CONTRIBUTORS

Goh Beng Lan (PhD, Anthropology, Monash University) is associ- ate professor and department head of Southeast Asian Studies at the National University of Singapore. She is the author of Modern Dreams: An Inquiry into Power, Cultural Production, and the Cityscape in Contemporary Urban Penang, Malaysia (Cornell, 2002). She edited Decentring and Diversifying Southeast Asian Studies: Perspectives from the Region (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011) and co-edited Asia in Europe, Europe in Asia: Rethinking Academic, Social and Cultural Linkages (ISEAS, 2004). Susan M. Darlington is professor of anthropology and Asian studies at Hampshire College, Massachusetts. Her research, based on exten- sive fieldwork in Thailand, examines the work of Buddhist monks engaged in rural development, environmental conservation, and other forms of social activism. She is the author of The Ordination of a Tree: The Thai Buddhist Environmental Movement (State University of New York Press, 2012). The broader questions that she addresses in her research and teaching include understanding the changing social, political, and historical contexts of religion, environmentalism, and human rights, and the creative use of ritual for social change. Mahinda Deegalle is reader in Religious Studies and Ethics at School of Humanities and Cultural Industries at Bath Spa University, United Kingdom. Currently, he is the NEH Professor of Humanities at Colgate University, New York. He serves in the managing com- mittee of Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions. He is the author of Popularizing Buddhism: Preaching as Performance in Sri Lanka (State University of New York Press, 2006), the editor of Dharma to the UK: A Centennial Celebration of Buddhist Legacy (World Buddhist Foundation, 2008), Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka (Routledge, 2006), and the coedi- tor of Pali Buddhism (Curzon, 1996). He has held Numata Visiting Professorship in Buddhist Studies at McGill University, Canada. As a 264 C ONTRIBUTORS postdoctoral research fellow, he has carried out research in Buddhism over three and a half years in Japan under the auspices of The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai at Kyoto University, Sophia University, Aichi Gakuin University, and International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies. He has teach- ing experience in Buddhism and related areas in a wide range of aca- demic institutions in Sri Lanka, United States, Canada, and England. His current research interests include the ethics of war and monastic politics in Sri Lanka in relation to armed conflict and violence. Monica Lindberg Falk is a social anthropologist, vice director, and senior lecturer at the Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University, Sweden. Her research interests include gender, Buddhism, anthropology of disaster, religious movement, and social change in Southeast Asia. Her scholarship includes extensive field- work in Thailand. She has published a monograph, Making Fields of Merit: Buddhist Female Ascetics and Gendered Orders in Thailand (NIAS Press/University of Washington Press, 2007/2008) and several articles on themes related to gender and Buddhism, socially engaged Buddhism, and Buddhism and crises. One of her current research projects is gender and Buddhism’s role in the recovery pro- cess after the 2004 tsunami catastrophe in Thailand, another of her research