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A Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 65, 72, 77 Abdul Rasyid INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to endnote. A anti-Thaksin networks, 108 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 65, 72, 77 Anwar Ibrahim, 65, 67, 71, 74 Abdul Rasyid, 50 Arab Spring, 66, 152, 194, 200 activism Architects of Networked Disinformation blogosphere and, 147–49 (2018), 29 social media and, 168–75 Asalkan Bukan UMNO (Anyone But “ADHOC 5”, 138 UMNO), 66 Ahok, 12, 49, 53 Aung San Suu Kyi, 88, 93, 98, 204 Alex Au, 170, 175 authoritarian control, 202–4 Aljunied-Hougang Punggol East authoritarian regimes, 200, 207–8 Town Council (AHPETC), 177 authoritarian resilience Andrew Loh, 171 causes of, 198–200 Anh Ba Sam, 148 in Southeast Asia, 192–93, 200–207 “anti-Barisan Nasional”, 64, 67 democratic regression and anti-coup activists, 109 authoritarian resilience, causes anti-establishment forces, 116 of, 198–200 anti-establishment sentiment, 109 global trends, 193–97 Anti-Fake News Act, Malaysia, 74 autocratic regression, in Myanmar, Anti-Fake News Centre, Thailand, 199 105, 111 autocratization, 119, 192 anti-Formosa movement, Vietnam, 154–55 B Anti-Muslim, 97 Balik Undi (return home to vote), 67 hate speech and fake news, 100 Bangkok.com, 108 anti-Najib sentiment, 68 Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), 52 anti-Single Gateway proposal, Thailand, 119 Bannok.com, 108 213 11 Index GAD_1P_30Sep20.indd 213 30/9/20 6:10 PM 214 Index Barisan Nasional (BN) Bongbong Marcos, 33 Bersih, 66 Breakfast Network, 176, 178 coalition, 80n1, 197 Broadcasting Act 2013, Singapore, cybertroopers, 77 13–14, 175 disinformation campaign, 78 Buddhist extremist pages, removal election, 67, 76 from Facebook, 87 electoral system, 65 Buddhist nationalist sentiment, 93 engagement in disinformation Budi Purnomo Karjodiharjo, 52 practices, 80 Burma Media Association, 94 fall of, 77 BurmaNet, 92 GE14, 64 “Burmese Media Spring”, 93 GE12 in 2008, results, 71 “buzzer istana” (the Palace’s buzzers), government, 63 54 internet, 69 “buzzers” in Indonesia, 9, 50 national election campaign, 63–64, 67 C online disinformation strategy, 76 Cambodia, 126–28 responds, 69–74 cyberspace, 127 rule, 64 “digital democracy” in, 127 ruling coalition, 12 digital transformations in, 128 social media campaigning, 75 emergence of digital platforms, trust deficit in, 79 128–31 Baswedan, Anies, 53 political system, 197 Bauxite Vietnam blog, 151 social media “The Beginning of Online Social and decline of political Movements in Vietnam” (2017), opposition, 137–40 154 networks, 202–3 Benjamin Lee (Mr Miyagi), 170 and political activism, 131–37 Bersih, 66–68, 79, 80n3 Cambodia Development Resource “Clean Elections” movement, 2 Institute, 134 rallies, 68, 71, 76 Cambodia National Rescue Party “biased” liberal media, 27 (CNRP), 127, 131–32, 138 “black campaign”, 10, 48 Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) “Black Monday” campaign, 130 cyberspace, 140 Blackout 505, 67 Hun Sen, 13, 127–28, 131, 197 “blogfather” of Singapore, 169 re-election incentives, 136 bloggers, 171, 178, 201 ruling party, 126 blogging communities, 160 slogan of “change”, 131 blogosphere, and activism, 147–49 SMS messaging, use of, 130 blogs, 172 social media, 132 decline of, 175–79 The Cambodia Daily, 130 11 Index GAD_1P_30Sep20.indd 214 30/9/20 6:10 PM Index 215 Cambridge Analytica, 28 Constitutional Court, Thailand, celebrity endorsements, 25 105–6, 120n1 censorship contemporary Thai politics, military methods, 146 in, 111 of online public sphere, 204 “context collapse” phenomenon, Central Youth Union, 153 178–79 Centre of Digital Security, 112 Covid-19 pandemic, 183–84 Chatter Party, 127 “cures” of patient zero, 20 China, 145–46 “cyber activists”, 70 aggressive foreign policy, 199 Cyber Centre, Thailand, 112 authoritarianism in mainland cyber defiance, 106 Southeast Asia, 199 cyber mobs, 205 ban Facebook, 155 cyber repression, 205 government’s policy on, 151 Cyber Scouts, 115, 116 Chinese-based platforms, 181 Cybersecurity Bill, Thailand, 112, 115 Chinese model, 199 Cyber-Security Law, Vietnam, 145, civil society, 120n7 203 cyberspaces by, 118–19 cyberspace, 111, 127 groups, 89, 139 cyber terrorism, 115 nascent cyber activism, 108 cyber-tokhang, 30–32 organizations, 15 cybertroopers, 70–72 sector, 94 Barisan Nasional, 12, 74, 75, 77 Thailand, 205 conversation spaces, 78 clicktivism, 200 disinformation practices, 72 closed messenger groups, 78 election, 79 Coalition for Free and Fair Elections emergence of, 64 (BERSIH), 205 in Malaysia, 9 coarse political discourse, Najib, 76 amplification of, 26–28 cyber unit, 116 “Coins for Prita”, 45 cyber warfare, 111 Colours Rainbow Yangon, 2 communal violence in Myanmar, 87, D 98 “Daddy Duterte” (Tatay Digong), 32 Communications and Multimedia Act Declaration on a Framework to 1998, Malaysia, 73 