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Biographical Motivations of Pilgrims on the Camino De Santiago

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Biographical Motivations of Pilgrims on the Camino De Santiago International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 7 Issue 2 Special Issue : Volume 1 of Papers Presented at 10th International Religious Article 3 Tourism and Pilgrimage Conference 2018, Santiago de Compostela 2019 Biographical Motivations of Pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago Christian Kurrat FernUniversität in Hagen (Germany), [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons Recommended Citation Kurrat, Christian (2019) "Biographical Motivations of Pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago," International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage: Vol. 7: Iss. 2, Article 3. doi:https://doi.org/10.21427/06p1-9w68 Available at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol7/iss2/3 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. © International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage ISSN : 2009-7379 Available at: http://arrow.dit.ie/ijrtp/ Volume 7(ii) 2019 Biographical Motivations of Pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago Christian Kurrat, Ph.D. FernUniversität in Hagen (Germany) [email protected] The question of what leads people from a biographical perspective to go on pilgrimage has been a research object in the Department of Sociology at the FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany. This qualitative study examines the biographical constellations which have led to the decision to go on pilgrimage and therefore a typology of biographical motivations was developed. To achieve the aim of a typology, methods of qualitative research were used. The database consists of narrative interviews that were undertaken mostly with German pilgrims. The life stories of the pilgrims were analysed with Grounded Theory Methodology and made into a typology of five main types of pilgrims: balance pilgrim, crisis pilgrim, time-out pilgrim, transitional pilgrim, new start pilgrim. Key Words: pilgrimage, sociology, qualitative research, biography research, typology Introduction Status of research The medieval practice of pilgrimage is experiencing an What do we know about the motives of pilgrims? extraordinary renaissance. Travel by foot is becoming a Though the Pilgrim Reception Office in Santiago de worldwide trend and ‘The Way of St. James’ in Spain Compostela produces official statistics about the is gaining especially huge attention. The so called pilgrims’ motives, this database is not convincing. The ‘Camino de Santiago’ is a network of routes that lead statistic shows that about 43% of the pilgrims who to Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain, were registered within the last ten years point out where it is believed that the remains of the apostle St. ‘religious’ motivations and almost 50% ‘religious or James are buried. The first pilgrims went there in the cultural’ (Oficina de Acogida de Peregrinos, 2018). 9th century (Bottineau, 1987). Within the last 30 years One must know that by not signing religious or cultural this pilgrimage route has experienced a remarkable reasons the pilgrims receive a certificate that is revival. In the year 2017 alone more than 300,000 different from the historical and desirable one in the people were registered in the Pilgrim Reception Office Latin language. For that reason the ‘dataset provided in Santiago de Compostela (Oficina de Acogida al by the Pigrim Office is interesting but very limited Peregrino, 2018). The true number is probably higher despite improvements’ (Lois González and Santos as up to 11.5% of pilgrims are not recorded there (Lois Solla, 2015:155). González and Santos Solla, 2015). The question of what leads people from a biographical perspective to While a pilgrimage to a sacred place like Santiago de go on pilgrimage has been the research subject at the Compostela, one of the three ‘geospiritual centres of Department of Sociology at the FernUniversität in the Christian dominion’ (Lois González et al., Hagen, Germany. In their qualitative study was 2016:773), clearly was a religious endeavour in the examined the biographical source constellations which Middle Ages (Ebertz, 2012), contemporary empirical have led to the decision to go on pilgrimage and studies point out a dichotomy between religious and therefore a typology of biographical motivations was spiritual motives. In a large quantitative study of 2010, developed. In the following paper, the status of 48.5% of all pilgrims declared to walk for spiritual research about the motives of pilgrims will be reasons and 47.6% for religious motivation (CETUR presented. After that, the methods will be presented and SA Xacobeo, 2010). In another quantitative study before the typology of pilgrim’s biographical of the same year (Gamper and Reuter, 2012) state that motivations will be shown. 