projects is about gender, education, and student mobility within Asia. Tilman Frasch studied South Asian History, European History, and South Asian Languages at Heidelberg University, from which he received a PhD with a thesis on the city and state of Pagan (Myanmar) in 1995. Serving as assistant professor in South Asian History at the South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University, from 1995 to 2002, he held research fellowships in Manchester and Singapore. Since 2006, he is senior lecturer in Asian History at Manchester Metropolitan University. His research areas cover premodern South and Southeast Asian history, Buddhist studies, urban history, and the history of tech- nology. Major publications include Pagan: Stadt und Staat (Stuttgart, 1996), “1456: The Making of a Buddhist Ecumene in the Bay of Bengal,” in Rila Mukherjee (ed.), Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal World before Colonialism, 383–405 (Delhi: Primus, 2011), and “Tracks in the City. Electricity and Mobility in Singapore and Rangoon, c. 1900–1930s,” Modern Asian Studies 46 (1) 2012, 97–118. He has also written the sections on Southeast Asia for an eight-volume global history from 1000 to 2000 CE (in German) recently. C ONTRIBUTORS 265

Charles F. Keyes , professor emeritus of anthropology and international studies at the University of Washington, has since the early 1960s car- ried out extensive research in Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia on Buddhism and modernity, ethnicity, and national cultures; trans- formation of rural society; and culture and development. He has authored, edited, or coedited 15 books, monographs, or special issues of journals and published over 80 articles. His most recent published works include “‘Cosmopolitan’ Villagers and Populist Democracy in Thailand,” South East Asia Research (2012); “The Color of Politics: Thailand’s Deep Crisis of Authority,” in Michael J. Montesano, Pavin Chachavalponpun, and Aekapol Chongvilaivan (eds.), Bangkok May 2010: Perspectives on a Divided Thailand (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2012). His forthcoming book to be published by Silkworm Books, tentatively entitled “From Peasant to Cosmopolitan Villagers: The Roots of Rural Populism in Northeastern Thailand,” traces the evolution of relationships between Lao-speaking rural people in northeastern Thailand and the Thai state from a millenarian upris- ing in 1902 to the electoral successes of populist parties in the first decade of the twenty-first century. He is currently working with the University of Washington Libraries on a joint project with institu- tions in Thailand to create a digital archive of research materials on Thailand. Pattana Kitiarsa was assistant professor in Southeast Asian Studies Programme, National University of Singapore. He wrote Mediums, Monks, and Amulets: Thai Popular Buddhism Today (Silkworm, 2012). A Thai-Isan ethnographer in diaspora since January 2004, he had a wide range of research interests, including popular Buddhism, religious commodifications, masculinity, popular culture, and transna- tional labor migration. His other publications include an edited vol- ume, Religious Commodifications in Asia: Marketing Gods (Routledge, 2008). Patrice Ladwig studied social anthropology and sociology in Edinburgh, Paris, and Muenster (1995–2002) and obtained his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 2008. He was a research assis- tant in an AHRC