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Narut Charoensri Regional Intellectual Hegemony and Regional Connectivity: Japan's Norms of Development, International Research Organisations and Network-Building in Southeast Asia Narut Charoensri Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Languages, Cultures, and Societies January 2021 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/ her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. This right of Narut Charoensri to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2021 The University of Leeds 1 Acknowledgement This thesis would not have been possible without the endless support of many people. First of all, I would like to thank Professor Caroline Rose who stepped in when the PhD journey confronted an unexpected issue. She is one of the best supervisors I have had experience with throughout my academic career. Moreover, my PhD life in Leeds started with Professor Christopher M Dent. I had a good experience working with him. I would also like to thank the various people who supported me whilst I had to struggle with many challenges along the way. My memories of Leeds are beautifully painted with Guo Hai (Michael), Wen Li (Coco), Li-Shang Lin (James), Refik Bozbuka, Abdulrahman Bashawri, Anton Dimitrive, Tsutsui Remika, Panuwat Panduprasert, Pantri Erza Killian, Jeon Min- Kyung, Zexiang Wang, and Rachanekorn Buapommart. They made my time at Leeds unforgettable. I also received kind generosity and help from numerous people, including Wannapa Leerasiri, Rayvat Wongdery, Kriangkrai Thongkorn, Kullanan Kuntic, Sibordee Nopprasert, Tanai Ketwongkot, Sittithep Eaksittipong, Koranin Komaradat, Ornwijit Chupetch, Surachart Bumrungsuk, Kitti Prasertsuk, Kullada Kesboonchoo- Mead, Nichan Singhaputargun, Vijit Praphong, Pierangelo Peri, Thanapat Kaewchoo, and Ron, who helped me with this study. Their moral support guided me out of the darkness. The last period of this journey was further fulfilled by Pridsadi Kantathuch, who walked into my life and shared his smile with me. Furthermore, I would also like to show my appreciation to Chiang Mai University for kindly providing me with a full scholarship to support my studies so that I did not have to worry about financial matters. Finally, I would like to say thank you to my family, Wiwat, Kornranat (Uma) and Parita Charoensri, who continue to help and love me unconditionally. I appreciate their vision that education is the most important thing in life. I would have had to struggle through many difficulties alone if I did not have them in my life. I dedicate this thesis to them. 2 Abstract This thesis aims to analyse how the Japanese government supports Southeast Asian transport development by allocating assistance through the works of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), the Institute of Developing Economies of Japan External Trade Organisation (IDE-JETRO), and the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI). It questions the process through which the ideas and norms of Southeast Asia’s regional transport development were constructed, cascaded, and internalised in Southeast Asia. This thesis applies Finnemore and Sikkink’s ‘norm life cycle’ framework as an analytical framework. It analyses the norm life cycle of regional transport development by integrating information and opinions from documentary research and in-depth interviews with officials and intellectuals in both Japan and Southeast Asia. The arguments of this thesis are threefold. First, the Japanese governmental agencies (i.e. MOFA, METI, MOF, JICA, JETRO, ERIA, IDE-JETRO, and ADBI) work together as a ‘norm entrepreneur’ – or a ‘regional intellectual hegemon’ (RIH) – to construct ideas and norms and further cascade them to Southeast Asian intellectuals’ and government officials’ professional and institutional connections. The governments in Southeast Asia and the ASEAN Secretariat then internalise these ideas and norms into their transport development schemes. Second, IROs are research organisations that construct ‘practical knowledge’ as recommendations for Southeast Asia on how to connect the region by regional transport networks. Third, the ideas and norms of regional transport development constructed by the ERIA, IDE-JETRO, and ADBI are composed of (1) ideas of infrastructure development, (2) spatial and connectivity norms, (3) norms of economic activities, (4) norms of knowledge sharing, and (5) ideas and norms of environmental protection and sustainable development. These ideas and norms help the region to become connected both physically and institutionally whilst paying attention to social development. 