Historia Completa De Persia E Irán

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Historia Completa De Persia E Irán Historia de la Civilización Persa hasta el Irán Contemporáneo 1- Introducción La estela dejada por Persia es todavía palpable por doquier. Por suerte, el pueblo iraní, tan profundamente celoso de su pasado, ha sabido conservar las huellas indelebles de todos los grandes personajes que ha dado, desde poderosos reyes a carismáticos poetas. Y ésas huellas son parte importante de los alicientes que satisfacen al visitante. La presencia humana en Irán se remonta a unos 80.000 años. La prehistoria perduró hasta ahora hace unos cinco mil años, cuando bajo el reinado de Elam se fundaron las primeras ciudades en el suroeste del país, Susa fue su primera capital. Al mismo tiempo, tribus hurritas habitaban el noroeste. La meseta central fue ocupada hace tres mil años por las tribus indoiranias, de raza aria; eran los medos y los persas. El primer gran monarca persa fue Ciro II el Grande (599-529 a. C.). Gracias a su ambición logró fundar el imperio aqueménida, cuyos dominios abarcaban desde el actual Afganistán hasta el Mediterráneo. En el año 521 a. C. Darío I fue proclamado Rey de Reyes. Estableció su capital en Persépolis. A pesar de sufrir una severa derrota en la batalla de Maratón, cuando intentaba dominar a los atenienses, amplió su imperio desde Egipto al Danubio y desde el mar de Aral al río Indo. El hijo de Darío, Jerjes, derrotó a los griegos en la batalla de las Termópilas y ocupó Atenas. Alejandro Magno, un joven caudillo macedonio se convirtió en el monarca más poderoso del mundo. En el año 334 a. de C. atacó a persas y macedonios, derrotando a Darío III. Un año después, Alejandro tomó Egipto y fundó la ciudad de Alejandría. A continuación regresó a Asia para completar su sueño de conquista. En el 331 a. de C. Darío III volvió a enfrentarse al general macedonio, el resultado fue adverso para los persas; Persépolis, la capital fue incendiada y ello significó el fin al poderío aqueménida. Al morir, Alejandro Magno no dejó sucesores, el vacío de poder fue ocupado por los seléucidas y los partos. Seleuco I Nicator, fundó la dinastía seléucida; reinó entre el 312 y 281 a. de C., fomentó el arte y la cultura helenística, aunque a la vez intentó mantener la filosofía política de los antiguos aqueménidas. El último rey seléucida que intentó recomponer el imperio fue Antíoco III (223-186 a. C.), pero el empuje de los partos era imparable. Mitridates I (161-138 a. de C.) acabó conquistando el altiplano iraní y Mesopotamia, seguidamente se erigió como rey de Babilonia, emperador de los partos y fundador de la dinastía arsácida. Los partos eran de origen nómada, construyeron pocas ciudades y las que levantaron recordaban los campamentos de su época errante. Con Mitridates II (123- 97 a. de C.) el imperio parto se extendió a Bactria, Babilonia, Susiana, Media, Armenia y hasta el oeste de la India. Las relaciones comerciales experimentaron un gran avance con el establecimiento de una vía entre China y el naciente imperio romano. A ese camino comercial se le conoce como la Ruta de la Seda. En el año 224, Ardeshir, príncipe de Persia, entiéndase de la provincia sureña de Fars, se alzó contra el último rey del imperio parto y fundó la dinastía sasánida. Bajo los sasánidas (224-642) el imperio persa volvió a articularse y hubo un prolongado período de 2 estabilidad, aunque en sus inicios tuvo que enfrentarse con el poderío de Roma. Yazdgird III (632-651) fue el último rey sasánida. El país se encontraba en una situación caótica, lo que influyó en que Yazdgird se mostrase impotente para rechazar los ataques árabes. En el año 637 perdió el sur de Mesopotamia y Ctesifonte; finalmente cayó derrotado y fue asesinado en el 651. El poder de convicción esgrimido por los árabes fue una de las causas de su rápida implantación en Persia. Su afán de conquista también pretendía divulgar las ideas de unas creencias recién adquiridas. El Islam contenía unos ideales que supieron cautivar a un pueblo que necesitaba un cambio. La fe en un sólo Dios no era un principio ajeno a los persas; durante siglos habían seguido las enseñanzas de Zoroastro y su religión persa, aunque supieron inculcar la nueva religión estatal. Buena parte de la población urbana se convirtió pronto al entender las ventajas y avances del Islam. Los campesinos de áreas rurales y los nómadas, no variaron de creencias hasta el siglo IX. El idioma oficial pasó a ser el árabe, pero en el siglo IX, con la toma de poder por dinastías originarias persas, se recuperó la lengua iraniana, ahora beneficiada con la incorporación de modismos y la introducción de la escritura árabe. Muchos iraníes contribuyeron con sus conocimientos al ejercer como administradores de los territorios conquistados por el Islam. Muy importante fue la aportación de los científicos