Networks of Highly Branched Stigmarian Rootlets Developed on the First Giant Trees
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Gene Expression Data Support the Hypothesis That Isoetes Rootlets Are True Roots and Not Modifed Leaves Alexander J
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Gene expression data support the hypothesis that Isoetes rootlets are true roots and not modifed leaves Alexander J. Hetherington1,2, David M. Emms1, Steven Kelly1 & Liam Dolan1,3* Rhizomorphic lycopsids are the land plant group that includes the frst giant trees to grow on Earth and extant species in the genus Isoetes. Two mutually exclusive hypotheses account for the evolution of terminal rooting axes called rootlets among the rhizomorphic lycopsids. One hypothesis states that rootlets are true roots, like roots in other lycopsids. The other states that rootlets are modifed leaves. Here we test predictions of each hypothesis by investigating gene expression in the leaves and rootlets of Isoetes echinospora. We assembled the de novo transcriptome of axenically cultured I. echinospora. Gene expression signatures of I. echinospora rootlets and leaves were diferent. Furthermore, gene expression signatures of I. echinospora rootlets were similar to gene expression signatures of true roots of Selaginella moellendorfi and Arabidopsis thaliana. RSL genes which positively regulate cell diferentiation in roots were either exclusively or preferentially expressed in the I. echinospora rootlets, S. moellendorfi roots and A. thaliana roots compared to the leaves of each respective species. Taken together, gene expression data from the de-novo transcriptome of I. echinospora are consistent with the hypothesis that Isoetes rootlets are true roots and not modifed leaves. Te frst giant (> 50 m) trees to grow on Earth, the arborescent clubmosses, were tethered to the ground by rooting structures termed stigmarian systems whose homology has been debated for more than 150 years1–9. Stigmarian rooting systems consisted of two components, a central axis (rhizomorph) on which developed large numbers of fne axes (rootlets). -
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African countries and neighbouring islands covered by the Synopsis. S T R E L I T Z I A 23 Synopsis of the Lycopodiophyta and Pteridophyta of Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands by J.P. Roux Pretoria 2009 S T R E L I T Z I A This series has replaced Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa and Annals of the Kirstenbosch Botanic Gardens which SANBI inherited from its predecessor organisations. The plant genus Strelitzia occurs naturally in the eastern parts of southern Africa. It comprises three arborescent species, known as wild bananas, and two acaulescent species, known as crane flowers or bird-of-paradise flowers. The logo of the South African National Biodiversity Institute is based on the striking inflorescence of Strelitzia reginae, a native of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal that has become a garden favourite worldwide. It sym- bolises the commitment of the Institute to champion the exploration, conservation, sustain- able use, appreciation and enjoyment of South Africa’s exceptionally rich biodiversity for all people. J.P. Roux South African National Biodiversity Institute, Compton Herbarium, Cape Town SCIENTIFIC EDITOR: Gerrit Germishuizen TECHNICAL EDITOR: Emsie du Plessis DESIGN & LAYOUT: Elizma Fouché COVER DESIGN: Elizma Fouché, incorporating Blechnum palmiforme on Gough Island PHOTOGRAPHS J.P. Roux Citing this publication ROUX, J.P. 2009. Synopsis of the Lycopodiophyta and Pteridophyta of Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Strelitzia 23. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN: 978-1-919976-48-8 © Published by: South African National Biodiversity Institute. Obtainable from: SANBI Bookshop, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. -
Pennsylvanian Exposures in the White Breast Recreation Area, Marion County, Iowa ______