project on Buddhist death rituals at the University of Bristol and is currently research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle. He works on the anthropology of Theravada Buddhism, death and funeral cultures, religion and Communist movements, and colonialism and the anthropology of the state. He is currently involved in a project that explores the relation- ship of Buddhist statecraft and non-Buddhist ethnic minorities. His 266 C ONTRIBUTORS regional focus is Laos and Thailand. He is editor (with Paul Williams) of Buddhist Funeral Cultures of Southeast Asia and China (Cambridge University Press, 2012) and has published articles on the historical and contemporary dimensions of religion in Laos. Jonathan Mair is currently working on a book based on doctoral research on contemporary Mongolian Buddhism in Inner Mongolia. The region’s traditional brand of Mongolian-style Tibetan Buddhism, which was decimated in the Cultural Revolution, and saw a faltering revival in the 1980s, has been booming in recent years. However, the Buddhists he worked with take a pessimistic view of religious prac- tice and knowledge—and that of monks and experts among them— because they say real expertise has been lost and cannot be replaced. His work describes the way in which this pessimism leads religious people to emphasize the cultivation of devotion and humility, and the consequences of this fideism for the possibility of religious knowledge and practice. He is planning a collaborative project on Buddhist ethics with colleagues working on Buddhism in other regions. John Amos Marston has been interested in Cambodia and Cambodian refugees since the 1980s. He completed a doctorate in anthropology at University of Washington in 1997 and since then has been a professor of Southeast Asian Studies at the Center for Asian and African Studies of El Colegio de M é xico in Mexico City. He is the editor of the book Anthropology and Community in Cambodia: Reflections on the Work of May Ebihara (Monash University Press, 2011) and coeditor of the book History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia (University of Hawai’i Press, 2004). His articles have appeared in Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Contemporary Buddhism, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, Crossroads, Estudios de Asia y Africa, Asia Pacific, Southeast Asian Affairs, Critical Asian Studies, and numerous edited volumes. Donald M. Seekins was, until his retirement in 2010, professor of Southeast Asian studies in the College of International Studies at Meio University in Okinawa, Japan. He has done extensive research and fieldwork on society, religion, and politics in historical and contemporary Burma, and his publications include The Disorder in Order: The Army-State in Burma since 1962 (White Lotus, 2002), The Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) (Scarecrow Press, 2006), and State and Society in Modern Rangoon (Routledge, 2011). Presently living in Hawaii, he is professor emeritus of Meio University and adjunct professor in the Asia Division of the University College C ONTRIBUTORS 267 of the University of Maryland. Along with his academic research and writing, Dr. Seekins is in the process of writing a novel about colonial Burma titled The Barefoot European . John Whalen-Bridge teaches courses in American literature in the Department of English Language and Literature. He is the author of Political Fiction and the American Self (Illinois, 1998) and coeditor of the “Buddhism and American Culture” State University of New York series, including Writing as Enlightenment: Buddhist American Literature into the 21st Century (2011), American Buddhism as a Way of Life (2010), The Emergence of Buddhist American Literature (2009), and a forthcoming volume on Buddhism and an American film. I NDEX

