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Inclusive Philanthropy Feature Inclusive Philanthropy By Amir Pasic, Una Osili, Patrick Rooney, Mark Ottoni-Wilhelm, Patricia Snell Herzog, David King, Andrea Pactor & Shariq Siddiqui (Faculty of the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy) Stanford Social Innovation Review Fall 2020 Copyright Ó 2020 by Leland Stanford Jr. University All Rights Reserved Stanford Social Innovation Review www.ssir.org Email: [email protected] 38 Stanford Social Innovation Review / Fall 2020 Limiting what counts as philanthropy has curtailed our understanding of its scope and social value. A , more expansive approach shows how it is essential for creating a more equitable and democratic society. Inclusive Philanthropy decisions, and to center philanthropy in community, rather than in BY THE FACULTY managerial efficiency and effectiveness. OF THE LILLY In what follows, we explain how inclusive philanthropy promotes FAMILY SCHOOL the ways in which citizens engage one another, sometimes forgoing government action to pursue shared goals. In the past, inclusive phil- OF PHILANTHROPY anthropy has financially supported political causes, like extending the right to vote and civil rights more broadly, providing humanitarian relief, significant amount of public attention on phil- and expanding education. Cases that encompass broad swaths of the anthropy and democracy has concerned how US population illustrate the landscape of inclusive philanthropy as it is large concentrations of wealth influence public practiced by people seeking to build community and improve society. decisions and elections. How can we be equal citizens, people ask, if some voices are valued TAX POLICY FOR INCLUSIVE GIVING more than others? If the consequences of this Taxes are a legal obligation for every citizen. Within US tax policy are Apower imbalance result in the United States’ resembling more of an important dynamics of who gives and how tax authorities count giving. oligarchy than a democracy? This policy establishes each citizen’s philanthropic identity in the eyes These discussions spotlight the political power of the wealthy, rather of the government. Beyond monetary giving, there is the giving of time, than what philanthropy is genuinely about: generosity and volunteerism. which raises the issue of volunteering’s demographics. Who is raising a Philanthropy certainly can be and has been manipulated, just like hand to volunteer? And how are mechanisms for giving drawing in more the processes of democracy have been distorted, to the advantage of diverse donors? To show the dynamism of everyday giving, we profile a the powerful. But the most significant role that philanthropy plays in range of practices that include more participants in giving behaviors— democracy is to ensure that a spirit of generosity both maintains the practices that range from social media to giving circles, religious giving integrity of democratic procedures and expands the realm of civil society. applications, and innovations in workplace giving. This is not to say that all meaningful social change happens through Tax law not only affects the material price of giving but also com- generosity alone. Such a claim would be inaccurate and would overlook municates to the nation that society values charitable giving. Recogni- the role of political conflict in pushing for social and political transform- tion of giving by the tax system says that giving is part of our shared ation. Yet we need to pay more attention to how philanthropic actions, American identity. As Brookings Institute economist William Gale in their broadest sense, can make our society more democratic. In ways has noted, tax policy has a soul that embodies our society’s values.1 big and small, philanthropy is necessary to build a more inclusive and The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act resulted in only about 10 percent equitable democracy that engages and benefits all its citizens. of Americans receiving recognition of their charitable giving from the To cultivate this understanding, we propose an intentional approach tax system. The act treats the giving of Americans unequally because to giving cash and time and to advocacy that we callinclusive philan- not all their giving is tax-recognized. In fact, very little is. Tax rec- thropy. It aims to create broader communal involvement and bene- ognition is important because it communicates that giving by all, fit, to expand the circle of those who participate in shaping public regardless of income or gift size, is socially recognized and valued. The act increased the standard deduction to $24,000 from $12,700 n Volunteers, safely masked when income has grown, giving has for married people filing jointly. Under the old law, for example, if a and gloved, prepare bags of also grown; for more than half a cen- food items for distribution married couple was in the 25 percent tax bracket, the after-tax price outside Washington, DC, in tury, giving has grown, on average, 4.7 of giving $1 to charity was 75 