicide spraying of illicit drug crops in Colombia, especially plant. The paper is based on extensive archival and ethnographic disputes regarding risks to the environment and human health. In research in Belarus. Conclusions of the paper serve to pose particular, the paper explores the role of science in policy questions about the organization of international nuclear justification by highlighting areas of contention in key scientific expertise and its role in the assessment of health consequences of risk assessments, examining the selection of risks for assessment, the ongoing nuclear crisis in Japan. and more broadly, exploring the elusive boundary between risk Meanings of Repository Monitoring in the Geological Disposal assessment and risk management. The analysis uses a realist- of Radioactive Waste. Peter Simmons, University of East constructivist framework to ‘deconstruct’ the risk assessments Anglia; Anne Bergmans, University of Antwerp; Mark Elam, and place the topic in the relevant historical and theoretical University of Gothenburg; Goran Sundqvist, University of context, aiming to allow a more explicit understanding of positivist claims on the neutrality of science in risk assessment. It Oslo is hoped that this case study offers a new perspective to the International programs to develop a solution to the problem of policy debate, but also enables a contribution to the literature on high-level radioactive waste have largely converged on the social studies of science by providing a unique and practical geological disposal. As these efforts move closer to licensing and case study at the layered intersection of science, risk and policy - implementation, increasing attention is being given to the with regard to one facet in the persistent challenge of drug policy. apparently technical challenges of developing strategies and specific technologies for repository monitoring. In this paper we Chair: examine the different meanings associated with repository Elisa Arond, STEPS Centre, University of Sussex monitoring. The paper draws upon the work of a European 187. Nuclear Disaster and Communication research project on Monitoring Developments for Safe 10:30 to 12:00 pm Repository Operation and Staged Closure (MoDeRn). The paper analyses interviews with experts in radioactive waste Crowne Plaza: Miller management organizations on the purpose of monitoring, on the Participants: design of monitoring programs, and on the process of putting Rethinking Science Communication in Japan after 3.11. them into practice, in addition to their perceptions of societal Masaki Nakamura, Osaka University concerns and expectations. These interviews are supplemented with observations from research workshops on monitoring for Japanese society was abruptly caught up in a chain of serious geological disposal and with an examination of the definitions, disasters on March 11, 2011, when a tremendous earthquake, aims and objectives outlined in strategic and technical documents followed by a terrible tsunami, struck Japan and caused a crisis at on monitoring produced by national agencies and by the nuclear power plant in Fukushima prefecture. A wide range international organizations or projects. The paper highlights the of experts have played active parts in these series of events, some tensions associated with the different ends to which monitoring is actively involved in solving problems provoked by the disasters, directed, tracing the ways in which monitoring technologies are others working hard to provide scientific commentary to the inscribed with competing socio-technical programs. The paper public. There has been a massive flow of “scientific” information concludes by reflecting on the implications of these tensions and to the media. “Science communication” has certainly played an current attempts at resolution both for the passivication of extremely important role in these affairs. In recent years, science radioactive wastes and for the pacification of social conflicts communication has become one of the most important topics in around radioactive waste disposal. Japan’s STS community. It is explicitly embedded in recent government science and technology policy, and many initiatives Chemicals Regulation as a System of Simulated Control. simon have been made to promote science communication in Japanese haikola, Department of Technology and Social Change, society. Despite such efforts, the events of March 11 seem to University of Linkoping, Sweden have exposed the weakness of Japanese science communication, My study concerns environmental monitoring in Sweden and which might partially reflect a deviance of Japanese involves textual analysis of reports, mission statements, et cetera, contemporary STS. In this paper, we examine the function of as well as qualitative interviews with people involved in the experts in the series of events after March 11, focusing on their monitoring and political representatives who are responsible for role in communicating science, in the context of Japanese science issuing the general mission orders for the monitoring. The communication. We also discuss areas in which Japanese science research aims at discerning an operating logic or rationality communication is lacking. within the system of monitoring. Theoretical foundation for the Twittering a Nuclear Disaster: Circulation of Technoscientific study comes mainly from two sources: philosopher Jean Knowledge and Politics of Expertise in Emergency. Kenji Baudrillard and STS-scholar Sheila Jasanoff. The relevance of Ito, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies The recent earthquake and tsunami in Japan and the following rather than the traditional practice of interacting with like-minded nuclear accidents have posed a great challenge to the people in communities. The discourse analysis for this paper is based on a Japan, and the STS scholars are not exceptions. In particular, the Bakhtinian dialogic framework and Potter and Wetherall’s notion nuclear disaster in Fukushima has raised various STS questions, of interpretive repertoires. The results discuss contemporary which STS scholars in Japan are compelled to answer. One such rhetorical strategies used to discuss nuclear power and the question concerns the issue of expertise regarding circulation of functions those strategies served for the intertwined voices of the technical knowledge. As the nuclear situation deteriorated, highly message board participants. Ultimately, this paper will address technical information about radioactive elements, structure of the opportunities and constraints that arise from virtual forums nuclear reactors, and effects of radioactive substances on human regarding nuclear power with a special view toward how these bodies suddenly became a matter of life and death (or they were emerging voices of nuclear power and protest create discourses so believed). At the same time, Internet media, especially that can impact the future of nuclear energy and energy policy in Twitter, emerged as a new and major means of communication the United States. The paper contributes to STS literatures on for circulation of disaster related information. Thus, the situation large socio-technical systems, risk communication and public of Japan after the earthquake provides an opportunity to study policy controversies. how technical information circulates in an emergency situation, Chair: how experts and non-experts interact there, how reliability of information is judged, and what is the role of new media Dorothy Andreas, Pepperdine University technology. Since most people did not have any expertise about 188. Problemitizing the Difference nuclear physics and radioactive medicine, the question was often 10:30 to 12:00 pm that of meta-expertise (Collins & Evans, 2007). This paper aims Crowne Plaza: Owens to answer these questions by examining tweets of influential Twitterers, who volunteered to transmit information related to Participants: nuclear accidents, and reactions of the people to their tweets. The The Silent T. James Harris, Ohio State University goal of this paper is to analyze various kinds of expertise of the In 2007, many gay rights organizations including The Human actors involved in this case and to examine their place circulation Rights Campaign, among others, found themselves at the center of knowledge. of an unexpected firestorm surrounding the passage of The Analysis of the Rendering of the Crisis in Japan by the Japanese Employee Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA). The bill, designed and English-language Media. Tomiko Yamaguchi, to prohibit workplace discrimination on the basis of sexual International Christian University orientation or gender identity, was having a nearly impossible The earthquakes of unprecedented size and the tsunami that time passing with protections for transgendered individuals struck Japan on Mar. 11, 2011 have claimed at least 11,004 lives; included. In an effort to push the bill along, gay rights groups as of March 28, 17,339 are still missing. More than 180,865 advocated the bill’s passage even without protection for people are in temporary shelters, and about 177,500 residents transgendered individuals, the assumption being that any bill was have evacuated the zone within a 20 km radius of the Fukushima better than no bill. While this may seem to be just another reactors. The chief nuclear inspector reported on Mar. 27 that example of the complicated deal-making necessary to the Japan is, “Still far from the end of the accident.” The Japanese legislative process, it actually highlights a much more and U.S. media consistently report the same (or similar) facts, but fundamental divide. This paper examines how early medical the underlying messages communicated to the public differ literature created the categories of sexual difference that exist tremendously. Both the scope and focus of the story are quite today. I explore how the responsibility for identifying and different. While the Japanese media seem to be more concerned helping transsexuals was placed into the hands of the medical with communicating the present status of the problem and the community just as homosexual advocates were working against ongoing efforts to contain the crisis, the English-language news the understanding of themselves as sick. I critique how the seems to focus on presenting a single story-line along with creation of the DSM has further solidified this split, encouraging speculation about the eventual extent of the disaster. The transsexuals to understand themselves as mentally ill while Japanese media’s focus on present, day-to-day realities results in rejecting similar claims for homosexuals. Ultimately, I argue that fragmentation of the story-line, making it difficult for the public the two groups (homosexuals and transsexuals), while often to understand the nature, magnitude and implications of the placed together under a single acronym, are actually quite problem, thus generating uncertainty and fear as to how the distinct, if not incompatible. future will unfold, while the English-language media’s emphasis Not a Game: The Boundary-Work of Making VR the Right on a single story-line prevents readers from understanding the Tool for Treating Combat-Related PTSD. Marisa Brandt, complex nature of the problems. Against this background, this UCSD Dept of Communication and Science Studies Program paper provides a comparative analysis of how information is Could a video-game-like interactive simulation of a Middle imparted to the public by the Japanese-language news and by the Eastern combat zone become a powerful weapon in the effort to English-language news. A qualitative discourse analysis is used treat military post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Innovators for preliminary analysis. in the field of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) believe Intertwined Voices on Message Boards During the Nuclear that it should. They argue that as a video-game-like technology, Crisis at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. Dorothy VRET reduces the stigma of therapy and thereby will attract Andreas, Pepperdine University more young male service members from the "digital generation" From the first reports of an incident at the Fukushima Nuclear to seek mental health care. How do they promote the technology Power Plant, people in the U.S. followed the moment-by-moment as attractively "video-game-like" while distinguishing it from escalation of this radiological emergency. In response to these commercial video games? Based on a year of fieldwork at an events, voices emerged with views that have largely been academic VRET design lab based in Los Angeles, as well as unexpressed in recent years, even during the purported “nuclear discourse analysis of both scientific and popular accounts of the renaissance.” This paper analyzes message board discussions on technology, the goal of this ethnographic research project is to mainstream U.S. media outlets during the first 11 days of the explain how technological innovators working in the field of Japanese nuclear crisis. Many different voices converged in these VRET deploy boundary work through both discursive and design virtual spaces to engage in sense-making about the accident in practices in order to make virtual reality the right tool for the job Japan and possibilities for the future of nuclear power in the U.S. of treating PTSD among young men, while at the same time The shared virtual space of the message boards for mainstream articulating subtle distinctions between it and a mere video game. media outlets created a unique opportunity for people with Doing so will entail explaining how the practices through which different views about nuclear power to interact with each other, VRET innovators legitimize their project scientifically can also be read as efforts to tailor therapy to the difficult-to-reach young male market. It will also explain how specific understandings of 189. East Asian Industry, State and Technology PTSD and good therapeutic practice are articulated in the design 10:30 to 12:00 pm and promotion of the technology. The project contributes to Crowne Plaza: Boardroom scholarship on design cultures, gendered technology, and the cultural politics of information technology. Participants: New Force of Talent Resources: A Comparative Study of Sino- The Social Settings of the Interdisciplinary Research Patterns US Culturing Status of Female Doctors. Wang Yiming, within China's Biotechnology Industrial R&D Practice. Kai Center of Science.technology and society,Tsinghua Wang, The ESRC Centre for Genomics in Society (Egenis) at University,PRC; Xu Fei, Department of Philosophy of the University of Exeter Science &Technology , University of Science and To propel the country's economic and social progress, Technology of China biotechnology industrial R&D in contemporary China has been Talent resources are one of the important supporting factors of accorded top priority by the governmental and industrial powers. our country’s independent innovation strategic. Empirically As a prelude to the investigation of Interdisciplinary Research analyzing the basic data on Sino-US doctorate recipients from (IDR) patterns in the R&D sector of the Biotechnology Industry 1998 to 2008, it is easy to find out that compared with the US, in China, this article aims to show how the social context of China has a gender imbalance phenomenon in the composition of power and the cultural heritage are important to an understanding doctoral recipients. From 1998 to 2008, the female doctorate of how IDR patterns emerged in China's biotechnology R&D. I recipients were more than 40 percent of the whole doctorate firstly present a brief overview of the evolution of China's S&T recipients in US, but the ratio was less than 40 percent in China, in modern times, from the point of its initial discipline-based though it was increasing gradually. Reasons causing this situation institutionalization to a full-fledged transformation after 1978. In are discussed in this paper. First, the time difference of the the course of this, I argue that the basic features embedded in the foundation of the doctor culture system. China sets up its doctor various status groups involved, namely China's intellectuals, culture system less than 30 years, the system was just on the academic communities and governance bodies, among others, initial stage. Second, the influence of the development of the have strongly shaped China's subsequent market-based and women’s self awareness. Some of the concepts of the feudal commercially driven mode of scientific knowledge production. ethical codes still have impact in China. As to the factors of love, In the larger framework of sociology of scientific knowledge marriage and family, considering of the impact of the traditional (SSK), I propose a new kind of interaction-Network is emerging concept, they also baffle female doctorate students’ study. There within the R&D sector of China's biotechnology industry is also prejudice against female workers in the job market. The connecting the status groups that originally have only weakly survey of one university’s graduates employment situation related. confirms that the female students suffer discrimination when The Puzzle of Qin Powerful Military Technology. Sun Ye, STS looking for job and payment. These reasons all kept some of the Center, Tsinghua University, China female students from studying for Ph.D. degrees. At last, a The Qin Dynasty was a great and unique era in Chinese history preliminary development trend about Chinese culturing status of and also in the world. During this period, the technology and female doctoral students is deduced from a mathematical model. military thought was apparently different from other times in the By the forecasting result, the number of Chinese female doctors history. This particularity made the development of Chinese will reach the 50 percent of the whole doctors in 2015 and will technology speed up rapidly. As the school of Qin Dynasty, support the independent strategic with the new force of talent Mohism no doubtedly has a profound impact to that time. resources. However, Mohism did not gain enough attention from Chinese Preaching to the Converted? An Analysis of the UK Public for and worldwide researchers. This article aims to analyze the Space Exploration. Marta Entradas, University College changing of Chinese technological routes through Mohism's London; Steve Miller, University College London; Hans affect on technological and military policy. Former researchers Peter Peters, Research Center Juelich, Germany based on the historical point of view. With specific technological innovations, my study will base on the technology and military. Very often in space policy debates, the general public has Compared with former researchers, my study was more specific. acquired the “reputation” of being supportive of space activities The contemporary technological innovation, military innovation, when, actually, there is little evidence supporting such technological policy were all influenced by Mohism and that is statements. This article presents the results of a survey carried what I feel interested in. My research will provide newer out at two space outreach events in the UK with the aim of perspective, more detailed information and more in-depth characterizing the “public for space exploration” in terms of analysis. Due to the field study would be used in my research and socio-demographic factors, rationales for space exploration, this could be a summary and rediscover of the historical data. Of belief in extraterrestrial life, attitudes toward space exploration course, study the history of science and technology in the and space policy preferences, and measuring public support for military point of view was also a new perspective. That’s why space exploration. Public support for space exploration is a this research could be more meaningful for both China and measure of public attitude toward space exploration and space worldwide. Hope an opportunity to communicate with first-class policy preferences (government spending and preferred means of scholars on this interesting area. exploration). The sample involved 744 respondents and was mainly composed of adults between 25-45 years old, with men Knowledge Communication and Consensus Shaping in Science slightly over-represented compared with women. The analysis and Technology Strategy Decision-making: A Case Study showed that, while there was general support for space Based on China National Guideline on Medium-and Long- exploration, males appeared to be stronger supporters than Term Program for S&T Development (2006-2020). Xuehui females - they had a more positive attitude toward space Yin, Tsinghua University exploration and stronger space policy preferences. Because With the continuous development of modern science and mixed groups tend to come together to such events, we argue that technology, science and technology policy has become an male respondents would be more likely to be part of the important means of promoting economic and social progress. The “attentive” and “interested” public who come to outreach S&T policy-making process also presents some important activities and bring a less interested public with them. Outreach features which differs from the past. Consultations and activities, more than mass mediated communication have the cooperation become more complicated in S&T activities. It chance to engage a less attentive/interested public. requires full understanding of scientific research in order to judge Chair: the general trends and consequences of scientific development. Marta Entradas, University College London Expertise becomes an important resource for decision-making that also formats the consensus in the relevant policy. This paper goods autonomously. The case studies that will be discussed in this panel argues that scientific knowledge and scientific information highlight serious issues that arise in the naive idea of straightforwardly influence decision-making. First and foremost, it is a using technology design to solve the very real problems our communities communication process, including scientific and technical face. Does this mean, in fact, that we give up on technology design and knowledge transmission to all actors through collective cognitive seek other ways to help these communities, or can STS help to imagine behavior of participations to shape the policy consensus. new roles that technology design could play, perhaps not 'solving' problems Different communication models have different effects on but still playing a part in socially- and historically-aware practices that consensus shaping.This is also a scientific institutionalization draw attention to underadressed problems or queering local politics? If so, process that depends on different knowledge communication what would such technology design practices look like? model characteristics. Within the process, expertise has been Participants: included in policy agenda and is necessary to decision-makers or other participants to help them understand and assess scientific The Cod Made Me Do It: To Design or Not to Design for a issues. This study will focus on knowledge characteristics and Newfoundland Fishing Village. Phoebe Sengers, Cornell communication modes in the decision-making system, analyze University the information characteristics, compare the respective roles and Since 1949, when Newfoundland joined Canada as perhaps its efforts in policy consensus in shaping process, and explore the most impoverished province, an intense program of significance of different scientists-public-policy models and modernization has led to the decimation of small rural mechanisms. The study will be based on the China National communities or 'outports.' This was partly intentional, for Guideline on Medium and Long Term Program for S&T example through a program of 'resettlement' which particularly in Development (2006-2020). Through the interviews of major the 1950's and 1960's saw the provincial government paying its policy-makers and experts, this study hopes to recognize and rural citizens to move to industrial centers or out of the province. analyze the different roles of scientists, policy makers and public It was partly unintentional, most notably through the collapse of figures that play in the consensus shaping process as well as the the mainstay of the rural economy, the cod fishery, due to aspects of various knowledge communication modes including technologically-enabled overfishing. While many outports knowledge demands, characteristics and interrelationships of voluntarily or semi-voluntarily resettled, some attempt to different actors, and deliberation and decision-making continue to eke out an existence in a modern world out of step mechanisms. It will be a discussion about the knowledge with traditional subsistence lifestyles. This case study is based on communication and consensus shaping modes regarding the a historical and ethnographic analysis of one such outport, significance and effect in Science and Technology Strategy Change Islands. The case study was initiated with the idea of Decision Making Process. developing new technology designs inspired by Change China Trans Formed: Transsexuality, Medicine and the Popular Islanders' values and concerns as part of my ongoing career as an Press in Postwar Taiwan. Howard Chiang, Princeton STS-informed technology designer. In coming to know Change University Islanders' situation, I have become increasingly uncomfortable with the idea of designing technology for Change Islands. I will In 1953, four years after Mao Zedong’s political regime took detail these discomforts, including the pervasiveness of the over mainland China and the Chinese Republican state was structural problems that concern Change Islanders, political forced to relocate its base, news of the success of native doctors issues in coming as an academic outsider to further modernize a in converting a man into a woman made headlines in Taiwan. traditional working-class village, and a sense that it is simply too Considered by many as the “first” Chinese transsexual, Xie late. Jianshun was also frequently heralded as the “Chinese Christine” - an allusion to the contemporaneous American ex-G.I. Producing Alternative Social Relations through Technology: transsexual celebrity, Christine Jorgenson. But besides its The Role of the State. Aydin Serif Akyurtlu, Cornell anatomical and surgical transformations, Xie Jianshun’s sex, I University STS argue, was reconfigured by the cultural forces operating upon his Based on a case study of ICTs in Venezuela, I will discuss the body, through which new meanings of corporeality and sexual role of the "progressive" state in expanding technology access, as embodiments consolidated in postwar Sinophone culture. Within well as bringing a focus on adoption of technologies as a a week, the characterization of Xie changed from an average precursor to building up cultures of technology that view design citizen whose ambiguous sex provoked uncertainty and anxiety (both formal design and informal hacking/tinkering) as not only throughout the nation, to a transsexual cultural icon whose fate possible, but desirable. In the particular case that I'm studying, would indisputably contribute to the global staging of Taiwan on the focus is more on access and technical "literacy" than design, par with the United States. The saga of Xie Jianshun and other but a number of their structural choices have pointed towards sex change reports that filled the pages of the Taiwanese press in making open and free software design, as well as increasingly the following two decades exemplify the emergence of satisfying ICT demand through domestic production, primary transsexuality as a form of modern sexual embodiment in interests for the future. For example, all government owned or Chinese society. In a different way, they also illustrate how the bought computers run entirely open source software, technical Republican government regained sovereignty in postwar Taiwan education is given in the context of creating by inheriting and embracing a Western biomedical epistemology communal/community projects, and the government has of sex from the Japanese colonial regime. More broadly, this implemented a number of initiatives to produce computers and paper uses the cultural politics of transsexuality to reflect on the telecommunications infrastructure in Venezuela with technical evolving geopolitical contours of Greater China in the postwar assistance from China (the spotty record of design in socialist era of transnationalism. state enterprises is especially of interest to me here). Many of Chair: these institutions and social trends are still nascent and dependent Kotaro Kuroda, Meijo University on a social revolution with a strong opposition, so it highlights many of the contradictions and possibilities in producing 190. Roundtable: The Role of ICT Design in Development "alternative" social relations of technology use, particularly when 10:30 to 12:00 pm state-driven. Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East: A Tracing and Shaping a Jamaican Vision of a Technological The goal of this panel is to debate the role that ICT design should play in Future. Kaiton Williams, Cornell University addressing social problems in development contexts. In typical technical My case study analyzes the recent explosion of mobile phone discourses, development contexts are seen as places where technology can adoption in Jamaica. I look at how the functions of the phone and come in, bring progress, and thereby ameliorate social problems. STS has its accompanying infrastructure are co-constructed and debated substantially troubled this notion of technology as able to bring about social by individual users, local and global corporate actors, and the state. In doing so I explore the mechanisms through which local contexts that link practices with conceptual and theoretical frameworks. By users move away from prescriptions of use inscribed by these using an innovative format of Ignite talk (fast-paced five-minute talks), the social groups and define their own roles. Crucial to this organizers of this session hope to have a thought-provoking discussion with understanding is an exploration of "Jamaican" visions of a multiple participants, which will promote accumulation of knowledge, technological future and how they are derived. I try to show how foster communities of practice, and stimulate further research and action. these imaginings are co-created among corporations, consumers The abstracts of presentations that will become the core of this session are and the state and how these ideas of personal and national below. capabilities affect ideas about ICT and Development policy. As Participants: part of this inquiry, I try to establish local consumption of these technologies and services as a valorization effort as valid as Exploring the Dialogic Space of Public Participation in Science. production and to encourage a view of consumers and targets of Kristian Hvidtfelt Nielsen, Aarhus University international development efforts as active agents in shaping The participatory turn in science communication embraces a technology and social relations through the marketplace. On this range of activities and concepts, from citizen science to multi- panel, I will contribute 3 main considerations: adding a trans- stakeholder dialogue and public access to information and even national perspective that brings in diaspora actors and juridical redress, when necessary. Public participation in science multinational corporations as additional social groups shaping the breaks with the underlying assumptions of public understanding conversation and potential "solutions;" potential methodologies of science and scientific literacy approaches: that scientific for "interventions" that try to uncover local issues rather than de- knowledge in some sense is privileged, that understanding the politicizing them; and considering how designs that arise in these science will lead to appreciative attitudes toward science and settings -- whether responding to resource constraints, through technology in general, and that controversial issues involving indigenous ways of knowing, or due to particular cultural science and the public are rooted in public misconceptions of practices -- could spread from the developing to the developed science. This paper uses the dialogic space proposed by Callon et world. al. to explore relationships between public and science. The Telecare Workers: The Invisible Profession. Nelly Oudshoorn, dialogic space spans collective versus scientific dimensions. The University Twente collective (or public) is constituted by aggregation (opinion polls) or by composition (organized groups of concerned As other technologies, telecare technologies do not work by citizens), whereas scientific research is characterized as either themselves. In contrast to what advocates of these new secluded research that is performed exclusively by expert technologies promise, these devices do not reduce human labor scientists or as collaborative research that involves lay people in but create new labor that is delegated to a new category of the production and communication of knowledge. healthcare professionals: telecare workers, and a new care organization, telecare centers. Although telecare workers are Problematizing Public Engagement with Space Exploration. expected to play an important role in the changing landscape of Linda Billings, George Washington University, School of healthcare, they are largely invisible, not only in the promises of Media and Public Affairs advocates of the technology, but also in STS studies. This paper The U.S. civil space program exists in a social reality where, for therefore focuses on this new category of healthcare better or for worse, special interests – mainly political, economic professionals and the telemedical centers in which they work. and business interests - will ensure its continuation. The How do these new places in which healthcare is provided interaction of these interests with the government’s interests has remotely look? Who are these new healthcare professionals, and shaped the substance and image and thus public perceptions of what constitutes their work and care practices? To answer these and opinions about space flight. I will review NASA’s historical questions I will analyze the care practices of two of the first approach to informing and engaging “the public” and examine telemedical centers to deliver healthcare to heart patients in and critique current efforts. I will examine what roles various Europe: the telemedical center run by the Dutch health insurer stakeholders (e.g. scientists, government, industry) do, or should Achmea, and the center operated by the German company play in public engagement with the U.S. civil space program – Vitaphone, the first and until now only telemedical center in that is, with space science and exploration. What ethical and Germany. In my paper I describe how telecare workers, despite moral issues should be addressed in engaging citizens in space their crucial role in making this technology work, do not have an exploration? How do various groups in the space community easy life. Their professional identity can best be described as conceive of science, communication and publics, and how do caught between scripts of technical devices and the boundary their publics conceive of them? I will consider the motives work of the established medical professions. driving public engagement efforts by various interest groups in Chair: the space community. Do their public engagement efforts aim to Phoebe Sengers, Cornell University socialize space exploration – to make it “fit for life in companionship with others”? Or is their aim acculturation – “the 191. Roundtable: Problematizing Public Engagement with process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another Science group”? Or is it assimilation – the process of taking in and 10:30 to 12:00 pm incorporating something as one’s own, bringing something into Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East: B conformity with the customs and attitudes of a group or a nation? I also will address the potential of the social sciences to The discourse of public engagement with science is a prominent topic in contribute to the enterprise of space exploration. the STS literature. Dissatisfied with conventional science education and communication models, scholars and practitioners explore alternative ways Engaging New Publics: STS at the Heart of What Matters. of public engagement, such as the use of digital media, collaborative Rachel Ceasar, University of California at Berkeley lay/expert projects and placements of members of the public on advisory Rather than propose implementations that strive to universally boards of policymaking and funding institutions. Practices and initiatives engage the communities we work in, I suggest examining what seem to be abundant. But are we as scholars and practitioners on the right already matters to people and how this engagement shapes track? How do the existing and emerging concepts, theories and science. I will be looking at exhumations as a scientific model frameworks help us understand and promote public engagement with Spaniards are using today to reproduce, dismantle and engage the science? This session aims to address these questions and contribute to the silenced historical unconscious of the Civil War and dictatorship scholarly discussion on public engagement by bringing together researchers into new publics. Understanding how people ascribe meaning to who come from different institutional settings and draw on multiple and engage with science is not just a methodology but also an theoretical traditions. Participants will critically examine the concepts of ethnographic and theoretical exercise that can provide the public, participation, engagement and knowledge production, discuss scholars/practitioners innovative ways to apply person-driven the roles of various stakeholders and technologies, and look at specific science to multiple contexts and wider audiences. The egalitarian engagement surrounding the Spanish exhumations can take on In Spring 2011, a group of UC San Diego graduate students in many forms (physical, spiritual, therapeutic, pedagogical) Science Studies led by Professor Cathy Gere are completing an depending on one’s professional and/or personal investment in an interdisciplinary research project examining their home exhumation/exhuming group (e.g., teaching this history at a local institution’s engagement with the surrounding for-profit high school, digging out bodies, presenting articles for the biotechnology industry. UC San Diego, a public research and media). This process is not always perfect, but it allows for education institution, is engaged in multi-directional flows of multiple voices to gain currency and credibility in new publics. I funding, people, patents and ideas with the surrounding private draw on this anthropological example to illustrate that it is not science industry. This project is centered around GIS mapping of enough for scholars/practitioners to simply pursue why science local biotech industry, combined with analysis of primary and matters, but to engage with what matters to the people they secondary source documents, interviews and other methods study/work with and how this significance drives participation in brought in from team members’ home departments: history, knowledge-making practices. Social scientists have studied how sociology, philosophy, and communication. The project aims to science can occur outside the lab and by various social actors, answer a set of questions about UCSD and public engagement and while there has been a move to resituate science at the with science in the context of an understanding of neoliberal peripheries, few works have centered on how science is engaged doctrines and “neoliberal science”: How does an engagement and created by what actually matters to people. between a public university and the surrounding private science The Concept of Degrowth as a New Challenge for Public industry constitute a mode of public engagement with science? Engagement. Anna Garcia, Universitat Autònoma de What roles and social agendas do stakeholders on both sides have Barcelona; Pablo Santcovsky, Universitat Autònoma de in the engagement? What ethical issues arise for public universities that engage with for-profit industries? This paper Barcelona problematizes the question of public engagement by examining In attempts to contribute to the mainstream debate on climate how neoliberal doctrines influence the relationship between change, some activists and researchers proposed the concept of public science and profit. It also introduces a new methodology degrowth. Degrowth means moving away from conceiving for assessing public engagement with science: How can GIS national economies mainly as a growing process and reducing the mapping be used in investigating the existing and prospective production and consumption of goods and resources. Degrowth means of public engagement? can be viewed as a solution for ecological crises. However, one question remains: how can “laypeople” in advanced societies Chairs: accept the idea of consuming and earning less as the solution for Thomas J. Fennewald, Indiana University ecological crisis? In this presentation, we will look at the Inna Kouper, Indiana University techniques and challenges involved in attempts to draw public Lai Ma, Indiana University attention to an unpopular concept and engage the public with it. We will address two issues: a) using frame analysis perspective 192. STS Funding Opportunities at the National Science as a method for elevating the degrowth discourse and b) Foundation obstacles to introducing the degrowth theme into elite’s agenda. 