3 Contents Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………… 1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………2 Contents ………………………………………………………………… 3 List of Tables ………………………………………………………………7 List of Figures ………………………………………………………….. 8 List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………... 9 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Background ………………………………………………. 13 1.1.1 Regional Connectivity ………………………………………… 20 1.1.2 Japan and Hard and Soft Infrastructure Development in Southeast Asia …………………………………………………………. 23 1.1.3 International Research Organisation (IROs) and Regional Development ………………………………………………… 25 1.2 Research Questions ………………………………………………… 29 1.3 Aims ………………………………………………………………….. 30 1.4 Structure of the Thesis ……………………………………………… 31 Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………35 2.2 Japan’s Foreign Policy Making and Its Relations with Southeast Asia ………………………………………………………………36 2.2.1 Realism ………………………………………………………….. 36 2.2.2 Liberalism ………………………………………………………. 40 2.2.3 Social Constructivism …………………………………………….44 2.2.4 Reconsidering Japan’s Foreign Policy Making …………………. 47 2.3 Norms and Development Norms ………………………………………51 2.4 Japan as a Norm Entrepreneur in Southeast Asia …………………… 55 2.4.1 The Application of Social Constructivism to Japan’s Foreign Policy …………………………………………………………… 55 2.4.2 Japan as a Norm Entrepreneur ……………………………………56 4 2.5 Think Tanks and the Development Norms ………………………….. 61 2.6 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 68 Chapter 3: Analytical Framework 3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 70 3.2 Norm Lift Cycle Framework …………………………………………. 72 3.2.1 Norm Entrepreneur and Regional Intellectual Hegemon (RIH) …………………………………………………………………….. 72 3.2.2 International Research Organisation (IROs) and Practical Knowledge …………………………………………………… 79 3.3 Intellectuals and Foreign Policy-Making ………………………………8 2 3.4 Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 85 Chapter 4: Japan-ASEAN Relations 4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 86 4.2 Historical Background of Japan-ASEAN Relations since 1945 ………………………………………………………………. 86 4.2.1 Japan-Southeast Asia Relations in the International System …………………………………………………87 4.2.2 Japan-Southeast Asia Relations ……………………………….…90 4.3 Japan’s Interest in Regional Transport Development in ASEAN and the GMS ………………………………………………. 100 4.4 Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 120 Chapter 5: Japan and Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity (MPAC) 5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………...………… 122 5.2 ASEAN Connectivity and MPAC ……………………………………. 123 5.3 Japan’s Contribution to ASEAN’s MPAC ……………………..…….. 129 5.3.1 The Mission of Japan to ASEAN ………………………….……. 129 5.3.2 The Japanese Task Force on ASEAN Connectivity ……….…… 130 5.4 ASEAN Connectivity and ERIA, IDE-JETRO and ADBI ……..……..1 38 5.4.1 ERIA ……………………………………………………..………1 38 5 5.4.2 IDE-JETRO ………………………………………………………1 45 5.4.3 ADBI ………………………………………………..……………1 51 5.5 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………..1 54 Chapter 6: Japan’s Role in the Norm Life Cycle of Southeast Asian Transport Development 6.1 Introduction …………………………………………………..…………155 6.2 Norms Construction ………………………………………………….. 157 6.2.1 Professional Connections ……………………………..………… 157 6.2.1.1 ERIA …………………………………………..………….. 159 6.2.1.2 IDE-JETRO ……………………………………………….. 1 64 6.2.1.3 ADBI …………………………………………….…………..1 66 6.2.2 Institutional Connections ………………………………..……….1 67 6.2.2.1 Southeast Asian Platforms ………………………..………. 167 6.2.2.2 IROs Platforms ………………………………….…………. 170 6.2.2.2.1 ERIA ……………………………………….………….1 71 6.2.2.2.2 IDE-JETRO ………………………………..…………..1 72 6.2.2.2.3 ADBI ……………………………………………….. 173 6.3 Norms Cascade …………………………………………………….. 176 6.3.1 Research and Publications ………………………………………..1 77 6.3.1.1 ERIA ………………………………………………………. 178 6.3.1.2 IDE-JETRO …………………………………………………1 79 6.3.1.3 ADBI ………………………………………………………..1 80 6.3.2 Training and Capacity-Building Programmes ……………….……181 6.3.2.1 ERIA ……………………………………………….………..1 81 6.3.2.2 IDE-JETRO …………………………………………………1 82 6.3.2.3 ADBI ……………………………………………………… 182 6.3.3 Problems of IRO’s Norm Cascade ……………………….………1 85 6.4 Norms Internalisation ……………………………………….…………187 6.4.1 ERIA ………………………………………………….…………..188 6.2.2 IDE-JETRO ………………………………………………………194 6.4.3 ADBI …………………………………………….……………… 197 6.5 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………. 198 6 Chapter 7: Conclusion 7.1 Review of the Research Results …………………………..………… 200 7.1.1 Japan and Regional Transport in Southeast Asia ………….…… 200 7.1.2 Japan as a Regional Intellectual Hegemon (RIH) ……………… 201 7.1.3 The Role of IROs in Regional Politics …………………….…… 204 7.1.4 RIH and Southeast Asian Regional Transport System Development …………………………………………………… 207 7.2 Research Contribution ……………………………………………….
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