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Oatka Creek Water Quality Assessment: Identifying Point And The College at Brockport: State University of New York Digital Commons @Brockport Environmental Science and Biology Theses Environmental Science and Biology 6-1-2012 Oatka Creek Water Quality Assessment: Identifying Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution with Application of the SWAT Model Dale Matthew ettP enski The College at Brockport Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/env_theses Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Pettenski, Dale Matthew, "Oatka Creek Water Quality Assessment: Identifying Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution with Application of the SWAT Model" (2012). Environmental Science and Biology Theses. Paper 38. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Environmental Science and Biology at Digital Commons @Brockport. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental Science and Biology Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @Brockport. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Oatka Creek Water Quality Assessment: Identifying Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution with Application of the SWAT Model by Dale Matthew Pettenski A Thesis submitted to the Department of Environmental Science and Biology of the State University of New York College at Brockport in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science June 2012 Department of Environmental Science and Biology Thesis Defense by: Dale Matthew Pettenski Oatka Creek Water Quality Assessment: Identifying Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution with Application of the SWAT Model Date _________________________ Master’s Degree Advisory Committee Approved Not Approved _______________________________ ________ ________ Major Advisor _______________________________ ________ ________ Committee Member _______________________________ ________ ________ Committee Member _______________________________ ________________ Graduate Coordinator Date _______________________________ ________________ Chairman, Environmental Science & Biology Date ii Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Makarewicz for giving the opportunity to work as a graduate assistant under the United State Department of Agriculture grant through the Research Foundation at the State University of New York at Brockport. I also would like to acknowledge Dr. Makarewicz for his insight, guidance and assistance through my project and thesis. Theodore Lewis also played a major role assisting with project guidance, ideas and SWAT Model aid. I give thanks to my committee members, Dr. Paul Richards and Dr. James Zollweg for assisting with ArcMap, the SWAT model and hydrological processes in Oatka Creek. I would also like to thank my SUNY Brockport colleagues Mellissa Winslow, Evan Rea, Blake Snyder and Will Smith for laboratory analysis and field work. Additionally, Tom Haley from the DEC, Greg McKurth from Wyoming County Soil and Water, Tucker Kautz from Monroe County Soil and Water and George Squires from Genesee County Soil and Water all gave valuable information on agricultural practices and GIS data within Oatka Creek. Lastly, I would like to thank Joyce Makarewicz for the time she took reading my thesis for grammar and punctuation. iii Table of Contents List of Tables………………….……………………………………..……………………….. vi List of Figures………….……………….……………………………………………………. vii Introduction….………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Segment Analysis……………………...….………………………….…………………. 3 Ecological Indicators………………………………………………….………………… 4 The SWAT Model…………………………………………………….………………… 6 Background: Genesee River Basin……………………………………………………… 7 Background: Oatka Creek Watershed…...…..………………………………………….. 9 Objectives and Goals……………….…………………………………………………… 12 Methods………………………….………………………………………….………………. 13 Study Sites……………………………………………………………….……………… 13 Weekly Water Chemistry Sampling…………...………………………………………… 14 Discharge…..…………………………………………………………………………….. 15 Wastewater Treatment Plants…….……………………………………………………… 16 Segment Analysis……………………..……………….………………………………… 17 Sediment Erosion Inventory….………….………………………………………………. 17 Macro-invertebrate Identification…………………………………….…………………….... 18 Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model…………………………………………… 18 Model Setup……………………………….…………………………………………. 18 Source Inputs………………………………………………………………………..... 19 Model Calibration and Validation……………………………………………………. 23 Model Simulations………………………..…………………………………………... 28 Results…………………………………………….…………………………………………. 31 Nutrient Biotic Index…………………………………………..…………………………….. 31 Segment and Tributary Loading………………….……………………………………… 32 Discharge Measurements……………..………………………………………………. 32 iv Average Concentration…………….…………………………………………….……. 32 Event versus Nonevent Concentration…….………………………………………….. 