12:15 to 1:15 pm We will argue that because there are “traces” of the degrowth Crowne Plaza: Owens discourse in many media messages about climate change, Bring your lunch and come learn about STS-related funding opportunities energetic debates, genetically modified organisms, labor market at the National Science Foundation. You will learn about the kinds of work inefficiencies and so on, framing the discourse about degrowth in the Science, Technology and Society and Ethics Education in Science and scientific terms in order to motivate people to act towards a Engineering Programs fund, how to craft successful proposals, and about social change can be particularly difficult. The structure of the recent and upcoming changes in NSF programs. Younger and more media ecosystem as potentially opened to new media, the role of experienced investigators are encouraged to attend and to bring proposal governments in legitimating the discourse, as well as the causes ideas and questions. of social concerns related to degrowth will be considered as factors that can affect public engagement with unpopular Chair: concepts. Kelly Moore, National Science Foundation Constructing Expertise in Nanotechnology: Challenging 193. Editorial Board Meeting, Science, Technology & Human Scientistic Frames of Public Engagement. Gwen Values D'Arcangelis, UCLA 12:15 to 1:15 pm I would like to problematize the way that the National Crowne Plaza: Boardroom Nanotechnology Initiative constructs "public" in opposition to 194. Supporting Non-academic Careers from within the "expert"/"scientist"/"government" in ways that devalue those relegated to "public." I am a research scholar at a government- Academy: A Roundtable Discussion sponsored university research center that aims to incorporate the 12:15 to 1:15 pm "public" into upstream input into developments in the field of Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East: A nanotechnology. I will take a critical look at the discursive and With the proliferation of undergraduate STS majors and the increasing institutional apparatus that informs how this "public engagement" scarcity of academic jobs for STS Ph.D.s, there is a growing need for STS into the government-sponsored nanotechnology enterprise is educators to understand the career paths open to their graduates outside the being idealized. I will propose a methodology along the lines of academy and to offer models for students wishing to use their STS Brian Wynne's resistance to "scientistic frames of public education in the public, private, or non-profit sector. In this roundtable meaning" to explore models of public engagement that do not discussion, we take up the question of non-academic STS careers and how reproduce the "lay" versus "expert" divide. Much STS literature best to support them. We will consider such questions as: What skills discusses the way that "publics" are denigrated as part of a learned in STS programs are valued by industry, by government agencies, knowledge-deficit model. I draw on 1) the subset of STS by non-profit organizations? What factors have enabled STS graduates to literature that problematizes the very construction of "public" and transition successfully to other sectors? And how can individual STS instead emphasizes the way that "experts" and "lay public" are programs and the STS community as a whole help graduates identify and overlapping categories; and 2) the feminist STS critique that puts pursue non-academic career paths? It is hoped that the roundtable will be forth social differences such as gender/race/class as axes that the beginning of an on-going conversation about the role that the 4S can cross-cut the lay vs. expert divide. play in extending STS career paths—and STS networks more generally— Public Engagement/Private Industry: University as a Nexus of beyond the academy. Neoliberal Science. Anna Starshinina, University of Chair: California at San Diego Gwen Ottinger, University of Washington-Bothell scientific and technical evidence presented by expert witnesses. Daubert, which spoke the language of "better science in the Discussants: courtroom," gave expanded gatekeeping powers to judges, David John Hess, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute enjoining them to consider the content of proffered scientific Rick Worthington, Pomona College evidence, not merely--as the previous standard (Frye) had Stephen Zehr, University of Southern Indiana dictated -- to confirm that the science was generally accepted within its own discipline. Through close readings of Kumho 195. Evidence on Trial: Experts, Judges and Public Reason − l Tire--the third of the landmark Daubert trilogy in the 1990s -- as 1:30 to 3:00 pm well as less celebrated cases, this paper argues that while Daubert Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim claimed to elevate science and introduce a shift in the law toward In the past two decades, STS scholars have engaged with two longstanding greater acknowledgment of abstract, statistical thought, in problems at the intersection of science and law. First, as litigation outcomes practice the law has relied on age-old epistemological cultures become increasingly dependent on expert testimony, what capacity do that were and are based on the empirical -- on eye-witnessing and courts have to acquire, evaluate, and use scientific evidence in ways that case-by-case reasoning. We maintain that the legal system, using further the delivery of justice? Second, to what extent is the evaluation of the repertoire of common-sense realism, filters scientific evidence in any adjudicatory process, whether in courts or conducted evidence through the pre-existing epistemic commitments of before wider publics, conditioned by background cultural constraints, such judges. Through a process of translation, evidence allows events as national civic epistemologies? And what role does law play in fostering that occurred elsewhere and at another time to undergo controlled and maintaining situated public understandings of evidence and proof? This reconstruction in the courtroom, but these translations tend to be double session approaches these questions from different methodological seen through and motivated by ancient common law approaches perspectives, both historical and contemporary. Experts form the center of to knowledge, and the imprimatur of authority they carry. the inquiry in both panels, though the nature of that category is nowhere STS and Forensic Science Problems: Expertise in Legal taken for granted. Going beyond the widely recognized STS point that Context. Gary Edmond, UNSW expertise is contingently constructed in the course of legal proceedings, the papers in the first panel show how the epistemic assumptions associated In recent years, and accelerating after the release of the NAS’s with particular actor positions in the legal system influence the Strengthening the Path Forward report in 2009, a scandal has manufacture and certification of expertise. The second panel turns from the engulfed the forensic sciences in the US and beyond. Many specific role of evidence in legal trials to evidence in the broader context of commentators (such as the critics Saks, Faigman, Koehler and trust, credibility, and public reason. The papers in this panel deal with Thompson), and even STS scholars (though not Lynch, Jasanoff evidentiary conflicts in which the testimony of experts interacted or or Mercer), have drawn upon idealised and normatively-charged collided with extra-legal norms of authority, accountability, rationality, and models of science as part of their suite of responses to endemic blame. Together, the papers in these sessions reinforce the point that and apparently serious problems with the forensic sciences, evidence is as much a normative as an epistemic category. particularly the non-DNA comparison sciences. STS-trained commentators (such as Cole, Mnookin and Edmond) have tended Participants: to marginalise the value of experience and tacit knowledge in Litigating Mind: The Ambiguities of Medical Expertise in understanding and reforming forensic science practice. Perhaps Common Law. John Carson, University of Michigan surprisingly, they have also recommended the need for testing This paper challenges conventional views that skepticism about and validation studies, peer review, and even the cultivation of a expertise is a contemporary phenomenon, and illuminates how more scientific culture among (some) forensic scientists. For jurists and jury members in the nineteenth century used the some (including Edmond and Cole), who have been critical of inability of experts to speak with one voice to fashion their own Daubert and/or legal models of science, these responses appear to interpretations about matters before them. Although they had no be inconsistent with some of their published writings, notably formal place in the common law courtroom, scientific experts those written for STS and humanities audiences. In this paper, I were increasingly invited during the eighteenth century to serve will endeavour to provide a robust defence of these responses and as impartial sources for technical information. However, as Tal ongoing interventions that is sensitive to legal principle and STS Golan and others have demonstrated, few experts fared well theorising. While this defence may not satisfy all of the within the adversarial confines of Anglo-American legal commentators, especially those lacking sympathy for STS and proceedings. Bickering between rival experts and inability to HPS approaches to expertise, it does offer a credible platform to impart knowledge clearly on the stand were common. Moreover, advance theorising STS interventions in the criminal justice expert opinion was quickly depicted as depending not on system and for thinking about how commentators might begin to disinterested analysis of facts, but on which side was paying the re-conceptualise their interventions in the civil justice sphere. bill. This talk will analyze one of the most vexing areas of Toward a Sociology of Forensic Science. Simon Cole, common law adjudication during the nineteenth century -- University of California at Irvine disputes regarding an individual’s possible unsoundness of mind This paper explores whether we can interpret the notion of -- and explore the role of physician testimony in such disputes. "forensic culture" as something akin to what Knorr-Cetina called Called in as experts able to provide evidence about the human an "epistemic culture." Can we speak of a "forensic culture," and, mind and its pathologies, mental scientists found their if so, how is it similar to, or different from, other epistemic pronouncements lumped in with, and accorded little better cultures that exist in what is conventionally called "science"? treatment than, the eyewitness accounts of family members, This question has important policy implications given the servants, tradespeople, and anyone else deemed to have relevant National Academy Science’s (NAS) recent identification of knowledge about the behavior of the individual at issue. "culture" as the problem at the root of what it identified as Scientific evidence did not disappear, as a result, but it rarely "serious deficiencies" in U.S. forensic science and "scientific gained the kind of authoritative sway we have come to assume culture" as the antidote to those problems. Finding the NAS’s science had over the public by the 19th century. characterization of "scientific culture" overly general and naïve, Experiments with Evidence: Testimony, Translation, and this paper offers a preliminary exploration of what might be Judicial Witnessing after Daubert. Ellen Bales, Harvard called a "forensic culture." Specifically, the paper explores the University; Sheila Jasanoff, Harvard University way in which few of the empirical findings accumulated by sociologists of science about "science" in general seem to apply This paper provides a new way to view scientific evidence to forensic science. Instead, forensic science seems to have through an STS lens, as well as a novel framework for developed a distinct culture for which a sociological analysis will understanding the effects of the Daubert decision on legal require new explanatory tools. Faithful sociological practice. In 1993, the Supreme Court’s Daubert decision changed understanding of "forensic culture" will be a necessary the U.S. federal courts’ standard for admitting or screening out prerequisite for the kind of "culture change" prescribed by scientists. Large volumes of digital data offer researchers in all external reformist bodies like the NAS. disciplines the possibility to ask new kinds of questions using Chair: data-intensive methods, but burgeoning digital data collections challenge established data management and analysis methods. As Ellen Bales, Harvard University interest and activity in data management becomes more Discussant: widespread at multiple institutional levels, “metadata” is also an Wendy Wagner, University of Texas Austin important topic of discussion, research and deployment. Metadata - the documentation, descriptions, and annotations that 196. Friction: Data, Metadata and Collaborative Scientific Work researchers create and use to manage, discover, access, use, share 1:30 to 3:00 pm and preserve data resources - can take the form of standardized Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West records or ad-hoc personal communication and idiosyncratic Sharing data is a core element of scientific collaboration; data act as documentation. Through a discussion of case studies of three boundary objects around which collaboration can occur. Increasingly, data large, distributed, collaborative science projects, we show how mining and cross-disciplinary data sharing have been heralded as major the data and metadata practices of researchers and scientists are opportunities for a so-called "fourth paradigm" of data-intensive science. institutionalized 1) within formal organizations, such as Yet data sharing is a complex social process involving trust, incentives, universities, 2) within codified rules and sanctions, such as disincentives, risks and intellectual property concerns, and on-the-ground professional and legal regimes, and 3) within culture, such as the practices of data sharing have been little studied by social scientists. The customary or conventional rules, procedures and goals of modern papers in this session represent ethnographic approaches to the role of data Western science. We develop the notion of “metadata in scientific collaboration. They address four related aspects of the friction institutionalization” to refer to the ways in which the activities of involved in data sharing and reuse: (1) How do scientists distribute metadata creation, use, sharing, and preservation become responsibility for data management, a dull-sounding task that involves not encoded and enacted, either formally through policies or only storage but making data accessible and usable to collaborators? (2) informally through community norms and expectations. We How are metadata - information about data - collected, checked and discuss how the degree of metadata institutionalization varies presented, and how do scientific organizations institutionalize this work? widely in our three cases, and how that variation is strongly (3) What forms of temporal accountability appear in managing data for reflected in data and metadata management needs and practices. both the short term and the long term? (4) What can we learn from seeing Of Shrines and Samples: Innovation and Integrity in Long-Term databases as a genre of communication? Ecological Data Practice. Matt Burton, University of Participants: Michigan; Steven Jackson, University of Michigan Distribution of Data Management Responsibilities. Jillian C Efforts to produce long-term and widely shareable data represent Wallis, University of California, Los Angeles a central goal and challenge of the contemporary scientific cyberinfrastructure movement. Much of this work has focused on Scientific data often are expensive to produce or impossible to bridging or translation devices - metadata, standards, institutions, reproduce. They can be of great future value for reuse, etc. - meant to build pathways for data between otherwise recombination and replication. Funding agencies, such as the incommensurable worlds of practice. Our problem is related but National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health, different: namely, how do we build bridges through time at the expect researchers to manage their data such that others may be local level, such that long-term data collection efforts can balance able to reuse them. This expectation presumes that data are between the competing demands of continuity and change, available for transfer and exist in a form that is transferable. This innovation and integrity? Our immediate site of study is a long- expectation further presumes that someone is responsible for term ecological study in western Michigan, in which we follow ensuring that the data are available in some useful form. In order the difficulties, anxieties and workarounds attending the work of to "be held responsible" the following conditions must be producing long-term data records amidst the ever present fulfilled: the person being held responsible must know they are contingencies of day-to-day practice. We argue that individual being held responsible, they must have a choice in whether they ecological data production efforts must meet and satisfy the carry out the required task, and someone must hold them requirements of two temporal accountabilities: coherence in the responsible. How are data management responsibilities short-term and integrity in the long-term. The messy dynamics of distributed within collaborations where researchers come from natural environments, real-world organizations and the pressures different specialties and use the same data for different purposes? to update outmoded instrumentation, increase efficiencies or The following questions must be answered in order to understand decrease costs can potentially threaten the continuity of long- the distribution of responsibility and the factors that affect term studies. Drawing from an ethnomethodological frame, we distribution: a) what responsibilities are associated with data explore the gaps between generalized accounts of practice management, b) are researchers aware of their responsibilities, c) (embodied in standards and protocols) and the situated realities do researchers have a choice in whether or not they carry out of practice (work in the fields of a biological station). These gaps their responsibilities, and d) who holds whom responsible? The provide both temporal challenge and opportunity: while posing research being reported here are the preliminary results of an ever-present challenges to the long-term-ness of long-term data, ethnographic study of the distribution of data management they also function as a crucial temporal resource, accommodating responsibilities between collaborators. In order to answer the contingency and change while at the same time producing data above questions, I am constructing thick descriptions of the commensurate with the historical record. We show how the networks tying together the people, data resources, “perfect memory” (Bowker, 2006) of scientific data records are responsibilities and tools. I focus on multi-specialty research preserved by the forgotten memory practices of the gaps. From groups that collaborate around some shared data resource. The these empirical findings we claim that the continuity of scientific data collaborations in question are characterized by a high degree monitoring persists not in any formalized material structure, such of anomie, the normlessness allows for responsibilities to emerge as a sampling protocol, but lives within a dynamic pattern of rather than being institutionalized, thus there remains some interaction between people, place, technology and practice. personal choice in who does what with regards to data Furthermore, overlapping constitutive elements ensures no management. “global breaks” which threaten the continuity of this pattern. We From Practices to Institutions: Metadata Structures Within conclude by exploring the implications of these findings for Scientific Collaboratories. Matthew Mayernik, University of ecological practice, instrument and infrastructure design, and California, Los Angeles; Archer L. Batcheller, University of science policy. Michigan The Science Database as a Communicative Genre. Dharma New methods of digital data creation are a source of excitement Akmon, University of Michigan and concern for government agencies, universities and individual "Open" databases, containing vast quantities of publicly serve competing and conflicting goals under the banner of accessible data, occupy a central role in the "cyberinfrastructure" “coordinating” humanitarian response. By some people’s vision. While the database has not (yet) replaced the journal judgment, this information system, which produces and article as the primary means of communicating science, the fact distributes sitreps, has failed. To examine the complex that scientists are increasingly expected to share their work information ecology OCHA sitrep belongs to, we conducted through open database repositories makes them an important more than100 interviews with OCHA staff and sitrep communicative form. This paper examines the role of stakeholders, as well as document analysis. On the basis of this communicative genres in science to better understand the data, we argue that traditional information management systems purposes they serve as well as how they shape and are shaped by developed in business contexts to facilitate information sharing scientific practice. I am particularly interested in how the ignore the fact that no system can fulfill its implicit objective of database reflects the changing nature of scientific practice while representing a far away situation simply and accurately. We build also creating a context for particular kinds of inquiry. To this upon the work of Lewis and Madon, who argue that information end, I explore the degree to which the science database can be management in development-oriented NGOs must be understood described as a communication medium or a new communicative from a different perspective than that of traditional economic genre. I also analyze how scientists enact databases in practice, organizations. We suggest that humanitarian organizations paying particular attention to the socially-recognized require a different framework for evaluating the utility of an communicative purpose of the database and the observable information system, and we argue for (a) renewed focus on structural features, communication medium, and language supporting rather than altering certain types of multi-channel employed in the database. More specifically, I investigate the information systems, and (b) implementing systems that recurrent situation that scientists are responding to when they represent multiple, imperfect perspectives on emergency create database records as well as what the records actually situations. communicate. This analytic approach to the scientific database Recovering the Future of Cities: Re-imagining Society, promises to yield valuable insight about contemporary scientific Technology and Nature in Disaster’s Aftermath. Tyson work as well as how particular implementations of the database Vaughan, Cornell University favor some kinds of inquiry over others. The Japanese earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disasters of 2011 Chair: not only shocked the world; they prompted flashbacks and Ayse G. Buyuktur, University of Michigan comparisons to Japan’s last major destructive quake, which 197. The Politics of Uncertainty: Disasters and STS − lll devastated Kobe in 1995. The scenes of inundated buildings swept away by dark, implacable waters reminded many 1:30 to 3:00 pm Americans of Katrina’s aftermath. In both of these prior Crowne Plaza: Dolder catastrophes, the municipal planning agencies rapidly released Participants: recovery plans in the face of enraged public opposition, to which The Contradictions of Better Flood Protection in Limburg (The they capitulated by endorsing widespread public engagement in official recovery planning processes. Kobe supported existing Netherlands). Anna J Wesselink, University of Leeds; Jeroen machi-zukuri community planning projects and helped establish Warner, Wageningen University and Research Centre new ones, providing teams of experts as consultants to the local The history of flood management in the province of Limburg is planning endeavors. New Orleans, likewise, hired experts as distinct from the rest of The Netherlands. In the lower parts, consultants for public planning groups, and brought in an NGO flood protection in the shape of dikes started to be constructed in to coordinate a large-scale public participation exercise in the 13th century. In the upstream province of Limburg flooding recovery planning. These were ambitious initiatives aimed at occurred regularly, too, but the impact was much less severe and expanding the participation of “lay” citizens in “upstream” in the absence of dikes, floodplain residents adjusted their homes processes of sociotechnical change, which, furthermore, sought and livelihoods to the possibility of flooding. Using an to re-imagine, rebuild and reshape more just and resilient emergency law, dikes were constructed around residential areas communities in the aftermath of disaster. Such post-disaster in the floodplain after two major flood events in 1993 and 1995; endeavors raise a host of practical and theoretical questions for until then, flood protection in Limburg was not on the political STS scholars. How might one evaluate the relative success or agenda (see e.g. first plans to re-naturalize the river "Groen voor failure of such efforts, and what conditions lead to such Grint"). With the shock caused by the 1993 and 1995 floods outcomes? How do the experiences of “envirotechnical” disasters came a securitizing discourse that transformed the portrayal of and their aftermath lead actors to interrogate and reconfigure flood risks in Limburg to align with the lowland flood their understandings of key categories such as “citizenship” or management culture. The inclusion of the Meuse and its “resilience,” or putative boundaries such as that between the floodplains into the Dutch Flood Defense Law further guaranteed “built” and “natural” environments? This paper explores these the end to the ad hoc manner in which Limburg had been dealing and other questions. with flood management. This could be considered a quid pro quo Creating a Secure Postal Network: The Politics of Post-Anthrax for getting national financing for enhanced flood protection. Security. Ryan Nelson Ellis, Institute on Global Conflict and While the increased protection is seen as beneficial by most inhabitants, the law also meant strict limitations to development Cooperation, University of California; Department of in the floodplain. This is contested in practice if not legally. Communication, University of California, San Diego Ultimately, the rules are enacted through a hydraulic toolkit, The 2001 anthrax attacks transformed the US postal network into which serves as arbiter between local planning ambitions and the site of uncertainty and danger. Five individuals died as a result national Flood Defense Law. of anthrax exposure, while 17 individuals were infected. The Situation Reports and the Politics of Information Sharing in initial costs of the attacks, in terms of sanitation and lost revenue, Emergencies. MEGAN FINN, School of Information, UC were estimated at $2.5 billion. In this paper, I review the creation and implementation of new biohazard security technologies Berkeley; Elisa Oreglia, UC Berkeley, School of Information within the postal network. The paper examines the deployment of A situation report, or sitrep, is a document commonly used by the Biohazard Detection System (BDS) and Intelligent Mail suite UN agencies, humanitarian NGOs, and other organizations of services and considers the ways in which a cross-section of involved in emergency response to disseminate information interest groups, including postal labor, large-volume mailers, to/from relief workers in the field. The sitreps issued by the UN postal management, and defense contractors, attempt to define Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) new security practices. The paper traces the politics inscribed face an impossible task - to circulate highly-politicized within the architecture of new control technologies through information about a disaster to the appropriate people in order to archival research conducted at the Smithsonian Institution and documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act making claims for niche-friendly institutional reforms; 3) critical (FOIA). The paper concludes that the BDS created a bifurcated statements about the regime in ways that emphasize opportunities mailstream that shifted the costs and burdens of security to for the niche innovation. general mail users, while exempting large-volume, commercial, Pathways to a Sustainable Energy Future in Austria: Socio- mailers. Additionally, Intelligent Mail’s surveillance technical Scenarios and Structural Challenges. Michael technologies are designed to not only provide law enforcement Ornetzeder, Institute of Technology Assessment, Austrian with mailing data, but undergird the shift away from career employees in favor of the adoption of temporary labor. Academy of Sciences; Markus Knoflacher, Austrian Institute Theoretically, the paper draws from the work of Ulrich Beck and of Technology; Manfred Paier, Austrian Institute of notions of “securitization” to consider the way novel risks Technology; Harald Rohracher, IFZ - University of support new political interventions. Klagenfurt; Anna Schreuer, Inter-University Research Chair: Centre for Technology, Work and Culture; Petra Wächter, Manuel Tironi, Pontificia Unversidad Catolica de Chile Inter-University Research Centre for Technology, Work and Culture; Mathias Weber, Austrian Institute of Technology 198. Strategies of Transition toward Green, Post Carbon Achieving greenhouse gas reduction targets of 80% as demanded Societies – ll by the IPCC belong to the great long-term challenges our 1:30 to 3:00 pm societies are facing today and without doubt require Crowne Plaza: Hassler transformative changes of current regimes of energy and Sociotechnical systems like energy systems are often understood as stable mobility. Large-scale system transitions like the one envisaged and difficult to transform. Concepts used to describe such inertia and the for the global energy system in the next 30-40 years can only be challenges to pursuing change include technological momentum (Hughes realized through complex processes of change involving global, 1987), path dependency (David 1985), lock-in (Arthur 1988) and regional, national, and local levels. In this paper we discuss the entrapment (Walker 2000). Such concepts seem to aptly characterize potential of socio-technical scenario analysis to contribute to present energy systems quite well, making the achievement of sustainable long-term orientations for transformative change and to identify energy transitions appear an overwhelming challenge. There is a need not not only particular policy measures but structural changes and only for new sustainability-producing technologies but also for actors to broader shifts in perspective required to deal with such engage productively with these technologies through distributed action. No challenges. The emphasis is put less on the technical issues single actor, including government, is able to manage the challenges on its involved, but rather on the socio-economic and governance own. Transition is a conception of a whole-sector, multi-level process requirements such a shift would demand. The paper is based producing dramatic and lasting changes in production and consumption upon experiences with a systematic and interactive process of patterns and practices. It therefore requires complex multi-level engagement with stakeholders about socio-technical visions of governance; it is not just a matter of injecting single technological potential energy futures in Austria. In the paper we will discuss innovations and expecting them to take off. In this session, we shall address our experiences with the socio-technical scenario process and its analytically the challenges related to understanding sustainable transition outcomes. In particular we will bring up critical issues and efforts, drawing broadly on STS scholarship. The emphasis is on opportunities within three identified key action fields and their sociotechnical institutions (understood at all levels) that need reforming relevance for future research and policy agenda on energy and may act as obstacles to transition, providing entrenchment, lock-in, transitions. political resistance, economic obstacles, inadequate infrastructure, etc. The A Multi-perspective Study on Energy System Transitions in aim is to contribute to STS-based transition theory development that also Finland. Paula Elina Kivimaa, Finnish Environment improves the understanding of what sustains current unsustainable Institute; Raimo Lovio, Aalto University School of practices. This is part II of a series of three proposed sessions. Economics, Helsinki, Finland Participants: Path dependence and path creation are useful concepts for What Is "Protective Space"? Exploring the Politics of Niche analyzing transitions. Path dependence has been used in relation Development in Sustainability Transitions: The Case of to both technologies and policies. Path creation, involving Solar Electricity in the UK and the Netherlands. Florian unlocking existing path dependencies (but potentially creating Kern, University of Sussex; Rob Raven, Eindhoven new ones), in turn, has focused on actors and their active efforts in new niche creation. These theories have been fairly little University of Technology; Adrian Smith, University of discussed together, and even less applied in combination. Yet Sussex; Frank Veraart, Eindhoven University of Technology; analyses fully covering both policy evaluation and innovation Bram Verhees, Eindhoven University of Technology and organization studies are necessary to gain more insight into Transitions theory emphasizes the important role of niches as sustainable transitions. A study on the Finnish energy system has sources of sustainable innovation. A defining niche characteristic aimed to create a holistic perspective of transition and its is the provision of ‘protective space’. It is surprising that the blocking mechanisms by examining path dependence and path concept of ‘niche protection’ has received little systematic creation from multiple angles and levels, including the political attention to date. Drawing upon UK and Netherlands solar framework, the actions of incumbent companies and small photovoltaic histories, this paper explores protection as having entrepreneurs and media discourses. In this paper, we put three functional properties: 1) shielding the niche innovation together some of our findings on the Finnish energy system from mainstream selection pressures. 2) nurturing the transition, identifying elements supporting and hindering low- development of the niche innovation, and 3) empowering niche carbon developments. One of our key findings is that a advocates to influence mainstream selection environments. We destabilization of both energy and other adjacent regimes has develop ideas about how empowerment evolves. We distinguish been crucial to motivating change in policy, technology between 1) empowerment concerned with removing protections development and company behavior. Yet factors supporting path as the niche innovation adapts and becomes competitive under dependence still exist: e.g. the institutional environment changes prevailing regime selection pressures (fit and conform) and 2) slowly and is strongly tied to the interests of incumbent actors. empowerment concerned with transforming selection While energy system transitions face similar obstacles related to environments; protection become institutionalized as part of a new market formation, institutions and technologies in different new regime (stretch and transform). The analysis develops countries, country studies illustrate that regional differences further by focusing on the political dynamics of empowerment. regarding available resources, discourses and advocacy coalitions We conclude that niche advocates seeking empowerment employ also matter. narratives with three distinctive features: 1) articulating socio- Chair: technical expectations in a positive, socio-political way; 2) Ulrik Jørgensen, DTU Management 199. Seeing States and State Theory in STS – l: Case Studies in and industrialization alone have not been able to do that. Full Conflict, Measurement and Performativity metrication, in other words, requires compulsion, and it can only 1:30 to 3:00 pm be achieved at a large scale when two actions are combined: 1) Crowne Plaza: Savoy policing the employment of metric units; 2) providing populations with the intellectual and materials means to learn the The relationship between science, technology, and governance is a metric language. The cases of the United States and Mexico are relationship that shapes and is shaped by contemporary states. While this used to illustrate these idea. relationship has been influential in STS research on how contemporary modes of governance influence scientific practice and technological "Census Infrastructures: Local Promotion, State Imaginaries, innovations, the converse question of the influence of both on governance and the Politics of Participation. Michael Rodríguez-Muñiz, is relatively underrepresented. This session, therefore, takes-up the task and Brown University explores the inter-play between this relationship and its depiction in history U.S. Census 2010 exhibits the lengths to which modern state and social/political theory. With one eye on “seeing like a state” and the agencies and their collaborators must often go to guarantee other eye on “state performativity,” we engage and question well-trodden popular participation. As in previous enumerations, the Census artifacts of historical and social theory such as state entitivity, state Bureau worked to organize an assemblage of community-based materiality, and the much distributed Foucauldian model of stateness. “partnerships” and “complete count committees.” With the Looking for insights in both directions, what does STS have to offer and objective of increasing mail-in response rates and lowering learn from these important traditions that have shaped so much previous persistent undercounts of ‘hard-to-count’ populations, local research? We are also curious about seeing state performances in some leaders were recruited to help ‘message’ Census 2010 and historical relief, for example, in establishing reciprocity under neo-liberal encourage local participation. Though central to census making, circumstances, in shifting ontologies of health care, in massive state existing scholarship has generally paid scant attention the projects such as California’s delta, and even in times of ungoverned problem and politics of participation, and in particular, the work anarchy set in Southeast Asia. We, therefore, invite papers that explore of local promoters. In this paper, I offer an analytic framework of empirically and conceptually the possibilities of research based on an STS census infrastructures and an empirical account of an approach to politics, states and stateness, governance and governmentality. understudied dimension of “infrastructural work.” Following We propose a double session: the first session is focusing on Curtis (2001), I understand infrastructural work as the conceptualization and theoretical approaches, dealing mostly with the institutional and disciplinary investments necessarily undertaken mechanisms and techniques of creating, maintaining and shifting the to make ‘society’ amenable to enumeration. Drawing on multiple ontologies of stateness. It brings together four papers, leaving qualitative research on the Rhode Island Latino Complete Count more room for discussion. The second session is presenting a series of five Committee, this paper traces the work of local promoters to case studies on the role of conflict, measurement and performativity for the dispel ‘myths’ about the census, combat indifference, fears, and enactment of stateness, drawing from rich empirical projects. even outright opposition towards enumeration. My analysis Participants: suggests that promotional activity and the legitimacy of census data are bound up with certain symbolic constructions of The Science of Population in a State of Exception. Anat E ‘census,’ and ‘state.’ Making an appeal for greater attention to Leibler, Hebrew University popular encounters with, and investments in, censuses, this case In this paper I wish to discuss the difficulties of conceptualizing reveals that not only do ‘states’ see through administrative science-state connection when it comes to conflict zones. The technologies, but are variously seen through them. conceptual sophistication that 'governmentality' offers those who Una Cosa Segura? The Role of Security Technologies in deal with sites of knowledge production in the realm of the state Mexico’s War on Crime. Keith Guzik, Bloomfield College is bounded by some limitations mainly geographical: While Security, whether from crime, ecological catastrophe, or illness, governmentality furnishes a wide range of studies of surveillance has emerged as a central concern of societies across the globe. In practices, it is limited when one comes to analyze the operation response, governments have enrolled technologies—closed- of these practices in conflict zones. It has been criticized for circuit television (CCTV), data mining programs, digital ignoring variations of surveillance in different geographical monitoring systems, and so forth—in attempts to manage risk areas. I will base my analysis on three cases of documenting and prevent harms from occurring. In Mexico, President Felipe individuals in Israel and the Occupied Territories which represent Calderon has made security the centerpiece of his administration a shift from policing residents and citizens while crossing borders and employed a range of technologies— advanced military to a reality of living in ubiquitous borders. weaponry, an integrated, national-level database, biometrics, Measuring Like a State: Sovereign Power and the Monopoly on etc.