2004 tsunami, 11, 229–230, 233, BBC News, 45, 48 241, 264 Bechert, Heinz, 18, 26, 85, 133 Being Peace, 3 Achan Pongsak, 25 Bertrand, Didier, 76 Afghanistan, 18 Bhikkuni, see under Nuns Alaungpaya, 21, 139, 140, 143 Bodhisattva, 9, 11, 19, 21, 129, Alaungsithu, 121 212, 215–216, 218, 224 Ānācakka, 18 Bon, 19 Anand, Dibyesh, 184, 188 Bond, George D., 30, 132 Anawrahta, 119, 121, 131 Bourdieu, Pierre, 67, 70, 81, 222 Anglo-Burmese War, 140, 143, 148, Buddha 200, 212 (historical), Gautama Buddha, 17, Angry Monk Syndrome, 3, 10, 139, 125, 141–142, 153, 157 163–167, 174, 188 Buddhadasa, Bhikkhu, 233, 235, Anti-Fascist Peoples’ Freedom 240, 242, 254, 260 League (AFPFL), 124 Buddhism Arhant, Mahinda, 41 Buddhism and cosmology, 24, Arun Pet-urai, Mae Chii, 238 25, 33 Asad, Talal, 81, 83, 209 Buddhism and politics Ashiwa, Yoshiko, 210, 217, 219 constitutional protection, 29, Asian Legal Resource Center, 257 42, 47–50, 52, 55–56, 58, Asian Visions of Authority, 224 125, 157 Asoka, 41–42, 115–116, 128, 130 militant, 27, 29, 178 Athuraliye Rathana Thero, 26–27 millennialism, 23, 99, 101, 233 Aung San Suu Kyi, Daw, 6, 31, nationalism, 23–24, 27, 30, 155–156, 233–234 82, 133 Aung Zaw, 155 political quietism, 2, 12–13, Ayya Khema, Bhikshuni, 231 173, 178, 182, 187 statecraft, 6, 43, 64, 83, 265 Ba Maw, 130 Engaged Buddhism, 1–10, Bandaranaike, Sirimavo Ratwatte 12–13, 24, 30–32, 37, Dias, 26 82, 139, 163–164, Barber, Martin, 74–75, 85 166–167, 173, 177–180, Barclay, Robert, 13 184, 187, 188, 195, Batchelor, Martine, 235 198–199, 201, 230, Bayinnaung, 119, 142 232–235, 246, 248, 264 270 I NDEX

Buddhism—Continued Khmer Rouge, 9, 27–29, 96, 98 relics, 8–10, 25, 56, 95–100, 102, People’s Republic of Kampuchea 104–110, 115–124, 127– (PRK), 96 134, 141–142, 193, 212 Phnom Penh, 95, 96, 98, 99, as religion of peace, 2–4, 6, 9, 102, 104–105, 107, 111 27, 30, 128, 163, 166–167, Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), 186–187, 195, 232 see under Cambodia revival, Buddhist, 4, 11, 33, 64, Central Tibetan Administration, 122, 132, 191–192, 210 168, 181, 189, 191 types of Ceylon, see under Sri Lanka Lao, 64–67, 69, 72, 74, 82 Chea Sim, 97, 103 Mahayana, 46, 231 Chhime R. Chhoekyapa, 181 Sinhalese, 6, 26, 43, 46, 49, 57, Chiang Kai-shek, 181, 190 59, 120–123, 128, 131–132 China, 6, 11, 19, 25, 27–28, 32–33, Theravada, 7, 33, 41–42, 84, 101, 108, 121, 124, 150, 46–47, 56, 64, 69, 83, 85, 164, 166–168, 172–173, 100, 102, 105, 112, 118, 179, 181, 184–186, 188– 131, 141, 153, 170, 229, 191, 194–196, 198, 201, 230–232, 250, 265 209–213, 215–217, 223–226 Tibetan, 175, 179, 184, Cultural Revolution, 19, 28, 192, 195, 199–200, 211, 211, 213, 217, 220, 266 215–216, 223 Great Leap Forward, 214 Vajrayana, 3, 11, 19, 166 People’s Republic of China, 11, “Buddhism and Asian Politics”, 1 173, 189, 217 Buddhism Betrayed? Religion, Chinggis Khan, 11, 224, 227 Politics and Violence in Sri Chinvarakorn, Vasana, 258 Lanka, 2, 4 Choeung Ek, 9, 109 Buddhist Fury, 2, 13 Choulamany, Chantharavady, 76 “Buddhist No Shrinking Christianity, 22, 45, 54, 126, 157 Violets”, 17 Chum Ngoeun, 104 Buddhist