Minimise the Harmful Effects of Communications Authority of Fake News (2018), 4 Thailand (CAT), 107 Decree 97 on the Management, Computer Crime Act (CCA), Supply, and Use of Internet Thailand, 109, 114, 118, 205 Services and Electronic Computer-Related Crimes Act, Information on the Internet Thailand, 109, 120n3 (2008), 150 11 Index GAD_1P_30Sep20.indd 215 30/9/20 6:10 PM 216 Index democracy “digital democracy” in Cambodia, activists, 151 127 autocratic rule and, 107 digital disinformation, 20 Corazon Aquino, 32 Digital Economy and Society (DE), death of, 20 Thailand, 111 in electoral authoritarian regimes, digital era, 6 193 digital media, 192, 205 and human freedom, 192 grassroots activism on, 15 human rights and good digital platforms, emergence of, governance, 26 128–31 in Indonesia, 196 digital politics, turning point for, Jokowi, 206 109–10 lower support of, 198 digital public sphere in Philippines, new digital totalitarianism, 200 19–20, 35 and political discourse, 13 disinformation, 21–26 “promissory coups”, 207 beyond elections, 30–35 prospects of, 194 2016 Philippine elections, 26–30 reforms for, 16 digital technologies, 22 social media, 79 for political campaigns, 25 in Southeast Asia, 2, 196 digital transformations in Cambodia, struggle for, 91 128 supportive of, 44 digital workers, 23 sustainability of, 199 disinformation threats to, 12 beyond elections, 30–35 tools in, 56 grassroots activism to, 1–6 veil of, 75 diverse social media landscape, democratic breakdown, in Thailand, 6–9 206 elections, 12–13 democratic regression, causes of, laws and crackdowns, 13–16 198–200 rise of, 9–11 Democratic Socialist Republic of in Indonesia, 43–44 Vietnam, 152 industry and political buzzers, Democrat Party-led government, 47–51 109 production grows, 52–55 Dengvaxia scandal, 35 social media, 44–47 Department of Health’s industry, professionalization of, immunization programme, 28–30 Philippines, 34 in Malaysia, 63–64 de-securitizing disinformation, 118 Barisan Nasional, 69–74 digital activism, phase of, 91 historic change of government, digital authoritarianism, 127 75–78 11 Index GAD_1P_30Sep20.indd 216 30/9/20 6:10 PM Index 217 opposition campaigning and 2012 Jakarta gubernatorial election, election battles, 67–69 43–44, 46, 49–50 social media activism and 2013 General Election (GE13), opposition politics, 64–67 63–64, 67, 69, 71–73, 80n5 in Philippines, 21–26 2014 General Election (GE14), 64, 2016 elections, 26–30 68, 72, 74, 78 rise of, 3, 9–11 2015 General Election (GE15), securitization approach to, 106 176–78, 184 “distorted information”, 116 Philippine elections, 26–30 distrust, in Southeast Asian societies, political economy of, 47 193 of Rodrigo Duterte, 13 diverse social media landscape, 6–9 Singapore government, 13 “divided disinformation”, 106 “turning point”, 12 “divisive” political discourse, 43 election disinformation grows, 52–54 draconian laws, Malaysia, 72–74 Elections Advertising Regulations, Dung, Nguyen Tan, 152–53, 155 Singapore, 170, 172 Duterte, R., 198, 199 electoral authoritarian regime, 193, Asia’s oldest democracies, 19 196 campaign in Ilocos, 33 Malaysia, 197 Death Squads, 28 electoral authoritarian rule, 194 drug war, 27 Electoral Commission, Malaysia, 68 election victory of, 13 electoral contestation, 45 electoral outcomes, 25 electoral democracies, 15 media agencies, 28 electoral reform, 67 in Philippines, 30, 196 Electronic Information Transaction provincial warlords, 26 Law, Indonesia, 203 on social media, 20 enhanced censorship, 193 supporters of, 31, 206 environmental activism online, 160 exiled activist groups, 90 E “explicitly political” content, ban on, ecosystem of state agencies, Thailand, 170, 172 112 election, 12–13 F battles, 67–69 Facebook, 86–89, 115–18, 133–40, campaigns, 9 148–55 disinformation, 30–35, 52–55 Cambodia’s largest LGBT 2006 General Election (GE06), organizations, 129 169–71 citizens and activists, political 2011 General Election (GE11), parties, 173 171–74 co-opting Facebook, 155–59 2012 General Election (GE12), 71 disinformation campaigns, 146 11 Index GAD_1P_30Sep20.indd 217 30/9/20 6:10 PM 218 Index dominant social media platform, Filipinos, 21–24 128 communities, 28 Filipino internet users, 21 migrant labour, 22 “free basics” in Philippines, 7 online, 21 and Google, 10 Force 47, 156, 157, 158, 159, 204 groups, 23 Freedom House, 9, 194 LGBT communities, 2 Free My Internet movement, 176 live streaming, 69 #FREETHE5KH (Free the Khmer Ma Ba Tha, 96 Five) campaign, 130 Myanmar human rights groups to, 99 G “patient zero”, 19 1969 General Election, 80n2 silent protest on, 68 2006 General Election (GE06), 169–71 Southeast Asian countries, 8 2011 General Election (GE11), 171–74 Thinking Pinoy, 35 2012 General Election (GE12), 71 and Twitter, 32, 45, 172, 174, 177, 2013 General Election (GE13), 63–64, 179, 180 67, 69, 71–73, 80n5 West Papua,
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