— in an effort to disrupt the activities of drug cartels and the Legitimate Means of Measurement. Hector Vera, New other organized criminals. Using official documents, newspaper School for Social Research, NY USA articles, and interviews with ordinary people, this paper reviews The decimal metric system of weights and measures is used by 3 security programs currently being utilized in Mexico: the 95 per cent of the world population. The key to understand its National Registry of Mobile Telephone Users (RENAUT), the global expansion and deep social penetration is the effort made Citizens Identity Card (CEDI), and the National Vehicle Registry by nation-states to enforce it on their respective populations. (REPUVE). While data collection on these programs remains Modern nation-states took an especial interest on the metric ongoing, the paper argues that whereas security technologies system as a means to establish a monopoly on the legitimate function in the global North to ‘own the future’ by predicting means of measurement. The aim of this paper is to show that risks and preventing harm, these technologies in Mexico are very modern nation-states need metrication and that metrication needs much tuned to winning the present by identifying extant elements the states. States need metrication because the establishing the of harm (be they people or things) and working towards their metric system gives them leverage to fulfill some their essential elimination. As well, through the introduction of security functions: enhance the extraction of revenue; make the technologies, Mexico is witnessing the creation of an advanced population and the economic resources “legible”; monopolize technological apparatus, embedded in the heart of the state, that symbolic capital; undermine the influence of local authorities; is colonizing governance from an older, more corrupt, and more consolidate internal markets; share scientific and commercial human state bureaucracy. Despite the dystopic tones that such a standards with other countries; and introduce homogenizing project might entail, it is left to determine how ordinary people institutions that aid the creation of a common national evaluate and engage with this emergent order. experience. Metrication needs the state because only modern Energy and Economics at the US Department of the Interior, states have shown to be effective in helping, compelling, and, if 1943-1949. Daniel Barber, Harvard University Center for necessary, forcing populations at large (and not only some the Environment professional groups) to employ metric units; science, commerce, In the late 1940s, in the wake of what Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes called the “prodigal harvest of minerals” that had located in Chile, Italy and Kenya. In some regions prone to been necessary to win the war, US government agencies began to disaster (social and environmental), local universities are be concerned about global resource limits. A primary concern valuable assets for the communities that depend on them. But was energy, and through a series of reports commissioned by when experiencing environmental disruptions (for example), both Ickes and his successor, Julius Krug, the outlines of universities may lose Internet and mobile phone connectivity for environmental economic theory and of a national energy policy long periods, magnifying adverse conditions already experienced were suggested. This paper analyzes this resource scarcity by the communities they serve. This break in communication, discourse with special attention to the report “Energy Uses and coordination and access to knowledge during disruption can lead Supplies, 1939, 1947, 1965,” written in 1948 by Harold J. to unnecessary loss of life and property as well as political, Barnett, a staffer at Interior and PhD student in Economics at economic, cultural and scientific setbacks. And this can magnify Harvard, and the impact of this report on the United Nation the vulnerability of these communities to other related risks (i.e., Scientific Conference on the Conservation and Use of Resources psychological trauma, the breakdown of social order, famine, (UNSCCUR), held in 1949. Barnett’s report was one of the first disease, and armed conflict). In general, this disconnection is due to use the input/output method of economic analysis pioneered to a combination of socio-technical factors: (1) Economic and by his mentor, Wassily Leontieff, and was also aided by expertise constraints that limit how robust and redundant Harvard’s Mark IV computer. Indeed, in addition to innovations technological systems are (a) in signaling when disasters are in economic modeling, what is striking is the driving role of imminent and then (b) to support coordination efforts when technological experimentation – from solar housing to liquefied disruptions do occur. (2) Economic and expertise constraints that shale to new methods of petroleum extraction – to Barnett’s limit the number and maintenance of adequate physical structures analysis, and to its engagement at UNSCCUR. Barnett’s proposal that house and support communication and information that the threat of scarcity was necessary as an impetus to technologies. (3) Organizational and cultural constraints technological innovation and economic growth guided inhibiting the proper evaluation, inclusion and execution of subsequent energy policy. It also was an important foil for existing prevention and mediation proscriptions. In the advocates of alternative energy in the immediate post-war period, developing world, where resources and expertise are severely whose work will be summarized in the conclusion. limited, ICTs are often less redundant and thus less resilient to Chairs: disruptions. This is magnified by the fact that these still novel technologies are not locally produced and innovated upon, while Jan-Hendrik Passoth, University of Bielefeld being culturally susceptible to re-shaping for unintended uses, for Nicholas J Rowland, Pennsylvania State University, Altoona example technologies that magnify already existing social 200. Practicing Science, Technology and Rhetoric: The North- asymmetries as well as mediums for disinformation and South Divide in an Emerging Socio-environmental Global continued conflict. To approach the topic of socio-technical resilience effectively, it is necessary to study university Order – l: Global Emphasis communities located in disaster-prone regions from multiple 1:30 to 3:00 pm disciplinary lenses (ICT/engineering, natural and social sciences), Crowne Plaza: Ritz while collaborating closely with local community stakeholders. This panel explores how those who employ emerging technologies, like The RESKNOTEC project has assembled an international, cross- new information and communication technologies (ICTS), frame political, disciplinary and multi-institutional collaboration to study a economic, cultural and environmental arguments about the impacts of their variety of relevant case studies in the developed and less practices on “others." In particular, we focus on diffusion of contemporary developed world. The goal of this global consortium is to science and technology practices in transnational projects that span the construct a longitudinal database of trans-disciplinary knowledge divide between countries in the global North and South. This theme stems that supports innovations in technologies, international from similar discussions addressing the need to internationalize science and knowledge networks, organizational arrangements and policies to technologies across the global divide that were highlighted at the 2010 improve the resilience of disaster-prone university communities. European Association for the Study of Science and Technology Sharing Data for Global Change Mitigation. Cécile Bidaud (EASST)conference in Trento, Italy. Track 40 of this conference elaborated Rakotoarivony, Graduate Institute of International and on the epistemological and developmental problematics of technology diffusion between northern and southern countries: “Science and Development Studies in Geneva technology rank high on the worldwide list of tools promising to foster Studying research and conservation projects in Madagascar is economic growth, social well-being and environmental sustainability full of insights on North/South inequalities regarding technology especially in the 'global south.' These goals often assume the “transfer” of and science access. REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from ideas, technologies, and related values from countries in the expert North to Deforestation and Degradation of forest) pilot projects, brought the lay South. Also, a significant part of [science and technology studies] by international NGOs, are flourishing in Madagascar since this tend to focus exclusively on Western science in northern countries and mechanism has been discussed and negotiated at UNFCCC ignore wider roots, politics, context and relations of science and technology Conferences (United Nations Framework Conventions on across regions. In both respects a shift in focus seems needed.” Discussions Climate Change). The principle is the following: forests at EASST explored how technology diffusion is implicated in debates conservation projects lead to reducing deforestation and then to about democracy, equality and justice in an emerging global order. reducing carbon emissions. Those projects play an important role Moreover, technology-mediated practices within specific contexts for global change mitigation. If the principle may seem simple, it implicate communication practices that publics use to negotiate technology asks complex scientific questions about past and future diffusion across geographic and interpersonal boundaries. deforestation rates, or forest remnant surface estimations which all are controversial questions. To answer them, projects use Participants: technology, such as satellite pictures, LIDAR or new software, as Resilient Technologies, Resilient Knowledge Communities, well as fieldwork data collection. Conservation NGOs do not Resilient Cultures (RESKNOTEC). Ricardo B Duque, have the same outcomes. Some pilot projects are focused on University of Vienna; Federica Manzoli, Formicablu; Sonja improving scientific knowledge when others try to implement Weber, University of Vienna; Isabella Wagner, University of REDD+ as fast as possible. But for both, technology and Vienna; Worlali Senyo, University of Manchester expensive data are brought by foreign researchers when data fieldworks are produced by Malagasy consultants or students. This paper compares communities that recently experienced This lack of expensive technology’s access may influence the environmental or social disasters. Each site is home to a major national REDD+ policy, waiting for free pictures and software. university, whose ICT infrastructure was impacted and/or played Following the process of REDD+ Malagasy policy’s writing, the a role in overcoming the disruption. Preliminary findings are international REDD+ negotiations and controversies, and local offered from pilot studies conducted in university communities pilot projects through the lens of sciences and technology studies, I collected data on an interconnected but split world. accounts, journalistic articles, metaphors) in environmental A Case of Social Dynamics and Intercultural Communication in policy-making in the global South. With this purpose this paper Technology Development. Bernadette Longo, University of provides an interpretive analysis of the history of satellite-based Minnesota remote sensing (RS) technology in the Brazilian Amazon and how it came to replace to a large extent accounts from the local Calls for citizen participation in technology development are populations in policy-making. The paper argues that often calls for intercultural discussions of those technologies; representations should be understood in relation to their individuals engaged in those discussions will bring unique capability to seduce policy-makers, that is, to fulfill historically combinations of life experiences to the collective enterprise. established expectations in relation to in what consists proper Thus, democratic legitimacy in technology development is built governance practices. In particular it is pointed out that the on a foundation of differing perspectives, background introduction of RS technology has been widely accepted at the knowledge, expectations and values. How can social and power expense of local representations because it is able to provide dynamics be accommodated within this cacophony of voices? representations that are deemed to be: visible, since satellite Tensions between democracy and development are illustrated by images are able to more easily travel between the context in ideas of participatory design, which emphasize the role of which they are generated and the center of power in Brasília; communication in addressing social inequities and power comprehensive, since the deforestation rates obtained through dynamics. Because participatory design seeks to include citizens’ satellite images stand for the entire region; deterministic, thanks voices in design processes, it seeks to provide a corrective to forecasting and spatial correlation techniques that draw alternative to technology designs built with management- deterministic links between certain factors (i.e. presence of centered values, such as efficiency and maximized profits. Early farmers, increase in inflation) and increases/decreases in proponents of participatory design argued that it is only by deforestation. Most importantly it is showed that these three including voices of people whose identities, lives and social characteristics taken together resonate very closely with the positions will be affected that designers can hope to maintain a modernist expectations of policy-makers directly involved in the focus on the human beings in human-centered design. In practice, governance of the Amazon. From this examination it will be though, these design processes are carried out within complex, argued that research on the topic needs to go beyond Manichean intercultural and dynamic communication situations that can views of scientific as Northern and local as Southern and pay easily lead to misunderstandings, delays, and unintended more attention to how different kinds of representations may be consequences. A participatory design case will be presented in conflict or harmony with historically rooted expectations of involving the development of a text messaging system in policy-makers in Southern contexts. collaboration with partners at the University of Minnesota and with the Pact NGO in the Katanga Province, Democratic Science and Technology for Development: Aiding Research Republic of Congo. This case will highlight social and power Capacity. Veronica Brodén, Linköping University dynamics involved in this participatory design project and There is an unequal distribution of resources for research in the analyze how an intercultural communication analysis can world, and a very small part of the research worldwide is illustrate those larger social dynamics. dedicated to the challenges that low-income countries face. Video of the Oppressed: The Affordances and Constraints of Promoting science and technology for development is not a new Digital Video Mediating Voices from within Developing phenomenon, but the efforts involving aid actors have expanded greatly since the 1990s, not least since the “knowledge society” Regions. Donna DeGennaro, University of Massachusetts, and “knowledge-based economy” became hot topics. Many aid Boston actors also have explicit ambitions of escaping a colonialist The literature on the engagement of underrepresented peoples in heritage in foreign aid by for example underlining the importance creating media productions is often framed as a way to appreciate of local ownership and local priorities in their policies. However, an alternative definition of the dominant norm and/or there is debate concerning whether the goals and methods of aid conceptualization of “other.” This discourse largely relies on a actors are having the intended effects. The paper analyzes the definition of difference that should not be construed as difference literature surrounding research aid and provides a brief historical per se, but as another equally valued way of being in the world. analysis of the policies of the research aid actor formerly known This paper explores the construction and deconstruction of as Sarec, which in 1975 was one of the pioneer state agencies to marginalized peoples in media creation when they collaborate in engage in bilateral research aid. The paper is guided by questions the use of digital technologies for self-representation: middle like: How are the links between science and technology and school youths located in the Dominican Republic. More often development discussed? What methods exist in research than not, video creators are asked to produce digital artifacts in cooperation as a form of foreign aid? What methods are deemed order to spotlight how individual and collective participation is successful while others are not, and why? This area of study mediated by and situated within historical, social and cultural concerns the intersection between science policy and contexts. Examples of such engagements that work toward this development policy. The two areas at times have conflicting vision include the creation of digital stories to foster agency in goals, and the case of research aid illustrates these. Hopefully it marginalized and/or disenfranchised peoples, or the use of radio can contribute to the development-related discussions within journalism where these people develop and produce the stories STS. that are relevant to their communities and their lives. These media engagements aim to celebrate and incorporate differences Chair: to both empower and foster a cosmopolitan worldview. While the Bernadette Longo, University of Minnesota intention is to privilege and equalize “difference,” such activity is Discussant: at times interpreted as “damage centered” research. Drawing Ricardo B Duque, University of Vienna upon theoretical frames of cultural studies and critical pedagogy, I examine whether these categories liberate social constructions 201. Alternatives to Modern Technologies of difference or serve to reify conceptualizations. 1:30 to 3:00 pm Seductive Representations: the Uneven Clash between Remote Crowne Plaza: Kelley Sensing and Local Accounts in Amazonia's Environmental Participants: Policy. Raoni Rajão, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Chinese Strategy of “Indigenous Innovation” (Zi Zhu Chuang Brazil Xin): The Social Shaping of its Concept and Meaning. This paper discusses the dynamics behind the establishment of Zhengfeng Li, CSTS, Tsinghua University scientific representations (e.g. reports, measurements, In 2006, Chinese government promulgated guidelines on national experiments) at the expense of local representations (e.g. oral medium- and long-term programs for science and technology development (2006-2020), which clearly placed "indigenous biological citizenship amongst the global and national innovation" (Zi Zhu Chuang Xin) in the core position of this imaginaries of contemporary biomedicine in India. These two strategy of scientific development. However, there existed many anecdotes of public controversies involving science highlight the divergences and different argumentation during this potential they have in - igniting debates between and facilitating policymaking and its following implementation. Diverse voices discussions among - a disparate set of actors from scientists and from economists side with taking the comparative advantage and science policy experts to politicians and activists. Through this the introduction of technology from overseas, while scientists process, they democratize science. argue that based on the independent innovation is more crucial. Constructing Agrarian Alternatives through Creative Dissent. Furthermore, concern with the concept of indigenous innovation Julia Quartz, Institute of Health Policy and Management, in academia is even more heated. In this paper, I intend to University of Rotterdam investigate the background, approaches, as well as many impact influences during the passage of this policy from the S&TS Many of India’s small and marginal farmers are under distress perspective, and try to examine how this “Zi Zhu Chuang Xin” and have to deal with scarcity of various kinds – they are in a concept has been shaped by society. highly vulnerable condition. The Non-Pesticidal Management project (NPM) emerged as an effort amongst scientists, activists The Appropriate Technology Movement in India. Debajani and farmers to improve the vulnerable conditions of marginal Dhal, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. farming communities in Andhra Pradesh (India) and generated a The appropriate technology (AT) movement started in India due range of non-chemical, cheap pest-management methods. NPM to the unwelcome features of Western imported technology, i.e. runs in a long tradition of engagement that utilizes the inequality in terms of access, alienating, culturally inappropriate, (Gandhian) method of creative dissent, which combines critiques capital intensive and labor-saving nature, environmentally of a particular (societal) condition, technology or mainstream unsound, etc. The outcome of modernization of India and the policy with elements of creative and innovative work. Creative Western economic model of development made urban centric dissent projects tend to emerge in small, local initiatives and growth possible at the cost of neglecting rural India. The failure often attempt to generate agrarian alternatives that travel beyond of land reforms in rural India and the aspect of employment for local confinements. By discerning three styles of doing creative both rural and urban people demanded the need of small scale dissent, I demonstrate how farmers and scientists together appropriate technology. The AT movement with which we are endeavored to transform the local NPM experiments into concerned here is said to be a discursive movement. It argues that treatment packages that could be extended beyond Andhra movement is not just about mobilizing activity, but is about Pradesh’s regions. I show that creative dissent projects can academic discourses on AT. It was Nehru’s socialistic regime assemble, politically position and upscale agrarian alternatives. where he emphasized self-reliance and reduced dependence on Creative dissent, then, is an innovation method to construct foreign S&T. Department of science and technology (DST). agrarian alternatives for vulnerable communities. Drawing on CSIR and IITs were all then encouraged to start AT centers. The approximately 80 semi-structured interviews with farmers, policy origin of the AT movement in India lies with the Swadeshi makers, activists and scholars across India, this paper adds an movement of M.K. Gandhi. Dr. E.F. Schumacher, a prominent empirical exemplar to the existing research on creative dissent. It economist, who shared Gandhi’s philosophy, played a key role in moreover offers a critical reflection on the possibilities and popularizing appropriate technology worldwide. Hence, the limitations of activist engagement with science and technology objectives of this paper are first, to understand the intellectual for development. heritage and emergence of appropriate technology movement in India, and secondly, to understand the nature of activities being Chair: carried out by various appropriate technology centers and Julia Quartz, Institute of Health Policy and Management, organizations. Further, this paper addresses the viability of the University of Rotterdam appropriate technologies empirically through evaluating the 202. Minimizing Risks performance of appropriate technology centers. The study would 1:30 to 3:00 pm make use of a cognitive approach as the analytical framework to understand the growth, the role of appropriate technology center Crowne Plaza: Willard and organizations concerned. Participants: Toxic Invitations and Ayurvedic Cures: Democratizing Science Dealing with Open-Ended Risk in Practice. William W. through Sociotechnical Controversies. Rahul Mukherjee, McMillan, Eastern Michigan University University of California, Santa Barbara Controlled studies have revealed much about how people react to In this paper, I discuss two sociotechnical controversies. One risk, but are not often well connected with reality. Laboratory deals with the protest performances of the Bhopal Gas disaster experiments usually present possible losses precisely, e.g., survivors against the government’s decision to open the specific amounts of money. Formal decision theory sometimes contaminated factory precincts, which took the form of devising presumes that quantities of utils (essentially psychological units imaginative toxic lunch invitations. These invitations, I argue of value) can be assigned to different outcomes. Real-world based on my “active interviews” (Holstein & Gubrium, 1995) evaluation of risk, however, is rarely so neat. Potential loss can with grassroots activists in Bhopal, call for the need to be uncertain and even unbounded. We consider two approaches understand/acknowledge survivors’ embodied knowledge about to dealing with risk in practice: the U.S. National Institute of (the chemicals in their bodies and) their contaminated Standards and Technology’s guide to risk management for environment amidst which they lead their everyday lives. The information technology and the U.S. Coast Guard’s approach to protests highlighted that the governmental and scientific bodies assessing and reacting to risk in small-boat operations. In both of had failed to create a common ground where a “multiplicity of these realms, risks can have very low probabilities, but interests and a plurality of beliefs” (Harding, 2008) could co- essentially unbounded costs. Comparing the methods, as well as exist as they were unable to identify that the victims were considering other strategies for risk mitigation in the literature complaining of chronic toxicity and not acute toxicity. and in everyday life, reveals varying levels of rationality and Controversies around Yoga Guru Ramdev have sparked vibrant practicality. Often central to how risk is handled is the enactment public debates. If Ramdev’s brand of Pranayam Yoga/Ayurveda of future actors or threat sources in order to control the future, is considered as an “alternative science” (Visvanathan, 2006), similar in critical ways to processes recently reported by Wilkie and if his arguments regarding the “bioethics” of extracting and Michael on attempts to control the technological future “biovalue” of animal and human bodies (Rose, 2007) is carefully through the enactment of future users. Competing motivations of considered, then the controversies surrounding him emerge as decision-makers are critical as well. The ways in which explorative learning exercises in envisioning a new kind of individuals and institutions react to perceived risk affect how people experience the modern world, especially its technological responsibility for the design of safe roads since the 1960s, a and scientific aspects. This study seeks to contribute to the practice that informed the design of Vision Zero. Shared discourse on the techniques by which individuals, institutions, responsibility is also consistent with the broader liberalization of and society deal with risk. transportation infrastructure and planning because it allows Expectation Management for Regenerative Medicine in the UK private actors (e.g., safety technology designers) an explicit role and Japan. Koichi Mikami, Graduate University for in transportation governance alongside traditional actors. Advanced Studies Although Vision Zero may not shift the traditional road safety paradigm, it does offer important changes: (1) the policy This paper studies in what ways "expectations" are managed in augments the justification of intervening in road safety to include the field of regenerative medicine in two different countries, the experts’ fallibility as well as the traditional justification of road UK and Japan, and aims to contribute to the series of STS work users’ fallibility; and (2) it raises the salience of road safety on on expectation, or the sociology of expectation. As other scholars local and international policy agendas. Still, the vision in Vision strongly emphasize, expectation to future development can be an Zero is incomplete because its only mechanism to keep experts important recourse at the present time, and this argument seems accountable for road safety outcomes is the safety target, whereas particularly applicable to the field of biomedicine. For a field road users shoulder accountability through direct experience of such as regenerative medicine to continue its research activities, system risk. the continuous effort to attract and maintain a certain level of financial investment from public and/or private domain is Risk Contagion in Social Media. David M Berube, North indispensable. Although this requirement might be common Carolina State University across the world, the ways in which such effort is made seem to Digital media is an important source of information on risk differ among nations due to the contextual natures of expectation events especially for younger demographics. Social media and and threat to the field. Based on in-depth interviews with British interactive digital media provide often unfiltered and and Japanese scientists and the textual analysis of policy unmoderated platforms for discussions about risk events. documents, this paper demonstrates different practices of dealing Rumoring and conspiracy can dominate discussion of risk events. with threat in the two countries. These practices are often Risk events with minor physical consequences can elicit strong communal, rather than individual, and institutional characteristics public concern and produce extraordinarily sever social impacts. of the research communities seem to be closely tied to the ways This has always been a problem since folks gathered in the public in which the threat is identified as well as who takes the leading forum, but it was augmented with newspapers and then role in such practices. This paper concludes by suggesting some television. The next layer of augmentation was the Internet, when unintended consequence of the communal effort to manage groups and institutions, including newspapers and television expectation. posted their publications. The next complicating phenomenon Informed Ignorance or Informed Awareness? Risk has been the interactive Internet. Platforms such as Facebook and Communication in Taiwan’s Medical Beauty Treatments. Twitter have been used as tools to generate interest as well as to rally individuals to participate in many different events. The Kanlin Hsu, National Cheng-Kung University social nature of these tools and the increasing use of mobile It is frequently heard that patients were seriously damaged by communication (especially smart phones) has reduced the time cosmetic surgery, even with informed consent. It seems that there and effort it takes to congregate groups of like-minded people for exists a mutually conscious trade-off between social benefit and a particular purpose. During the 1990s, SARF (Social health effect on the part of the patients. However, it remains Amplification of Risk Framework) was introduced. Though unclear whether informed consent is based on patient’s ignorance media seem to be the primary amplifier, the framework offers or awareness. This distinction makes sense in the field of "amplification stations" and these stations can be friends and cosmetic medicine insofar as most treatments are fashionable family, government officials, but more often than not they are innovation rather than evidence-based practice approved by the media. This presentation takes amplification/attenuation and authorities. In general, it lacks systematic clinical evidences, not contagion theory and searches for common ground to inform a to mention relevant risks. Drawing on interviews with consumers discussion of the role of social media as contagion vehicles for undergone medical beauty treatments and selected medical risk events. Findings will constitute the basis for grant cosmetologists, as well as texts of commercialized news, the solicitation to generate and analyze digital ethnographies. author argues that, due to trust in medical expertise and lack of systematic clinical evidences concerning effects and side-effects, Chair: risk issues have been wishfully and deliberately evaded in David M Berube, North Carolina State University physician-patient communication. In the emerging and quasi- 203. Knowledge Production, Network Structure and Technology consumerist medical branch where medical technologies are used Use in a Non-Western Context to solve personal problems or realize lifestyle wishes rather than to meet necessary needs, risk issues are paradoxically obscured in 1:30 to 3:00 pm a context. The author concludes with an observation that, apart Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen from risk information, entrepreneurial doctoring and wishful The diffusion of various information and communication technologies is medical consumerism are contributive to an influx of risks in argued to have had significant implications for a variety of social lifestyle medicine. phenomenon. Synchronous and asynchronous communication and access to Road Safety as a Shared Responsibility and a Public Problem: an array of online information are argued by some to have fundamentally Revisiting Vision Zero. Carolyn McAndrews, University of altered the processes of communication, networking, and interaction more generally by altering the constraints of time and place. Although the Wisconsin-Madison available evidence points to increases in access to various communication Sweden’s Vision Zero policy is known as a paradigm shift in technologies, the association with a variety of social phenomenon suggests road safety because it submits that experts share responsibility unique and contradictory consequences of technology use. This session will for accidents with road users. Prior research has interpreted this shed light on key questions arising in debates surrounding the diffusion and policy as an opportunity for experts, particularly those in use of communication technologies to Ghana, Kenya and several East government, to increase their control over the road transportation Asian countries. Specifically, this session will address the following system through bureaucratic politics and prioritizing a technical questions: Do gender differences in scientific network structure change fix for safety. Drawing from document analyses, field with greater Internet use? In what ways is mobile phone use associated observation and interviews with Swedish and other safety with changes in core networks in an African context? How do doctoral practitioners, I argue that responsibility for road safety has students in Japan, Taiwan and Singapore obtain tacit knowledge via their always been shared across a network of actors according to an advisers and learn to become scientists? actor-network understanding of road safety. Moreover, urban planners and transportation engineers in Sweden have shared Participants: Qualitative Study of Becoming a Scientist in Japan. Noriko mobiles in the 2007 Presidential elections that resulted in Hara, Indiana University; Marcus Ynalvez, Texas A&M widespread violence as well as the increase in core network size International University, Laredo Texas; Yoshinori Kamo, demonstrated by data from Nairobi professionals and Louisiana State University entrepreneurs in 2002 and 2007. Increased technological access to existing networks in a context of resource scarcity leads to a Studies of graduate science education are important to gaining a strengthening of weak ties and the enhancement of core networks better understanding of knowledge production processes so that among Kenyans. universities are able to successfully educate the next generation of scientists. In this presentation we describe preliminary results Ethnobotany: Originated from Localization but to of a three-year project that examines enculturation of doctoral Generalization and Standardization. JIRIGALA XXX, STS students in life science programs in Taiwan, Japan and center, Tsinghua University Singapore. These countries have steadily exhibited high rates of Ethnobotany is a science of the better connection between creativity, innovation and productivity in recent years modern science and traditional knowledge. The theories of (Lemonick, 2006; Stiglitz, 2007). The purpose of the study is to ethnobotany have been widely accepted by Western biological investigate how doctoral students in life science enrolled at science. Compared with standardized and generalized Western graduate programs in these three countries obtain tacit knowledge science, the root of ethnobotany is the localized. The paper via their advisers and learn to become scientists and how attempts to discover how ethnobotany as a local knowledge can information and communication technologies affect such be accepted by standardized and generalized Western science and processes. Data was collected using quantitative surveys, become an unattached scientific subject, and what potential or qualitative interviews and time-diaries from advisers and doctoral dominant characteristics of western science have been absorbed students in life science programs. This presentation focuses on by ethnobotany as an delocalized science. The rival of natural the qualitative interviews conducted with faculty mentors and history, the expansion of the knowledge and the power, the need doctoral students in Japan. of anthropology based on macro-perspectives, the increasing Changes in Women's Scientific Professional Network Structure communication and the result of globalization, the post- in Ghana, Kenya and Kerala (India). Paige Miller, colonialism and the law machine are included in the important University of Wisconsin, River Falls reasons why ethnobotany, as a local knowledge, is accepted by the Western science. Gender and science is a much studied area within the social sciences. Stressing the importance of professional ties to Chair: women's scientific careers much of this research is confined to Paige Miller, University of Wisconsin, River Falls highly functioning scientific systems, neglecting female 204. The Life Sciences in the Postgenomic Moment researchers in peripheral areas. The work that has been done on the scientific systems of low income areas has either been 1:30 to 3:00 pm descriptive in nature, with very little attention paid to predicting Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller career outcomes, or was done before the widespread diffusion of How have the life sciences been transformed by the completion of the ICTs. Some posit the diffusion of ICTs will lead to increased human genome projects and the arrival of whole-genome technologies? professional interconnectedness. Using panel data, this paper Much STS scholarship has focused on the broader social and ethical examines changes in female researcher's careers in Ghana, Kenya implications of genomics. This panel seeks to contribute to the emerging and the Southwestern Indian state of Kerala. Specifically, I literature looking at the consequences of genomics for the sciences examine the relationship between changes in access to the themselves. By examining the life sciences in the postgenomic moment, Internet and email and corresponding changes in female these papers consider how genomics has transformed existing fields and scientist's professional and organizational networks. contributed to the emergence of new ones. We will interrogate the Business is Personal: An Examination of Mobile Telephony in category of “postgenomic” with respect to developments such as Ghana. Matthew LeBlanc, Louisiana State University; Dan- epigenetics, bioinformatics, whole-genome technologies, and next generation sequencing. This panel will begin with a historical and Bright Dzorgbo, University of Ghana, Legon; Mark Schafer, theoretical framing of the postgenomic moment, followed by the Louisiana State University; Wesley Shrum, Louisiana State presentation of three case studies of key domains of life science University investigation: genetic epidemiology, the environmental health sciences, and Most scholarship on the relationship between development and behavioral genetics. Among the questions considered are the following: communication technologies highlights the transformative effects How are genomic population databases, such as the International HapMap of mobile telephony, but systematic studies are rare and some Project and the 1000 Genomes Project, changing epidemiological research have produced paradoxical results. For instance, one study of the on health disparities? How does genomics, as instantiated in research on diffusion of mobile phones by Kenyans showed that it increased gene/environment interactions in the environmental health sciences, the size of their core networks, while another study, using the transform conceptualizations of the environment? What are the same methodology in south India, showed that the diffusion of consequences of genomics for the structure and central scientific claims of mobile phones was associated with a reduction in core network controversial fields such as behavioral genetics? Examining the structures size. We present results from a recent study of 300 scientists, and content of the life sciences in the postgenomic moment, this panel will educators, shopkeepers and small entrepreneurs in Ghana, frame questions and approaches for science studies scholars interested in examining not simply network size, but also frequency of the genomic transformation of biology. communication technology use as compared to face-to-face Participants: interactions, and also the perceived social and financial costs and benefits of using mobile phones. The study contributes to the What is Postgenomics? Sarah Richardson, Harvard University growing body of work in STS on the dynamics of sociotechnical The term "postgenomics" is now in wide use, but there is little systems and new information technologies in less developed consensus about what this term means. In the broadest sense, contexts. postgenomics refers to shifts in the life sciences that are both Mobile Phones, Ethnic Violence and Core Network Growth in temporal and technical. The “postgenomic age” may be defined Kenya: Strengthening Weak Ties. Paul Mbatia, University as the period after the completion of the sequencing of the human genome and in which whole genome technologies are a shared of Nairobi platform for biological research across many fields and social Mobile phones have become enormously important in Kenya arenas. The term specifies not just contemporary genome since 2002 and have changed daily life for Kenyan academics research, but more broadly, any biological research after the and professionals as well as ordinary citizens. However, there completion of the major genomic projects that employs genomic have been few studies that use both quantitative and qualitative technologies and draws upon genomic knowledge. This talk data to explore diffusion and impacts. I discuss the role of historically situates and theorizes “postgenomics,” focusing on Chair: the emergent technical and theoretical shifts internal to the life sciences that characterize the postgenomic moment. These Catherine Bliss, Brown University include: the transdisciplinarity, speed, and centrality of 205. Circulating Paradigms of Water Management computational technology that mark the contemporary life 1:30 to 3:00 pm sciences; the insistent abandonment of simple views of the gene Crowne Plaza: Hanna and of gene action, coexistent with still abundant discourse about the power of genes; the turn toward the human as the central Participants: “model organism” of the life sciences; and the nearing of Integrated Water Management Technologies in Urban Kenya: genomics to the clinic and to the consumer, provoking new Historical Perspectives, Current Realities and Future unease about questions of access to health care and the ethics of Possibilities. Emmanuel Musau Mutisya, The University of genetic testing and enhancement technologies. Tokyo; Masaru Yarime, University of Tokyo Epidemiology’s New Optic: Health Inequality from a Genomic As urban Kenya grows into the future, one issue remains a Perspective. Catherine Bliss, Brown University contagious challenge - the rapid growth of water demand. Water This paper explores how genomic responses to U.S. federal availability in Kenyan cities is currently categorized as minority inclusionary policies have transformed the practice of chronically scarce, with a per capita water supply of less than 650 health justice in the life sciences. In little more than a decade, m3/person per year, compared to the Global benchmark of 1,000 genomic databases have moved from population-blind sampling m3/person per year, and it is projected to drop to less than 250 protocols to continent-based, race-conscious sampling protocols. m3/person per year in two decades. With this growing water This has resulted in a global network of racialized population- scarcity, Kenyan cities whose population is increasing at four based biobanks from which all life sciences draw. It has also percent per year face serious challenges. Of this population, a brought genomics into alliance with an epidemiology focused on bigger percentage lives in sprawling slums under uninhabitable health disparities, invested in using race as category of conditions with a severe lack of clean drinking water and inequality. Meanwhile, the federal government has mandated that sanitation. This is attributed to challenges in quality and quantity, all publicly sponsored life science research increase its focus on availability and management of water resources in cities. the genomics of health disparities. Analyzing public health Although mainstream debates on water sustainability, especially policies, genome project records, interviews with project leaders in urban centers, are full of literature on the importance of and leading genetic epidemiologists, and news coverage of four creating sustainable cities through a clear balance between international projects, this paper examines the relationship different stakeholders in urban societies, there is little practical between policy, paradigms, and protocols in a postgenomic time. orientation for the fast increasing gap between availability, What is the Environment in Gene-Environment Interaction? access, quality and scarcity in academic literature. In addition, Sara Shostak, Brandeis University current literature is enormously concerned with water resource When environmental health scientists investigate “gene- use and environmental challenges and has very little mention environment interaction” how do they conceptualize and about the nexus between urban water management and operationalize the “environment”? Are environmental health sustainability. Moreover, understanding the role integration of scientists taking up new postgenomic conceptual frameworks, water management technologies can play in meeting water needs measurement techniques, and/or substantive foci? And, if so, of urban dwellers has been elusive to many researchers with what does this tell us about the consequences of genomic current research showing mixed results. This paper is set to technologies for scientists whose jurisdiction is defined by their unearth myths and open debates on integrated water management focus on the effects of the environment on human health? technologies and further outline its implications to urban Drawing on a focused review of the published literature in sustainability. The core hypothesis in this paper is that private environmental epidemiology, toxicology, and epigenetics (1998- collaboration through the use of integrated new water 2008), this paper examines a decade of research on gene- management technologies and innovations can help reach the environment interaction in the environmental health sciences. more than 50 percent who do not have access to clean water and The analysis highlights key tensions in the field of the that these technologies can act as urban tools for environmental environmental health sciences in the postgenomic moment. conservation to support public services’ delivery systems and stimulate urban sustainability. The case study of Nairobi shows Genomics and the Reproduction of Behavior Genetics. Aaron that there is clear evidence on the need to provide the city’s urban Panofsky, UCLA poor with sustainable water services. In extensively examining How has genomics affected the field of behavior genetics? the links between water management and urban sustainability in Behavior genetics has had a long and troubled legacy of urban Kenya, both qualitative and quantitative methodologies controversy and many have hoped that genomics would bring will