Warfare, 2, 6–7, 13 Civic religion, 12, 245, 248, 251, Burke, Kenneth, 10, 165, 181 255, 259 Burma, 5, 7, 9–10, 21–25, 28–31, Collins, Steven, 83, 234, 235, 236 33–34, 41, 112, 115–116, Colonialism, 8, 10, 21–24, 33, 118–130, 132–134, 139– 44–45, 56–58, 64, 71–72, 80, 147, 149–157, 168, 250, see 84, 115–116, 133, 139, 140– also Myanmar 141, 144–146, 148, 151–154, Buth Savong, 107–108 156, 167–168, 174–176, 188, 194, 201, 264–267 Cadbury, Henry, 13 Communism, 9, 24, 28–29, 31, 65, Cambodia, 6–9, 22, 24, 27–29, 71, 71, 124, 126–127, 167, 175, 95–98, 100–111 181, 196, 209, 213, 221, Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), 252, 265 103, 111–112 Communist Party of China Khmer People’s Revolutionary (CPC), 28, 167, 176, 181, Party (KPRP), 9, 96 196, 209, 213, 221 I NDEX 271

Khmer Rouge, see under Education, monastic, 8, 11–12, Cambodia 64–75, 78, 84, 214, 217– treatment of Buddhism, 28 218, 234–238, 241–242 Condominas, Georges, 66–67, 71, Edward VII, 140 77, 83 Ekachai, Sanitsuda, 163, 237–238 Conservation, 247, 252, 256, Eliade, Mircea, 153 259, 259, 260, see also Eliot, T.S., 182 Environmentalism Engaged Aesthetics, 164 Constitutional protection of Engaged Buddhism, see under Buddhism, see under Buddhism Buddhism and Politics Environmentalism, 12, 99, 232, Cook, Joanna, 234 245–262 Cromwell, Oliver, 13 Evans, Grant, 76, 78, 81, 83–84 Cultural Revolution, see China Cultural self-determination, 115, Falk, Monica Lindberg, 11–12, 170, 172, 181, 188 230–232, 236–238 Forsythe, Tim, 246–247, 253, 258, Dalai Lama 259–260 Fifth, 19 Foucault, Michel, 76, 80, 222 Thirteenth, 179, 189 Four Relic Pagoda, 141 Fourteenth, 2, 6, 7, 11–12, 19, Fox, George, 13 30–32, 165–169, 172–175, Frasch, Tilman, 9, 131–133 179–191, 193, 195–198, Friends Committee on National 200–201, 233 Legislation, the, 14 Darlington, Susan M., 12, Front Uni National pour un 233, 250–251, Cambodge Independent, 255–256, 258, 260 Neutre, Pacifique, et Cooperatif Deacon, Roger, 74 (FUNCINPEC), 103, 111 Deegalle, Mahinda, 2, 5, 7–8, 57–59 Gawpaga, 145, 150–151 Delcore, Henry D., 255 Gegeen, 11, 217–221 Deng Xiao Ping, 224 Glass Palace Chronicle, 121, Dependent co-origination, 7 131–132 Dhammachedi, 119 Gokhale, Balkrishna, 18 Dhammaraja, 118 Goldstein, Melvyn C., 189, Dhammavijaya, 9, 115, 124, 128 200, 225 Dhammazedi, 142 Goscha, Christopher E., 68 Dharamasala, 191 Gramsci, Antonio, 65, 68–69, Dharmapāla, Angārika, 24, 80–81, 84 45, 58 Great Leap Forward, see under Dobama Asiayone, 125, 152 China Dokbuakaew, Phaithoon, 249 Gunasekera, S.L., 56, 59 Dorge Shugden, controversy, see Gunn, Geoffrey C., 33, 64, 68, 72 under Tibet Dulam, Bumochir, 222 Haberkorn, Tyrell, 257 Dutthagamani, 131 Halpern, Joel M., 72, 77, 79, 85 272 I NDEX

Hardacre, Helen, 224 Jordt, Ingrid, 133, 168, 188, 192 Harris, Ian, 19, 28, 33, 64 Jurgensmeyer, Mark, 2, 6 Hegemony, 68–69, 80, 167, 191, 199, 230 Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn, 231 Heikkilä-Horn, Marja-Leena, Kanishka, 123 233, 239 Kapstein, Matthew T., 191 Higgins, Andrew, 177 Keyes, Charles F., 7, 23, 28–29, 33, High, Holly, 76, 83, 85 75, 224, 230, 233 Hinduism, 19, 21, 50–51, 55, 115, Kendall, Laurel, 224 117–118, 120, 123, 126, Khin Maung Nyunt, 150–151 145, 148–149, 157 Khin Nyunt, General, 25, 155 Hti, 10, 25, 141, 143, 146–147, Khin Yi, Daw, 152 154–155 Khmer People’s Revolutionary Party Human rights, 1–2, 12, 106 (KPRP), see under Cambodia Humphrey, Caroline, 215, 220, Khmer Rouge, see under Cambodia 223–226 