33 Measured Total Annual Nutrient and Sediment Loading……….……………………. 33 Areal Nutrient and Sediment Loading…………….………………………………….. 35 Monthly and Seasonal Loading…………………………….………………………… 37 Chronological Account of Stressed Stream Analysis……..……………….……………. 37 SWAT Model Results…………………………………………………………………… 75 Sources of Phosphorus…………..……………………………………………………. 75 Effectiveness of Best Management Practices (BMPs)………….……………………. 76 Discussion………………………….…………………………………………..……………... 78 Water Quality Targets…………….………..……………………..………………………. 80 Oatka Creek in Comparison to Other Tributaries.…………….….………………………. 83 Efficacy and Limitations of SWAT…………………………..….……………………….. 84 SWAT Loading Allocations……………………………………...………………………. 88 Relative Losses from Subbasins…………...……………………………………………... 89 Evans Road…………………………………………………………………………….. 90 Warsaw Segment………………………………………………………………………. 93 Ellicott Segment………………………………………………………………………………….. 98 Garbutt Segment………………..…………………………………………………………….….. 101 Target Concentrations with Management Recommendations………………………………….... 105 Conclusions and Recommendations……..………………………………………………............. 106 Literature Cited…………………………………………...………………………………..…………..... 109 Tables……………………………………………………..………………………………....................... 115 Figures……………………………………………………...………………………………………..….. 129 Appendix A…………………………………………………...…………………………..…................... 190 Appendix B……………………………………………………...…………………………………...….. 196 Appendix C………………………………………………………..…………………….....………….... 198 v List of Tables Table 1. Oatka Creek subwatershed Sewage Treatment Plant (WWTP) information…............ 115 Table 2. Weekly sampling site locations………………………………………………............. 115 Table 3. Analysis methods used from Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and 3M……………………………………………………………….… 116 Table 4. Weather station datasets utilized in the Oatka Creek SWAT model…………............. 117 Table 5. Results from the Caledonia Fish Hatchery on three separate sampling dates…….…. 117 Table 6. A list of all Oatka Creek CAFO sites and the amount of dairy fresh manure applied to specific HRU’s (hydrologic response units) within selected subbasins………….. 118 Table 7. Estimated karst water input regression equations by month (December through May) which was calculated over a 40 year time period………………………….…. 119 Table 8. The final model calibration results from the Oatka Creek SWAT model……............ 119 Table 9. A summary of percent bias (PBIAS) by comparing SWAT simulated total suspended solid (TSS) loads to the observed TSS loads at all eight monitoring locations……………………………………………………………………….…….. 120 Table 10. A summary of percent bias (PBIAS) by comparing SWAT simulated total phosphorus (TP) loads to the observed TP loads at all eight monitoring locations.… 120 Table 11. Results of the validation run of the Oatka Creek SWAT model……………….……. 121 Table 12. Oatka Creek SWAT model average annual allocation of total phosphorus (TP) per source………………………………………………………………………….…….. 121 Table 13. Event versus Nonevent concentrations for SRP, TP, nitrate, TN, TSS, and total coliform at all weekly sampling locations from June 2010 through May 2011….….. 122 Table 14. A. Total annual load of nutrients and sediments at four mainstem (M) and four tributary (T) locations in the Oatka Creek watershed and B. total annual areal load was calculated for nutrients and sediments at four mainstem (M) and four tributary (T) locations in the Oatka Creek watershed…………………………………….…… 123 Table 15. Results from the erosion inventory conducted on 28 July 2011………………..……. 124 Table 16. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate, total nitrogen (TN) and total suspended solid (TSS) seasonal loading at the USGS monitoring station at Garbutt, NY…………………………………………………………..……. 124 Table 17. Comparison and results from both sampling locations near the Genesee Country Village on 12 July 2010………………………………………………………..…….. 125 Table 18. Results from samples taken above and below Warsaw, Leroy, Pavilion and Scottsville Sewage Treatment Plants (WWTP)………………………………............ 125 Table 19. Oatka Creek SWAT management scenarios……………………………………..…... 126 Table 20. Agricultural management scenarios conducted on Evans Road and Wyoming Road subwatersheds. Percent TP load reductions are indicated for each scenario………... 127 Table 21. Mainstem total phosphorus (TP) and total suspend solid (TSS) concentrations from observed, SWAT base model simulated and SWAT natural forested simulated data…………………………………………………………………….…………….. 127 Table 22. Well samples taken in the Western New York Region analyzed for total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in groundwater……………………………………………….… 128 vi List of Figures Figure 1. Genesee River watershed along with the major tributaries (Black Creek, Oatka Creek, Canaseraga Creek, Honeoye Creek)……………….…………………………
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