be sued. The data for this paper will be drawn from varied about a new era by eliminating problematic methodologies and sources, including in-depth information from government infusing the field with the rigorous expertise of geneticists. databases, secondary materials and personal observations. The However, genomic studies of behavior have identified few findings will reveal the complexities of socio-cultural economic credible genetic links to behavior, while older statistical and ecological aspects that have direct links to water availability heritability studies have continued to deliver reliable results. and management in Kenya. The significance of integration of Rather than sweeping the often maligned heritability studies water management is ideal for understanding urban development aside, genomics researchers have come to view them as an and for making recommendations for sustainability. important component and justification of their enterprise. Flood Warning Politics: Expertise, Uncertainty and Hybrid Genomics has brought more money and new types of researchers Forums in Fiji. Frederik Kristoffer Albris, Department of to behavioral topics, but they have “joined” the field in distinct Anthropology, University of Copenhagen groups rather than integrating and competing with behavior geneticists before them. Further, leading geneticists often This paper concerns a study of disaster management expertise in justified the Human Genome Project in terms of the behavioral Fiji, specifically concerning early flood warning systems and secrets it would reveal, yet few actively pursued behavioral flood modeling of rivers on the main island of Viti Levu. topics and almost none actively engaged emerging controversies Drawing on findings from four months of fieldwork among like the Bell Curve or the gay gene. Thus, while genomics has scientists, engineers and development workers, I map out the affected the practical activities and image of behavior genetics, complex network connecting disaster management experts, its impact on the field’s epistemic or social organization has been government employees, hydrologists, NGOs and local villagers more reproductive than revolutionary. to the technical objects that make up the flood warning system. In the spirit of the session abstract, "The Politics of Uncertainty: Disasters and STS," I explore how multiple actors are brought profile of dispute they get? How does disagreement help form unity within together in hybrid forums to make decisions on strategies that a community? How much disagreement is possible within individual blur the boundary between political and technical solutions publications, presentations, conference sessions and fields while toward flooding. I focus on how technological phenomena such still producing coherent scholarship? What are the alternative possibilities as early flood warning systems and GIS flood modeling maps, for structuring dispute? become objects of contestation by actors and stakeholders, and in Participants: so doing, I argue that the function of the warning systems is not only contingent on their technological attributes, but also on their From Political Action to Policy Relevance: Participation and existence as symbolic objects that mediate public and expert Intervention as a Fundamental STS-problem. Thomas worlds. Also, I argue that although the implementation of these Kaiserfeld, Department of Cultural Sciences at Lund systems is meant to decrease uncertainty toward disasters, they in University turn create new forms of uncertainty and dispute. I propose to Together with many other academic specialities such as employ the classical STS concept of 'boundary objects' (Star & sociology or queer studies, STS has its origin in political action. Griesemer 1989) to show how the communication between And as elsewhere, the problem of participation and intervention public and expert worlds is mediated by these warning systems, has been debated within the STS-community from the outset. placed within a distinct context of Fijian political discourse, More recently, however, calls for a “serviceable STS” has deeply influenced by the recent decades of political turmoil and become so prevalent and central that a “normative turn” has been coups. identified. The issues at stake range from the ways in which STS Water Management, Electricity Supply, Railroads and may be useful (the external argument) to how it may be Industrialization at the Göta Älv: The Dynamics of Systems rewarding to confront theory with extra-academic practices (the that Integrate Various Societal Functions. Karel Mulder, internal argument). Can intervention strengthen the thrust of Delft University of Technology; Arne Kaijser, KTH critical analysis or may established institutional conventions corrupt its content and trustworthiness? In addition to emulate Today, systems integration can be regarded as a meta trend in personal experiences, different viewpoints reflect basic formulating technological responses to the challenges that are apprehensions regarding the ambitions of the STS-project, posed by Sustainable Development. Integration of societal enlightenment or critique. In short, questions posed for theory are functions in new integrated technological systems is not new. It questions about politics. But rather than rehearsing happened a century ago, when large scale hydropower stations categorizations made, positions taken and arguments expressed, made water management and electricity production the purpose here is to analyse the renewed interest for the interdependent. These interdependencies implied that previously problem of participation and intervention in the light of unrelated actors had to interact. The paper will analyze this transformed research policies emphasizing privatisation and process for the introduction of large scale hydropower in Western relevance of research. Disagreements regarding the problem of Sweden. In 1910, a first large scale hydropower station was participation and intervention have thus become even more opened in the Göta Älv river at Trollhättan, Western Sweden. central to the field. In fact, this problem now belongs to a The location was ideal for hydropower production, as the Göta category that are fundamental in the sense that the answers given Älv was draining lake Vanern, which acted as a stabilizer for the can be used to generate identity markers as well as fuelling the river. Moreover, the hydropower station was close to the process of self-reflection within STS. In conclusion, dissolving Gothenburg-Stockholm railway line, which was planned to be the problem of participation and intervention would mean electrified. The new hydropower station generated access nothing short of dissolving STS. electricity, especially after a decision to postpone the electrification of the railway. Especially in the spring season, the Things, Names & Judgements in the UK Biofuel Controversy. access electricity was sold for low prices. This attracted Philip Boucher, Manchester Institute of Innovation Research industries that needed cheap electricity, and Trollhättan became a A critical realist understanding of the sign (based upon Peirce’s centre for metallurgical and electrochemical industry. The power semiotic theory) corresponds well with Winner’s (1993) assertion plant owners wanted to regulate the Vänern lake to optimize that it matters what a thing is (referent), what name it has power production, but this created conflicts with the interests of (locution), and how people judge its properties (sense). riparians, agriculture, river transport and fisheries. These Considering the UK biofuel controversy through the lens of this conflicts lasted for decades, and were ultimately solved by a triadic sign, it is found to be constituted by different types of water court decision. disagreement, resolution of which must be sought through Chair: different means. Some such disagreements are characterised by a ‘referent-sense dissonance’, where there are multiple judgements Karel Mulder, Delft University of Technology of the same thing conflicting with each another. These 206. “I Really Must Differ…Still”: Pertinent Disagreements for disagreements might be resolved by negotiation between actors, 4S as documented in many STS case studies. Here, the focus is 1:30 to 3:00 pm upon disagreements characterised by a ‘locution-referent Crowne Plaza: White dissonance’, where one name is used to refer to many different things. Many such examples are found in the UK biofuel Disagreement has figured prominently in the history of STS, as both a controversy, perhaps because the locution ‘biofuels’ refers to technique for and a topic of empirical study. Moreover, many of the most such a monumentally diverse group of discrete technical important contributions to STS have developed out of poignant debates – artefacts. Such disagreement may also be found in controversies sometimes between those who identify themselves as members of the surrounding other broad technologies, such as nano-. In these community and sometimes with those outside of it. As the field moves cases, resolution might be achieved by actors negotiating a from a marginal and precarious institutional position to becoming more transformation of the vocabulary associated with the technology. well-established, a danger is that the initial dynamism and questioning that This transformation can affect techno-political developments, characterised it becomes lost. This session is aimed at renewing the study e.g. in defining which biofuels may contribute to the meeting of of disagreement by holding together the role of disagreement in the legislative quotas. Evidence of these processes can be traced development of science and technology with the development of STS as an through the analysis of discourses maintained in textual and academic field. It seeks to ask of science and technology as well as STS: visual relics of the UK biofuel controversy. Where and when does disagreements become manifest? How are they resolved? If not resolved, how and why might they disappear Technological Controversies: A Cultural Psychology View. anyway? What are the ‘productive’ features of disagreement and what are Guiseppe A. Veltri, The Institute for Prospective they productive for? How does effective disagree differ from Technological Studies (IPTS), the European Commission's predictable and affected disagreements? Why do fields of study get the Joint Research Centre (JRC) Science has become a major transformative force in possibilities for inquiry whereby social analysts can question contemporary society. There is a social motivation to familiarize their ignorance in the face of disagreement while questioning the unfamiliar particularly as science plays such a big role in our claims to ignorance. lives, but a large proportion of the public has little scientific Chairs: understanding. Moreover, every scientific issue that appears in the public sphere becomes a "public issue," which by definition Claes-Fredrik Helgesson, Linköping University concerns everyone. The process of ‘making sense’ is Brian R Rappert, University of Exeter conceptualized as a two-level process of mediation, comprising 207. Engaging Science and Religion the denotative level and the connotative one. While the 1:30 to 3:00 pm denotation meanings are largely controlled by the experts and are Crowne Plaza: Allen usually uncontested outside their domain of origin, connotative meanings cannot be monopolized by the experts and are often the In recent years, scholars in science and technology studies have subject of debate and challenge. In the public debate, the focus is increasingly studied the relationships between science and religion. on the connotations of a technology rather than on its Historical studies, and in particular biographical studies of religious or denotations. That is to say, controversies in the public sphere religion-sympathizing scientists, have usefully debunked the historical arise around the social meanings that a new technology assumes myth of essential or inevitable epistemological conflict between science in its public life, rather than its technical boundaries and features. and religion. But having dismissed the conflict thesis, how can we move Furthermore, when the denotative level of knowledge is insecure forward in the study of science and religion? Specifically, how can we or highly technical, connotative meanings, shaped by the social apply STS insights about science to understand the relationships between and cultural context, are less constrained and come to play a science and religion? The papers in this session consider science and more important role in the public domain. It is the implications religion as social institutions that are engaged in a common project of of the technology for society that are in dispute – the benefits, establishing, maintaining and extending cultural authority. Through diverse risks and uncertainties and ethical dimensions. In the early days case studies, we explore how STS insights into credibility, boundaries, of a technology these are often conjectural, after which we see place and space can advance our understanding of science and religion. the emergence of different public perceptions of the technology, Participants: some supportive, others oppositional. Mobilizing Epistemic Conflict: A Place-based Inquiry of Destabilizing Disability: The Case of Athens Metro 1991-1993. Religion and Science. Kathleen Oberlin, Indiana University Vasilis Galis, Dr; Francis Lee, Linköping University Creationism draws upon religious and scientific spheres as The aim of this paper is to tell the story of the destabilization of sources of authority. Characterizing the broader society as hostile the Greek disability movement and the construction of Athens to religion and highly secularized, Young Earth Creationism Metro, through the lens of a modified model of translation (YEC) mobilizes epistemic conflict to foster a self-conception as (Callon 1986). Here, our point of departure is the embattled. What makes a cultural institution such as a natural acknowledgement that the process of translation has both an history museum (a place) secular? If a museum is no longer excluding and including character (Cf. Law 1997). In our view, distinctly read as secular, does it cease to operate as a "symbol of the analysis of actor-networks, the process of mobilizing science"? This paper is an analysis of how the museum-form is alliances and constructing networks is a common and worth- extended as another "symbol of science" deployed by the leading while focus. However the simultaneous betrayals, dissidences, YEC organization, Answers in Genesis (AiG), to secure and controversies are often only implied in network construction credibility for both their religious and scientific claims. I find stories. Here we aim to nuance the construction aspect of ANT through empirical on-site analysis of the building, exhibit by shining the analytical searchlight elsewhere, where the content, and museum attendee experience, that the Kentucky theoretical tools of ANT have not yet systematically ventured. Creation Museum allows AiG to turn abstract epistemic conflicts Thus, we argue that we need to understand every process of into materialized artifacts on display. The creationists are translation in relation to its simultaneous process of exclusion, following in the footsteps of evolutionary scientists that depict and to add antonyms for Callons (1986) problematization, their rival epistemology in mainstream natural history museums. intressement, enrollment and mobilization. This enables us to AiG hopes to expose the evolutionist bias they perceive as describe both stability and destabilization in the struggles for pervasive in contemporary American culture by offering the hegemony in the network “accessibility-Athens-Metro”. Our case public a chance, literally, to see the other side. The Creation focuses on the network building around measures for disabled Museum moves religious beliefs out of the church and into a people in the construction of the Athens Metro, during the period place where its credibility is grounded in the same technologies 1991-1993. The discussion focuses on the efforts of disability of display routinely found in natural history museums. I conclude organizations to intervene in the initial construction works of the that by preserving the authority of the museum-form itself, while metro project and the simultaneous actions of the Greek embedding in that place artifacts and interpretations that resist government to exclude disability organizations from the design scientific worldviews, these creationists succeed in securing process and to destabilize the accessibility-metro actor-network. cultural authority for creation science. States of Ignorance, States of Disagreement: The Unmaking of What's In A Name? Science, Religion and Credibility in Death Tolls. Brian R Rappert, University of Exeter Turkish. M. Alper Yalcinkaya, University of California, San This presentation considers the complications and tensions Diego associated with knowing about the production of ignorance. In In the face of rapid economic and military decline, many particular it attends to how the analysis of ignorance hazards Ottoman elites declared the "importation of the sciences of being associated with its production. It does so through Europe" the route to saving the Empire in the early 19th century. questioning how the UK government contended the number of Thus started a period in which many European-style schools civilian deaths stemming from the 2003 Iraq invasion could not were opened, and the market for scientific books and journals "reliably" be known. The twists and turns of official public grew slowly but consistently. Seemingly a secular opponent to statements are interpreted against back region government and religious education and culture, however, the emerging civil service deliberations obtained under the British Freedom of institution of science was founded on elements appropriated from Information Act. Far from settling what took place, however, the Islamic establishment. In this paper, I show how the young this material intensified the problems with analysts attributing Ottoman ideologues of science strategically used two words for and characterizing strategies for manufacturing ignorance science: while one had more practical connotations, the other, through reference to disagreement. From an examination of the borrowed directly from religious discourse, implied a type of choices, contingencies, and challenges in the way actors and knowledge the possession of which would make one virtuous. analysts depict ignorance, this article then considers future Using this word, the Ottoman "men of science" also defined themselves as moral, trustworthy individuals, similar to the 208. Investigating Emerging Approaches to Governing masters of Islamic knowledge. The establishment of credibility Technology thus still relied on Islamic paradigms. But after the establishment 1:30 to 3:00 pm of the secular Turkish republic in 1923, the use of the word with Crowne Plaza: Hope religious connotations was strictly discouraged, and a new word was coined to stand for "science." While this linguistic separation Participants: of religious from scientific knowledge indicates an effort to base Governing Engineering. Anders Christian Buch, Technical the credibility of scientists on the credibility of science alone, it University of Denmark; Søsser Brodersen, The Technical also severed the link between knowledge and virtue. Using University of Denmark examples from current use, I show how new generations of intellectuals revived the old word to challenge the authority of The paper sets out to unravel dominant perspectives in challenge scientists and make moral values central to scientific debates. perception in engineering. Challenge perception and response strategies are closely linked through discursive practices. Does Science Need a Religious Right? Michael Evans, Challenge perceptions within the engineering community and the University of California, San Diego surrounding society are thus critical for the shaping of Debates over human origins, stem cell research, and other engineering education and the engineering profession. Through "science and religion" issues remain vibrant in American public an analysis of influential reports and position papers on life. But there is a striking asymmetry between science and engineering and engineering education supplemented with religion in the arena of public talk. On the religion side, a few empirical material from two ethnographic case studies of prominent representatives of the Religious Right show up engineering practice the paper sets out to identify how consistently in mass media coverage whatever the issue at hand. engineering is problematized and eventually governed. Drawing But on the science side, few individual scientists are prominent in on insights from governmentality studies the paper strives to mass media coverage, and those who are prominent on one issue elicit the bodies of knowledge, belief and opinions in which often do not participate in other issues. This paper considers engineering is immersed. Thus, the overall objective of the paper whether or not this is a problem for science in American public is explorative. By investigating the language, practices and life. Should there be a few prominent representatives of science techniques by which engineering is governed the paper sets out that mobilize across issues? Does science need a Religious to point to the presumptions, stipulations and "limits" of the Right? Through interviews with ordinary Americans from a dominant discourses that shape our thinking about engineering range of religious backgrounds, I find strong support for science and engineering education. Thereby the analysis adds a critical in general, and scientists in particular as sources of useful and input to the ongoing debates on "the future of engineering". relevant expertise. However, most respondents indicate that the Robot, Animal, Human. Jennifer Rhee, Pennsylvania State professional virtue of scientists depends on staying out of public University debate. Most respondents negatively evaluate scientists who participate in public life, as the deployment of scientific expertise In this paper I will analyze robotic technologies that draw on the in public talk violates respondent expectations about good complicated species triangulation between robot, animal and deliberative debate. I conclude that, while science might benefit human. Drawing from the rich theoretical work in animal studies, in some ways from a strong and identifiable public presence including that of Donna Haraway, and in human-robot centered on a few representatives, any benefit would be offset by interaction, such as that of Lucy Suchman, I will look at robot the negative evaluation of such representatives on normative animals in science – Cynthia Breazeal’s Leonardo – and in grounds. commerce – Sony’s AIBO dog. In so doing, I will examine how these robot-animals shape human-robot interactivity by If the Bible Is True: Biology Class as Moral Technology in an mediating anthropomorphization through the animal. In attending Evangelical Christian School. Jeffrey Guhin, Yale University to the design and programming decisions that shape the In this paper, I analyze the relationship between science and production of these robot-animals’ behavior and appearance, I religion at an Evangelical Protestant school in the New York City will think through the complex relations between these non- area, drawing on an ongoing ethnography, textbook analysis and human others. This paper will ask what our conceptions of these interviews with students, parents, faculty and staff. I show how technological (robot) and organic (animal) non-humans can tell the school uses biology education simultaneously as a means of us about the desires and expectations that superintend how we distinguishing its community from secular society alongside delineate our non-human others from the human. In examining integrating the school into the “scientific worldview.” Contrary the hybridized robot-animal and its relation to the human, I will to stereotypes otherwise, these creationists are remarkably adept ask, for example, do certain aspects of the animal fall away from in their ability to distinguish between scientific evidence and the its robotic version? What aspects of the robot are deliberately larger metaphysical assumptions and implications which retained in these robot-animals, and why? And, how do these undergird and follow from such evidence. Unlike secular science robotic and animal aspects appeal to the human, and what education, biology instruction in this school augments conception of the human is being shaped in this appeal? discussions of the scientific method with a specific philosophy of Disaster: An STS Approach. Park Doing, Cornell science, emphasizing the centrality of first principles and the relationship between power and knowledge. In this way, The paper analyzes the recent movement in ethical studies of Evangelical critiques of the relationship between scientific engineering failure that has imported a constructivist view of findings and the secular elite bear striking similarities to technical practice from the field of Science and Technology Foucault’s theory of power-knowledge and the “Strong Studies (S&TS) that is based, in large part, on ethnographic Programme” of science studies. The paper closes by suggesting laboratory studies. The paper questions this approach and that science education in this school can be understood as a form explores issues concerning the relationship between conceptions of “moral technology,” or a tool which provides its users with the of the epistemology of technical knowledge production, on the increased capacity to maintain moral narratives of the part of both analysts and participants and considerations of community, self and cosmos. It is important to add that the paper accountability in technological failures. The paper argues that is not an apology for creationism, but rather a phenomenological rather than importing a constructivist model of knowledge account of the much maligned and ultimately sophisticated production, ethical analysts of engineering failures should take an strategies creationists use to adapt science into their own ‘epistemographic’ approach that traces performances of narratives, practices and worldview. epistemology in technical knowledge production by practitioners themselves in the course of working on, and accounting for, Chair: engineering failures in order to see how models of knowledge Michael Evans, University of California, San Diego production, especially a constructivist model, can be performed in the service of deflecting accountability. The paper explores the new implications for considerations of accountability in intertextual webs be taken more seriously within STS? Undoubtedly, there technological failures that arise from this approach by revisiting has already been excellent work of this kind done (including, for example, the much-analyzed Space Shuttle Challenger case and exploring Balsamo 1996, Haraway 1989, 1991, 1997, 2008, Squier 2004). the recent the gulf coast oil spill. Nevertheless, there remains a sense that such work is marginalised within State Projects and Scientific Practices: A Study of Korean STS. This panel will discuss how and why increased attention to media Science-city for Regional Development. Hyomin Kim, and culture could enrich studies of technoscientific imaginaries and KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and materialities. The papers in this session: (i) tease out the issues touched on above, including those of disciplinary and methodological hierarchies in Technology); Seah Kim, KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of STS; (ii) present case studies of technoscientific culture that demonstrate Science and Technology) the value of studying media and mediation, e.g. in cinema, TV drama, In 2003, the Korean presidential transition committee submitted a science fiction novels, fine art and so on; (iii) investigate media ecologies report titled, “Decentralization and Balanced National through ethnographic accounts of science in the making. Development.” Since then, the Korean government has attempted to integrate scientific innovation and regional development Participants: through the framework of regional innovation systems (RIS). In Half Life: Re-Imagining Our Past-Presents. Joan Haran, so doing, government agencies have imported the discourses of Cardiff University clusters, collaboration and business competitiveness developed In the novel Half Life (2006), Shelley Jackson imagines an by Michael Porter. This paper explicates how practices to support alternate present in which the fallout of nuclear testing in the a certain type of scientific innovations reify the entitivity of Nevada Desert has been a significant increase in the prevalence Korea as the post-developmental state adapting to the knowledge of conjoined twins, known colloquially as "two-fers" in the economy. To analyze the unfolding connection between scientific vibrant subculture Jackson describes. Initially, the novel’s darkly practices and regional innovation systems, we interviewed humorous plot revolves around the plans of its twofer narrator – scientists working in Daedeok, a city developed as a science- Nora Olney – to engage in illicit medical tourism. She intends to based industrial cluster. We also analyzed how Korean news and visit a facility in the United Kingdom that will surgically remove governmental reports constructed the meaning of scientific her apparently insentient twin. This narrative is disrupted by collaboration as a component in RIS after the 2000s. Our extracts from The Siamese Twin Reference Manual compiled by findings reveal that while the framework of RIS has changed Nora, and then undercut by the diary she keeps on her return to scientific practices in Daedeok, scientists in Daedeok have also the USA. The complex structuring of the text resonates with transformed the processes of balanced national development. In Jackson’s earlier hypertext fiction and provokes reflection on the conclusion, we argue that scientists’ practices need to be taken manner in which different genres and platforms require or seriously in analyzing a state’s performitivity in national and/or provoke audience engagement. In this presentation I will discuss regional development. We also suggest that for the Korean the ways in which Half Life reimagines the biopolitics of identity government to achieve balanced national development through in a post-nuclear present which has not experienced the genomics clusters, it needs better plans to enroll scientists in government- explosion. I will suggest that this provides a useful diffractive linked companies into the network of science, business lens through which to reconsider a multitude of issues that have competitiveness and regional development. been examined in the context of the Human Genome Project and The Rise of Global Science Networks in Asia. Philip S. Cho, the ensuing roll-out of applications and innovations, including, National University of Singapore for example, cross-border regulation and governance, boundary- pushing mavericks, patient activism and consumer choice in Scientific and technological advancement lay at the heart of any healthcare. I will argue that the novel’s textual play, as well as notion of the historical emergence of a Global Asia that extends beyond national or regional borders to encompass rapidly the events it portrays, including a spectacularly disruptive visit to the Hunterian Museum, encourages its readers to remain changing worldwide networks of expertise, infrastructure and sceptical about any fixed accounts of the history of science and research agendas. There is a pressing need to empirically analyze the potential of Big Science research, now the dominant model medical technology and the presents and futures they might imagine such accounts entail, as well as to be vigilant about the throughout the region, to truly transform Asian cities into vested interests underpinning them. I will conclude by reflecting aspiring global command posts of knowledge production. A clear map of these urban centers of innovation and their activities on the types of literacies this novel assumes or constructs in order to demonstrate the value to social studies of science of taking spanning across a multicultural landscape is vital to navigate the speculative fictions seriously. region’s future. Through a series of case studies using both ethnographic and quantitative data, this paper presents Writing Lives in and through Genomics. Maureen McNeil, preliminary work charting the shifting centers of Big Science Lancaster University research and international scientific cooperation in Asia. How This presentation will revolve around two recent striking might current metrics and quantitative models be better ‘portraits’ of leading figures in genomics. Marc Quinn’s portrait complimented by ethnographic and historical analysis? In of John Sulston – consisting of a DNA image, derived from the addition to this critique, a new software package and metric for scientist’s sperm-- was unveiled at the National Portrait Gallery science network analysis will be introduced for workshop in London in 2001. In J. Craig Venter’s memoir—A Life participants to test. Decoded: My Genome: My Life, published in 2007, the author Chair: explains that he uses his ‘genetic code as an essential appendix’ Philip S. Cho, National University of Singapore (p.1). The result is a narrative account interspersed with boxes of text presenting information about the scientist’s genomic profile. 209. Tracing Technoscientific Imaginaries through These two highly distinctive identity documents employ Contemporary Culture genomics in unusual ways in auto/biographical projects and 1:30 to 3:00 pm projections. The presentation will situate these ‘portraits’ in Crowne Plaza: Newman relation to relevant genealogies of visual portraiture of celebrated scientists and memoirs of scientific accomplishment. It will also This session will consider the following questions. Could cultural and explore how these ‘portraits’ disturb and play with conventions media studies be brought closer to the centre of social studies of science? in personal representation and in the representation of lives in If contemporary social worlds are unthinkable without acknowledging the science. Other key questions which will be pursued include: significance of both mass and burgeoning new media, then why don’t more What is at stake in these different modes of expressing lives in studies of the making of contemporary science give them more attention? and through genomics? How do these portraits relate to more As Shapin and Schaffer (1985) pointed out, literary technologies were popular debates and controversies pertaining to genomics and crucial in the making of modern science, so shouldn’t the tracing of identity (e.g. DNA fingerprinting, genomic information and border controls, etc.)? engage ‘trans’ and ‘biology’… alongside questions of Biopolitics and Body Markets: Daybreakers and Repo Men. performance and performativity, animality, species modification, Sherryl Vint, Brock University racialization, geography and the temporal coordinates of gender.” Queer ecologist Kier provocatively begins: “I contend that In twenty-first century technoculture, the biopolitical is everybody on the planet is now encompassed within the category thoroughly colonised by subjects once segregated to the fictional of transgender…tracing some of the not-so-visible links of…this realm. Under biopolitics, life itself becomes the object of shared rearrangement of sex and re/production…. [W]e might be political governance and political governance becomes the better off responding… not through fear of the eco-catastrophic practice of steering the biological life of individuals and species. assumptions transsex invokes, but by embracing our shared Technoscience, science fiction speculation and biopolitical interdependent transsex,…ecosystemic relations of multiple practice converge in this context. My paper will bring together ‘bodies,’ energies, and things…compose broader economic the Catherine Waldby and Robert Mitchell’s Tissue Economies, re/productive relations and energies of the bioscape.” Academic with two recent popular films that articulate cultural anxiety practices enlisted in transmedia storytelling “queer the pitch,” about the increased commodification of human life, Michael and allowing us to learn to be affected by the political economies of Peter Spierig’s Daybreakers (2009) and Miguel Sapochnik’s knowledge worlds amid linkages among the economies of Repo Men (2010). In the former, humans are a minority, entertainment, knowledge laborings, globally restructured cultivated like domestic animals, by a majority vampire culture, academies, governmentalities, and infrastructures of and in the latter artificial organs are repossessed by lawful communication. murder of their recipients once payment is defaulted. While on one level these films simply use imagery of biotechnology to Chair: drive their action-adventure narratives, from another point of Joan Haran, Cardiff University view they articulate an anxious response to a world in which the discourse of liberal humanism is no longer a sufficient ground 210. Meat Technoscience: Eating Well in post-Genomic Regimes upon which to define ‘the human’ and to protect it from 1:30 to 3:00 pm biopolitical management of economies of bodily fragments. Crowne Plaza: Kaye Within a context in which biotechnology itself relies on This session brings together papers that examine the actors, technologies speculative discourses, and one in which the economy is largely and arguments at three different loci for meat production: genetically propelled by such fantasies, critical discourses of science fiction modified salmon, in vitro meat tissue cultures and genomic-enhanced cattle have a crucial role to play in the ongoing struggles over how to breeding. The high demand for animal protein keeps increasing pressure on imagine the future. fisheries and livestock producers, even as food, health and environmental “And Man Made Life”: Synthetic Organisms and Monstrous movements make conflicting demands on these industries. The Imaginaries. Marina Levina, University of Memphis sociotechnical responses to these pressures elicit resistance on several fronts that bear examination as food systems issues take on global urgency. In May 2010 J. Craig Venter created synthetic life in his private In these sites of food animal production, human, animal and institutional biotechnological laboratory. The organism – a bacterium – had actors of all scales play a part. Knots of bioethics, risk and control no ancestors; its genome artificially created. The achievement discourses, information technologies, productive and reproductive tissues, was lauded as the defining moment in the history of biology and labs, fishermen, Angus seed stock producers, industry advocates, and genes The Economist published an article titled And Man Made Life. are some of the points of analysis. Boundary objects, ethnographies of The article compared Venter’s creation to a Frankenstein’s infrastructure, and the materiality of food systems technologies undergird monster – a formerly thought to be impossible life form. the panelists’ approaches to meat technoscience. At stake in all of these Released just a month after Venter’s announcement, a film Splice sites are questions of who lives and dies and how, and what it means to eat (2010) told a story of two scientists who - working for a private well in the era of post-genomic meat science. biotech company - create new monstrous creatures by splicing together multiple organisms’ DNA. Their work culminated in Participants: creation of life through splicing of human and animal DNA. The A Fish Out of Water: The Case of Genetically Engineered resulting monstrous child probed the new imaginaries of post Salmon. Anna Zivian, University of California, Santa Cruz human life as created by venture capital and biotechnologies. Genetically engineered fish have migrated from the lab to the Using a critical cultural perspective, this presentation explores regulatory arena with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration how these two “real” and fictional” narratives create, classify and holding animal drug approval hearings to commercialize Aqua manage new monstrous imaginaries as science becomes capable Bounty’s AquAdvantage salmon, an Atlantic salmon engineered of produce and re-producing synthetic “life itself”. I argue that for faster growth with added growth hormone from Chinook these new monstrous-synthetic creations help us explore the salmon and an antifreeze gene from ocean pout. The application functioning of postglobal, posthuman, and postindustrial has heightened concerns about potential human and capitalist system whose objective is to manufacture “bare life”. environmental health, socio-economic, cultural, and animal Moreover these cultural instances explore the biocapital welfare effects. The applicants claim that contained facilities implications of privately created life. In keeping with the theme with redundant safety measures mean that risk of escape is of the panel, I contend that media and cultural studies are negligible and that AquAdvantage salmon will provide invaluable tools as we examine the possibilities and the environmental benefits because they require less feed to grow out narratives of technoscientific imaginaries in creation and to market size than conventional farmed fish and could be grown management of monstrous life itself. in contained facilities close to major markets. They say that Queer Transdisciplinarities. Katie King, Women’s Studies, genetically engineered fish are needed to feed a growing demand University of Maryland, College Park for salmon. Opponents argue that the fish, if approved, will Transdisciplinarity becomes a species of transmedia storytelling almost certainly be grown in open ocean net pens and that they when both intensive knowledge practices and extensive ones will escape, with potentially dire consequences for native collaborate consciously or inadvertently and significance is populations, ecosystems and communities that depend on wild negotiated for political, economic and cultural reasons across fisheries. Questions of risk, control, harm and benefit are playing globally restructuring knowledge networks. Media studies have out in this case, with actors including local, state and national never needed to be taken more seriously by SSS in webs of governments, NGOs and activists, fishermen, and wild, learning to be affected (Latour 2004), as the very sensations of conventionally-farmed, and transgenic salmon itself. Interviews swimming among restructuring economies and altering ecologies with key informants and active participation in the ongoing amid greater densities of detail or elegancies of story. An regulatory process reveal a fish story in which both the animal example is Women & Performance 2010: Transbiological biotech lobby as well as anti-GE activists have salmon stakes, Bodies: Mine, Yours, Ours. Editor Vaccaro notes “contributors… and the GE fish is boundary object that, if it escapes, does not respect boundaries. Scout Calvert, Wayne State University Genomic-enhanced Beef Breeding and the Materiality of Discussant: Information Infrastructures. Scout Calvert, Wayne State Dustin Mulvaney, University of California, Berkeley University For decades, beef breed associations have been gathering 211. Mapping Global Health – I performance data on registered animals that have become the 1:30 to 3:00 pm basis for “expected progeny differences,” calculations made by Crowne Plaza: Miller comparing the cattle in electronic pedigrees, or herdbooks. The “Global Health” is an increasingly prominent field that motivates scientific American Angus Association began digitizing its herdbook in the research, philanthropy, international organizations and university programs. 