Khrūbā Wichai, 24 Hun Sen, 96–97, 103, 106, 110, King, Sallie B., 195, 232 166, 172, 175–176, 189, Kirti Sri, 117–118 191, 232, 246, 257–258 Kitagawa, Joseph M., 1, 14 Kittivuddho, Bhikkhu, 29 Imagined communities, 10, 70, Kong Somol, 104 148, 154 Koret, Peter, 66 In Buddha’s Company: Thai Soldiers Kourilsky, Grégory, 71, 83–84 in the Vietnam War, 2 Kristof, Nicholas D., 166, 189, 190 Inner Mongolia, see under Mongolia Kumaratunga, Chandrika Insein, 127, 141, 145 Bandaranaike, 26, 52 Interbeing, 3, 178 Interim Self Governing Authority Laos, 4, 6, 8, 22–24, 29, 33, (ISGA), 45, 57 63–85, 112 International Network of Engaged Buddhism, 64–67, 69, 72, 74, 82, Buddhists (INEB), 30, 235 see also Buddhism Ireson, W. Randall, 66 Lao Buddhist Fellowship Irrawaddy Delta, 31, 139, 149 Organization, 63 Isager, Lotte, 255 Lao People’s Democratic Ishii, Yoneo, 33, 67 Republic, 64 Islam, 17–18, 55, 129, 157, 219 Pathet Lao (PL), 65, 84 Ito, Tomomi, 240–241 Royal Lao Government (RLG), Ivarsson, Søren, 64, 68, 71–72, 64, 77 202, 255 Laungaramsri, Pinkaew, 254 Leehey, Jennifer, 25 Jampa Tsedroen, Bhikshuni, 231 Legitimacy, 4–5, 7, 9–12, 17, Jāthika Hela Urumaya, 26, 52 20–25, 27–28, 64–65, Jerryson, Michael K., 2, 6, 29 70, 97, 108, 110, 117, Jhunying Kanitha, Mae Chii, 234, 139, 143, 154, 158, 236–237 217, 219–220, 222, Jones, Rufus, 13 224, 247, 251 I NDEX 273

political, 5, 11, 20, 22–24, 65, Mindon, 10, 121, 123, 132, 141, 70, 117, 139, 143, 154, 146–147, 154–155 222, 224 Min Khin, 107 religious, 4, 7, 9–10, 12, 20–21, Ministry of Affairs and Moral 25, 27–28, 64, 97, 108, Upliftment, 51 110, 143, 154, 158, 217, Ministry of Buddha Sasana, 50–52 219–220, 222, 247, 251 Modernization, 8, 12, 63–66, 70, Leninism, 27, 54 74, 76, 78–81, 83–84, 129, Liberalization, 46, 50, 96, 173, 233 179, 186, 188, 219, 246, 256 Liberation Tigers of Eelam (LTTE), of Laos, 70, 80–81 8, 29, 47, 49, 52–54, 56, and myth, 83 155, 210, 219, 248 and relics, 129 Life of Milarepa, The, 183 of Tibet, 179, 186, 188 Lipset, Seymour M., 67 Moerman, Michael, 78 Lower Burma, 10, 22, 118, 134, Monarchy, 8, 17, 20–23, 29, 53, 139, 141–144, 146–147, see 108, 110, 142, 146, 153 also Myanmar indigenous, 22 Mongkut, 150 McDaniel, Collin, 64, 72, 74, 85, Mongolia, 6, 11, 19, 190, 210–221, 234–236 223, 225 Mae Chii, see under Nuns Inner Mongolia, 11, 210–221, Maghapuja, 106 223, 225 Mahabodhi Society, 52, 120, Mongolian People’s 122–123, 127, 129 Republic, 221 Mahinda, Rajapaksa, 27, 51 Myanmar, 6, 9, 17, 112, 115, Mai Chii, see under Nuns 156–157, 168–169, 188, 264 Mandala, 21, 106, 108 Burma, 5, 7, 9–10, 21–25, Mandalay, 31, 121, 123–124, 28–31, 33–34, 41, 112, 127–128, 132, 147, 151, 115–116, 118–130, 153, see also Myanmar 132–134, 139–147, Manogaram, Chelvadurai, 43, 149–157, 168, 250 46–47, 57 Lower Burma, 10, 22, 118, 134, Mao Zedong, 11, 27, 190, 139, 141–144, 146–147 215, 224 Mandalay, 31, 121, 123–124, Marston, John Amos, 8–9, 99, 101, 127–128, 132, 147, 151, 153 107, 110 Meiktila, 127–128 Marxism, 27, 54, 68, 90, 200, Pagan, 119, 131, 132, 142, 214–215 153, 264 McKeon, Richard, 42 McMahan, David, 246 Nationalism, 4–5, 8, 10, 12, Medhananda, Venerable, 56 23–24, 26–27, 30, 64, 70, Meiktila, see under Myanmar 82, 95–96, 105–108, 112, Mettanando, Bhikkhu, 75 123–128, 131, 133–134, Mignot, Fabrice, 76 140–141, 148, 154–156, Militant Buddhism, see under 163, 172, 190, 225, 251, Buddhism 255–256, 259 274 I NDEX