y filósofos persas, que enriquecieron el orbe musulmán, destacando en las ramas de la historia, de la geografía, de la medicina, de la literatura y de la filosofía. Los selyúcidas, tribus de origen turcomano, se hicieron con el poder entre el siglo XI y el XIII. El imperio fue efímero ya que fue destruido por los jinetes mongoles de Gengis Jan (1206) los cuales casi no dejaron piedra sobre piedra. Una nueva oleada de invasores llegó guiada por el caudillo mongol Tamerlán (1380). En un primer momento el ataque fue devastador, pero con el tiempo los mongoles asimilaron la cultura persa, con su integración intentaron desarrollar el comercio y las artes. En el año 1502 Ismail I fue proclamado jefe de la dinastía safávida, tomando como capital Ardabil. Una de sus primeras disposiciones fue declarar al Islam shií como religión estatal. Con los safávidas o safavíes empezó el renacimiento del Irán. El control del país se basó en un gobierno central poderoso. Tahmasp I (1524-1576), sucesor del primer sha safávida, tuvo que enfrentarse a los otomanos y en 1524 y cayó derrotado por el sultán Selim I, perdiendo la capital Tabriz. El Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) consiguió elevar a Persia al nivel de las naciones más avanzadas del momento. Firmó el Tratado de Constantinopla (1590) renunciando a la lucha contra los otomanos, derrotó a los uzbecos en Herat (1597), restableció el dominio sobre Irak y las ciudades santas del shiísmo. Georgia y algunas partes del Cáucaso pasaron a manos persas. Shah Abbas I trasladó la capital a Isfahán y la convirtió en la más bella ciudad del mundo musulmán. Estimuló el comercio exterior con nuevas leyes, algunas, proteccionistas, como la de convertir el negocio de la seda en un monopolio estatal. Hubo otras disposiciones que animaban a los comerciantes europeos a establecer relaciones económicas con el país. En toda Persia se construyeron fabulosas mezquitas y muchas madrasas. La muerte de Shah Abbas I supuso un rápido deterioro del reino. Shah Abbas II (1642-1666) fue un gobernante débil que cayó bajo la influencia de las intrigas palaciegas. El sucesor de Shah Abbas II, Soleymán, (1666-1694) poco pudo hacer para enderezar el rumbo del país. De 1732 a 1736, el último superviviente del linaje 3 safávida, Abbas III, tomó el poder; al morir, el líder Nader Sha, de la dinastía afsharida tomó las riendas del estado. Tras la caída de la dinastía afsharida, los qayars (1779-1925) mantuvieron la unidad persa a pesar de las amenazas y la ocupación de algunas de las partes del país por parte de algunas potencias como la Rusia zarista e Inglaterra. Los pahlevíes (1925-1979) fueron la última dinastía persa; adoptaron las costumbres occidentales y aunque el país era rico debido a los ingresos del petróleo, el resultado del régimen pahleví fue la pobreza económica por una parte y la dictadura y la represión por otra. Estos factores, junto con la dominación norteamericana sobre el destino del país, llevaron a la Revolución Islámica de 1979 dirigida por el Ayatolá Jomeini. Después de la victoria de la revolución, el esfuerzo de los dirigentes iraníes iba dirigido al desarrollo y al progreso de Irán, pero la agresión iraquí condujo el país a una guerra de ocho años (1980-1988). Tras la muerte de Jomeini se reformó la Constitución. La actual República Islámica se basa en los principios del Corán, recogidos en la Sharia (ley islámica). La organización administrativa se reparte el poder del estado en tres: legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial, todos ellos están bajo la autoridad del líder religioso. El líder religioso actual es el Ayatolá Seyyed Ali Jamenei. 2-III MILENIO A. C. LOS PUEBLOS PREARIOS (I ) A lo largo del III milenio y a principios del II vivían en la meseta de Irán diferentes culturas claramente diferenciadas unas de otras. La cultura de Gorgán abarcaba toda la zona este del mar Caspio. La cultura de Ghian entre el IV y III milenio y la cultura de Gudin, en el III milenio comprendía la zona este de Lorestán. La cultura Yanik comenzó en el este de Azerbaiyán pero se extendió hasta la zona central de la meseta. En el sur, este y sureste de Irán vivían otras tres culturas en Fars, Sistán y Kermán respectivamente. La cultura de Gorgán Al noreste de la meseta iraní y al este del mar Caspio se encontraba esta cultura que estaba compuesta por grupos humanos locales y otros grupos que con mucha probabilidad procedían del oeste. Los restos de este pueblo los podemos encontrar en los yacimientos de Shah Tappeh, Yurang Tappeh, Yarim Tappeh y Darreh Gaz, entre otros lugares. Esta cultura se extendió incluso hasta Tappeh Hesar, cerca de la actual Damghan, junto a la meseta central, y los estratos históricos hallados en estos lugares nos dice que estas culturas se asentaron allí entre el III y II milenio a.
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