1960s. In 1978, it launched the Certified Angus Beef branding Despite the enormous attention the field is generating, it is not entirely program, a marketing promotion that has successfully made the clear what makes it distinct from older schemas such as of international Angus breed co-extensive with succulent beef through a health, tropical medicine or public health. In this panel, we hope to map the voluntary certification process, and which enables small but varied material, political and ethical formations that are increasingly important premiums for beef growers. As EPDs became popular associated with global health. We are especially interested in the practices tools for the selection of artificial insemination sires, three and technologies of knowledge-making, and how they might make global genetic diseases reached frequencies of 10 percent or more in the health distinct from older paradigms of collective health. Some questions pure-bred population. EPDs coordinated a shared quest for that we hope to address include: (i) What are new and old forms of Angus certification that also resulted in a catastrophic narrowing expertise that are associated with global health? (ii) Are there emerging of the Angus gene pool. Still reeling from the identification of technologies and epistemic frameworks that constitute “the global” and these three diseases since 2008, in 2010, the Angus Association “health” in distinct ways? (iii) Is global health creating new ethical and introduced Genomic-Enhanced EPDs. These pedigrees now political relationships between individual human beings and collectivities? include data from genetic markers for desirable phenotype Participants: characteristics, an innovation with ramifications for animal breeders and human genealogists alike. Transitions and Burdens: Life Lost and Lived with. Ayo Eating Disorders as Lifestyle Choices: Epistemologies, Wahlberg, University of Copenhagen, Anthropology Technologies and Body Images. Maria Gonzalez Aguado, In the 1970s, the notion of "epidemiologic transition" (Omran Spanish National Research Council 1971) came to provide an authoritative logic for the classification of countries according to the disease patterns found in their I address the relationship between the diagnostic and clinical national populations. The emphasis on transition fit well with the failures in eating disorders (ED) research and the promotion of kind of developmental stage-thinking that had ranked nations anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa as lifestyle choices. I into First, Second and Third Worlds. If the affluent "West" was explain how an STS analysis of the appropriation and re- largely considered to have entered an age of degenerative and interpretation of certain medical technologies by patients and lifestyle diseases, other countries were seen to be caught in affected persons contributes to a better understanding of ED than transition dealing with persisting infectious disease epidemics biomedical and sociological explanations. I focus on the role of while also coming to terms with diseases of the affluent, and still medical technologies in the creation of ED subject positions and others were seen to be grappling with famine and communicable identities, rather than in ED aetiologies. In my presentation on diseases of the poor. In this paper, I propose that one of the the formation of ED, expert and lay discourses and subjectivities, particularities of the recent emergence of "global health" has I discuss the three methods employed in my STS research been a partial shift of emphasis from "transition" to "burden," project: (i) virtual ethnography of the so-called Pro-Anorexia and which is to say that “global disease burden” (Murray & Lopez Bulimia Movements on the Internet; (ii) textual analysis of 1996) calculations have gained currency over “disease pattern” personal narratives in the form of autobiographies; and (iii) mappings in efforts to gauge "the state of world health." Central epistemological analysis of existing diagnostic and clinical to this partial shift within epidemiological forms of reasoning has research literature on ED. Medical technologies, such as weight been an insistence that disease is not just something one has and height tables, diets, medications, and exercise training (measurable in terms of morbidity and mortality rates), but also programs, used in the “war against obesity” have been something that is lived with which requires a new metrics of appropriated and re-interpreted by the Pro-Ana and Mia "severity," "disability," and "impairment" as non-fatal outcomes communities. Pro-Ana and Mia, the promotion of anorexia are aggregated into measures of population health. In conclusion, nervosa and bulimia nervosa as lifestyle choices, make use of the I reflect on what the "global" in the notion of "global burden of same medical technologies and techniques. They even use the disease" pertains to. DSM diagnostic categories for ED as a guide and to define who is entitled to join. I will argue that Pro-Ana and Mia discourses Individual and Collectivities in Global Health. Manjari address the inconsistencies, limitations and extra-scientific values Mahajan, New School University embedded in the medical descriptions. The continuing attraction A commonly mentioned feature of the emerging field of global of the Pro-Ana and Mia identities is represented by their health is its consideration of the individual human being as the websites. The mainstream approaches to the study of ED include primary unit of reference. According to key self-described actors psychiatry, psychology and sociology. I will argue that these of global health, it is not the nation-state, nor the community, but approaches have constitutive epistemological limitations; those rather individual human life, around which their health projects limitations explain their diagnostic and treatment failures. For are conceptualized. While not entirely new (after all the example, they cannot explain why preventive campaigns increase individual biological body has always undergirded frameworks the incidence of ED; they also have not found a solution for the of health in one way or another), the emphasis on the individual high rates of patients abandoning treatment. Furthermore, those nonetheless is a departure from older conceptualizations of approaches lead to misdiagnosis in Afro-American and Latin- international health and public health which emphasize American communities. Existing research deals with ED as collectivities such as that of the national population. Projects of isolated pathologies without any relationship with other diseases. global health carry a distinct inflection which attempts to elide However, research on endocrinology, obesity, diabetes and older fault lines of politics and epistemology found in cardiovascular disease can be used to address ED. I argue that international and public health. In this paper, I want to examine ED research and clinical practices are saturated with ideal body how the orientation toward the individual rather than a larger images, much like the ED patients with whom they work; those collectivity shapes expertise and technical practices in global commitments prevent them from working with colleagues in health. In order to do this, I compare data-gathering practices related fields. within India’s national AIDS policy unit with the data-gathering Chair: practices of the Gate’s Foundation’s AIDS-related enterprise in India. The latter explicitly presents itself as a “global health” also depend on clean water, air, earth and a functioning organization while the Indian state operates more within the ecosystem for their health. On a local scale, this tension has traditional rubrics of a national public health system. In each marked public health at least since industrialization. After 1970, context, I ask: what information gets collected, what is measured it became a global issue. The growing unease regarding this issue and counted, what are the units deployed, and how are the data is expressed by the number of commissions and conferences put to use? What forms of expertise are deemed relevant, and where were organized by international organizations since the what gets displaced? Which actors are brought to the table and 1960s and have addressed the issue from a variety of who gets left out? I juxtapose the two sets of data-gathering perspectives, all designed to conceptualize future development. practices to investigate how they result in remarkably different The Stockholm Conference (1972) integrated health needs into framings of the AIDS epidemic. I hope to use this comparisons its demand to balance the needs of present generations against of technical practices to illuminate the starkly distinct imaginary those of the future. Some years later, the seminal WHO of individuals and collectivities, and the relationship between Declaration of Alma-Ata explicitly linked public health to them, that undergirds many global health enterprises. principles of a “New International Economic Order.” In 1983, the Chimeric Globalism: Embodying Public Health Science in the Brundtland Commission confirmed the belief that economic Shadow of the Dengue Vaccine. Alex Nading, University of development would remove burdens from both the environment Wisconsin and public health in developing countries. The 1992 Conference at Rio produced the clearest expression of the dilemma declaring Once counted among the world’s “neglected tropical diseases,” that people in “developing” countries suffered both from dengue is rapidly being re-imagined as an “emerging,” global underdevelopment and from the global effects of the existing illness. As this paper shows, priorities in dengue science are also form of development in the “developed” countries. By the late changing. Through the 1990s, preventive focus was on control of 1990s the discourse had returned to a 1960s focus on poverty the disease by environmental means: local management of the reduction, albeit in highly medicalized form. Three out of eight breeding habitats of the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that transmit Millenium Development Goals directly address health risks of the dengue virus. By the late 2000s, emphasis had shifted to underdevelopment while largely ignoring those of development. control by molecular means: global viral tracking, genetic Focusing on the Brundtland Commission, this paper analyzes this engineering of mosquitoes, and the development of a dengue evolution of concepts, the underlying beliefs, negotiations and vaccine. Currently, the most promising vaccine candidate is power relationships during and after the Cold War. To what Sanofi-Pasteur’s “chimeric” tetravalent vaccine, an assemblage extent have old forms of expertise been retained, given up, born of humanitarian donor capital, “emergent” genetic modified or confirmed? To what extent have disciplinary technology, “emerging” epidemiological patterns, and approaches to a common challenge helped or undermined the “emerging” markets for pharmaceuticals. The chimera is a novel emergence of new development models? How does the “global viral form: a splicing of genetic elements of the four strains of health” of 2010 differ from the “world health” of 1945? dengue virus and the yellow fever virus. This paper, based on ethnographic fieldwork among dengue scientists at the US Chair: CDC’s Dengue Branch in Puerto Rico, uses the birth of the Manjari Mahajan, New School University chimeric vaccine to consider the ethical and practical Discussant: implications of the shift in from international or tropical medicine to global health. My data show how global health Jeremy Greene, History of Science discourse not only produces new kinds of territoriality but also 212. Translating STS: The Role of STS in Addressing Major reshapes the moral economy of public health science. While most Challenges Faced by the Global Community studies of biopolitics in the age of global health probe the 1:30 to 3:00 pm implications of biomedical technologies for patients, I argue that Crowne Plaza: Owens scientists, too, have come to embody dengue differently as the disease shifts from “neglected tropical” to “emergent global” This panel presents a variety of substantive issues that provide a basis for disease. discussion about how STS scholarship and methods potentially translate for policy issues and problems faced by the global community. Topics to be Global Health and Development since the 1970s. Iris Borowy, covered will range from energy and climate change to water issues in CNRS Africa to neo-liberalization of universities and knowledge production When public health as a discipline was born in the nineteenth systems to mobile device apps and definitions of health. Some of the century, infectious diseases formed the dominant health common questions that will frame the discussion across substantive issues challenge. In as much as they ignored national borders, public are: How can STS research or methods be translated into policies that will health was to a large extent international health. As the address global problems? Why is it important to have STS at the policy movement of men and microbes became increasingly global in table, what will be missed without it? What are the difficulties in character international health implicitly became global health. In translating STS for policy/global problems? Thus the discussion will practice, “international health” tended to denote activities that include critical consideration of the challenges brought about by attempting connected and coordinated the health policies of national to translate STS for policy and social change. In some sense, this panel governments while the World Health Organization claimed considers the role of STS scholars as “public intellectuals”, and asks what responsibility for the well-being of people irrespective of their are the promises and perils of us taking on this role for the purpose of nationality, leaving it open to interpretation whether it global societal change. represented a world organization of health or an organization of Participants: world health. Either way, “global health” presupposes institutional actors that address health problems which defy STS in Energy Policy. Clark Miller, Arizona State University national or regional solutions in a world, in which all health- The last decade has amply illustrated a need for systematic related factors, ranging from pathogens to scientific knowledge attention to the human and social dimensions of energy systems, and lifestyle choices, are global. One such issue concerns the as well as energy regulation and policy. From the 2001 collapse increasingly obvious difficulty of reconciling potentially of Enron and energy deregulation in California through the 2005 contradictory social determinants of health, notably economic Texas oil refinery fire, the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and and environmental factors. People need an economy which 2011 nuclear crisis in Fukushima, Japan, the energy sector has provides them with income for food, clothes and shelter in order suffered a wave of deep challenges in managing large-scale, to remain healthy. In order to flourish an economy needs people complex socio-technological systems. At the same time, who are healthy enough to work, produce and consume, but it prospective large-scale transformation of energy systems also needs an environment from which to extract raw materials associated with the demands of renewable energy, energy and into which to release waste and pollution. Meanwhile, people innovation, and energy security also raises profound human, organizational, institutional, and governance questions for the Laurel Smith-Doerr, Boston University energy industry. As a field, STS has extensive insights to offer to Steve G. Hoffman, Department of Sociology, University at understanding and responding to these challenges, from prior and Buffalo ongoing studies of energy crises and controversies, work in the field of energy history, and ethnographic and policy studies of 213. Accountability and Ethics energy system change. For these insights to have impact on the 1:30 to 3:00 pm energy sector will require fundamentally new modes of operation Crowne Plaza: Boardroom for STS scholars and the field of STS more broadly. This talk will discuss the challenges of engaging STS productively in Participants: broader social and policy discussions of the future of the energy Failed Photography: Employing STS Scholarship to Expose an sector. Ethics of Failure. Ashley Scarlett, University of Toronto H2O and Water: STS Translations in West Africa. Wenda Recent STS scholarship has suggested that the mass Bauchspies, Georgia Institute of Technology accumulation and flow of images facilitated by digitization and Many of the present and future issues facing West African online "sharing" environments has shifted the focus of personal governments are related to development, application and photography away from the documentation of rarefied moments adoption of science and technology, and environmental issues. toward the employment of images as media for communication This paper will explore the possibilities and meanings of STS and phatic exchange (Van Dijck 2008). While much is being research for the West African context through the case study of made of the representational elements of these "streaming" water and sanitation. I will illustrate the types of questions and images (Rubenstein & Sluis 2008), and the pairing of social- data that come to the surface using a grounding in STS that are feedback mechanisms, such as tagging and commenting, absent from more traditional development analyses of water alongside these images (Murray 2008), there has been very little usage and knowledge in global policies. When STS research exploration of the increasing visibility of "failed" photographs begins to contribute to and participate in the dialogue that is within digital landscapes (Jackson 2001). Presenting as missed occurring amongst the decision makers on "development" in moments, blurred or unrecognizable shots, accidental misfires, or West Africa our hope is that STS questions, methods and noise (Lister 2007), the mundane neutrality and aesthetic conversations can contribute to fruitful solutions that ensure impotence of these images locates them as exceptions within equal access to a sustainable future that begins with keeping otherwise Realist discourses of photography. Building upon water sources clean and abundant. Thus, this paper will be one of current intersections of STS and photographic discourse, and many drops in the bucket that works to translate an STS drawing upon extensive interview material with amateur perspective for an issue that flows and connects the global photographers and professional Web developers, this paper community. argues that the proliferation of "failed" photography is an emerging phenomenon, with interesting material, political and Understanding the Neo-Liberal University: What STS has to theoretical consequences. Throughout the paper I explore the Offer. Daniel Kleinman, University of Wisconsin following questions: What counts as a "failed" photograph? How Overgeneralization about the transformation of higher education are people negotiating this type of visual (digital) information? in the neoliberal age is widespread. What is specific about the What are the socio-technical implications of these digital objects current moment in the history of higher education in the US? within online sharing environments? In so doing, I do not only What is distinctive about the commercial and privatization begin to map out an image of photographic failure within the pressures faced by US universities today? In this talk, I will use digital age, but I also intend to argue that the proliferation of tools from STS to answer these questions and provide an failed photographs online has significant and ethical implications assessment of plausible political action. according to prominent STS scholarship (Introna 2009; Latour Keeping Track of Myself: Healthy Living and the New 1988). Narcissism. Roma Harris, The University of Western Socio-ethical Implications of Robots Used in Medical Settings Ontario in Japan. Yutaka Kato, Osaka University The widespread use of the internet as a source of health Japan is no exception in that robots have been gradually put into information, advice, and support is well documented. In the study use in healthcare in recent years. Nevertheless, Japan, equipped of ‘e-health’, STS has provided a helpful framework for with by far the largest number of industrial robots, seems to be considering questions about the underlying infrastructures that slow in introducing robotics, such as robot surgery, into medical shape how health information is understood, organized and settings. This presentation aims to shed some light on such a retrieved (e.g., Bowker & Star, 1999), contests over who ‘owns’ situation and to discuss possible ethical implications involved in and controls medical knowledge and expertise (e.g., Nettleton the robotization of healthcare in the Japanese context. Due to the and Burrows, 2003), and the ways in which citizens take up and varying degrees of autonomy robots (are designed to) have and resist the pressure to be health-informed (e.g., Harris, Wathen & the present usage of the term “robot,” robots with very limited Wyatt, 2010). A new opportunity for STS-informed inquiry is autonomy are also considered. Also, within the scope of this emerging in the rapid growth of mobile applications that can be presentation, my inquiry will be basically limited to short- and used to regulate the conduct of everyday life. A wide range of medium-term possibilities. The presentation is primarily based ‘lifestyle apps’ are now available to advise us about what to eat, on literature research and is mainly theoretical in nature. Taking how to exercise, and how to increase our leisure-time into consideration the current development tendencies of productivity. We can keep track of our weight, monitor the robotics, I will focus on socio-ethical implications within the volume of food we eat, assess its quality, identify its chemical particular situation of Japan: the industrial structures, composition, and keep a diary (or archives) of our consumption. professional associations, healthcare systems and the self- We can also use apps that instruct (and motivate) us to walk, run, understanding as a robophile (or what has been perceived to be jump, cycle, skate, skip, and lift or swing weights, and keep track the national tradition). The presentation will discuss possible of our blood pressure, respiration and ‘performance’. In this consequences experienced by social groups and possible paper, we consider how these technologies encourage compliance problems surrounding research and development, including the with public health discourses of self-regulation and how this evaluation and approval process of medical devices. I will also form of regulation, in turn, encourages a view of health rooted in argue for the necessity of control of robotization in terms of individual consumption and narcissism. closeness to human beings and quantity. Chair: Tragedy in the Gulf: A Call for a New Engineering Ethics. Sally Wyatt, Maastricht University George Dominic Catalano, State University of New York at Discussants: Binghamton On June 2, 2010, Engineering New Record (ENR) published an socialization. editorial, which focused upon the Gulf oil spill disaster as well as Chicken Killers or Bandwidth Patriots? A Case Study of Ethics the responsibility and culpability of the engineering profession in Virtual Reality. Kurt Reymers, Morrisville State College for the tragedy. The editorial was provocatively entitled, “The Gulf Oil Spill Disaster Is Engineering Shame.” Starting with a In 2008, a resident of a computerized virtual world called poignant reminder of the basis for all engineering ethics codes - “Second Life” programmed and began selling a realistic virtual the obligation to the greater good of society - the article then chicken. It required food and water to survive, was vulnerable to notes that, “The profession prides itself on civic virtue and physical damage, and could reproduce. This development led to requires individuals to have a functioning conscience,” and the mass creation of chicken farms and large-scale trade in virtual wonders when the profession’s professional societies will speak chickens and eggs. When chickens “lay” their eggs, the color out. The absence of such voices has been in their view, quite scheme is important for determining their age - scarce eggs (rare stunning. The ENR editorial continues: “The key issue isn’t that colors) are worth more on the emerging egg-trading market. the Gulf oil spill has violated expectations of a quick Markets determine the value of eggs and, ultimately, the flock technological fix; it’s that engineering by its nature produces new that one has accumulated. Like other aspects of cultural risks. If engineers help each other protect against corporate development in Second Life, chicken farming has residual power and technological overreaching, the profession may impacts on users. Not long after the release of the virtual reclaim lost esteem. Otherwise, the Gulf of Mexico always will chickens, a number of incidents occurred which demonstrate the be remembered as the place where engineering prestige dipped to negotiated nature of territorial and normative boundaries. Many a new low in an age known for disasters as much as for neighbors of chicken farmers complained of “lag,” a condition progress.” The question that the present work addresses is how which slows the performance of the simulation that avatars might we move the profession toward a more encompassing experience. The code which drove the chickens’ behavior engineering ethic and do it in a way which the practitioners might affected the experiential realism needed to sustain the virtual be receptive to such new ideas. Put another way, how might we world experience. As a result, some users began terminating the develop a new engineering ethic, which focuses more upon the chickens by “physical” means, kicking or shooting them to results as evidence by its adoption across the myriad of “death.” Some even waged “bio-warfare” campaigns against disciplines rather than the purity or elegance of the argument. unresponsive chicken farming neighbors, using an object that Engineering is awash with codes of ethics. A logical question one acted as a food decoy, distracting the chickens from their food might ask is, Why another engineering ethic? What could trays, thus killing the chickens indirectly by starvation. All of possible argument could be made for a more responsible these virtual world phenomena, from the interactive role-playing profession than has been set forth in the past? Perhaps even more of virtual farmers to the social, political and economic importantly is why should anyone listen? In fact, it is my view repercussions within and beyond the virtual world, can be that this is the most important element of all - to offer a new examined with a critical focus on the ethical ramifications of ethical paradigm that calls for a broadening of our sense of virtual world conflicts. This paper views the case of the virtual responsibilities to the environment and to the rest of the planet, chicken wars from three different ethical perspectives: as a which might actually be considered seriously for adoption. The resource dilemma, as providing an argument from moral and present work seeks to offer one approach that might work psychological harm, and as a case that can be analyzed from the borrowing from our developing view of complex systems theory. perspective of just war theory. The ethical implications of virtual One important characteristic of a complex system - and we shall reality goes beyond the immaterial as virtual markets intercede consider others - is that a system is composed of interconnected with first life markets, demonstrating the significance of these parts that as a whole exhibit one or more properties. Stated recent technological developments to society. another way, the behavior among the possible properties may not Chair: be obvious from the properties of the individual parts. The Kurt Reymers, Morrisville State College proposed new ethic also integrates new ideas from quantum mechanics as well as eco-philosophy. 214. Roundtable: Linking Communication and Science & Scientific Social Responsibility? Tracing Efforts to Socialize Technology Studies of ICTs in the Digital Era Science. Cecilie Glerup, Copenhagen Business School; 1:30 to 3:00 pm Maja Horst, Copenhagen Business School Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East: A It is commonplace for STS scholars to argue that science needs to The study of digital media, information, and communication technologies enhance its accountability toward society (Nowotny et. al. 2002; has flourished in both Communication and Science & Technology Studies Guston & Sarewitz 2002; Irwin 1996). However, STS scholars (STS) research over recent decades. Despite sharing objects of inquiry, the are not the only people who have considered these issues. In the scholarship in digital media/ICTs in both fields has unfolded mostly wake of the Manhattan project, scientists formed organizations to independently of one another. The proposed workshop will engage scholars make science responsible for its social effects. More recently, from both fields in a conceptual dialogue about their common scholarly ideals of increasing the social acceptability of science through concerns in the arena of media, information and communication engagement, reflexivity and dialogue seems to have found their technologies. By attending to the specific concerns of STS and way into the heart of policy-making, not least as a way of making communication research in this domain together, this workshop will science a prime motor for the development of competitive broaden theoretical understanding of both participants and attendees and knowledge economies. In the present paper, these developments encourage more nuanced scholarship of the development, circulation and are all understood as moves to increase the social responsibility appropriation of digital ICTs. The format of the workshop will consist of of science, i.e. efforts to hold science accountable to wider social, brief (e.g. 5-7 minute) presentations by participants, each focused on a economic and ethical values. Despite the widespread political specific intersection of STS and communication-based theorizing and theoretical plea for scientific social responsibility (SSR), concerning ICTs. The intersections articulated by participants will be however, there is a striking lack of knowledge about how it documented digitally during the presentations, then displayed for everyone. should be (or indeed is) performed in practice. This paper makes Participants will be invited to offer brief responses to the intersections that a first step in this direction by mapping different interpretations have been articulated by others, and any new or nuanced intersections will of what scientific social responsibility might entail. It also charts be documented as well. Attendees will also be invited to contribute their the multiple experiments with different ways of "socializing conceptual insights. The document generated during the workshop will be science," defined both as making the social explicit and as made available to all participants and attendees for use in future scholarship changing the practices of science. In the study of the different of digital ICTs. approaches, we are particularly occupied with their normative Chair: foundation, their definition of the problem which justifies efforts Kirsten Foot, University of Washington to socialize science, and the way they define the "target" of Presenting Authors: informal markets in East Europe stems from mis-recognition of the economic risks that the participants in the informal Tarleton Lee Gillespie, Cornell University economies face with micro-biological risks associated with raw GIna Neff, University of Washington milk consumption, revealing two distinct and contradictory Greg Downey, University of Wisconsin Madison definitions of individual risk and public safety. Building on this Geoffrey Bowker, Santa Clara University case study, I will reflect on how ANT methodology and post- Leah Lievrouw, UCLA humanist framework have led me to considering the ways in which experts, laboratories, milk processing technologies, and 215. Roundtable: What Food Studies Can Learn from STS: Or, political institutions are implicated in the subjective experiences How to Make Food Studies More Awesome of food as well as food production, consumption and distribution. 1:30 to 3:00 pm "Healthy and Tasty: Missed Opportunities in a Soviet Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East: B Cookbook." Jennifer Smith, assistant professor, GA Tech Food is becoming a hot topic in a variety of academic circles, while food My presentation will approach the blending of STS and food studies is establishing itself as a discipline in its own right. This round table studies from the perspective of a historian of technology who is explores what the emerging discipline food studies can learn from the more new to the field of food studies and has noticed several tropes established discipline of science and technology studies. Most histories and that recur within the field, including nostalgia, a predictable critical analyses of food continue to focus on particular foods in isolation approach to gender and labor studies, and a failure to situate food from broader questions about agency, distribution of power and material studies within a mored widely relevant dialogue. I will use the contexts. In the light of this, we ask: How can we translate science studies case study of a current project, a translation and interpretation of into food studies? What kinds of research subjects, questions, theoretical a midcentury Soviet cookbook, to illustrate the point that dilemmas, approaches and methods can science studies bring to food scholarly research in food studies is much scarcer than it could studies? What would a history and sociology of food look like if they were and should be, and to highlight some "missed opportunities" of “cast” in the science studies paradigm? One element that sets food studies close textual analysis in which science studies, food studies, and apart from most other disciplines is its strong relations to non-academic the history of technology can all offer contributions. fields. Many food scholars also participate in creating the society, economies and politics of food in their work as cooks, consumers and Chair: consultants. This work blurs the boundaries between expert science and lay Jennifer Smith, assistant professor, GA Tech knowledge for food studies scholars, yet food studies has yet to deliver the kinds of theoretical, conceptual and self-reflexive work that such a cross- 216. Coffee Break Vl pollination of practices promise. This roundtable poses questions both for 3:00 to 3:30 pm science studies and food studies about what it means to deal with "hybrid" Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom Assembly Area practices and investigates what the relatively new field of food studies can 217. Evidence on Trial: Experts, Judges and Public Reason − ll learn from the relatively established field of STS. 3:30 to 5:00 pm Participants: Crowne Plaza: Fuldheim Environment, Science and Food Studies. Benjamin R Cohen, Participants: University of Virginia; Jennifer Smith, assistant professor, Making and Unmaking an Unknown Soldier: A View into the GA Tech; Diana Mincyte, Yale University Political Life of Forensic Evidence. Sarah Wagner, I come to food studies from the perspective of environmental University of North Carolina Greensboro history and science studies, seeking to understand agro-food history as co-produced by material and cultural history. In this For 18 years, from 1984 to 1998, the Vietnam crypt of the Tomb workshop, I’ll discuss an integration of science studies and food of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery housed the studies that, on the one hand, follows from examining the role remains of a soldier whose anonymity shouldered a nation’s material environmental conditions play in the production, grief. They were those of First Lieutenant Michael J. Blassie, an distribution, and consumption of food and, on the other hand, Air Force pilot shot down over hostile territory in southern how different cultural concepts of food - often informed by Vietnam in 1972. On May 14, 1998, Blassie’s then unrecognized scientific inquiry and influenced by technological practices - remains became the only set at that memorial to be disinterred affect how we live on and manipulate the land that produces it. and identified through DNA analysis - an act that sparked heated My approach to the prompt of "how can science studies inform debate about the sanctity of national monuments and the limits of food studies," that is, is to explore the common histories of forensic knowledge. This paper focuses on the latter, examining science, technology, and agro-food systems that are mutually the political life of the forensic evidence that traveled from the shaped by environmental (physical) and cultural (conceptual) confines of defense department laboratories to the living rooms contexts. of the American public. The journey of Blassie’s postmortem identity, from "presumed to be," to "unknown," to at long last Economies of Risk: Science Studies Meets Risky Food and “positively confirmed” is an extraordinary account of evidence People. Diana Mincyte, Yale University compiled, disaggregated, overridden, re-evaluated and, finally, In my contribution to the roundtable I will introduce my research re-asserted. Much more than a story of advancements in forensic and reflect on how science studies have shaped my analysis of practice, the example of Blassie’s interment and subsequent food economies. My project focuses on two distinct raw milk identification speaks to the powerful political undercurrents economies in post-socialist East Europethe informal raw milk surrounding evidentiary authority, alternately forged and networks driven by poor semi-subsistence farmers and the dismissed with the changing needs and desires of government organic raw milk introduced and supported by the European officials and the broader public. This making and unmaking of a Union. Informal food markets emerged in the region after the fall national icon reminds us that scientific evidence depends not of socialism, when small-scale farmers sought to circumvent the only on epistemic claims to truth but also on the social world in middle-men and began delivering food directly to the consumers. which those truths take root. From the perspective of the participants in informal economies, Public Production of Evidence in the Morinaga Arsenic raw milk sales constitute the key source of cash incomes for Poisoning Case. Takako Nakajima, International Christian semi-subsistence farmers, while also bringing cheap and University nutritious food to the poor consumers. Additionally, consumers use raw milk deliveries to build social relations and share In the post-war history of food safety in Japan, the outbreak of knowledge as well as publicly claim their place in the quickly arsenic poisoning by powdered milk in 1955 is the largest case of deteriorating urban districts. Yet, selling raw milk in food poisoning. The so-called Morinaga Arsenic Accident is unauthorized places is illegal. I argue that criminalization of noteworthy because of fundamental changes that occurred in the public understanding of after-effects on infants. Early in the case, public reasoning - and concomitant demarcations between the public understood, based on official statements, that infants expert/lay and science/politics - appropriate to American who barely survived were cured and would not have any further democracy. The paper suggests that in sorting out evidentiary problems. However, 14 years later, the public realized that it had claims, courts simultaneously engage in normative judgments been mistaken. A handwritten pamphlet edited by a volunteer about public reason that inform (and are informed by) a political group revealed the reality of victims who were suffering from culture - one that extends well beyond the limits of the judiciary. various disorders which seemed to be long-term after-effects of Chair: arsenic poisoning. A nationwide boycott against Morinaga products suddenly occurred. It was powerful enough to lead Ellen Bales, Harvard University academic societies to deny the original official statement and Discussant: apologize for their colleagues' past mistake. By focusing on the Lindsay Smith, University of California - Los Angeles dynamics and processes in which this flip-flop occurred, this paper highlights the role of the public as nameless actors in the 218. Graduate Pedagogy and STS production of evidence. In the early stages of the case, the public 3:30 to 5:00 pm helped bring closure by accepting the authority of official Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - West statements with the implicit expectation of being free from Graduate pedagogy is a significant yet under-analyzed site of STS practice. disorder. Later, public support helped both victims and experts to In this panel, participants will read and interpret STS pedagogy as the collect new evidence with the explicit mission to help victims. product of critical choices, and explore the assumptions, norms and The case illustrates how Japanese cultural norms of allocating implications of these choices for the discipline. We will identify how STS blame and responsibility between self and other may affect the is instantiated in graduate pedagogy across a wide range of institutions in production and uptake of evidence. sites such as reading lists and reading practices, syllabi, introductory STS Evidence and Expert Communication after the Fukushima courses, interdisciplinary experiences and writing. We will analyze Nuclear Accident. Naoki Yamano, Tokyo Institute of implications of these approaches for teaching and learning. Finally, we will Technology; Hiroshi Kimura, University of Tokyo offer visions and arguments for alternative pedagogical practices based on clear learning outcomes as well as intellectual and political goals of the On March 11, 2011, an M9.0 earthquake occurred near Japan’s field. Pacific Ocean coastline, resulting in a tsunami beyond 30 ft which brought extensive damage. At the Fukushima nuclear Participants: power station, reactor numbers 1-3 shut down automatically. Introducing STS. William Davis, Virginia Tech However, the tsunami caused extensive damage to the plant, This project interrogates and evaluates multiple approaches to resulting in an accidental situation unforeseen in the design. teaching introductory STS graduate courses, from common Unfortunately, the decay heat removal system failed on reactors practices to their corresponding goals. I will not specify readings 1-4, and a large amount of radioactive material was emitted into and themes that must be taught; instead, I wish to promote the atmosphere and sea water. At present, less than a month after discussions about methods and objectives that will reach across the earthquake, the accident is not yet over, but a study is being STS programs. My presentation will examine the narratives we done on the current status of communication and how specialists create to unite history, philosophy and sociology (among other inform the general public. The analysis is done by comparing constituent disciplines); the types of writing assignments and the presentations of the government, safety authorities (NISA) and objectives they target; the uses and significance of teaching the power company involved (TEPCO), a time line of newspaper styles, such as lecture and discussion; and, the roles of texts in articles and the explanations to the public by specialists. We also these classes. The diversity of STS practitioners and programs is use questionnaires and interviews with inhabitants of the Tokyo both beneficial and problematic. As STS draws upon a range of area and inhabitants near the power plant concerning how they disciplines and is performed in numerous sites and registers, how obtained information about the accident, and their judgment of should introductory courses help new graduate students orient the supply of information by the government, specialists, etc. The themselves in such a broad field? How much history of STS do analysis shows that information to the public about the amount of students need: should the courses investigate what the initial radiation, and the spread of radioactive materials, is insufficient. practitioners hoped to gain/change and how they came together? Furthermore, while several experts try to provide objective Perspectives on how to introduce