Nationalism—Continued Performative, 10, 67, 112, 164, Buddhist, nationalism, see under 165–169, 173, 181–182, Buddhism and Politics 185–187, 191, 199, 222, Nation building, 5, 6, 115, 226, 255–256, 263 126, 129 Phimmasone, Phouvong, 71 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 164 Phimonlatham, Bhikkhu, 28 Ne Win, 25, 130, 133, 155, 157 Phnom Penh, see under Cambodia Ngo Dinh Diem, 178 Pholpoke, Chayant, 249 Nikam, Narayanrao A., 42 Pol-Droit, Roger, 2, 173, 195 Non-violence, 4–7, 43, 169, Pol Pot, 8, 28, 96, 98, 108, 109 180, 200 Post-colonialism, 6, 24–27, 41, 43, Norodom Sihanouk, 8–9, 95–99, 64, 69, 72–73, 80–81, 83, 102–105, 110–113 145, 155 Nuns, 3, 10–12, 19, 27, 106–108, Post-independence, 8, 46–47, 49, 130, 169, 175–176, 187, 50, 58, 130 229–230, 232, 234, 238, see Potter, Pitman B., 214 also Ordination Pottier, Richard, 66, 75 Bhikkuni, 229–232, 234, Pratītyasamutpāda, see Dependent 239, 240 co-origination Mae Chii, 11–12, 229–242 Prawase Wasi, 237 Prēmadāsa, Ranasinha, 50 Odochaw, Joni, 255 Premchit, Sommai, 33 Order Number Five, 209, 215–217 Project for Ecological Recovery, 250 Ordination, 3, 9–10, 21, 121, 171, Prothero, Stephen, 185–187 193, 230–232, 234–235, Purev, Otgony, 221 239, 241, 247, 251–256, Pyinmana Min, 123, 127 260 of nuns, 10, 193, 230–232, Quaker, 3, 13–14 234–235, 239, 241 Queen, Christopher S., 5, 30, 232 of trees, 3, 10, 12, 247, 251–256, 260 Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 27, 51 Orientalism, 64, 168, 176, 180, 199 Rajesh, Noel, 254 Orwell, George, 174, 176–177, 190 Rama, 122 Oudong, 8–9, 95, 100, 101, 104, Rangoon, 10, 25, 118–119, 124, 106–108 126–128, 130–131, 139–140, 142–154, 157 Pagan, see under Myanmar Reincarnation, 11, 19, 209–210, Pakistan, 18 216–221, 224–225 Pak Mun Dam, 250–251 incarnation, 11, 19, 180, 212, Pe Maung Tin, 132, 142, 157 215–218, 224, 226 Pearn, Bertie Reginald, Relics, 8–10, 25, 56, 95–100, 142–146, 157 102, 104–110, 115–124, People’s Republic of Kampuchea 127–134, 141–142, (PRK), see under Cambodia 193, 212 People’s Republic of China, 11, Buddha’s Teeth, 9, 56, 117–123, 173, 189, 217, see also China 127, 130–132, see also Teeth I NDEX 275

Revival, Buddhist, 4, 11, 33, 64, Seekins, Donald M., 9–10, 156, 158 122, 132, 191–192, 210 Sekhiyadhamma, 245, 253, Reynolds, Craig J., 33 256, 260 Reynolds, Frank E., 33, 83, Self-determination, 115, 170, 172, 245–246, 251, 259 181, 188 Rigg, Jonathan, 254 Self-immolation, 1, 5, 14, 27, Rituals, 12, 20, 22, 25, 42, 57, 65, 34, 178, 185–187, 192, 67, 69–70, 77, 79–81, 83, 198–199 85, 95–97, 106, 117, 131, “Shooting An Elephant”, 174, 176 133–134, 167, 217, 219, Siam, see under Thailand 247, 254–257 Siddhartha, see under Buddha Romberg, Claudia, 234 Sinhala, 6, 26, 43–44, 46, 49, Ruth, Richard A., 2 51–57, 59, 117–123, 128, Royal Lao Government (RLG), see 131–132 under Laos Buddhism, 6, 26, 43, 46, 49, 57, 59, 120–123, 128, 131–132, Sacred and the Profane, The, 153 see also Buddhism Sakyamunichedi, 97, 100–103, 105, Sinlapalavan, Budsarakham, 257 107–109, 112 Sisowath Sivethvong Munipong, Samdech, 96, 103–106, 110 98–99, 110 Santi Asoke, 233, 239, 241 Sivaraksa, Sulak, 6, 30, 201, 233, 248 Santikaro, Bhikkhu, 235 Sixth Buddhist Council, 25, 116, Sarvodaya Shramadana 125–126 Movement, 30 Smith, Bardwell L., 4, 33, 83 Sathaaban Mae Chii Thai, 235 Smith, Donald, 4, 134, 150–152 Satsana, 245, 251 Socialism, 6, 25, 54, 79, 81–82, 95, Schell, Orville, 190, 192, 199 99, 102, 111, 191 Schneider, Andreas, 72 Soft power, 165, 167–168, 185– Schober, Juliane, 25, 34, 66, 186, 189 