Iowa Geological & Water Survey - GSI PENNSYLVANIAN EXPOSURES IN THE WHITE BREAST RECREATION AREA, MARION COUNTY, IOWA ___________________________________________________ John P. Pope, Adrian E. Goettemoeller, and Raymond R. Anderson Geological Society of Iowa Sponsored by the Department of Natural Resources Iowa Geological and Water Survey ______________________________________ April 20, 2013 Guidebook 91 i Guidebook 91 Cover photo shows the field trip stop area, Pennsylvanian exposure on the south-facing shore of the White Breast Recreation area at Lake Red Rock. ii Iowa Geological & Water Survey - GSI PENNSYLVANIAN EXPOSURES IN THE WHITE BREAST RECREATION AREA, MARION COUNTY, IOWA John P. Pope Northwest Missouri State University Dept. Geography/Geology 800 University Drive Maryville, MO 64468-6001 [email protected] Adrian E. Goettemoeller 712 York Court Plattsmouth, NE 68048 [email protected] Raymond R. Anderson Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Geological Survey Bureau Iowa City, IA 52242-1319 [email protected] with contributions by Greg A. Ludvigson Kansas Geological Survey 1930 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047-3724 [email protected] April 20, 2013 Geological Society of Iowa Guidebook 91 Geological Society of Iowa Sponsored by the Department of Natural Resources Iowa Geological and Water Survey Additional Copies of this Guidebook or other GSI Guidebooks May be Ordered from the IGWS Publication page at https://programs.iowadnr.gov/igspubs/listPubs.aspx iii Guidebook 91 iv Iowa Geological & Water Survey - GSI TABLE OF CONTENTS Pennsylvanian Exposures in the White Breast Recreation Area, Marion County, Iowa Introduction to the Field Trip Raymond R. Anderson ................................................................................................................ 1 References ........................................................................................................................... 1 Overview of Lake Red Rock and the White Breast Recreation Area Raymond R. -
Bibliography of Isoetes
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ISOETES ALLEN, B.M. 1975. A note on the distribution of Isoetes in the Cadiz Province, Spain. Fern Gaz. (U.K.) 11 (2-3): 163-164 (1975). ALONSO, PAZ, E. 1989. Notas sobre plantas nuevas o interesantes para la flora Uruguaya: 1. (Notes on new or interesting plants for the Uruguayan flora: 1.) Comun. Bot. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 5 (91): 1-4 (1989) - Isoetes pp.2-3 ALSTON, A.H.G. 1982. Isoetaceae: 1. In Steenis, C.G.G.J. van, Holttum, R. E., eds. Flora Malesiana, series 2. Pteridophytes, volume 1. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr. W. Junk Publ. 62-64 (1982)- illus., chrom. nos., key. ANDREIS, C., RODONDI, G. 1987. Alcune stazioni di Isoetes echinospora Dur. nel Bresciano e osservazioni al SEM delle spore delle Isoetes della flora Italica. Natura Bresciana no.23: 119-130 (1986 publ. 1987) - illus., maps. 4, ANTHONY, N.C., & E.A. SCHELPE, 1985. Two new taxa and a new combination in southern African Pteridophyta. Bothalia, 15 (3 & 4): 554-555 (1985) ARREGUIN-SANCHEZ, M., 1986. Nuevos registros y taxa interesantes de pteridofitas del Valle de Mexico. (Isoetaceae, Psilotaceae y Selaginellaceae) Phytologia 59 (7): 451-453 (1986) ASH, S., & K.B. PIGG. 1991. A new Jurassic Isoetites (Isoetales) from the Wallowa Terrane in Hells Canyon Oregon and Idaho. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1636-1642. BAJPAI, U., & H.K. MAHESHWARI,1985. EM studies on the megaspores of Isoetes coromandelina. Phytomorphology, 34 (1-4): 226-231 (1984 publ. 1985) - illus. BALDWIN, W.K.W. 1933. The organization of the young sporophyte of Isoetes engelmanni, A. -
The Carboniferous Evolution of Nova Scotia
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 27, 2021 The Carboniferous evolution of Nova Scotia J. H. CALDER Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, PO Box 698, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3J 2T9 Abstract: Nova Scotia during the Carboniferous lay at the heart of palaeoequatorial Euramerica in a broadly intermontane palaeoequatorial setting, the Maritimes-West-European province; to the west rose the orographic barrier imposed by the Appalachian Mountains, and to the south and east the Mauritanide-Hercynide belt. The geological affinity of Nova Scotia to Europe, reflected in elements of the Carboniferous flora and fauna, was mirrored in the evolution of geological thought even before the epochal visits of Sir Charles Lyell. The Maritimes Basin of eastern Canada, born of the Acadian-Caledonian orogeny that witnessed the suture of Iapetus in the Devonian, and shaped thereafter by the inexorable closing of Gondwana and Laurasia, comprises a near complete stratal sequence as great as 12 km thick which spans the Middle Devonian to the Lower Permian. Across the southern Maritimes Basin, in northern Nova Scotia, deep depocentres developed en echelon adjacent to a transform platelet boundary between terranes of Avalon and Gondwanan affinity. The subsequent