students to STS vary from information in a positive manner, many specialists choose to instructor to department, yet each version attempts to prepare remain silent. From our analysis, we identify the problems in emerging scholars for future professional challenges. When communication by specialists during a nuclear emergency and shared with colleagues, our classroom successes and struggles make suggestions to improve them. would encourage refinement of the craft and connect teachers Evidence for an Informed Polity: Science and Democracy in a across the discipline, a boon for students and the field. STS offers Missouri Court. Ben Hurlbut, Arizona State University important analyses and critiques of its objects of study; we need This paper examines a remarkable moment in which a court was to turn these skills inward and address how we construct our called upon to adjudicate between competing views of what courses as they comprise an essential component of forming the makes for an informed polity, one that can express its authority at next generation of practitioners. the ballot box on the strength of appropriate evidence. The case Negotiating the STS Reading List: Fuzzy Dragons, God Tricks concerned a challenge to a text prepared by the Missouri and Syphilis. Laurel Smith-Doerr, Boston University; Secretary of State, explaining in plain language the purpose and Wenda Bauchspies, Georgia Institute of Technology effect of an initiative to “ban human cloning.” The court was in effect required to make a judgment about public reason - about All disciplines, syllabi and programs of study have to address the how the language of science should be spoken in the public question of which readings to include, and which readings not to square in order to bring about robust and legitimate democracy. include. We know the list is socially constructed and reflects the The case offers a look into how, in adjudicating the quality of social network, the training, the interests and institution of the evidence, the courts simultaneously function as an apparatus of members who created it. We know it can turn into a black box, or public reasoning. As a gatekeeper of information, this court was break into a million pieces. Yet we need to sort through the social tasked with defining the conditions under which voters might factors, influences and pressures to construct this list that we both become “informed,” thereby guaranteeing that conditions were want to read and, most importantly, that we want to share with met for producing an authentically democratic outcome. In this our students. What does our reading list say to the outside world? capacity, the court was vested with the authority to To potential students? To our colleagues and ourselves? How simultaneously shape and re-inscribe notions of what qualifies as does or will this list capture STS, which is so multifaceted at evidence for informed judgment, and thus to define the forms of times that it generates either amazing sparks or disorienting vertigo? This paper will venture into the terrain of "STS reading list creation" in order to reflect on what it means to study reality and possibility of those events. A sense of place threads these stories knowledge production while simultaneously addressing the re- as these communities and their constituents grapple with understanding the production of knowledge within our own community. role these disasters play in their lives. But ideas of place come not only Rethinking Expertise in a Post-Canonical Mode: from within the community; "outsiders" – neighbors, regulators or other Interdisciplinarity as Graduate Education in STS. Andrei "responsible" parties – add dimensions to these layers of storytelling as Israel, Penn State University they attempt to construct their own ideas and connections to/around/between these communities and others. Emerging out of the Science and Technology Studies was founded as an context of contamination and disaster, these tensions between competing interdisciplinary academic project: STS has aimed (among other place narratives become entangled within larger questions of science, things) to bring together scholars, theories and methods from technology and policy. The papers in this panel all explore the ways in diverse fields to address pressing concerns around the social which these place narratives construct certain ideas about environment, aspects of science and technology in ways that discipline-bound government, science and technology. Perhaps more importantly, the papers approaches cannot. But while the challenges of interdisciplinarity demonstrate the ways in which the contemporary process of ideational for research practice have been often discussed - albeit often construction shapes the construction of possible futures. At stake in each of without consensus or adequate resolution - the challenges an these cases is not merely what has happened, but a negotiation of the interdisciplinary approach poses for graduate education have politics of what might be. As science studies scholars, we draw on the received little attention. This paper thus explores issues in emerging STS literature dealing with participation and engagement seeing interdisciplinary graduate education. Within a disciplinary these cases as opportunities to move forward the project of participation in context, graduate education is organized around achieving re-construction projects. mastery of an established canon of scholarly literature - the "seminal texts" or "foundations" of the field. In this model, the Participants: expertise gained through graduate education enables the student Narratives of Toxics Mitigation at the IBM-Endicott Site. Peter to extend disciplinary knowledge, building on what has come Little, Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University before. I argue, in brief, that this disciplinary model of graduate This paper takes issue with the ways in which toxics mitigation education is not adequate or appropriate for STS. Instead, I figures in environmental anthropology discussions of place in argue, STS as a field of graduate education requires a radical general, and contaminated places in particular. Focusing on an revision of the concept of expertise. I use Deleuze’s contrast EPA Superfund site in Endicott, New York, the birthplace of between “arborescent” and “rhizomatic” structures as a guide in International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) and the elaborating a rhizomatic view of expertise, one that emphasizes location of an enduring and contentious toxic plume, the paper not canonical mastery but rather skills in navigating, translating, engages a critical question for environmental anthropologies of synthesizing, critically evaluating, and applying knowledges community contamination: how is place connection and from diverse sources. Using my personal experiences in attachment reconfigured as a result of both environmental interdisciplinary graduate studies as an example, I argue that such contamination and toxics mitigation? When the State and an approach can be as academically rigorous as the disciplinary corporations join to "mitigate" or attempt to mitigate a place that model while more relevant to contemporary social issues and has been tainted with toxic substances, this mitigation unfolds in responsive to emerging challenges. a social context marked by among other things, diverse Pedagogies of Scholarly Authorship in STS. Monique Dufour, perceptions of trust. Echoing other critical social science studies Virginia Tech of toxics contamination, the anthropology of trust matters in In this paper, I will examine contemporary approaches to discussions of place where the place in focus is a contaminated teaching scholarly authorship to STS graduate students. Current place. This is especially the case for the community in focus graduate pedagogy certainly attends to writing, albeit in here. Endicott, which is a small town that has experienced IBM particular ways: it offers experience in the production of common downsizing and deterritorialization, currently manages to cope genres such as seminar papers, dissertations and journal articles; with a contamination conflict that has invoked a whirlpool of it advocates clear argumentation, appropriate citation and stylistic concerns about, among other things, environmental health risk, conventions; and it reinforces the need for the routine production property devaluation, and the loss of a community that "once and publication of texts. However, in this paper, I will was." This paper aims to showcase how place destruction via demonstrate the ways that graduate pedagogy also teaches other IBM deindustrialization and contamination is, for the most part, potent, tacit lessons about the practice and meaning of writing, immitigable, despite corporate-State efforts to fix or repair toxic and make explicit some key notions and normative commitments damages to place. The topic of toxics mitigation, as will be about scholarly authorship in STS graduate pedagogy. Drawing argued, is a particular feature of contemporary neoliberal on details of five STS graduate programs, I will identify key environmental policy that illustrates State and corporate efforts to pedagogical sites and practices that instruct students in scholarly soften the blow of toxic industrial capitalism. But, can a tainted authorship, investigate their normative claims, and analyze their place really be mitigated? What narratives dominate in domains implications for how students learn the nature, purpose and of mitigation? These questions, it will be argued, expose the process of writing in STS. Finally, I will present and argue for critical import of what I call the "political ecology of mitigation." alternative pedagogies that teach students to deliberate and Between Philly, Ambler and a Hard Place: Grids, Flows and debate about the processes, forms and purposes of writing and its Competing Place Narratives in Toxic Remediation. Raoul circulation, rather than to reproduce and instrumentalize that Lievanos, UC Davis; Jody A Roberts, Chemical Heritage most powerful form of scholarly embodiment and action that is Foundation writing. Metropolitan areas are fashioned by a tenuous negotiation Chair: between the flow of ideas, people, capital and the material Sergio Sismondo, Queen's University environment, as well as the spatially-bounded grids used to Discussant: assemble these flows and structure place. This paper explores an under-examined dynamic of this relationship amidst toxic James Collier, Virginia Tech remediation in the Philadelphia Metropolitan area. We seek to 219. Narratives of Place in Communities of Exposure and explain the ways in which the grid of fences, rules and rebuilt Disaster environments conflict with the flow of labor, expertise and a 3:30 to 5:00 pm toxic substance - asbestos - in and through the suburb of Ambler Crowne Plaza: Dolder and the Philadelphia center city. Our research strategy draws on a multi-method approach of ethnographic fieldwork, geographic Communities dealing with ongoing and/or emerging threats of exposure information systems and archival analysis, as well as a notion of and disaster often find their identities linked in definitional ways to the “place” derived from the work of Gieryn (2000). We argue the conflict between grids and flows shape the competing place This project considers the redevelopment of Greensburg, Kansas; narratives used in the context of local and federal efforts to a town that saw 95 percent of its homes and businesses destroyed reimagine Ambler’s urban ecology and remediate its legacy of by a tornado that hit on May 4, 2007. While rebuilding presents toxic contamination. Specifically, we find the incongruence of its own set of unique challenges for any community, what is place narratives about Ambler between municipal officials, unique about Greensburg is the manner in which the town will be federal scientists and administrators, place entrepreneurs, local rebuilt: which is to say, green. Greensburg will be the first town knowledge elites and ghettoized community members hinders the in the United States to have all city buildings, including county extent to which all parties can ally in their effort to offices, the local hospital and public schools constructed to meet collaboratively re-imagine Ambler. We conclude with our the U.S. Green Building Council’s criteria for LEED Platinum practical and theoretical implications from our case within in the certification. This study draws on and analyzes the narratives of Philadelphia Metropolitan area and beyond. those who are building their town green in order to understand Cornucopia, Dystopia, Home: Placing Environmental Justice in the intersection of community and sustainability. In this way, California’s San Joaquin Valley. Jonathan K London, UC green building technology is about more than just architectural Davis design and the use of renewable and non-toxic construction materials. By using participant observation along with both Sometimes called the “Other California” or the backstage of the formal and informal interviews, this project explores the ways in Golden State hidden behind its iconic coast and a pastoral gaze which discursive practices of community and sustainability are on its rural interior, the San Joaquin Valley is a place of co-constitutive, and furthermore, explores the question of contradictions. At once a cornucopia of agricultural abundance, a whether sustainability, if at all, can serve as a vehicle for dystopia of poverty and pollution, and a terrain of struggle for community rebuilding and growth as a means to envision new many vibrant social and environmental justice social movements, manifestations of sociality designed to persist into the future. the San Joaquin Valley offers a view into the politics of place While further research is still needed exploring the relationship making. The landscape of the region is shaped by its political between community development and sustainability, especially economy (based on industrial agriculture, growth machine community rebuilding following disasters, the extent to which development, a prison-industrial complex, and transportation sustainability serves as a catalyst for community development is logistics) its topography and meteorology (an elongated bowl of limited at best: the nature of the community and the perceived an air basin between two mountain ranges that traps and cooks strength of the community that existed before the disaster is air pollution generated by these sources during triple digit essential to the instantiation and implementation of sustainable summers) and by the social movement dynamics of its largely rebuilding. The importance of sustainability to community immigrant workers and activists (primarily Latinos, but also development is in terms of the community’s long-term viability: indigenous Mexicans and Central Americans, Southeast Asian not the immediate facilitation of community after a disaster. refugees and long-settled African Americans.) This paper narrates diverse and intertwined San Joaquin Valley story lines as Chair: a way of tracing the contours of the region as socio-nature: at Jody A Roberts, Chemical Heritage Foundation once a setting for and agent in struggles over environmental 220. Strategies of Transition toward Green, Post Carbon injustices. Contested versions of scientific truth claims about the causes, impacts and solutions to air pollution in the region are Societies – lll explored. In particular, the paper examines the naturalizing of 3:30 to 5:00 pm pollution as an unavoidable outcome of economic and ecological Crowne Plaza: Hassler landscape on the one hand, and activists’ arguments that a valley Sociotechnical systems like energy systems are often understood as stable of shared prosperity and health is possible if capital can be and difficult to transform. Concepts used to describe such inertia and the reigned in by state regulation and community self-empowerment. challenges to pursuing change include technological momentum (Hughes Not If, but When: Disaster Preparedness as Both Imagined and 1987), path dependency (David 1985), lock-in (Arthur 1988) and Situated Response. Natalie Danielle Baker, University of entrapment (Walker 2000). Such concepts seem to aptly characterise present energy systems quite well, making the achievement of sustainable California, Irvine energy transitions appear an overwhelming challenge. There is a need not Southern California is teetering on the edge of a catastrophe. only for new sustainability-producing technologies but also for actors to Scientists expect that the greater LA area will soon be struck by engage productively with these technologies through distributed action. No one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded. Residents are single actor, including government, is able to manage the challenges on its grossly unprepared to respond to the consequences of a high own. Transition is a conception of a whole-sector, multi-level process magnitude earthquake despite planning and mitigation efforts by producing dramatic and lasting changes in production and consumption a variety of entities. Scholars have identified the need to develop patterns and practices. It therefore requires complex multi-level more complex understandings of preparedness to help deal with governance; it is not just a matter of injecting single technological the failures of response in past disaster contexts. Little research innovations and expecting them to take off. In this session, we shall address has been done to examine what preparedness for catastrophic analytically the challenges related to understanding sustainable transition events means to people within at-risk communities, nor on how efforts, drawing broadly on STS scholarship. The emphasis is on planning efforts come to life in post-disaster responses. I explore sociotechnical institutions (understood at all levels) that need reforming the meanings people make of preparedness for a large earthquake and may act as obstacles to transition, providing entrenchment, lock-in, strike in Southern California and the ways these shape political resistance, economic obstacles, inadequate infrastructure, etc. The imaginations of how they might respond in the future. Their aim is to contribute to STS-based transition theory development that also narratives were analyzed in conjunction with stories of response improves the understanding of what sustains current unsustainable to large disasters in two very different contexts; Hurricane practices. This is part III of a proposed series of three sessions. Katrina in New Orleans and the earthquake/tsunami of 2011 in Japan. I examine both the lived experience of people affected by Participants: two large disasters and constructions of an imagined response in New Urbanism and Scientism Discourse: Regulating as If the Southern California context. Through my findings I re- Publics Matter? David A Banks, Rensselaer Polytechnic conceptualize disaster preparedness and response as a linked Institute process of situated actions. This paper provides evidence that My work looks at the claims of legitimate authority made by disaster preparedness and response is rooted in mundane but citizens, new urbanist planners, engineers, and city officials flexible practices, rather than phenomena only dictated by about what makes for good civic design. By studying a group of rational planning and response efforts. professionals that simultaneously refuse the highly technical After the Storm: Rebuilding a Sustainable Community. methodology of scientism, while also adhering to a core set of Heather Marsh, University of Maryland best practices, we see how claims to truth can be anchored by a multiplicity of ideologies. In the end, we see a movement that Ragna Zeiss, Maastricht University claims to reject a brand of scientism and instead begins “regulating as if humans matter” (Duany and Brain 2005) but 221. Seeing States and State Theory in STS – ll: must still make their case in terms of empirical data-driven Conceptualizations and Theoretical Approaches results. This contributes to the debate over public engagement 3:30 to 5:00 pm and understanding of science, in that it deconstructs the basic Crowne Plaza: Savoy assumption made by Collins and Evans (2004) and Wynne (1996 The relationship between science, technology, and governance is a and 2008) that professionals are directly linked to bodies of elite relationship that shapes and is shaped by contemporary states. While this political power. relationship has been influential in STS research on how contemporary Metabolic Depression in Infrasystems: Suggesting Hibernation modes of governance influence scientific practice and technological as a Phase in Large Technical Systems-development. Björn innovations, the converse question of the influence of both on governance Berglund, Environmental Technology and Management, is relatively underrepresented. This session, therefore, takes-up the task and Linköping University explores the inter-play between this relationship and its depiction in history and social/political theory. With one eye on “seeing like a state” and the In the body of large technological systems-literature, a number of other eye on “state performativity,” we engage and question well-trodden conceptual phases are often defined to describe system artifacts of historical and social theory such as state entitivity, state development. Some examples are invention, innovation, materiality, and the much distributed Foucauldian model of stateness. consolidation and stagnation. This paper suggests hibernation as Looking for insights in both directions, what does STS have to offer and an addition to this theoretical framework, a phase during which learn from these important traditions that have shaped so much previous large quantities of cables, wires and pipes become underground research? We are also curious about seeing state performances in some residual waste. A number of case studies done in Swedish cities historical relief, for example, in establishing reciprocity under neo-liberal show that virtually all disconnected parts of underground circumstances, in shifting ontologies of health care, in massive state infrasystems are left behind in the original location, and that projects such as California’s delta, and even in times of ungoverned large quantities of metallic remains therefore are spread out anarchy set in Southeast Asia. We, therefore, invite papers that explore beneath cities. In Gothenburg for example, the ratio between in- empirically and conceptually the possibilities of research based on an STS use and hibernated copper stocks in the power grid is 6:1. In this approach to politics, states and stateness, governance and governmentality. paper we describe how these hibernating remains emerge based We propose a double session: the first session is focusing on primarily on semi-structured interviews with system builders in conceptualization and theoretical approaches, dealing mostly with the the Swedish city of Norrköping. We explain different reasons mechanisms and techniques of creating, maintaining and shifting the causing hibernation, e.g., urban retraction, re-zoning, multiple ontologies of stateness. environmental policy changes and shutdown of industrial complexes. We conclude that it is not only infrasystemic Participants: stagnation/decline that cause hibernated stocks, but also Ontologies of the Technoscientific State: Heterogeneous technical, economic and organizational reasons connected to Assembly, Obligatory Passage Point, and Discursive daily repair and maintenance practice. Our aim is to contribute to Punctualization. Patrick Carroll, University of California, science & technology studies literature through incorporating Davis concepts from the research field of urban metabolism (a subfield within the natural science discipline of Industrial Ecology). With Referencing the case of water infrastructure and state formation urban metabolism, hibernating infrasystems stocks are in California, this paper theorizes the multiple ontologies of the highlighted due to an increased interest in secondary resource modern technoscientific state. In particular, I seek to explain, recovery of valuable metals. This introspective conceptualization drawing upon actor network theory, the Jansus-like ontology of of society as a mine is mentally important to achieve a transition the technoscientific state: as both an heterogeneous and towards closed loops and sustainable resource extraction. distributed assembly of humans and non-humans on the one hand, and as a punctualized and centralized actor on the other. Sustainable Energy Innovations: A Role for Gyro Gearloose? The ontology of the technoscienfic state as a complex and Marianne Ryghaug, Norwegian University of Science and heterogeneous “thing” of which we (human citizens/subjects) are Technology components, is contrasted with its ontology as a singularized A large body of the innovation literature focuses on innovation “object” that stands outside and above us. I argue that actor- systems: the role of the organization of research, the public network and governmentality theory best capture this apparent support system for innovations, financial opportunities for new paradox. I attempt to show how, in the case of California, that the businesses and the national and regional industrial structure. “governmentalization” of “water” gathers together a vast array of Often, a main focus is on the relationship between science and human, material, and natural actors into a complex and innovation, where the innovation process is seen as a process that distributed assemblage. By virtue of this process “the state” involves basic research where ideas are discovered, development, becomes an “obligatory passage point” for human actors in a production and marketing. Also studies of innovations within very basic way: their relations with water. By virtue of STS have to a large extent focused on the role of science and becoming such an obligatory passage point, the complexity of the technoscientists, even if these studies emphasize the technoscientific state is simultaneously submerged by acts of heterogeneous and socio-technical qualities of technology discursive punctualization, as a singular object “out there.” development. As historians of technology have demonstrated the Through the same practices, the technoscientific state is focus on science as a basis for innovation is exaggerated. Other transposed from being something one is a part of by virtue of actors and factors are (at least) equally important to the being gathered into it, to something one is set apart from by innovation process. One group of actors that tends to be virtue of having to “deal with” “it.” overlooked from innovation theories are the Gyro Gearlooses Governing by Social Capital: From the Stabilization of Facts to operating on a particular blend of go-ahead spirit, bricolage, the Regulation of Performances. Hendrik Vollmer, enthusiasm and creativity. What are their strategies, how do University of Bielefeld they learn and what are the roles of Little Helpers? In this paper we have set out to study what can be learned from the practice Since the 1990s, actor-network theory has been taken up by and the failures and successes of the many Gyros populating the Foucauldian studies of governmentality which have been field of sustainable energy. By studying the Gyros of the employing ANT concepts in investigating “political power renewable energy technology field (with a focus on bio- and beyond the state” (Rose & Miller 1992). Despite ANT’s wind energy) we aspire to follow other actors than deconstruction of concepts like knowledge and belief, the technoscientists and managers. Foucauldian understanding of power/knowledge and its central Chair: role in governing has experienced little modification. In the perspective offered in this contribution, the historical rise of Jan-Hendrik Passoth, University of Bielefeld government and of state power, rather than being a by-product of Nicholas J Rowland, Pennsylvania State University, Altoona collective rationalization through legal-rational forms of domination, or the result of an accumulation of knowledge, is 222. Practicing Science, Technology and Rhetoric: The North- investigated in terms of the gradual centralization of network South Divide in an Emerging Socio-environmental Global relations and the accumulation of social capital within a Order – ll: Latin American Emphasis collective. Empirically, the emergence of government from 3:30 to 5:00 pm network associations will be discussed with respect to the rise of Crowne Plaza: Ritz nation-states, and with respect to contemporary forms of This panel connects two series of sessions featured at this year's decentralized global governance through the circulation of conference. The first stems from discussions, addressing the need to performance measurements. Across these historical instances of internationalize science and technologies across the global divide, that were establishing and exercising government, opportunities for highlighted last September 2010 at the European Association for the Study governing are gained episodically and in piecemeal fashion not of Science and Technology (EASST) conference in Trento, Italy. Track 40 through the stabilization of facts, but through the regulation of of this conference elaborated on the epistemological and developmental performances as peculiar hybrids of activities and their problematics of technology diffusion between northern and southern representation. countries. Discussions at EASST explored how technology diffusion is Ecocities in Contemporary China: A Case Study in the Design implicated in debates about democracy, equality & justice, and of Ecological Governance. Erich W Schienke, Penn State sustainability in an emerging socio-environmental global order. Moreover, STS technology-mediated practices within specific contexts implicate Within 21st Century China, the “ecocity” has emerged as a communication practices that publics use to negotiate technology diffusion leading imaginary (as entitavity) towards formulating and across geographic and interpersonal boundaries, especially those implementing the material goals of sustainable development communities located in the less developed world. The second series this (ecological governance). In practice, the “ecocity” has become an session draws from continues discussions dating back to 4S Montreal 2007, experimental system of China’s national and regional which focused on similar debates specific to the Latin American region. governance, relying on the input from local and international During this conferences these sessions highlight the use of Theory and expertise. The development of ecological models and Practice in STS research in this region, Bio-technologies in Agricultural sustainability indicators, by experts, in support of ecocity research and practice, research on Heath and the adoption of Medical planning and ecological governance (ecological footprint, Technologies, Environment-Technology and Society interactions, and how ecosystem services, resilience, etc.) are attempts at objective fact- new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are supporting based means for benchmarking goals that are fundamentally emerging potentials and constraints in the region. rooted in a system of political and social values (“ecological Participants: civilization”, and “harmonious society”). Drawing from theories Valuing the Amazon Forest through Carbon Markets. Shaozeng on experimental systems and design ethics, this paper attempts to make sense of the “ecocity as experimental system of the state” Zhang, University of California, Irvine through: 1) describing three cases in the relatively recent (2000- This paper derives from my doctoral study in Brazil on the 2011) design and planning of Chinese ecocities (Caofeidian, experimentation with Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Dafeng, Dongtan); 2) analyzing these as cases in the emerging forest Degradation (REDD), an emission reduction scheme for terms of China’s “ecological governance”; and, 3) discussing the post-2012 Kyoto Protocol. Many Brazilian scientists were how an analysis of the system (“seeing like an ecocity”) requires among the earliest worldwide to promote REDD as a mechanism bringing epistemological needs of ecological governance into the to add tangible value to environmental services and thus prevent same evaluative framework as political imperatives. forests from being destroyed for conventionally more lucrative Embodied States: Consuming with Pleasure Under activities, such as pasturing. This paper focuses on a pilot REDD project launched in 2008 in the Juma forest in southeastern Neoliberalism. Kelly Moore, National Science Foundation Amazonas state. Each of the 392 families in this forest, all This paper explores a new way to theorize states, by placing subsistence farming settlers, receives a monthly payment on the human bodies at the center of analysis as unstable and malleable condition of no more deforestation for swidden farming - the objects. Technoscience is a critical component of embodied principal local economy. Also, each is encouraged to adopt states, in at least three ways: 1) technoscientific products, such as permaculture and to intensify the sustainable harvest of forest wastes of various kinds, circulate through bodies in ways that are products, such as the Brazilian nut. I conduct intensive fieldwork often hidden, via air and water; 2) as D. Harvey, J. Guthman, and and supplementary quantitative surveys among three sampled M. Dupuis have pointed out, surpluses of techno-capital forest communities and three organizations hosting the involved production, such as corn products, circulate through bodies via REDD experts. The communities include two riverine ones, one material consumption conceived of as a “personal” choice; and 3) close to and the other far from the municipal town, and the third people, but particularly what I call “the striver class” apply by the state road. The organizations include a government scientific ideas to their bodies in order to produce new material agency, a semi-governmental foundation and a NGO research and emotional forms. The state-as-administrative unit originates institute. This paper juxtaposes the perspectives of the experts and abets some of these technoscientific products and tools for and the forest inhabitants on the value of forests. It looks into (1) body making (guidelines for what to eat, allowing particular how the experts (re-)define, calculate, commensurate and kinds of chemicals to move freely, building roads rather than commodify the (economic) value of forests through their tram systems, etc.). This paper examines the embodied state by mundane work of researching, modeling, meetings, publications, investigating how neoliberalism, as ideology, rule, and policy lobbying, etc., (2) how the forest inhabitants perceive the materiality, infuses U.S. health debates, transforming what used (economic and socio-cultural) value of forests, and the source to be collective social problems into individual problems, and and form of REDD payments, and (3) how these two groups of monetizing social and individual risks. These sober and people (mis-)communicate about, negotiate and transform REDD economistic frameworks, however, co-exist with a new sentiment practices. Then it analyzes the flows, exchanges and of embodied neoliberal citizenship, evident advertising, transformations of expert knowledge and local knowledge with interviews, and policy, characterized by “pleasured self- their embedded political visions and cultural logics. This paper discipline.” It combines an economic logic of continuous examines the macro issue of making climate science and carbon production of a body and a self, a scientific logic of markets on the ground - ground as both the experts’ office floors measurement, calculation, and combinatory practices, and a and forest communities. It speaks to anthropological studies on deportment of joy and excitement. the climate change adaptation of marginal populations and expert Chairs: communities. More technically, it also establishes dialogues with the ongoing debates regarding REDD in the context of Santi, a Kichwa guide who works with ecotourists in the international geopolitics of climate change embedded in the rainforest of Ecuador, often says that he learned everything he postcolonial political economy, for example, debates on whether knows in the “University of the Jungle.” The jungle as a school to prioritize the provision of a global good (carbon sequestration) metaphor is common in the Ecuadorian lowlands, and is often or the improvement of local well-being in developing countries. deployed by indigenous guides to talk about expertise that would Cameroon Is Just Like Bolivia!: Circuits of Expertise and the fall into the category of IEK (Indigenous Ecological Knowledge). Construction of Equivalency in South-South Collaborations. However, while IEK has been an important epistemological Katherine McGurn Centellas, Department of Sociology & addition to culturally sensitive and inclusive conservation initiatives, it is often the only form of expertise that is perceived Anthropology, University of Mississippi as “legitimate” for indigenous peoples cast as “natural This paper analyzes the construction of scientific expertise based ecologists” or “ecologically noble savages,” and it is associated on perceived ecological and political equivalency between three with an expected “repertoire” of responses to technological Southern nations: Bolivia, Cameroon and Tanzania. Historically, “incursions” into “pure” indigenous environments, especially scholars of science and technology have studied flows of when those environments are vulnerable to oil and gold mining information between Northern nations or tracked the movement companies, as is Santi's village. This paper will look at the way of ideas and methods from the North to Southern locations. This in which indigenous Kichwa residents of the Chichico Rumi paper provides a counterpoint. Two teams of Bolivian ecologists village in the Napo province of Ecuador thoughtfully integrate recently traveled to Cameroon and Tanzania. (These trips were IEK and the emic understanding of Allin Kawsay - a “good life” staffed by different scientists and were institutionally unrelated.) in harmony with one's environment - with the techno-scientific In Cameroon, Bolivians worked with governmental scientists and paradigms of “conservation” and “environmentalism” they university affiliates, conducting ecological surveys in order to encounter in their collaborations with NGOs and their work on improve forest maintenance and reduce disease. In Tanzania, ecotourism, which is perceived to be an alternative to resource Bolivians acted as advisers to livestock management programs to extraction in the region. Furthermore, my analysis focuses on reduce the spread of agricultural pathogens and improve human how the villagers negotiate their identities as “modern Indians” health. In both contexts, Bolivians argued that they were in a as they worry about extractive activities nearby, and try to guard privileged position to provide practical advice because of the their medicinal garden (an ethnobotanical cultural revival perceived similarities in geopolitical power, geographical project) against pharmaceutical researchers trying to extract location, ecosystems and ecological practices between Bolivia knowledge under false pretenses, while at the same time and sub-Saharan Africa. I term this the construction of selectively integrating “modern” communications, educational, equivalency. This paper is an ethnographic analysis of the actors and public health technologies into their village that they feel and embedded assumptions in these collaborations. I analyze will be of benefit to their ecotourism venture. I will use why Bolivians have been cast in the role of experts (e.g. how is ethnographic data to discuss how the uptake of these “modern” equivalency created and used); the geo- and regionalist politics of cultural and techno-scientific forms is integrated into the these collaborations; and how are these trips conceptualized and metaphorical curriculum of the “University of the Jungle” and justified ideologically and rhetorically. I argue that the Bolivia- necessarily expands the parameters of what can be discussed and Africa collaborations challenge our cartographies of ecological defined as IEK. and technical knowledge, including who is considered a scientific expert and the context-dependent grounds for expertise. Chair: Disaster Politics and Failed Communication in Chile. Eden Ricardo B Duque, University of Vienna Medina, Indiana University Discussant: This paper asks how disasters such as earthquakes shape national Bernadette Longo, University of Minnesota communications infrastructures and uses historical and current 223. Global Transformation in Science, Technology and case studies of disaster to explore the relationship of technology Medicine and politics. It is based on fieldwork conducted in Chile from 2010 to 2011 and source material such as interviews, government 3:30 to 5:00 pm documents and press accounts in Spanish and English. It Crowne Plaza: Van Sweringen contributes to the STS literature on infrastructure, disaster studies Increasing attention to global social change examines the restructuring of and the history and social study of information and systems and subject experience by novel roles and forms of science, communication technologies. It forms part of the growing STS technology and medicine (STM). Shifting patterns of migration and literature on Latin America. Chile is an ideal site for studying the expanding acceptance of the globalization of exchange has been mitigated relationship of disaster, communications infrastructure and the and enabled by science, technology and medicine, but simultaneously has sociopolitical dimensions of technological change. In 1960, Chile shaped meanings and research within technoscience. This panel considers experienced the most powerful quake in recorded history, the negotiation of STM in the transnational context of globalization and measuring 9.5 on the movement-magnitude scale. The 1960 neoliberalism as a system in flux, responding in both traditional and novel quake contributed to the creation of Chile’s National ways to increasing multiplicity of cultural contacts as well as material and Telecommunications Enterprise (ENTEL), which connected the structural demands. This panel participates in developing a focus within northern and southern regions of the country via microwave STS on contemporary transformations of technoscience systems in light of networks and linked isolated regions of the country to global change and expanding transnationalism. These transformations are metropolitan centers. Such changes not only assisted disaster particularly important additions to traditional of rich locally sited analysis response, but also reflected (and made possible) the growing amid increasing circulation of knowledge, resources and participants. The power of a centralized state. Fifty years later, in 2010, Chile expansion of contact allows examination of controversy and assumptions as again experienced one of the largest events in the instrumental they expand with practice and research into international debate. Papers in history of seismology. As in 1960, the 2010 earthquake revealed this session examine the shifting response and constitution of research the shortcomings of Chilean telecommunications and the domains and disciplinary boundaries amid expanding recognition of sociopolitical, technical and environmental causes of disaster. globalization. Topics for the panel presentations include examinations of The experience of the 2010 earthquake motivated the government the industrial growth of medical tourism and its influence on the and the private sector to improve Chile’s internal and external distribution of technologies; internationalization and standardization of communication capabilities, but often in ways that reflected evidence based medicine; the bioethical turn in the pro-life movement and Chile’s neoliberal landscape. stem cell research; and meshworks among minority, women and foreign From Allin Kawsay to “Modern” Technologies: Expanding the US-based astronomers in glocal collaborations. Parameters of Indigenous Ecological Knowledge in a Participants: Kichwa Village. Veronica Davidov, Maastricht University International Meta-standardization of