cents. However, the new law no longer June, 2020. percent per year in nonrecession years. recognizes their giving if their combined spending on deductible While not enough evidence exists to items—mortgage interest, state and local taxes, medical care, and gifts determine causality, the correlation is to charity—is less than $24,000. As a result, the after-tax price to give clear: First, the 2017 Act indicated that giving by only a few Americans that dollar increases to 100 cents. Although increasing the standard is socially valued, and for 20 percent increased the price of giving; deduction put more after-tax income in the pockets of many Americans, subsequently, giving fell. about 20 percent of Americans saw the after-tax price of their giving It would never be a good time for tax law to communicate that giv- increase dramatically, by two-thirds (for those in the top tax bracket ing by only a few Americans is socially valued, but now is an especially who stopped itemizing). bad time, for three notable reasons. First, while most Americans give In 2018, despite the increase in after-tax incomes and a relatively to nonprofit organizations at some time, only a third give year in and strong economy, household giving fell by 3.4 percent—a significant year out to the same charitable cause. Second, the number of Americans decrease for nonprofits that rely on charitable gifts. Typically, in years who give in any single year declined between 5 and 10 percentage Photograph by NurPhoto/Contributor/Getty Images 40 Stanford Social Innovation Review / Fall 2020 points from 2000 to 2016. Third, that decline is concentrated among The contributors to this article, from Indiana University’s Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, are: 2 younger adults—a worrying sign about the future potential of giving. AMIR PASIC is the Eugene R. Tempel dean PATRICIA SNELL HERZOG is the Melvin Faced with myriad factors—a declining number of citizens giv- and professor of philanthropic studies. Simon chair and associate professor of philanthropic studies. ing, and only a minority of Americans who can be counted on to give UNA OSILI is the associate dean for research and international programs, dean’s fellow DAVID KING is the Karen Lake Buttrey regularly to the same cause; a tax act that undercuts the social value at the Mays Family Institute on Diverse director of Lake Institute on Faith & Giving and of giving; and economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic—what Philanthropy, and professor of economics and assistant professor of philanthropic studies. philanthropic studies. should we do? The CARES Act, passed this spring to provide financial ANDREA PACTOR served as interim director PATRICK ROONEY is the executive associate of the Women’s Philanthropy Institute. relief during the pandemic, recognized the gifts of every American, dean for academic programs and professor of both those who itemize and those who do not. However, the recogni- economics and philanthropic studies. SHARIQ SIDDIQUI is the director of the Muslim Philanthropy Initiative and assistant tion is only for gifts up to $300, and it is inequitable: A $300 gift made MARK OTTONI-WILHELM is a professor professor of philanthropic studies. from a taxable income of $130,000 is recognized more (it would cost of economics at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and aliate faculty The authors would like to thank Katie Smith the giver only $234 to make the $300 gift) than a $300 gift made from member of the Lilly Family School of Milway, Aja May Pirtle, and Mary Dieter for a $30,000 income (the gift would then cost $264). Philanthropy. their assistance in developing this article. Instead, enacting a universal tax credit would convey a more equit- able message of the social value of giving. For example, a 25 percent tax credit would achieve equal recognition by establishing, for everyone, a in Africa to better include the full range of voluntary activities from 75-cents after-tax price of giving $1. That would be more equitable because nonelites. He observes that these informal activities are often difficult it would recognize gifts as the same, regardless of income. (The $300 to quantify, and thus are less readily comparable across countries. gift made by higher- and lower-income people would cost both $225.) Yet these activities are crucial for understanding the breadth of phil- This tax credit also would be a stronger incentive because it applies to anthropy, such as when people living in poverty help other people in every dollar given (not just those up to $300). Our research forecasts poverty—not with wealth but with mutual aid. that a 25 percent credit would increase giving by $37 billion—nearly Non-Western examples illustrate how philanthropy can include the 11 percent—and that the number of donors would grow by 12 percent. actions of everyday people and show what forms these actions take in A two-tiered tax credit would further affirm the social value of countries less wealthy than the United States.
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