history of the basins can be summarized as distension and rifting attended by bimodal volcanism waning through the Dinantian, with marked transpression in the Namurian and subsequent persistence of transcurrent movement linking Variscan deformation with Mauritainide-Appalachian convergence and Alleghenian thrusting. This Mid- Carboniferous event is pivotal in the Carboniferous evolution of Nova Scotia. Rapid subsidence adjacent to transcurrent faults in the early Westphalian was succeeded by thermal sag in the later Westphalian and ultimately by basin inversion and unroofing after the early Permian as equatorial Pangaea finally assembled and subsequently rifted again in the Triassic. -
Retallack 2021 Coal Balls
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 564 (2021) 110185 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Modern analogs reveal the origin of Carboniferous coal balls Gregory Retallack * Department of Earth Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1272, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Coal balls are calcareous peats with cellular permineralization invaluable for understanding the anatomy of Coal ball Pennsylvanian and Permian fossil plants. Two distinct kinds of coal balls are here recognized in both Holocene Histosol and Pennsylvanian calcareous Histosols. Respirogenic calcite coal balls have arrays of calcite δ18O and δ13C like Carbon isotopes those of desert soil calcic horizons reflecting isotopic composition of CO2 gas from an aerobic microbiome. Permineralization Methanogenic calcite coal balls in contrast have invariant δ18O for a range of δ13C, and formed with anaerobic microbiomes in soil solutions with bicarbonate formed by methane oxidation and sugar fermentation. Respiro genic coal balls are described from Holocene peats in Eight Mile Creek South Australia, and noted from Carboniferous coals near Penistone, Yorkshire. Methanogenic coal balls are described from Carboniferous coals at Berryville (Illinois) and Steubenville (Ohio), Paleocene lignites of Sutton (Alaska), Eocene lignites of Axel Heiberg Island (Nunavut), Pleistocene peats of Konya (Turkey), and Holocene peats of Gramigne di Bando (Italy). Soils and paleosols with coal balls are neither common nor extinct, but were formed by two distinct soil microbiomes. 1. Introduction and Royer, 2019). Although best known from Euramerican coal mea sures of Pennsylvanian age (Greb et al., 1999; Raymond et al., 2012, Coal balls were best defined by Seward (1895, p. -
Isoetes Histrix Bory & Durieu
IN SITU CONSERVATION - SPECIES INFORMATION SHEET Project partner: Sóller Botanic Garden Foundation Island Balearic Islands (Mallorca) Species name (Family) Isoetes histrix Bory & Durieu and Isoetes duriei Bory (Isoetaceae) Common name isòet espinós; isòet (local name) land quillwort; quillwort (English name) Plant description V Small herb with a trilobed underground stem; leaves are linear and thin, arranged in basal rosette. Sporangia are found at leaves base and are covered by its veil. Trilete megaspores and monolete microspores. Both species can be distinguished by the ornamentation of its megaspores. V Pteridophyte, spore producing plants. Water dispersion. Dry-season deciduous. It is a geophyte which its phenology is from January to May. V Temporarily waterlogged or flooded decarbonated soils. Populations are found between 200 – 400 meters over sea level. Distribution Both taxa have a Circun-mediterranean distribution; and I. histrix lives as well in Great Britain. In the islands, I. histrix lives in Mallorca, Minorca, Sardinia and Crete. And I. duriei in Mallorca, Minorca, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, Map Legal status Mallorca’s population of I. histrix is considered as Vulnerable, in the Balearic Catalogue of Endangered Plants and “Near Threatened” by the Regional red list of Balearic Plants. Both taxa are protected by Habitat Directive (3170, Mediterranean temporary ponds) Main threats and conservation status According to the IUCN classification scheme, main threats are due to: IN SITU CONSERVATION - SPECIES INFORMATION SHEET 2. Agriculture 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops 2.1.2. Small holder farming: crop planted for food of animals of the farmer (sheeps) 7. Natural System modifications: 7.2. -
Inferring the Evolutionary Reduction of Corm Lobation in Isoëtes Using Bayesian Model- Averaged Ancestral State Reconstruction
