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Copyright Statement This Copy of The University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2020 Imagining and Remembering the Soldier at the Imperial War Museum (1980-1995) Buchanan, Jayne http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/15843 University of Plymouth All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Copyright Statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent. This page is intentionally blank Imagining and Remembering the Soldier at the Imperial War Museum (1980-1995) by Jayne Buchanan A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Humanities & Performing Arts July 2019 Acknowledgements My thanks go to my supervisory team, Dr Jody Patterson and Dr Péter Bokody for their encouragement, insight and guidance through the past three years. Also to the Doctoral College at University of Plymouth and the wider staff in the Department of Humanities and the university for further valuable support and training. I am very grateful to Linda Kitson and John Keane for agreeing to be interviewed for this thesis and their openness to discuss their works and their time as war artists. I would also like to note my appreciation of staff at the Imperial War Museum who assisted me in sourcing primary material relating to the foundation of the museum and the war artists during the period of my research, and specifically to Alexandra Walton who met with me and discussed my research focus in relation to other academics completing their doctoral study at the Imperial War Museum. Lastly, I would like to thank my husband Phil for his support, understanding and proof reading, my family and all the friends who have kept me going during this project for their advice, suggestions and support. 4 Authors Declaration At no time during the registration for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has the author been registered for any other University award without prior agreement of the Doctoral College Quality Sub-Committee. Work submitted for this research degree at the University of Plymouth has not formed part of any other degree either at the University of Plymouth or at another establishment. This study was financed with the aid of a Histories, Memorialisation and Memories research studentship from University of Plymouth. The following external institutions were visited for consultation purposes: Imperial War Museum, London. National Army Museum, London. Fleet Air Arm Museum, Yeovilton. The British Library, London. Publications (or public presentation of creative research outputs): None. Presentations at conferences: “The Falklands: Remembering war through art” at University of Plymouth Cornerstone Conference, 08/12/17. “Conflicting Memories: War art and Trauma” at Manchester Metropolitan University, Pictures of War: The Still Image in Conflict since 1945, 23/05/18. “Reframing War: Art and Contemporary Conflict” Peninsular Gallery Public Lectures, University of Plymouth, 06/07/2018. “Icons of War: John Keane, Gulf,” Association of Art History, New Voices Conference, Edinburgh University, 09/11/2018. Word count of main body of thesis: 82,701 Signed Date July 2019 5 This page is intentionally blank 6 Abstract Imagining and Remembering the Soldier at the Imperial War Museum (1980-1995) My research addresses the contemporary representation of the soldier in art by focusing on the work commissioned by the Imperial War Museum (IWM) over the period 1980-1995, this includes Linda Kitson (b. 1945), for the Falklands War in 1982, John Keane (b.1954) in the Gulf War in 1991, and Peter Howson's (b. 1958) work in Bosnia between 1992–1994. From a foundation of existing academic research on the representation of the soldier in art, which has informed a framework of investigation into imagery of the soldier as hero, as masculine ideal and as a symbol of nationalism, I examine how the soldier has been imagined, interpreted, modified and depicted by these contemporary artists. My thesis also considers how their work presents an alternative narrative to these wars and the soldiers who are part of it, to that of other artists and photographers. The soldier is a central icon in the representation and remembrance of war in art, but it is an area of research that has not been fully considered in the contemporary collection of the IWM. Of the many institutions in Britain to house art relating to war, the museum owns the most extensive national collection thereby making it significant in the history of patronage of war art. Reflecting on the changing scope of the IWM, I consider the impact the collection, has on the way soldier can be remembered. 7 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 8 Index of Illustrations ................................................................................................................ 10 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 21 Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 26 The Soldier ......................................................................................................................... 26 Remembrance .................................................................................................................... 30 The IWM and war art ......................................................................................................... 33 Linda Kitson ....................................................................................................................... 40 John Keane ......................................................................................................................... 45 Peter Howson ..................................................................................................................... 48 Research Questions ................................................................................................................ 52 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 1: Imagining the 20th Century Soldier ..................................................................... 58 The soldier hero ..................................................................................................................... 58 The soldier as masculine ideal ............................................................................................... 63 The soldier and nationalism ................................................................................................... 68 Chapter 2: A legacy of representation: Art and the Imperial War Museum before 1980 72 Chapter 3: Linda Kitson: The Soldier Unharmed by War .................................................. 87 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 87 Early Years............................................................................................................................. 90 The Falklands Commission .................................................................................................... 95 The Falklands War ............................................................................................................... 102 The Journey ...................................................................................................................... 102 The Falkland Islands ........................................................................................................ 117 Return to the UK and exhibition of works ........................................................................... 132 Other images of the Falklands War ...................................................................................... 138 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 144 Chapter 4: John Keane: The Soldier as Machine of War ................................................. 149 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 149 Early Years..........................................................................................................................
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