Evidence-based Guidelines. Loes Knaapen, McGill University for rich foreign patients became the main centers of medical Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) aims to rationalize medicine by tourism. They also built partnerships with prestigious American basing clinical practice on "scientific Gold Standards": Evidence- hospitals to further their prestige. In 2010, based on an initial based Guidelines. Yet, national guidelines derived from the same success, the Association of Turkish Businesspeople set an "universal" evidence reports - such as those published by the ambitious target to have 1 million foreign patients who would Cochrane Collaboration - frequently result in contradictory spend $8 billion for their treatment per year in 2020. However, recommendations. To harmonize duplicate guidelines a new some medical experts and patient activists criticize those International EBM collaboration was established in 2002: the aspirations, and argue that they will increase the inequalities in ‘Guidelines International Network’ (GIN). GIN’s harmonization the health realm and discrimination against the poor patients who work is indicative of an emergent type of regulation—what are still treated in increasingly neglected state hospitals. They Cambrosio (2006) and colleagues call "meta-regulation" - which warn against possible unethical consequences, such as the is distinct from other concurrent efforts to control medical proliferation of organ mafia, in a country with vast income practice (i.e. governmental, managerial, or professionals’ self- differences like Turkey. Based on an ethnographic research and a regulation). Based on (participant) observation and interviews, media survey, this talk investigates how the Turkish health realm this paper examines the regulatory effects of this new EBM is being restructured for medical tourism and how different actors network. GIN eschews the globalization or standardization of negotiate their own discourses on that issue. national guidelines, as it considers the role of "organizational Glocal Meshworks among Minority, Women and Foreign US- context" and "national values" essential in determining based Astronomers. Reynal Guillen, UCLA; Diane Yu Gu, appropriate Gold Standards. Instead, it seeks to legitimize the University of California, Los Angeles; Jarita Holbrook, The guideline developmental process by making it more University of Arizona; Luis Felipe Rosado Murillo, UCLA; "transparent," and GIN produces procedural and methodological Sharon Traweek, UCLA Women's Studies & History standards to that end. I will argue that, like "niche" and "situated" standardization (Epstein, 2007; Zuiderent-Jerak, 2007), GIN’s Departments "meta" standardization presents a novel attempt to address the We address the forms of engagement and subjectivity developed contested relation between the individualized (or local) and the among minorities, women and foreign US-based (MWF) standardized (or universal) within the EBM paradigm. astronomers in global knowledge making projects, webs of neo- The Good Medicine: Technology Medical Tourism and liberal negotiations to assemble and maintain massive infrastructures of people, funds, and tools over decades of Transnational Exchange. Gareth Edel, Rensselaer practice. We explore how gender, ethnicity, and nationality Polytechnic Institute intersect in the ongoing processes of knowledge formation and In medical tourism, the expanding industry supporting enrolling partners in those projects, including universities, patient/tourist travel across international borders for medical corporations, national governments, NGOs, and international services, perceptions of technoscience are mobilized amid agencies, tied by fluctuating memoranda of understanding, differential power relations. Medical tourism has rapidly contracts, customs and tacit agreements. Indigenous peoples have expanded as a mode of industrial and clinical practice, as well as contested some astronomy facilities, located on sacred sites. a rapidly spreading component of national development and Following the successful strategies of MWF astronomers as they healthcare strategy. Within studies of the rapidly changing circulate through these glocal formations generates new globalization of biomedicine the marketization of care understanding of those phenomena; dominant practices are represented by the growth of medical tourism offers a perspective clarified in the activities they marginalize. Assistants and to the uses and drives towards implementation of standardization technicians conduct about 90 percent of work in technoscience; and promotion of cultural competency in order to promote travel however, work once figured as merely technical support is now across borders. Drawing on analysis of media representation and being repositioned to the core of the field. Some argue that large- ethnographic field sites in the United States and the Philippines, scale databases enable a new kind of scientific inquiry: fourth this paper documents multiple framings of technoscience within paradigm, data-driven e-science. Those databases rely on shifting understandings of healthcare and development. Images astronomers globally, immediately sharing data, once considered of Hi-tech devices are used to demonstrate localized equivalency intellectual property of collaborations or institutions. The new to developed nations while taking advantage of different data commons will be accessible by anyone, anywhere. Many economies and cultural resources outside of the demonstrated dominant and marginalized actors are engaged in promoting and "good medicine." It documents a disjuncture between local resisting these transformations. We argue that MWF, taken healthcare and tourist access to items of technology used to together, are primary agents in building global science. They promote trade in healthcare services. This use of technology is invoke meshworks (Escobar, 2007, deLanda, n.d.) to build practiced within institutional and disciplinary boundary work that innovative careers, collaborations, and database infrastructures. attempts to develop the exchange of patients and care between We are engaged in multi-sited ethnographic studies, analyzing developed and developing states as a natural extension of patterns in oral histories, visual representations and databases. neoliberal reform. This extension is composed in part of the symbolic deployment of standardized practice and technological Chairs: devices seen as metonym for progress and development. Medical Gareth Edel, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute tourism is therefore suggested to be an additional pressure Maral Erol, Duke University towards participation in harmonization and restructuring of Discussant: biomedicine internationally. Alison Kenner, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Globalization and Medical Tourism in Turkey. Aysecan Terzioglu, Koc University 224. How Marginalized Populations Self-Organize with Digital This talk explores Turkey’s global aspirations to be one of the Tools leading countries in medical tourism. Those aspirations are 3:30 to 5:00 pm rooted in the 1980s privatization and reduction of the state’s role Crowne Plaza: Rockefeller to supervision, and regulation in the health realm. Private Economic development was originally conceived as a science of labor and hospitals mushroomed in the 1990s, and they recruited many capital relations that would be successfully worked out by Turkish doctors who had worked in the U.S. and Europe to macroeconomists. Technology was a part of this formula from the very Turkey to reverse the brain drain. In the 2000s, the Ministry of beginning at the post-World War II emergence of the field, and targeted Health began to cooperate with the businesspeople in order to poor regions of the Global South for intervention. Originally, the simple open up to medical tourism. Recently opened private hospitals transfer of Western technologies was seen as a quasi-automatic boon to with their latest medical technology and “five star hotel” quality productivity, but new ways of understanding this problem are beginning to emphasize the formulation of socio-technical systems in which tools, the outsourcing firm be used to elevate the firm’s social position people, programs, policies and/or business models are brought together to from the assumed technological backwardness of Africa? operate in concert. Theory from Science and Technology Studies, however, Migrant Coordination and Technology and Knowledge Transfer has rarely been brought to bear on issues of socio-economic development. from Urban Centers to Rural China by Women Service The cases in this panel take this alternate perspective drawing from STS to Workers. Elisa Oreglia, UC Berkeley, School of Information consider how populations marginalized from the global economy attempt to do development for themselves and how digital connectivity tools have Internal migration is one the major forces shaping contemporary lately become implicated in their efforts. Marginality may be a product of Chinese society. The floating population (liudong renkou, as they political disempowerment, structures of social exclusion, or poor are commonly called) of migrant workers who move from the positioning in relation to regional or global markets. Remoteness and lack countryside to the city to find jobs and then go back home after a of connecting infrastructure also figure into this. A key question is whether few years, creates a crucial link between urban and rural China. the efforts of these groups manage to move them out of the margins or Women are a large part of this population, and they rely heavily whether they remain relegated to skimming from the surplus or waste of on woman-to-woman social networks to move to the city, find global processes. Each of the case studies consider specifically the jobs and secure emotional support. Young migrant women are gendered dimension of technology uptake and use. also keen users of information and communication technologies (ICTs), which they use to maintain contact with their families, Participants: but also to maintain their city-based social networks. Mobile Middle and Upper-class Professionals in Business Process phones are often their first significant urban purchase, which can Outsourcing in South Africa. Bob Bell, University of take up a significant slice of their yearly income. Other ICTs are California - Berkeley also embraced and intensively used, from televisions and radios, to DVD and MP3 players, and occasionally to computers and Outsourcing is potentially carving out a segment of global visits to Internet cafes. The nature of these networks – how they innovation chains for developing countries. Inspired by the are constituted, how they change through time, and how they success stories of other developing countries, African work once migrant women return to their native places - has been entrepreneurs are setting up call centers, engaging in software largely unexplored, as has the role that women play in bringing development projects, and doing back-office IT services for some ICT and knowledge about ICT back to the countryside. of America’s biggest firms. Firms focus variously on website Migration and ICT use are an intertwined phenomena among development, software development, call centers and knowledge women, raising the question: What role do returned migrant process outsourcing.This case study focuses on understanding the women play in the diffusion and use of ICT in rural range of workplace cultures in South Africa’s outsourcing firms. communities, in particular to other women? This paper focuses It is an investigation of how transnational relationships are on young migrant women in the service sector, who are less created and managed, how information and communications dependent on the "localistic networks" that tie people from the technologies (ICTs) help mediate and sustain these relationships, same village together, and who may have more diverse social and how technology and labor talent help bridge the cultural networks than women working in factories. Field work in Beijing distance between these firms and their Western counterparts. suggests that when women go back home, just to visit, or to How, if at all, might South Africa also become a bridge to the return indefinitely, they bring back money, knowledge about the rest of the African continent through activities in this sector and city, but also ICT. This grassroots, organic translation of ICT regional outsourcing? This research fits within a larger research happens in parallel with a multitude of State initiatives to goal of understanding the globalization of technology-intensive develop the countryside through the use of ICT. Personal industries and the cultural and social implications of these networks that bring ICT to the countryside, and State policies emerging business models in Sub-Saharan Africa. Women play that aim at doing the same, but through the mediation of experts, an interesting role in this emerging sector on the African hint at different concepts of development. This paper considers continent. Many companies, especially call center companies, are what relationship, if any, there is between this informal and headed by women. As female entrepreneurship in the developing organic translation of ICT to the countryside and the policies and world is usually framed in the context of microfinance and initiatives of the State directed at ICT for development? microenterprise, considering this sector adds diversity to the face of African (or developing world) female entrepreneurship. My Market Women in Ghana and the Negotiation and Coordination research not only considers the boundary-breaking potential but of Trade. Janet Kwami, Furman University also the limits of this female entrepreneurship as well. For The markets in Ghana, by and large dominated by women traders example, are female entrepreneurs more likely found in call offer a particularly novel case study for exploring matters of center firms and less likely in software and IT development firms gender and how digital and network technologies are leveraged (where more technical expertise and education is needed)? Are in the margins of global trade and far from centers of power. The female entrepreneurs likely to get the same support and phenomenon of trade carried out principally by "market women" mentoring that male entrepreneurs in the industry receive? Will is a distinctive pattern in the broader West Africa region. Gracia the current face of female entrepreneurship change as the Clark’s exemplary ethnography explored the world of women outsourcing industry matures? How does the outsourcing firm, traders in Kejetia market, the main center of commerce in situated in a web of socio-institutional networks, make choices Kumasi, Ghana where approximately 70 percent of traders are about its technology consumption as part of its firm strategy? women. These women trade in everything from cassava and We will analyze the firm’s consumer identity in light of current plantains to textiles to cassette tapes and imported household and potential foreign clients. Locating the firm at Cowan’s goods. While often considered traditional and appropriate for “consumption junction” – “…the place and the time at which the women of all ages, married or unmarried, with or without consumer makes choices between competing technologies…,” children to go into trade, though there is a certain ebb and flow to we propose that the technological choices of the South African this trend in light of historical conditions. For example, there was outsourcing firm are limited and controlled by a network of an influx of women into the market around 1910 during the social relations in which it is embedded. Because outsourcing to colonial era as men went into farming cocoa as a cash crop. The distant locations with different cultures is a risky endeavor, late 1970s to the 1990s was a period of price enforcement and technological consumption by the African firm, marginalized heavy-handed regulation from the government that put enormous from the global economy, may be a way to bridge cultural and pressure on traders, particularly those who dealt in imported technological distance with the Western client. Not only does the goods. Overall, the circumstance where certain forms of technology (e.g., network infrastructure and call center economic activity are considered the privileged domain of equipment) have a use value for the delivery of ICT-mediated women raises some questions about how such an advantage services, but it also likely has a sign value that is critical for the might translate into the way new communication devices such as self-expression of the firm to the West. How may technology in the mobile phone are employed. The mobile phone in particular has frequently been envisioned in academic literatures and in the 3:30 to 5:00 pm popular media as transformative for trade activities in the Global Crowne Plaza: Hanna South – by making price information more readily available and allowing easier contact and coordination with suppliers and Participants: customers. This paper brings some of the work by Clark up-to- Creating “Euro-seniors”: Aging and Personhood in Postsocialist date in light of the new availability of mobile phones and other Poland. Jessica Robbins, University of Michigan, forms of connectivity, communication, and information Department of Anthropology exchange. Ethnographic research in one major urban open-air As European populations age, institutions (e.g. long-term care market, the famed Makola market in Accra and one rural market facilities, hospices) and disciplines (e.g. gerontology, geriatrics) form the basis of these new insights. The international dimension specializing in caring for the old are becoming more common. In of trade is considered as well as more local and regional postsocialist Eastern Europe, such institutions and disciplines circulations of goods. The huge range in the geographic span of often look to Western Europe and the US for (medicalized) trade seems likely to have consequences for how digital and models of successful aging. Medical professionals and network technologies are employed for this work. The community leaders claim a westward gaze is necessary both organizational unit considered here is the market and, more because their society lacks the expertise to care for an aging narrowly, the supply-chains constituted by market women. population, and because older people themselves do not know However, it is not the hyper-rational ideal type of the market how to age properly. Such claims could seem to reinforce tropes modeled within economics, but rather a particular culturally- of Eastern European ‘backwardness’ and differences between shaped way of organizing market exchange practices. Both socialist and capitalist personhood. But this paper shows that diasporic relations and family units enter into such arrangements. these institutions’ ideals and practices complicate such a binary The Import of Second-Hand Computers and the Dilemma of analysis. Based on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Electronic Waste in Urban Ghana. Jenna Burrell, University Wrocław and Poznań, Poland, this paper analyzes two of California at Berkeley institutions - a University of the Third Age, or continuing- Electronic waste dumping in low-income countries such as education institution for retirees, and a NGO-run program called Ghana and Nigeria has recently come to public attention through @ctive Senior - that aim to transform older persons toward a series of Western news media reports. To date, little is known particular moral ideals. Polish Universities of the Third Age have about participants from these low-income countries – including existed for over three decades, and despite recent proliferation the second-hand computer dealers, scrap metal traders and waste and changes, legacies of the socialist past remain. @ctive Senior handlers - and their perspective on this work. This paper looks at vies for EU funds and can appear to be ideologically neoliberal, the e-waste issue in Ghana and questions the notion that yet its emphasis on social relations suggests a more complex productive engagement with digital technologies is undertaken analysis. This paper contributes to research in medical by users through interaction with an intact and functioning anthropology and STS by focusing on institutional processes machine. Scrap dealing was a particular mode of engaging the through which older persons - and knowledge about aging - are technological artifact that involved dividing the machine into created, thereby elucidating connections between caring for the homogenous elements, sorting out what was materially valuable old and imagined (trans)national futures in postsocialist Eastern toward recommodification. The work done on the machine Europe. through dismantling, burning and sorting were manipulations Science of Aging at the NIH: Social Categories of Knowledge. adding marginal value. Lacking the language abilities, literacy Hyung Wook Park, Ulsan National Institute of Science and skills, money or patience to engage the technology through the Technology functionality of the human-machine interface, the scrap handlers During the 20th century, gerontology, the science of aging, was brought an entirely different set of resources (the laboring body, established as a research field in America, especially through the physical strength) to bear upon the artifact. It was migrants from support of the National Institutes of Health. The NIH's intramural the Dagomba ethnic group whose homeland was in the northern research program in gerontology considerably grew in terms of part of Ghana who were most frequently working in this trade in personnel and budget after World War II. As a result, the metal scraps in the southern capital city of Accra – many of National Institute on Aging was created in 1974. This paper whom had fled from their to escape conflict in that region. In examines the social categories in gerontological knowledge addition to scrap dealing and dumping there are the activities of produced at the NIH. From the beginning, gerontologists, who Ghanaian computer importers who bring in from the U.S. and observed age discrimination and the elderly's marginalization in Europe what they characterize not as "waste" but machines they industrialized society, hoped to show that aging did not intend to refurbish and resell. This trade is often managed necessarily incur decline in health and work capacity. This hope through Ghanaian transnational family small businesses. was ingrained in the course of their research on cells and Eventually this equipment ends up in the dump sites given proteins, as well as actual human subjects, chosen from the ordinary equipment life spans and the harsh electricity supply in indigent elderly inmates in the Baltimore City Hospitals. In the Ghana where voltage spikes often fry computer motherboards. It late 1950s, however, gerontologists began to use a different may be expected that marginalized regions and their consumer group of human subjects recruited among healthier middle-class cultures shut off from forums for influencing design proper (i.e. white men, since they wished to gain more objective scientific in the multinational corporations that initially define the specs, knowledge on "normal" aging processes undisturbed by social manufacturing process, and price point for these computers) factors such as poverty which often accompanied poor health as instead may find opportunities for agency and innovation in the shown in the hospital's institutionalized elderly. I argue that later stages of a technology’s life cycle. This trade in second- gerontological knowledge thus produced was also socially hand computers leveraged the short cycle of equipment structured, despite - or rather because of - scientists' efforts to obsolescence that is an established part of how Western (and acquire objective knowledge devoid of any social influence. My especially American) consumer cultures regard electronics and paper thus contributes to the STS literature by investigating the high-tech commodities. Furthermore, the internal geography of interaction between scientific knowledge and social visions the nation-state, ethnic and language divisions within Ghana studied by Gerald Geison, Gregg Mitman, and others. This were reflected in the different ways of engaging with the work's methodology is a critical analysis of published and computer – either as commodity in exchange, as useful tool for archival papers. communication and information searching, or as metal scraps. Technology and the Future of Aging: Toward an Integrative Chair: Approach. Louis Neven, University of Twente; Alexander Jenna Burrell, University of California at Berkeley Peine, Utrecht University 225. Technology and Gerontology Demographic aging is among the most striking societal changes advanced societies face today. Technological solutions are sought construct difference. In this panel, we read the practice of taxonomizing to the strain aging places on social care and public health both forwards and backwards: we engage with constructions and systems. At the same time, aging marketplaces ask for and bring appropriations of difference (gender, sexual, racial, and cultural) in about changes in the practices of innovation. In short: aging is scientific discourses and practices, and we also engage with the ways in rapidly becoming a sociotechnical affair, and a detailed which science gets used in the construction and delimiting of difference. understanding is necessary about the co-evolution of technology We address practices and discourses with an historical eye, examining the and aging. Thus far, however, the study of aging and technology development of contemporary understandings of scientific categories, how has remained fragmented and distributed across a number of categories set limits, how people enter into them and exit from them, and disciplines that interact too little. In this paper, we explore this how scientific categories have been used to define groups and motivate disciplinary fragmentation by analyzing major academic journals political as well as social interests. In the past, a much attention as been of three disciplinary perspectives - critical approaches in aging paid to discussions of how taxonomies themselves are constructed; studies, Gerontechnology, and STS. We demonstrate that a however, the historical and ethnographic studies that constitute this panel mutual neglect exists between the study of aging, where issues of collectively address taxonomies in terms of their relationship to technology are usually treated as a sideline, and STS, where subjectivities and how non-scientists engage in the co-production of aging as an area of sociotechnical exploration has remained scientific categories. virtually untouched (outside the realm of science, technology and Participants: health studies). Subsequently, we demonstrate that these boundaries can be transgressed, and that developing an Socially Salient Features in Organ Transplantation: Uses of Age integrative approach may considerable enhance our theoretical & Race. Rachel A. Wortman, Department of Comparative and empirical understanding of how the production and use of Studies, The Ohio State University technology co-evolves with the social imagery and the actual In February 2011 UNOS circulated Concepts for Kidney forms of aging. Such an approach could help innovators and Allocation, a proposal for the most comprehensive overhaul of policymakers alike to move beyond a number of reductionist the kidney allocation system in the last 25 years. The policy assumptions that permeate current public debates around changes, if adopted, mean that more organs will go to younger innovation in aging societies, and thus also make core STS patients. Organ transplant waitlists and organ allocation insights bear upon these debates. formulas are sites that, among other things, illuminate Healthy Aging Innovations: Co-constructing Added-value and biopolitical practices within the U.S. and medical institutions’ Aging users. Alexander Peine, Utrecht University; Ellen taxonomizing of individuals. Proposed allocation formula Moors, Utrecht University changes bring the institutional practices of ranking and ordering persons into stark relief and reveal how organ allocation formulas Demographic aging challenges current social care and public produce affects that effect the organ transplant system. Our health systems. The demand on and the costs of health and care current transplant system works by erasure: nothing personal is will increase significantly. Hence, a transition toward more known beyond medically relevant data (and much of that is not sustainable health and care systems in aging societies is an issue visible). But now, as UNOS is considering age in its proposed high on the agenda of policymakers. In this regard, innovation is revision to the kidney allocation scheme, this paper asks, if the frequently presented as a panacea that will enable and facilitate a goal is maximizing graft and recipient longevity, what data is greater focus on self-care, a shift from intramural to extramural medically relevant? To this end, this paper discusses age as a care, and an increase of the efficiency of healthcare practices. A socially salient feature of identity in UNOS’ revision of somewhat hidden problematique in these discussions is the allocation policy and how this might not only effect recipients notion of added-value for aging end-users that is often positioned but rates of organ donation. Next, this paper discusses the as crucial to the roll-out of healthcare innovations. User socially salient feature of race or ethnicity. Although race and outcomes are multidimensional, including issues of recovery ethnicity are not considered pieces of medically relevant data in time, compensation for physical limitations, cure, quality of life organ allocation, this paper argues that they might be relevant, and well-being. Associated debates, however, often proceed on and that they might produce better overall outcomes—not only in reductionist assumptions about the relation between the maximization of graft and recipient health, but also because it technology/innovation and aging. In this paper, we explore how might also encourage more people to donate organs. added-value is addressed and co-constructed with forms of user- involvement in a number of healthcare innovation processes. We Race Science in Matrices of Immigration Restriction & Reform. trace how different dimensions of added-value produce different Damon Berry, Ohio State University forms of user involvement and reinforce different assumptions The Passing of the Great Race (1916) by Madison Grant and The about aging users. We argue that a paternalistic view on aging Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (1920) by users, centering on vulnerability and compensation, frequently Lanthrop Stoddard were important texts for the popularization of constrains possible transition paths to more sustainable health race science and had a profound impact on immigration policy in and care systems. We delve into a number of STS insights on the United States. In the hearings leading up to the passage of the users and user involvement and explore the potential to inform Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, which limited immigration based on innovation processes that incorporate a more balanced “national origin,” and joining legislation which excluded Asians perspective on adding value for aging users. completely, Grant’s book was submitted as evidence and Chair: Stoddard himself testified. Harry H. Laughlin of the Eugenics Records Office also testified before Congress in 1920, in addition Ellen Moors, Utrecht University to writing the preface to Grant’s text. In the immigration debate 226. Taxonomies of Difference today these texts have not been ignored, as the works of Stoddard 3:30 to 5:00 pm and Grant have re-emerged on pro-Nativist/anti-immigration Crowne Plaza: White Web sites such as V-Dare and American Renaissance. In this paper I explore the matrix in which these texts emerged, as well Many come to understand and learn about taxonomies in the context of their re-emergence and contribution in contemporary contests middle-school science, in learning the ordering of organisms—kingdom, over immigration “reform.” In doing so, this paper demonstrates phyla, genus, and species. Yet, the once specifically science-situated the role of popularizations of race science in public and civic life, practice is really not confined to that discipline as it gets mapped onto especially in the debates over immigration reform in the early culture—onto objects as well as concepts and practices. The practice of twentieth century and today. taxonomizing and resulting discourses, however, never become fully divorced from their origin or grounding in science. Thus, ‘science’ is often Ethnic Inventories: Race, Culture, and Biotypology in 1940s appropriated as a means or justification for how we order and make sense Latin America. Kurt T. MacMillan, University of California, of the world; and while taxonomies are used to order, they are also used to Irvine Biotypology was a controversial scientific discipline of the early disorder. Yet this multiculturalist framework implies a normative to mid-twentieth century that attempted to correlate the physique audience and appeals to institutionalized medico-scientific and temperament of individuals according to a range of authority. Further, diagnosis and treatment invoke a uniform predefined human types. Drawing on perspectives from biology recovery trajectory that recapitulates to clinical and and psychology, biotypologists combined anthropometrical pharmaceutical inspection. While acknowledging the reality of measurements, photographic images, and psychiatric tests to systemic oppressions in the aggravation of mental illness, these establish taxonomies of difference and pathology that publications largely fall short of a critique of material conditions emphasized the mutual determination of body and behavior by that constitute both minoritization and illness. This paper hormonal influences. Although biotypology was originally part analyzes the relationship between imagery and text in Internet of a medical effort to make clinical treatment more holistic and articles on anxiety and depression. The three sites of study are the individually focused, in practice it gained popularity as a means National Institute for Mental Health, National Alliance on Mental of studying and classifying populations. Some of the most Illness, and WebMD. Contrasting visual and textual descriptions influential biotypological theories emerged from Italy and at these three sites, I critique the multiculturalist counseling Germany in the 1920s and continued to circulate globally into the framework that provides mental health consumers a problematic 1960s. This paper considers the influence of biotypology on the taxonomy with which to intervene in pathologies of study of indigenous groups in Latin America in the 1940s by minoritization. This self-technology of the psyche interrogates examining a circuit of scientific research and political discourse the interplay between public consumption of health science in Chile and Ecuador that aimed to create “ethnic inventories” of literature and institutions that author subjectivity through their their physical features and cultural attributes. Although this regulation of mental wellness and illness. period is often associated with a paradigm shift in anthropology Chair: from biologically-based racial hierarchies to social perspectives on culture, the indigenous taxonomies produced in Latin America Rachel A. Wortman, Department of Comparative Studies, The at this time negotiated multiple viewpoints from physical Ohio State University anthropology, social anthropology, and biotypology. The Discussants: weighting of these influences in the work of anthropologists and David Horn, Ohio State University social reformers shaped how they perceived indigenous-state Jennifer Terry, Women's Studies, UC Irvine relations and the kinds of differences they thought the state should recognize. Responses in the Chilean-Ecuadorian network Presenting Authors: ranged from multicultural urgings to diagnoses of indigenous James Harris, Ohio State University degeneration. Kay Krystal Clopton, Ohio State University The Looping Effects of Transsexualism: Medical Discourse 227. Representing the World: Mediation and Database Design versus a Community. Meredith Lee, Ohio State University 3:30 to 5:00 pm A human kind is a system of classification created primarily by Crowne Plaza: Allen scientists in the human and social sciences. This paper examines transsexualism as a human kind. David Cauldwell separated the The world is increasingly experienced through databased representations. transsexual from the homosexual in 1949. Additionally, Harry Many scientific fields are building extremely large databases to drive Benjamin brought the term ‘transsexual’ into popular sophisticated models of the world. Social technologies like Facebook rely consciousness, inside and outside the medical community and on databases of human "entities" and the relationships among them. The Christine Jorgensen brought transsexualism into the spotlight goal of this session is to illuminate the mediation practices at work as through her media spectacle. Once transsexualism was included database designers attempt to represent the world and others make sense of in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III the world through databased representations. In Beyond the Mirror World (DSM-III) in 1980, doctors and psychiatrists had a set of criteria (1997), Agre writes that databases are imperfect representations of the to diagnosis their patients. These criteria looped into the trans world: "Computer representations differ from the reality of human community’s language and many preoperative transsexuals activities in many ways, and computers' ability to create and maintain learned what to say before going in for counseling. In other representations of human activities presupposes a great deal of prior work." words, the language used to classify transsexualism as a human Databases put forward a particular view of the world - created through kind looped back into the trans community and change the way process of instrumentation, selection and interpretation - that carries with it transsexuals understood themselves. This paper also discusses particular (and often hidden) values and biases. Each of the five papers in the debate within the transsexual community between “passing” this session investigates a particular aspect of this mediation work. How and coming out of the gender closet. Many individuals in the does reality get represented in a database? What human, organization and trans community have started to take charge of their own kind technological processes are implicated in the design of databases? How do through creating the transliberation movement. This movement scientists reconcile different data-centric views on the same pheonomena? is centered in the academic and activist realm. Because many How do those processes (re)produce a particular point of view on the transsexuals utilize medical discourse to gain access to the world? technologies necessary to change sex, they view transsexualism Participants: as an identity disorder and not a broader political and social Databases and Metagenomics: Enforcing Genomic Ways of issue. Therefore, these individuals choose to “pass” as men and Knowing. Matthew J. Bietz, University of California Irvine women. Metagenomics is a "new science" that studies the genetic Signifying Multiculturalism in Internet Self-help Literature on composition of populations of microorganisms. Metagenomics Anxiety and Depression. Perry Miller, Ohio State uses the techniques of genomic microbiology to understand the University relationship between microorganisms and their environments. After the 1960s anti-psychiatry movement for New databases are being built and existing databases are being deinstitutionalization, dramatic increases followed in redesigned to support data sharing and collaboration in community-based “self-help” organizations. The growth of self- metagenomics. In this talk I will discuss an ongoing ethnographic help publics is mirrored by the many Internet websites today that study of the development of metagenomic databases and data are devoted to self-diagnosis and recovery. Whereas dominant sharing standards in genomics and metagenomics. These cultural norms tend to be restaged in live self-help organizations, investigations reveal how the database becomes a means of corrective moves are evident in the Internet literature. promoting and enforcing a particular scientific point of view that Informational documents will briefly encapsulate the lived accords the status of "data" only to genetic sequence information. realities of minorities in the creation of their cultural bodies, and These databases keep genetic material at the foreground and explain how these realities can cause or exacerbate mental redefine traditional ecological and epidemiological data as contextual metadata. This redefinition is a factor in conflicts that California - Irvine surround the development of standards for genomic data, It is estimated that more than 400,000 U.S. Facebook users will especially when issues of compatibility with other existing die in 2011, adding to a growing number of accounts and profiles scientific data standards arise. I will discuss and present still animated by Facebook’s servers. While bereaved friends can examples of how the design of databases and data standards can submit requests to have these profiles manually "memorialized," privilege genomic ways of understanding the world. the emergence of these unmanned accounts reveals an important Constructing Cyberinfrastructure. Cory Philip Knobel, assumption in the design of most social media - namely, that University of Pittsburgh users are alive. In this paper, I draw from an ongoing mixed In 2001, the first National Science Foundation grants were methods study of death and social network sites to highlight the awarded under the nascent banner of "cyberinfrastructure" - a relationships between technology and its users in the production term that would become both an object of study, as well as a of "representation." Utilizing Agre’s features of computing, I complex category of political initiatives, scientific work, examine death as an example of ontological failure. This institutional arrangements and technological systems. highlights the ways in which social media provides, at best, an Apocryphal stories exist regarding the origin of the imperfect representation of our lived experiences. This is cyberinfrastructure term, suggesting that those who have enrolled followed by an analysis of user interview that detail practices that and leveraged the term successfully in the pursuit of funded emerged in response to this phenomenon as users reappropriate scientific research built its contemporary meaning over time. these profiles to both mourn their losses and continue to socialize How, though has cyberinfrastructure, as a constructed concept, with the dead. unfolded through processes of reward and legitimation? The Chair: formation of the Office of Cyberinfrastructure, residing not as a Matthew J. Bietz, University of California Irvine directorate but as a horizontally situated set of programs within the NSF, signaled to the funding apparatus that Discussant: cyberinfrastructure is an area of attention and development not Charlotte P. Lee, University of Washington simply related to computer science and those interested in high 228. Time Machines performance computing. The introduction of the term, the OCI initiative, and the need to find sources of financial support from 3:30 to 5:00 pm each of the directorates imbued cyberinfrastructure with Crowne Plaza: Hope significant (and contested) agency. To conform to the existing H.G. Wells's time machine was a vehicle that allowed its creator to move schemes of accountability, transparency and reporting, through the temporal dimension, coming face to face with a fantastic cyberinfrastructure-based research awards must be included in allegorical future and a dying Earth. In this and other fictional narratives the databases that have structurally evolved to represent, about possible futures or pasts, time machines enable travel across the primarily, awards