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Inferring the evolutionary reduction of corm lobation in Isoëtes using Bayesian model- averaged ancestral state reconstruction. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39h708p5 Journal American journal of botany, 105(2) ISSN 0002-9122 Authors Freund, Forrest D Freyman, William A Rothfels, Carl J Publication Date 2018-02-01 DOI 10.1002/ajb2.1024 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California RESEARCH ARTICLE BRIEF COMMUNICATION Inferring the evolutionary reduction of corm lobation in Isoëtes using Bayesian model- averaged ancestral state reconstruction Forrest D. Freund1,2, William A. Freyman1,2, and Carl J. Rothfels1 Manuscript received 26 October 2017; revision accepted 2 January PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Inferring the evolution of characters in Isoëtes has been problematic, 2018. as these plants are morphologically conservative and yet highly variable and homoplasious 1 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, within that conserved base morphology. However, molecular phylogenies have given us a Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA valuable tool for testing hypotheses of character evolution within the genus, such as the 2 Authors for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected], hypothesis of ongoing morphological reductions. [email protected]) Citation: Freund, F. D., W. A. Freyman, and C. J. Rothfels. 2018. METHODS: We examined the reduction in lobe number on the underground trunk, or corm, by Inferring the evolutionary reduction of corm lobation in Isoëtes using combining the most recent molecular phylogeny with morphological descriptions gathered Bayesian model- averaged ancestral state reconstruction. American from the literature and observations of living specimens. -
The Joggins Cliffs of Nova Scotia: B2 the Joggins Cliffs of Nova Scotia: Lyell & Co's "Coal Age Galapagos" J.H
GAC-MAC-CSPG-CSSS Pre-conference Field Trips A1 Contamination in the South Mountain Batholith and Port Mouton Pluton, southern Nova Scotia HALIFAX Building Bridges—across science, through time, around2005 the world D. Barrie Clarke and Saskia Erdmann A2 Salt tectonics and sedimentation in western Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia Ian Davison and Chris Jauer A3 Glaciation and landscapes of the Halifax region, Nova Scotia Ralph Stea and John Gosse A4 Structural geology and vein arrays of lode gold deposits, Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia Rick Horne A5 Facies heterogeneity in lacustrine basins: the transtensional Moncton Basin (Mississippian) and extensional Fundy Basin (Triassic-Jurassic), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia David Keighley and David E. Brown A6 Geological setting of intrusion-related gold mineralization in southwestern New Brunswick Kathleen Thorne, Malcolm McLeod, Les Fyffe, and David Lentz A7 The Triassic-Jurassic faunal and floral transition in the Fundy Basin, Nova Scotia Paul Olsen, Jessica Whiteside, and Tim Fedak Post-conference Field Trips B1 Accretion of peri-Gondwanan terranes, northern mainland Nova Scotia Field Trip B2 and southern New Brunswick Sandra Barr, Susan Johnson, Brendan Murphy, Georgia Pe-Piper, David Piper, and Chris White The Joggins Cliffs of Nova Scotia: B2 The Joggins Cliffs of Nova Scotia: Lyell & Co's "Coal Age Galapagos" J.H. Calder, M.R. Gibling, and M.C. Rygel Lyell & Co's "Coal Age Galapagos” B3 Geology and volcanology of the Jurassic North Mountain Basalt, southern Nova Scotia Dan Kontak, Jarda Dostal, -
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 21 Cover
rf Predictive Stratigraphic Analysis- - Concept and Application u.s. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 21 Cover. Calcic paleo-Vertisol underlying the resistant transgressive marine limestone Little Stone Gap Member of the Hinton Formation (Upper Mississippian) in southwestern West Virginia. This paleosol is indicative of a relatively dry climate when evapotranspira- tion exceeded rainfall for more than 6 months out of the year. The light-gray color at the level of the photograph scale (center) is the result of gleying (bleaching) after burial. A calcified root system, located in the proximity of the scale, branches downward and sug gests a well-developed root system for a plant whose stem may have been up to 15 centi meters in diameter. Numerous mineralized fossil roots at this level indicate that land plants were very well adapted to seasonally dry conditions in nonwaterlogged environ ments by Late Mississippian time. Cross-cutting fractures, known as mukkara structures and caused by seasonal expansion (wet) and contraction (dry), are visible throughout the outcrop beneath the resistant limestone layer except where interrupted or destroyed by paleoroot systems. Predictive Stratigraphic Analysis Concept and Application Edited by C. Blaine Cecil and N. Terence Edgar U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2110 A collection of extended abstracts of papers presented at two workshops on the title subject UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GORDON P. EATON, Director For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. -