130, 134 Son Sann, 104 Schopen, Gregory, 130 Son Soubert, 104 Scott, James, 76–77, 85, 165, 189, Sovereignty, national, 172, 184, 222, 247 189, 190 Shinsawbu, 142 Spiro, Melford E., 25 Shwedagon Pagoda, 10, 118–119, Sri Ksetra, 118–119, 131 139–146, 148, 150, Sri Lanka, 2–8, 20–24, 26–27, 152–157 29–30, 33, 41–59, 95, 108, Secularism, 7–8, 12, 24–26, 44–47, 111–112, 116–124, 127, 49, 53, 57, 59, 64–65, 67, 129–133, 142, 150, 170, 70–73, 75, 78, 80–83, 85, 178, 187, 192, 231–232, 98, 116, 125, 166, 174, 250 184, 188, 209–210, Ceylon, 22, 23, 44, 52, 58, 150 214–215, 223, 226, Department of Buddhist Affairs, 240, 245, 250–251, 50–51 257, 259 State Peace and Development Seeds of Compassion, 32, 34 Council (SPDC), 155 276 I NDEX

State religion, 8, 29, 47, 49, 52–56, Theingottara Hill, 141–142, 144– 155, 158, 210, 219, 248 145, 154–155 Steinmüller, Hans, 222, 225 Thein Maung, 10, 149–150 Strong, John S., 130, 132, 142, 157 Thein Sein, President, 156 Stuart-Fox, Martin, 69, 79 Thich Nhat Hanh, 2–4, 6, 165, Stupa, 8–10, 20, 25, 31, 79, 173, 177–178, 180, 95–111, 116–119, 121, 187–188, 194–195, 123–124, 126–127, 129, 198, 201, 232–233 131–133, 141–143, 145, Thich Quang Duc, 1, 177–178, 147, 154 198–199 Suffering, 4, 18, 153, 167, 183, Thundering Silence: Sutra on 246, 253 Knowing the Better Way to Swearer, Donald K., 30, 33, 233, Catch a Snake, 180 249, 260 Tibet, 5–7, 10, 17, 19–20, 28, 31–32, 46, 150, 164–166, Talduwē Somārāma, 26 168–170, 172–175, 179, Tambiah, Stanley, 2, 4–5, 21, 181, 183–200 33, 47, 57, 69, 83–84, Dorge Shugden, controversy, 163, 170, 193 175, 195–198 Tannenbaum, Nicola, 255 Tibetan Buddhism, 175, 179, Taylor, Charles, 83 184, 195, 199–200, 211, Taylor, Christian, 66, 73–75, 77–78, 215–216, 223, see also 85, 90 Buddhism Taylor, James L., 66 Tibetan Government in Exile, 7, Taylor, Jerome, 156 31, 166, 173, 181, 183–184, Taylor, Jim, 249, 252 186, 189–191, 196, 198, Taylor, Robert H., 130 200, 209, 211, 214–221, Thagya Min, 142 218, 223, 225 Thailand, 3–7, 11–12, 14, 24, 28–29, Tibetan Government in Exile, see 33, 41, 46, 67, 72, 78, 80, under Tibet 82–84, 104, 112, 163, 178, Tolles, Frederick B., 3, 14 193, 195, 229–230, 232–235, Tosa, Keiko, 35 239, 246–248, 250, 253–255, Tsomo, Karma Lekshe, 257–258, 263–265 Bhikshuni, 231 Department of Religious Affairs, Thailand, 237 Ujeed, Hurelbaatar, 215 Siam, 21, 23–24, 33, 100, 122, Ukkalapa, 142, 144 143, 150, 157 Unified Buddhist Church of Thai Interreligious Commission Vietnam, 27–28 for Development, 250 U Nu, 9, 25, 115–116, 124–130, Tharrawaddy, 144 133–134 Teeth, Buddha, 9, 56, 117–123, UN Vesak Day Conference 127, 130–132, see also Relics (UNVD), see Vesak Thanarat, Sarit, 28 Upasika Ki Nanayon, 240 I NDEX 277

Vajrayana Buddhist, see under Wank, David L., 210, 213, 217, 219 Buddhism Wat-aksorn, Charoen, 257, 258 Velupillai, Alvapillai, 47 Weapon of the weak, 10, 165, Vesak 172–173, 178, 184, 189, UN Vesak Day Conference 222–223 (UNVD), 174, 179, Whalen-Bridge, John, 10–11, 181, 195 139, 191 Wesak, 97, 106, 108, 112 Wildlife Fund Thailand, 250 Vessantara, 85, 126 Wilson, Alfred Jeyaratnam, 47 Victoria, 140 Win Pe, 144–145, 147, 152, 157 Vietnam, 1–2, 7, 19, 22, 24, Woolf, Virginia, 182 27–28, 30, 33, 84–85, Wright, Oliver, 156 96, 112, 173–174, Wuzong, 19 177–179, 187–188, 195, 199, 232 Young Men’s Buddhist Association Viravong, Maha Sila, 68, 85 (YMBA), 52, 120, 150 Vongvichit, Phoumi, 68, 79 Zago, Marcello, 66, 85 Walker, A., 246–247, 253, 258–260 Žižek, Slavoj, 209