made in categorically distinct domain sciences. surface of time, allowing their pilots and passengers access to diverse times This paper presents an ontic analysis of cyberinfrastructure and places. This panel uses the fantastical figure of the fictional time representations in the National Science Foundation awards machine as a prod to attend to time machines which actually exist: our database. By inspecting the emergence of key objects, quotidian machinery that in fact produces time, structuring and measuring relationships and discursive elements that have been legitimated it out. These technologies—mechanical reproductions, development plans, through the granting of research funds over ten years, and how scientific instruments—place, displace and replace us temporally. They are these representations have changed over time, we can gain remarkably unremarkable, bringing us not to utopic or dystopic alternate insight into the relationship between the relevant award worlds, but to our conception of time itself. We rethink the time machine as information represented in the database, and the emergence of a figure not of travel, but of articulation, broadly conceived: these machines cyberinfrastructure as a significant "social fact." speak, delineate, join, and finely texture temporality. Such a conception Recontexting Disease: Interpreting Shared Data in Cancer troubles the idea that time is unitary or steadily advancing, recognizing the Epidemiology. Betsy Rolland, University of Washington fragmentation and repetition that marks time as it is technologically mediated. Like Wells's eponymous device, these machines offer Cancer epidemiologists have a long history of sharing data with provocative ways to think about the relationship between society and colleagues. Reciprocal sharing between and among investigators technology, the advance of the future, the passage of the present, and the who know and trust one another generally results from recollection of the past. relationships developed through a shared history or network. Such relationships guarantee a reasonable understanding of how, Participants: when and why the original research has been done. They also "We Make Data": Materiality, Liveness, and Pianistic assure personal access to the original investigators in case of Reproduction. Nicholas Seaver, University of California, questions about the background of the research and a grasp of the Irvine original motivations and hypotheses. That connection between Zenph Studios produces "re-performances": reproductions of the original investigator and the dataset recipient is being lost as historical audio recordings, played "live" by automatic journals and funding agencies demand that researchers make data instruments. By processing these historical recordings through available in vast repositories as a condition of publication or custom algorithms and the trained judgment of pianists, Zenph funding. Yet raw data tell only part of the story, leaving out creates "anacoustic" versions of performances - datasets that crucial contextual details essential to interpretation and leading to represent the interaction of a performer and instrument, the mistaken assumption, as Agre wrote, "that the necessary independent of acoustic context. Through a rhetoric of high syntheses of raw data can be performed automatically." Without fidelity, grounded on the purity and reliability of this data, Zenph such contextual details, researchers are more likely to claims the ability to precisely reproduce past events. Through a misinterpret what a given data point means or utilize data close reading of a particular event—a "live" re-performance of incorrectly, leading to bad science. Our research examines how Glenn Gould's famous recording of Bach's Goldberg Variations - cancer epidemiologists at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research this paper explores the complex interplay of materiality, fidelity, Center locate, procure, use and share appropriate and acceptable and temporality in Zenph's re-performances. The dematerializing existing datasets. Using ethnographic methods, we observed and effects of high fidelity—the idea that material differences interviewed more than a dozen researchers in FHCRC’s Public between an original and reproductive source are negligible— Health Sciences Division. In this paper, we will discuss what it relies on a carefully managed materiality. By analyzing the means for a scientist in this field to interpret an existing dataset material support of Zenph's re-performance, I show how its and what that implies for the development of data repositories. temporally destabilizing effects result from an intentional Impossible Deaths: Facebook’s Exclusion of Mortality in the disciplining and arrangement of human and technical actors. Representation of Our Lives. Jed R. Brubaker, University of Conventional language used to describe the repetitions of mechanical reproduction strains to to account for the peculiar 3:30 to 5:00 pm "liveness" of automatic pianos. By reflecting on this unusual Crowne Plaza: Newman case, I suggest, we can better understand the ways in which more conventional reproductions produce the sense that they are Participants: actually repetitions of past events, rather than new events in their Bringing Back the Research to the University: Applied own right. Research, Stateness and Governance of Science in 1970s Personal Digital Taxidermy: Imagining the Future-past. Ellie Sweden. Dick Kasperowski, Dept of philosophy, linguistics Harmon, University of California, Irvine and theory of science, Gothenburg university; Fredrik Jim Gemmell and Gordon Bell, scientists working (and self- Bragesjö, Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory experimenting) as part of the MyLifeBits project at Microsoft of Science Research, claim that Vannevar Bush’s “Memex” has finally Stateness can be conceptualized as different ways to manage come to pass. All of Bell’s phone calls, IM conversations, (citizen like) rights and obligations into collective arrangements websites, emails, are recorded and stored in a cross-linked or institutional arrangements creating legitimacy and trust (Pierre database. He wears a “SenseCam” around his neck, a device that 2000). In this study, we show how state legitimacy is dependent takes automatic photographs when triggered by a variety of on certain practices of science. Our historical example starts with sensors (e.g. a timer, accelerometer, thermometer). In this paper I the general crisis of legitimation and a deceased stateness in the will read narratives of the personal digital archive (e.g. Total late 1960s in Sweden. A particular example of this was the Recall: How the E-Memory Revolution Will Change Everything institutionalization of applied research. The practice of sectorial (Gemmell & Bell, 2010)) alongside Haraway’s “Teddy Bear applied research had its culmination in Sweden during the late Patriarchy” in order to provoke questions of technological 1960s and 70s. The objective of this scientific practice was to capabilities for perfect preservation and the control of time via address societal needs by means of applied research in areas of, “capture.” As Haraway writes of early scientific photography as for instance, transport, agriculture, school, housing, work life, "insuring against disappearance," Gemmell talks of MyLifeBits military, energy and communication. The problems of as a project of “digital immortality.” Haraway, however, notes ungovernability of this type of research, the difficulties of that in capturing, photography also “cannibalizes” life. The overview, the prioritizing of short-time problem solving at the personal archive demands new relationships with temporality— cost of long-term basic research and particularly the quality the present must be accountable to the past, and also always aspects of this practice of research was heard from all corners of curated as the imagined past of an imagined future. The personal the state. As a result of the sectorial principle, it was argued, a archive also opens up possibilities for time transcendence - the tipping of the state power in favor of state authorities and experts past in some "complete," "objective," "pure" form is always at the cost of legitimate representatives of the people in ready and waiting for searching, sorting, and interacting - government and parliament had occurred. This was interpreted as seemingly more perfect than science fiction's time travel that undermining the use of applied science in justifying political requires spatio-temporal displacement. What might we learn decisions of the state. Research somehow had to be brought back from reading the personal digital archive as a form of time travel to the center of the universities. In this broad movement, both and control? What are the stakes of a life imagined through such university conservatives and more left-wing actors could unite in archives? the critique of commercialization, the superficiality of scientific Engineering the Future out of the Past: Seismic Risk in Mexico knowledge, the technocratic society and the present state of the City. Beth Reddy, University of California, Irvine relation of science to society. For the first time in Swedish How is it possible to design for the unforeseeable danger history, a problem of the governance of science and “stateness” surrounding seismic activity in a massive and massively socially was managed by adding a paragraph to the Higher Education divided city? What kinds of terrifying and unanticipated pasts Law, regulating and making it mandatory for researchers at and equally unimaginable futures are mobilized in work on Swedish universities to engage in science information to design reform? When, in contemporary "risk society" (to use public(s) as a part of their daily task. Ulrich Beck's term), in which the unimaginable is exactly what Between Academy and Industry: Biomedical Research at Ben- must be prepared for, is anything safe enough? This paper Gurion University. Rony Armon, Ben Gurion University examines the rhetorical deployment of risks run in the past and Biomedical research is increasingly aimed at making basic risks anticipated in the future by a group of structural engineers research results immediately applicable for the development of involved in design standards reform in Mexico City. Some of the novel therapies. Yet, many look at scientists’ attuning to practical risks afforded by structures in the case of earthquake were made and commercial concerns as contradicting the ethos of free or very real throughout Mexico City in 1985, when parts of the city pure basic research. In an attempt to understand how biomedical and its infrastructure came down on the heads of urbanites, researchers mediate fundamental aims and applied concerns, I aftershocks demolished hospitals treating the injured, and social examined research programs conducted at the National Institute inequities tore at the city further long after the earth stopped for Biotechnology of the Negev (NIBN) and the Faculty of moving. Policymakers are still working to create adequate Health Sciences (FOHS) at Ben-Gurion University. The study is seismic safety standards to prevent a similar event from based on my observations of research seminars, semi-structured occurring again. But how can structural engineers make interviews with leading researchers, and consulting their estimates regarding adequate safety standards when considering publications and their students’ dissertations. The scientists I risk means considering the unimaginable future and the now- interviewed voiced a gamut of perceptions as to the fitting role of foreseeable past? This paper explores the temporalities that are applied concerns in academic research. Accordingly, I found deployed in the processes of advocating structural safety diverse ways in which they navigate their fundamental aims with regulation reform in Mexico City. I seek to understand the institutional expectations for commercialization. Both medical politics of safety design in an economically divided city, drawing and biological concerns shaped their definition of research on contemporary anthropological work on risk in order to better problems, trajectory of research, and engagement of applied grapple with the temporalities of the work being done by Mexico concerns. My study is situated alongside studies in the sociology City design reformers. of science and research policy examining entrepreneurship in Chair: biomedicine for its impact on academic freedom and innovation. Nicholas Seaver, University of California, Irvine Yet, contrasting the current scholarly focus on networks, transfers, or conflicts at academic-industrial border-zones, I draw Discussant: attention to the role of academic infrastructures in determining Melissa Mazmanian, University of California, Irvine which, how and to what extent industrial applications may ensue. 229. Policymaking in Biomedicine I conclude with suggesting ways by which scientists’ interests, values, experience and programs may inform ethical, sociological and definition of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and policy studies of academic entrepreneurship and technology (ADHD), it has been established as the most common child transfer. psychiatric diagnosis in the Western world. In 1999, the Swedish Trust, Moral Frameworks and Governance: A Case Study on National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW) took an initiative Biosensor Technology and Traceability in U.S. Animal to standardize clinical neuropsychiatric practice in the nation. Production. Kyle Whyte, Michigan State University; Paul During the agency’s work, a sociologist directed criticism against the methodology of the Swedish neuropsychiatric research and Thompson, Michigan State University; John V. Stone, raised doubts about the cultural consequences of its alleged Michigan State University; Monica List, Michigan State “Social-Darwinist” approach to human behavior. This fueled an University intense public controversy, and led to an unparalleled scrutiny of The case explored in this paper involves the development of the NBHW’s work. Drawing on interviews with NBHW staff, nanotechnology and biosensors (nano-biosensors) for the real- archive documents and media articles, this paper explores how time tracking of the identity, location and properties of livestock the NBHW managed the challenges of public interest and debate, in the U.S. agrifood system. Biosensors promise many dramatic and how schisms and negotiations between the social service real-time applications, from monitoring of blood parameters to section and the medical section within the agency contributed to watch for the presence of metabolic diseases, to cortisol levels in form the first official document on ADHD in Sweden. The study cattle as one potential (and controversial) measure of animal suggests that during this process, the agency partly moved from welfare. In the U.S. agrifood system, nano-biosensors could be governance-through-eminence toward governance-through- integrated into the broader initiatives on improving national food evidence, which, according to informants at the NBHW, posed traceability, such as the U.S. Food Safety Modernization Act. difficulties for socio-psychological rationales and facilitated a The primary method for research on this case was an expert bio-medical understanding of the disorder. Elaborating the forum. The methodology is modeled on scientific committee concept of co-production, the paper argues that the agency’s processes in which individuals with complementary domains of engagement in ADHD did not only contribute to reshaping the specialization convene to develop an integrated statement of what neuropsychiatric knowledge field, but also affected the identity is known about a given problem, and to identify key areas for of the NBHW itself and it’s view on what constitutes reliable further research. Based on the research, we find that developers medical knowledge. of biosensors see the tracking capabilities idealistically as Chair: empowering users to control some aspects of a situation that they face, improving public health, security, and preventing wrongs Amelie Hoshor, Dept. of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of such as counterfeiting. However, the ways in which social and Science, University of Gothenburg ethical frameworks are built into standards for the privacy/access, 230. Participatory Experiments and Practices organization, adaptability and transferability of data are crucial in 3:30 to 5:00 pm determining whether the diverse actors in the supply chain will Crowne Plaza: Kaye embrace sensing technologies and advance the ideals of the developers. One key piece of effective governance is to unlock Participants: the capacity of anticipatory participation mechanisms to provide Between Entanglement and Purification: Participatory Research early social and ethical guidance to technology developers and Imagined and Practiced. Judith Igelsboeck, Universität regulators. Wien; Andrea Schikowitz, University of Vienna; Thomas Cut Code: Skinning the Biotechnological Kitsching of Voelker, University of Vienna - Department of Social Studies Corporeality. Julia Frances Gruson-Wood, York University of Science What are the various biotechnological skins which work to reveal Over past decades, we have witnessed a growing debate on the and conceal the vital processes that have been sutured shut inside limitations of disciplinary organized research with regard to our bodies? In “Cut Flesh,” Elkins claims, “The history of challenges posed by complex societal developments. This has led medical illustration can be written as a negotiation between to calls for changing cultures and practices of knowledge different styles of evasion” (1999, 149). From anatomical production, in particular in health or environment related portraiture to ultrasound imaging; from Body Worlds to research areas. As a consequence, specific funding schemes have laparoscopy; from PET scans to medical simulation, there exists been created, aiming at so-called transgressive, socially robust a trope within biomedical visualizations of the body that knowledge mainly through participatory research. This paper articulates the desire to devise strategies for not seeing the empirically investigates the imaginations and concrete insides – the mortal realism - of the body. Moreover, when realizations of such a research-funding frame in the area of viscera and death are explicitly pictured they are often abstracted sustainability research. We understand the funding scheme as a from decomposition and pain while reassigned images of vitality kind of “technology of entanglement,” trying to implement and animation. Consequently, I argue that visualizations of “cut broader socio-scientific imaginations through systematic flesh” are often cut off from significations of death. Elkins intertwinement of actors from scientific and non-scientific incorporates a history of interpretations of flesh as that which backgrounds. Its aim is thus to establish an alternative has, in certain places and times, been perceived as a sinewy “knowledge regime” – consisting of specific institutional and substance that could not be separated from the “inside.” Hence, personal constellations, as well as a set of ideologies and “skin” acted as a boundary that created an inside that could be prescriptions for producing and validating this specific kind of clearly demarcated from the outside. Through examining knowledge. Yet, when looking at the praxis, we encounter biomedical visualization practices, biotechnologies such as organ “purification work” on several levels. The involved actors – transfer and surrogacy, and the move toward genomic and virtual program organizers, scientists and participants alike – apply embodiments, this paper queries how the concept of flesh has different strategies to keep knowledge relations disentangled. been deployed to cloak the heady realities of the entropic body, Analyzing these processes, we aim to contribute to a deeper thus continually crafting a boundary between inside and outside. understanding of what often gets labelled as “new modes of The relevance of this paper to STS belongs to its subcutaneous knowledge production,” as well as the specificities of the analysis of the layers that embody this contemporary kitschy knowledge produced. The paper builds on qualitative interviews enactment of flesh. with program organizers, scientific and extra-scientific research From Eminence to Evidence: Co-production and Governance of partners in the projects being part of the sustainability oriented ADHD in Sweden. Amelie Hoshor, Dept. of Philosophy, research program. Linguistics and Theory of Science, University of Gothenburg How "Citizen Science" Is Used. Joseph Steinhardt, Cornell Despite uncertainties and controversies surrounding the etiology University Since the term was first used in the late 1980s to describe a consequences and praising the probability of possible benefits) 2) methodology in which the public is enlisted to help gather demarcating responsibilities into a division of moral labor scientific data for academic research, citizen science has come to between scientists and citizens 3) constructing a lay-expert divide mean many things to a diverse group of people and in identifying societal issues. Using Sheila Jasanoff’s concept of organizations. The concept has become so popular that scholars “technologies of humility” we demonstrate that STS-researchers have begun to theorize about the meaning of the term itself. This as interventionist ethnographers can contribute to facilitating may lead one to believe that the definition of citizen science is these “institutionalized habits of thought, that try to come to grips well understood, but in fact there seems to be almost as many with the ragged fringes of human understanding” (Jasanoff, different interpretations of the term as there are scholars studying 2003) which are intrinsic to the development of science and it and projects running under its banner. It is with this technology. (intentionally minimal) background that we explore not what (Re)assembling Natures, Cultures and Emerging Technologies literature would argue citizen science should be, nor what it was in Public Engagement Exercises. Ulrike Felt, University of intended to be, but what it is in "the wild." That is to say, the Vienna; Simone Schumann, University of Vienna; Claudia research examines a variety of programs either calling themselves citizen science, or being referred to as citizen science Schwarz, University of Vienna; Michael Strassnig, projects by others, and dissects them to see how they operate. In University of Vienna particular, the research focuses on similarities and differences in The way societies govern emerging technologies always how the data collected is being used, what types of organizations embodies specific imaginations of nature, culture and technology are running the projects, how the public is participating in them, (NCT) and their relations with each other, including where and what level of activism (if any) they are trying to achieve, and how they are entangled or remain separated. Depending on their finally how they relate (or not) to public engagement in science. configuration in a specific context, agency concerning How Do We Best Engage with People Who Are Unengaged on technoscientific innovations is distributed differently. In this Science and Technology Issues? Craig Cormick, respect, nanotechnology is a particularly interesting case to investigate, since it has the potential to shift existing boundaries, Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research to contribute to the creation of new kinds of NCT hybrids and to An analysis of the results of a series of discussions and move into many areas of social life. In this paper, we will analyze workshops with audiences who are unengaged on science and how citizens in a public engagement setting mutually reassemble technology issues, on topics of nanotechnology, biotechnology “natures”, “cultures” and “technologies” in discussing and climate change, including AV footage of discussion nanotechnologies. Imagining the potential creation and participants. As many as 35 percent of the population in Australia dissolution of particular NCT assemblages is related – as we will and the UK are not very interested in seeking information on show – to their effort to understand what these emerging science, and holding discussions with recruited members of non- technologies mean for them personally, as well as in the broader engaged publics reveals that they have very different values and context of governing emerging technosciences. Thus we will attitudes to those members of the public who participate in most address questions such as: What is taken for granted in these science and technology engagement activities who are the focus assemblages and what is regarded as subject for negotiation? of most engagement research. These members of the public How do people deal with “hybrids”? How do they both stabilize present a challenge to policy makers and engagement and contest certain assemblages? How do narrations of past, practitioners as different methods of communication and presents and futures play a role in imagining, making and engagement are needed tor each them, that STS scholars are able assessing them? And how do they conceptualize – individual and to focus on, providing more information on what methodologies more collective – agency toward these new assemblages? We can be more socially-inclusive to reach unengaged audiences. explore these questions based on a qualitative analysis of four Linked with the findings of a five-year tracking study into public different discussion groups with Austrian citizens, each focusing attitudes in Australia toward nanotechnologies, and a 10-year on a different nanotechnological application field (medicine, tracking study into public attitudes toward bio-technologies, the ICTs, food and consumer products). research shows that very different communication strategies and framing techniques need to be employed to effectively engage Chair: with unengaged audiences if they are to be included in national Ulrike Felt, University of Vienna discussions on the social impacts of new technologies. 231. Mapping Global Health – II Public Dialogue as Technology of Humility: Experimenting 3:30 to 5:00 pm with Scientists' Engagement with Publics. Koen Dortmans, Crowne Plaza: Miller Centre for Society and Genomics, Radboud University; “Global Health” is an increasingly prominent field that motivates scientific Maud Radstake, Radboud University Nijmegen; Tsjalling research, philanthropy, international organizations and university programs. Swierstra, Maastricht University Despite the enormous attention the field is generating, it is not entirely As a response to controversies over new science and technology, clear what makes it distinct from older schemas such as of international governments in Western countries have promoted public health, tropical medicine or public health. In this panel, we hope to map the dialogue as a process of reciprocal communication between varied material, political and ethical formations that are increasingly science and society. The “new humility on the part of science in associated with global health. We are especially interested in the practices the face of public attitudes” and science’s movement “out of the and technologies of knowledge-making, and how they might make global laboratory and into the community to engage in dialogue” the health distinct from older paradigms of collective health. Some questions House of Lords notice, however, is not supported by empirical that we hope to address include: (i) What are new and old forms of studies. Scientists close dialogue (Felt et. al., 2009) and embrace expertise that are associated with global health? (ii) Are there emerging various deficit models (Wellcome Trust, 2000; Royal Academy, technologies and epistemic frameworks that constitute “the global” and 2006; Burchell et. al. 2009). Some STS-scholars therefore “health” in distinct ways? (iii) Is global health creating new ethical and suggest that “the ‘scientific understanding of the public’ becomes political relationships between individual human beings and collectivities? the real barrier to change” (Irwin & Michael, 2003). We present Participants: the results of an experiment in upstream public dialogue on behavioral genomics in a Dutch debating center that we have The Gift of Life. Tobias Rees, McGill University organized and analyzed as participant-observers. Supplementing The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis our observations with interviews with participating scientists calculated, in 2009, that it had saved almost 5 million lives since before and after their performance, we identify some strategies 2002; in 2010, the number rose to 5.7 million lives; and in 2011 they employed, signifying a closure of dialogue: 1) managing to 6.5 million. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation claims expectations (downplaying the likelihood of controversial that “every life has equal value” and the so-called Sachs-Report argues that a small number of technical interventions could save health and tropical medicine: the rapid rise of "partnerships" as up to “8 million lives per year.” How is one to explain the the preferred organizational model for tackling complex health centrality of “life itself” in global health humanitarian work? problems in low-income countries. These transnational alliances How is one to make sense of the claim (also from the Sachs- of organizations from the public and the private sectors and civil Report) that the goal of global health is “offering the gift of life society used to be a novelty in infectious disease research and itself to millions?” Especially given the absence of such “life control efforts until the late 1990s, when they began expanding talk” from international health? This paper seeks to provide an rapidly in number and influence. Nowadays, reflecting this shift, answer to this question by way of closely working through the – partnerships are considered indispensable in the battle against contested – history of the DALY concept as it was introduced in malaria, tuberculosis, guinea worm and countless other the early 1990s. communicable diseases that predominantly afflict the world’s Paper Trail: Locating “Global Health” in the Clinical File. poor. Specifically, this paper focuses on a feature shared by Ramah McKay, Princeton University many, if not most, partnerships active in Global Health: the growing centrality of measurable outcomes and outputs. In Mozambique, where transnational funding constitutes more Typically framed as tools for monitoring and evaluating than 60 percent of the public health budget, global health interventions that foster accountability, transparency and interventions are dramatically transforming the institutional and effectiveness, these "measurables" are increasingly important for political landscapes through which medical care is delivered and (de-)funding decisions, illustrating their relevance as mechanisms medical knowledge produced. In addition to funding, staff, and of governance that, among other things, shape priorities and technologies, these interventions bring an ethics of transparency practices among institutions and actors. Drawing on fieldwork and accountability and newly urgent attention to the documentary conducted in the United States and Tanzania, this paper examines practices through which patients, interventions and institutions how the doctrine of measurability is changing prevailing are regulated, tracked, and measured. Drawing on ethnographic knowledge practices among malaria experts and scientists. It fieldwork in Mozambican and U.S. clinics and offices, my paper will do so by examining how technologies aimed at measuring takes clinical and bureaucratic practices of documentation as a malaria mortality rates unfold in Tanzania, an impoverished lens into the political, institutional and ethical relations country where, especially in rural areas, deaths are seldom established by global health interventions. At once regulatory registered, conditions under which causes of death (by malaria, mechanisms and experimental tools, these ethical, regulatory and for example) are extremely challenging to determine. other forms of paperwork highlight how global health interventions in Mozambique have been accompanied by a Chair: pluralization of medical (and political) authority, the blurring of Tobias Rees, McGill University lines between research and care, and the proliferation of ethical regulation. By instantiating new ethical relations between Discussant: institutions and individuals, these practices (and the medical Andrew Lakoff, USC subjects they envision) are both shaped by and depart from 232. Human Presence and Social Relationships in Remote and earlier modes of medical rule, from colonial hygiene to Autonomous Systems international health. 3:30 to 5:00 pm Experiencing African AIDS: The Moral Aesthetics of the Crowne Plaza: Owens “Global Health Experience”. Betsey Brada, University of This session brings together studies of human-machine relationships in Chicago socio-technical systems where direct human presence, remote presence or In this paper I examine the ways American and “local” medical autonomous behavior support real-time and life-critical operations. Human- personnel in a hospital ward in Botswana carve the world into machine relationships in commercial aviation, warfare, human spaceflight conceptual objects nominalized as “experiences.” These and exploration, as in many similar endeavors, are transforming in response processes of objectification, I argue, are necessarily aesthetic to technologies of computing, simulation and automation. Humans are processes. I focus first on the moral aesthetics of objectified present at various points within these socio-technical systems: as physical bodily hazard, that is, how medical personnel signal their moral bodies, as information channels, or as embedded knowledge in system stance regarding the epidemic via their own bodies, and evaluate design or software. However, the full spectrum of human roles and social others’ proximity to and interactions with the bodies of HIV- relationships remains poorly understood and little studied. We argue that positive patients. A focus on the moral aesthetics of bodily tracing, visualizing, and analyzing human-machine interactions offers new hazards objectified as “experiences” highlights the ways these insights into broad issues risk, skill, professional identity, and actors use aesthetic categories to manage the terrors, traumas, organizational culture. The authors in this session are part of the MIT and pleasures of HIV exposure. It also sheds light on the import Laboratory for Automation, Robotics, and Society (LARS). With a shared of claims to similarity, proximity, and immediacy inasmuch as focus on Science and Technology Studies, they bring together a “experiences” bearing these qualities are imagined to develop combination of disciplinary backgrounds in engineering, cultural actors’ moral and affective expertise. The second aim of this anthropology, architecture, history, and organization studies. paper is to explore the forms of value that claims to “experience” make possible. American medical educators and students regard Participants: HIV-positive African bodies as capable of providing medical Human, Remote, Autonomous: New Studies of Presence in students with proximity to a particular kind of patient, an Socio-Technical Systems. David Mindell, MIT encounter highly valued by medical personnel and regarded as Human operations in technological systems are becoming unavailable in the United States. This seeming proximity or “remote” or “automated” in a broad variety of arenas. We focus immediacy provides American medical students with a source of on these phenomena in extreme environments where human and value, namely, the opportunity to cultivate themselves as humane technical actions are real-time and life-critical such as military practitioners while also advancing their technical skills. robotics, undersea exploration, spaceflight and commercial Disagreements between “local” medical personnel and American aviation. In each, the stakes are high, professional identities tend students over what “experience” is for, however, illuminate to be strong and well-defined (e.g. pilots, explorers, astronauts, broader tensions over the forms of value made available by the etc.), and technological “aids” to human performance deployed epidemic itself. with great intensity. Yet the traditional means of understanding Assessing Progress by Global Health Partnerships: "Measuring" the human roles in these systems, such as “human factors Malaria Mortality in Tanzania. Rene Gerrets, University of engineering,” “cognitive task analysis” or “supervisory control,” Amsterdam lack a deep understanding of the social nature of technology. They tend to focus on individual operators, “interfaces” between This paper hones in on a phenomenon that, putatively, operators and machines, and simplified models of social distinguishes “Global Health” from fields such as international interaction. This paper presents a critique of these methods and broad range of professionals who study, design, or operate offers new approach based on recent work in the history and technological systems? This paper proposes visual tools to social studies of technology that recognizes the social examine the changing meaning and importance of human relationships embedded in technological systems, offering presence in remote and autonomous operations. Indeed, our examples from the relationships within cockpits to the structure current conceptions of control, judgment, perception, and skill of organizations to the detailed control laws operating within are shaped in human-machine relationships. Data visualization apparently “automated” software systems. Some preliminary data can help us identify the significance of human presence in are presented from the domains of spaceflight and commercial different forms: embodied, remote or embedded in technologies aviation, as well as how these extreme types of systems offer that are non-human, but human-made. Using historical and insights for more commonplace systems such as automobiles, ethnographic data from the 1969 Apollo 11 moon landing and medicine or office work. other life-critical and real-time operations, the author discusses The MQ-9 Reaper: A Study of Humans and Machines in opportunities and challenges in the visual display of socio- Action. Timothy Michael Cullen, MIT technical data: integrating qualitative and quantitative sources; flattening data into graphics without losing interpretive depth; Remotely piloted aircraft and the people who control them are using composition and interaction to tell non-linear stories. This changing how the US military operates aircraft and those who discussion introduces a timely and long-term project: the fly, yet few know what “drone” operators actually do, why they development of a visual language and interface connecting do what they do, or how they shape and reflect remote air researchers, designers, and operators in the study of socio- warfare and human-machine relationships. What do the remote technical systems. operators and intelligence personnel know during missions to “protect and avenge” coalition forces in Iraq and Afghanistan and Chair: how do they go about knowing what they know? In an Zara Mirmalek, MIT ethnographic and historical study of the Air Force’s preeminent weapon system for the counterinsurgencies in the two countries, Discussant: a member of the Laboratory for Automation, Robotics, and Daniela Helbig, Harvard University Society explores how social, technical, and cognitive factors 233. Roundtable: Fukushima and Nuclear Power in Japan mutually constitute remote air operations in war. Armed with 3:30 to 5:00 pm perspectives and methods developed in the fields of the history of Crowne Plaza: Grand Ballroom - East: A technology, sociology of technology, and cognitive anthropology, the first author, an Air Force fighter pilot, The March 11 earthquake and subsequent tsunami brought devastation to describes how distributed crews represent, transform, and coastal areas of north eastern Japan. It was the ensuing nuclear crisis, propagate information to find and kill targets and traces the however, that captivated a global audience for a week or two. Before the observed human and machine interactions to policy assumptions, mass media’s attention faded, we saw a disaster of unprecedented professional identities, operational concepts, and technical tools. complexity unfold in front of our eyes: in a cascade of events, multiple In doing so, he shows how people, practices, and tools associated reactor buildings exploded, damaging containments and jeopardizing on- with the MQ-9 Reaper remotely-piloted aircraft have been site spent fuel pools. More than 100,000 residents were preemptively oriented to and conditioned by trust in automation, experience, evacuated from the region surrounding the plant, while a comparatively skill, and social interactions and how they influence and reflect small number of workers tried reconnecting the plant to the electrical grid. the evolving operational environment, encompassing As contamination of the land and ocean adjacent to the plant kept organizations and communities of practice. increasing, rising levels of radiation on site made it more and more dangerous to mitigate the underlying problems. The format of this round Organizing Humans and Machines as Co-Workers. Zara table will allow the participants and the audience to address the most up-to- Mirmalek, MIT date events. The panel brings together scholars from STS and other Are machines serving people or are people serving machines? disciplines with expertise in risky technologies and complex socio- This is a long-standing question posed in interrogations of technical systems, as well as area studies scholars and specialists in the technological progress: have technologies improved the human history and policies of nuclear energy. The aim of this discussion is (1) to condition or do they add to human burdens? The contextual situate the Fukushima disaster in its technological, economic, historical, diversity of relationships between people and machines in the and cultural context, and (2) to identify possible ways in which an STS world makes this question primarily theoretical. Bringing this perspective could provide original insights into understanding better the question into the domain of organizations, however, it serves as a significance of this disaster and its consequences. point of entry into examinations of human-machine relationships Chair: in a site that presupposes technologies support people in the conduct of work. Ethnographic studies at United Airlines and at Sonja Schmid, Virginia Tech NASA have yielded data on the ways in which technologies Discussants: designed to lessen the workload for people often create more Sonja Schmid, Virginia Tech work, increasing informally recognized tasks and social and Kohta Juraku, The University of Tokyo technological workarounds. These data problematize the notion Miwao Matsumoto, The University of Tokyo that the roles of humans and machines in organizations are clearly defined and ordered. This prompts the question: what is Cathryn Carson, Department of History, UC Berkeley being avoided or missed when we position humans and machines Trevor Pinch, Cornell University in a hierarchy of who is serving whom (or what)? What can an Michael Fisch, University of Chicago Anthropology examination of cultural processes at work within and outside this Tomiko Yamaguchi, International Christian University framework tell us about the nature of human-machine Vincent Lagendijk, Department of History, Leiden University relationships in organizations? These questions inform the Joonhong Ahn, University of California Berkeley current analysis of data from multiple ethnographic studies of work (commercial aviation, space exploration) in which people, machines, and processes are all viewed as contributing background cultures and histories. In this presentation, I discuss the ways in which the relationship between human and machine is akin to that of a co-worker, human-to-human, relationship. The Visual Display of Socio-Technical Data. Yanni Alexander Loukissas, MIT Can visualization bring social data into sharper view for the