23.4% of all pilgrims claim religious motives and almost the same number say that they want to get to know different religions (22.4%). Repentance is important for 16.6% and to visit Christian places for 12.1%. To reach the Cathedral of Santiago de ~ 11 ~ Kurrat Biographical Motivations of Pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago Compostela is important for 6.6%. On the other hand, investigate expressly this and to present a typology of more than half of all questioned (51.8%) indicate an biographical motivations of pilgrims on the Camino de individualistic motive: to find oneself. It is important Santiago. for the pilgrims to escape from everyday life (40.2%); to enjoy calmness (39.4%); and to feel the spiritual Methods atmosphere (34.6%). In particular, motives that can be called spiritual lead people to the Camino de Santiago To achieve the aim of developing a typology, methods (Gamper and Reuter, 2012: 220). One third want to of qualitative research were used in order to explore enjoy nature (34.4%) and the sight of nice landscapes the social width of the until then unknown field. The are also important (32.9%). Less than a quarter indicate process of research followed the ideas of Grounded that they want to meet people from different countries Theory Methodology (Glaser, 1998). This basically (23.7%); to be together with family (22.2%); to means that the research field has a higher priority than experience adventure (20.9%); or to be part of the theoretically advanced takeovers: the theory shall be pilgrim community (19.1%). Fewer indicate sport discovered within the field and through the interactions motives (17.3%) or cultural reasons (17.2%). Some in it (Flick, 2007). Connected with this research want to overcome a life crisis (14.2%). Of minor attitude is a specific technique of finding interview importance are motives related to interest in animals partners. In Grounded Theory Methodology it is called and plants (9.5%); to party with others (7.4%), or; have ‘theoretical sampling’ which means a careful selection a cheap vacation (5.2%). of cases (Corbin, 2003). For the researcher this means finding extreme and contrastive cases but also similar Modern pilgrimage is not exclusively in accordance ones in order to capture as much as possible from the with the traditional devout notion (see paper in this complexity of reality. Under the prerequisite Issue by Haller and Munro) and it has become a assumption that the occurrences in the social world significant form of a self-initiated, non- move in a process and that the parts of the occurrences denominationally bound sense-search and self-search can be divided into a small and finite number, a widely (2012:228). ‘The post-secular situation is marked by a spread selection of cases allows the creation of types. major shift from organized, normative religion to Barney Glaser’s interpretation of Grounded Theory subjective and experiential spirituality’ (Lopez et al., Methodology recommends that the researcher should 2017:226). While a religious journey includes belief in be open to new discoveries which are proceed God and the practice of traditional rituals, a spiritual inductively. Referring to that, a research stay of six journey is about the idea of a non-structured, individual weeks was conducted in the summer of 2010 at and direct relationship that one has to their different locations along the French route of the transcendental reality (Frey, 2002:47). Even though Camino de Santiago in Spain. During a period spent most of the pilgrims come from a Christian working in hostels, hundreds of pilgrims were background, many do not practice their religion in their observed while listening to their talks or having short everyday life nor on the Camino de Santiago. Of chats with them. By doing that, it was possible to find central motivation is a form of transformation that both similar and contrastive cases who were asked to includes inner values and questions about the sense of participate in the study. This approach was undertaken life (Haab, 1998:13). until it was believed that no new aspects could be discovered. In this respect the research of pilgrims gives a well- founded insight into the transcendental orientation of The final database consists of 30 Narrative Interviews pilgrims, but does not yet show which personal that were undertaken mostly with German pilgrims motives lie beyond that. However, the status of who walked the Camino for the first time, who started research gives us reason to assume that the starting it alone and who walked at least 250 kilometres. The point of a pilgrimage is biographically motivated. method of the Narrative Interview was invented by the Haab, for example, states that people go on pilgrimage German sociologist Fritz Schütze in the 1970s and is in existential physical or psychic crises or at turning especially used in biographical research (Fuchs- points in life (1998:140), while Frey states that Heinritz, 2009). The method he invented refers to pilgrims are motivated by a suffering soul (2002:63). concepts of phenomenology, ethnomethodology, Since there had not been a study that especially symbolic interactionism and sociology of knowledge.
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