Characteristics of the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Boundary and Associated Coal-Bearing Rocks in the Southern Appalachians
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MISSISSIPPIAN-PENNSYLVANIAN BOUNDARY AND ASSOCIATED COAL-BEARING ROCKS IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS By Kenneth J. England, William H. Gillespie, C. Blaine Cecil, and John F. Windolph, Jr. U.S. Geological Survey and Thomas J. Crawford West Georgia College with contributions by Cortland F. Eble West Virginia Geological Survey Lawrence J. Rheams Alabama Geological Survey and Roger E. Thomas U.S. Geological Survey USQS Open-File Report 85-577 1985 This report la preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or atratlgraphic nomenclature. CONTENTS Page Characteristics of the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary and associated coal-bearing strata in the central Appalachian basin. Kenneth J. Englund and Roger E. Thomas.................................... 1 Upper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian Series in the southern Appalachians. Thomas J. Crawford........................................................ 9 Biostratigraphic significance of compression-impression plant fossils near the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in the southern Appalachians. William H. Gillespie, Thomas J. Crawford and Lawrence J. Rheams........... 11 Miospores in Pennsylvanian coal beds of the southern Appalachian basin and their stratigraphic implications. Cortland F. Eble, William H. Gillespie, Thomas J. Crawford, and Lawrence J. Rheams...................................................... 19 Geologic controls on sedimentation and peat formation in the Carboniferous of the Appalachian -
Soft-Bodied Fossils from the Roof Shales of the Wigan Four Foot Coal Seam, Westhoughton, Lancashire, UK
Geol. Mag. 135 (3), 1999. pp. 321-329. Printed in the United Kingdom © 1999 Cambridge University Press 321 Soft-bodied fossils from the roof shales of the Wigan Four Foot coal seam, Westhoughton, Lancashire, UK L. I. ANDERSON*, J. A. DUNLOPf, R. M. C. EAGARJ, C. A. HORROCKS§ & H. M. WILSON]] "Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology, Meston Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK tlnstitiit fiir Systematische Zoologie, Museum fiir Naturkunde, Invalidenstrasse, D-10115, Berlin, Germany ^Honorary Research Associate, The Manchester Museum, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK §24 Lower Monton Road, Eccles, Manchester, M30 ONX, UK ^Department of Earth Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK (Received 10 September 1998; accepted21 January 1999) Abstract - Exceptionally preserved fossils are described from the Westhoughton opencast coal pit near Wigan, Lancashire, UK (uppermost Westphalian A, Lower Modiolaris Chronozone, regularis faunal belt). The fossils occur within sideritic concretions in a 1.5-metre zone above the Wigan Four Foot coal seam. Arthropods dominate the fauna and include arachnids, arthropleurids, crustaceans, eurypterids, euthycarcinoids, millipedes and xiphosurans. Vertebrates are represented by a single palaeoniscid fish, numerous disarticulated scales and coprolites. Upright Sigillaria trees, massive bedded units and a general lack of trace fossils in the roof shales of the Wigan Four Foot coal seam suggest that deposi tion of the beds containing these concretions was relatively rapid. Discovery of similar faunas at the equivalent stratigraphic level some distance away point to regional rather than localized controls on exceptional preservation. Prior to Anderson et al. (1997), it was generally 1. Introduction believed that exceptionally preserved fossils in Recent investigations of new Upper Carboniferous Lancashire were restricted to the Sparth Bottoms fossil localities in the West Lancashire Coalfield have brick clay pit, Rochdale and the Soapstone bed of the produced significant results (Anderson et al.